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Series Editors
Linze Schaap
Tilburg University
Tilburg, The Netherlands
Jochen Franzke
University of Potsdam
Potsdam, Germany
Hanna Vakkala
University of Lapland
Rovaniemi, Finland
Filipe Teles
University of Aveiro
Aveiro, Portugal
This series explores the formal organisation of sub-national government
and democracy on the one hand, and the necessities and practices of
regions and cities on the other hand. In monographs, edited volumes and
Palgrave Pivots, the series will consider the future of territorial governance
and of territory-based democracy; the impact of hybrid forms of territorial
government and functional governance on the traditional institutions of
government and representative democracy and on public values; what
improvements are possible and effective in local and regional democracy;
and, what framework conditions can be developed to encourage minority
groups to participate in urban decision-making. Books in the series will
also examine ways of governance, from ‘network governance’ to ‘triple
helix governance’, from ‘quadruple’ governance to the potential of ‘mul-
tiple helix’ governance. The series will also focus on societal issues, for
instance global warming and sustainability, energy transition, economic
growth, labour market, urban and regional development, immigration
and integration, and transport, as well as on adaptation and learning in
sub-national government. The series favours comparative studies, and
especially volumes that compare international trends, themes, and devel-
opments, preferably with an interdisciplinary angle. Country-by-country
comparisons may also be included in this series, provided that they contain
solid comparative analyses.
Close Ties in
European Local
Governance
Linking Local State and Society
Editors
Filipe Teles Adam Gendźwiłł
Research Unit on Governance Department of Local Development
Competitiveness and Public Policies and Policy
Department of Social, Political and Faculty of Geography and
Territorial Sciences Regional Studies
University of Aveiro University of Warsaw
Aveiro, Portugal Warsaw, Poland
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Preface
v
vi PREFACE
time on the social profile of these actors. The same applies to their notion
of democracy and whether and how it differs among countries, how dif-
ferences in their notions of democracy can be explained, and whether dif-
ferent notions of democracy matter for instance with respect to role
definition and role behavior or attitudes toward administrative reforms.
Moreover, no information was available to determine whether problem
perceptions and notions of democracy (a) differ among mayors, council-
ors, or high-ranking appointed employees as well as (b) among councilors
from different levels of local government (i.e. municipalities and the so-
called second tier of local government, like counties, provinces, and
départements), and (c) whether they have changed over time. The interest
in these topics has been naturally extended to cover the non-state actors
involved in institutionalized networks of local state—society relations,
which are the subject of this project.
The composition of the academic network and the themes that it
addresses correspond to the current mixed configuration of “urban politi-
cal science,” namely the convergence among different approaches in polit-
ical science and sociology, as more or less explicitly illustrated in many of
the international assessments of the state of the art (e.g. Mossberger et al.
2012; Loughlin et al. 2010).
Several workshops were organized for the current study on local state-
society relations. The first one took place in Bensheim (Germany) from
24th to 26 November 2017 to reflect conceptually on the interaction
between municipalities and societal actors and to consider if and how a
survey related to the actors involved in these interactions could be carried
out. A second workshop took place on the Greek island of Hydra between
10 and 13 May 2018. This workshop was focused on the planning of the
theoretical chapters as well as country chapters of this book. Furthermore,
the participants initiated the development of a questionnaire which will be
sent to actors involved in selected local state-society network. Both drafts
of book chapters and a draft of the questionnaire were discussed at a third
workshop, which took place in Aveiro (Portugal) on 6 and 7 March 2019.
A fourth workshop took place in Kaunas (Lithuania), on 14 and 15
November 2019, where the questionnaire for the survey was agreed
among the involved partners. The organization of these workshops and,
consequently, the development of this book were partially supported by a
small grant of the European Urban Research Association.
viii PREFACE
Notes
1. This research project receives no direct funding. Instead, the involved part-
ners mobilize and bring in own resources for the studies presented in this
book and for the planned survey. In those cases where there is/was indi-
vidual/national funding for developing research, it is acknowledged in the
respective chapter.
2. Without going further, we like to emphasize that we proceed from new-
institutionalist approaches that are not just looking at “organisation fields”
(created by law or contracts) but also at “meaning systems” and the comple-
mentarities between the two (see Scott 1994: 57 ff. and 70–71). It is left to
the project partners to follow one of the different new-institutionalisms (see
Hall and Taylor 1996 as well as Schmidt 2010).
3. It must be emphasized that these characteristics are generalizations referring
to the country as a whole. This means that there can be local differences.
These differences (and their extent) can only be determined by the
planned survey.
4. More details about LAGs will be presented in various country chapters of
this book (see particularly the chapter on Spain).
5. The acronym corresponds to Liaisons Entre Activités de Developpement de
l’Economie Rural, that is, linking activities of rural economy development.
6. An overview about these surveys, their core questions and main findings, as
well as the publications which resulted out of them is given in Heinelt and
Magnier 2018 and Heinelt et al. 2018: 2–4.
Preface ix
References
Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. C. R. (1996). Political Science and the Three New
Institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44(5), 936–957.
Heinelt, H., & Magnier, A. (2018). Analysing Governance Through Local
Leaders’ Perceptions: Comparative Surveys, Academic Networks, and Main
Results. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 46(1), 157–172.
Heinelt, H., Magnier, A, Cabria, M, & Reynaert, H. (2018). Introduction. In
H. Heinelt, A. Magnier, M. Cabria, & H. Reynaert (Eds.), Political Leaders
and Changing Local Democracy: The European Mayor (pp. 1–17). Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Loughlin, J., Hendriks, F., & Lidström, A (Eds.). (2012). The Oxford Handbook
of Local and Regional Democracy in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mossberger, K., Clarke, S. E., & John, P. (2012). Studying Politics in an Urban
World: Research Traditions and New Directions. In K. Mossberger, S. E. Clarke,
& P. John (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics (pp. 2–8). Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Schmidt, V.A. (2010). Taking Ideas and Discourse Seriously: Explaining Change
through Discursive Institutionalism as the Fourth ‘New Institutionalism’.
European Political Science Review, 2(1), 1–25.
Scott, R. W. (1994). Institutions and Organizations: Towards a Theoretical
Synthesis. In R. W. Scott & J. W. Meyer (Eds.), Institutional Environment and
Organizations. Structural Complexity and Individualism (pp. 55–80).
Thousand Oaks, London, and New Delhi: Sage.
Sellers, J. M., & Kwak, S.-Y. (2011). State and Society in Local Governance:
Lessons from a Multilevel Comparison. International Journal of Urban and
Regional Research, 35(3), 620–643.
Sellers, J. M., & Lidström, A. (2014). Multilevel Democracy, Societal Organization
and the Development of the Modern State. Paper Prepared for Presentation at the
23 Nordic Local Government Conference, Odense 27–29 November 2014.
Sellers, J., Lidström, A., & Bae, Y. (2020). Multilevel Democracy: How Local
Institutions and Civil Society Shape the Modern State. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Praise for Close Ties in European Local Governance
“A book on local state-society relations fills a most important gap in the literature
on, and understanding of local politics and policy-making. The systematic and
comparative approach, and the scope of the book (22 European countries) means
that theory-building in the field may proceed on much firmer ground than before
since previous contributions have often been case studies or single-country studies.
The typology of municipal-society relations that guide the country studies included
in this book will remain a benchmark in the field in the years to come.”
—Harald Baldersheim, Professor Emeritus in Political Science,
University of Oslo, Norway
xiii
xiv Contents
Index423
Notes on Contributors
xvii
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
xxvii
List of Tables
xxix
CHAPTER 1
F. Teles (*)
Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies,
Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences, University of Aveiro,
Aveiro, Portugal
e-mail: filipe.teles@ua.pt
A. Gendźwiłł
Department of Local Development and Policy, Faculty of Geography and
Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: a.gendzwill@uw.edu.pl
C. Stănuş
Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
e-mail: cristina.stanus@ulbsibiu.ro
H. Heinelt
Institute of Political Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt,
Darmstadt, Germany
e-mail: hubert.heinelt@tu-darmstadt.de
1 INTERACTIONS OF SOCIETAL ACTORS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT… 3
Much has been written about local governance in the sense of governing
a city beyond city hall (or: Who [really] governs the city?). However, most
of it has been focused on single case studies or, at best, comparative case
studies. The focus on case studies can be explained because it is taken for
granted that ‘city matters’ (see Boddy and Parkinson 2004). This assump-
tion is based on the fact that the relevance of space and ‘locality’ has been
emphasized at least since the 1980s (see Gregory and Urry 1985; Savage
et al. 1987). In this scholarly debate, place-specific and sometimes histori-
cally rooted circumstances are often invoked to explain local differences in
the relations between city hall and societal actors (see, for instance,
Goodwin and Duncan 1986).
Nevertheless, these differences between cities or the distinctiveness of a
single city have been explained in line with more general approaches and
research interests. This particular attention to the local context should be
taken into account and considered as a useful building block for further
research—particularly with regard to the planned survey and the studies
which will be based on it.
This applies, for instance, to different versions of interest theory (i.e.
either from neo-Marxist positions or by referring to rational-choice mod-
els). They played and still play a role in the debate about ‘urban regimes’
(see Elkin 1987; Stone 1989, 2004a, 2004b and with a critical perspective
Davies 2002, 2003, 2004; Imbroscio 2003, 2004; Pierre 2005).
Furthermore, ideas have also gained attention in the context of case
6 F. TELES ET AL.
specific to a country or a particular policy field (see, for this debate, Jordan
and Schubert 1992).
Although the policy-networks approach has been often used in the
empirical analysis of specific state–society relations,4 the resulting classifi-
cation of detected patterns of institutionalized relations between govern-
ment and societal actors has not proved helpful. It led to a multitude of
‘dimensions and types of policy networks’ (van Waarden 1992) and
attempts to distinguish them by creating a long (if not endless) list of
policy-network labels. However, all efforts at ‘ordering of policy network
labelling’ (Jordan and Schubert 1992) have turned out to be fruitless—at
least according to the assessment of the partners involved in the project.
Nevertheless, the partners involved in the project started their conceptual
reflections on relations between local government and societal actors at
the municipal level with a debate about the policy-networks approach.
Furthermore, the partners involved in the research from which this
book resulted made use of the typology of ‘national infrastructures for
local governance’ developed by Sellers et al. (2020; see also Sellers and
Kwak 2011 and Sellers and Lidström 2014), which aims at establishing a
theoretical link between the institutions of local government and the orga-
nization of civil society. The authors present three alternative configura-
tions which characterize infrastructures of multilevel local governance in
contemporary democracies: nationalized, civic localist and local elitist.
Their distinction is based on differences along two general dimensions:
vertical inter-governmental relationships (among the local state and higher
levels of government) and incorporation of various actors representing
different spheres of society. In the local elitist infrastructure, a restricted
set of elites dominates local governance and assures the integration of local
governance with the policies of national government. In the civic localist
infrastructure, incorporation of societal actors is wide, but the integration
of local and national policies is limited. Local government relies more on
the resources of local society than on support from higher-level authori-
ties. In the nationalized infrastructure, local governments carry out poli-
cies formulated at the national level, and a high level of policy integration
and wide incorporation of nation-wide organized societal actors are pos-
sible through strong multilevel party organizations. As Sellers et al. (2020)
argue, each infrastructure developed following its own long-term trajec-
tory and displays distinctive patterns of tensions and conflicts, but also
institutional complementarities. Finally, the partners decided not to use
this typology because it became obvious that in a country, policy-specific,
local state-society relations can exist which can show different network
8 F. TELES ET AL.
Notes
1. For functional interest representation (and its differences from territorial
interest representation through political parties and directly elected repre-
sentative bodies), (see for example, Heinelt 2010: 52–53 and Knodt
et al. 2011).
1 INTERACTIONS OF SOCIETAL ACTORS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT… 9
References
Bachrach, P., & Baratz, M. S. (1962). Two Faces of Power. The American Political
Science Review, 56(4), 947–952.
Bachrach, P., & Baratz, M. S. (1963). Decisions and Non-decisions: An Analytical
Framework. The American Political Science Review, 57(3), 632–642.
Barber, B. (1984). Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bekkers, V., Dijkstra, G., & Fenger, M. (2007). Governance and the Democratic
Deficit. Assessing the Democratic Legitimacy of Governance Practices. London:
Routledge.
Boddy, M., & Parkinson, M. (Eds.). (2004). City Matters. Competitiveness,
Cohesion and Urban Governance. Bristol: Policy Press.
Börzel, T. (1998). Organising Babylon – on the Different Conceptions of Policy
Networks.Public Administration, 76, 253–273.
Cawson, A. (1985). Corporatism and Local Politics. In Grant W. (Eds.), The
Political Economy of Corporatism. Sociology, Politics and Cities. London: Palgrave.
Crouch, C. (2004). Post-Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Dahl, R. A. (1957). The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201–215.
Dahl, R. A. (1971). The City in the Future of Democracy. In M. Cook (Ed.),
Participatory Democracy (pp. 85–114). San Francisco: Canfield Press (first
published in 1967 in American Political Science Review, 61(4), 953–969).
Dahl, R. A. (1994). A Democratic Dilemma. System Effectiveness Versus Citizen
Participation. Political Science Quarterly, 10(1), 23–34.
10 F. TELES ET AL.
Filipe Teles
Introduction
Interactions of societal actors in institutionalized governance networks
with local authorities are one of the most common features of contempo-
rary local governance. The multiple and diverse forms it can take provide
relevant clues regarding different roles of local government in Europe and
its administrative, civic and political cultures. It adds also to the knowl-
edge on different governance arrangements, decentralization processes,
state-society relations, and citizens’ engagement practices. Comparative
studies on this topic with in-depth analysis of formally and informally as
well as compulsorily and voluntarily institutionalized governance networks
are needed but require a conceptual framework that allows for a clearer
F. Teles (*)
Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies,
Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences, University of Aveiro,
Aveiro, Portugal
e-mail: filipe.teles@ua.pt
models derive from a normative approach and seek better policy formula-
tion and policy delivery arrangements—in general seen as incapable of
accomplishing all local government’s tasks, insufficient to answer all
demands or relying on optimist assessments of grassroots autonomous and
spontaneous organization.
In this chapter, both terms (governance arrangements and local state-
society networks) are used as a way to capture the wide range of mecha-
nisms through which consultation, coordination, power over policy
making and delivery at the local level are exercised. The multi-agent con-
text of local governance, with its complex diversity of networks, has pro-
duced a rich literature and has shaped significant research on the plural
mechanisms of delivery of public services and collaborative arrangements.
The aim is allegedly to improve public policy decision and delivery pro-
cesses in a ‘joined up’ way, together with the local community. Local pub-
lic services’ restructuring, modernization agendas, New Public
Management-type reforms, and, more recently, the consequences of eco-
nomic downturns have attracted attention from research, signalling an
arrangement where public and non-public agencies are involved in the
formulation of policy and delivery of services (Brandsen and Pestoff 2006:
497; Schwab et al. 2017).
State-society partnerships and co-governance are often used to describe
the context within which public services are delivered at the local level.
Co-governance refers to the mutual formation of collective bodies around
governmental roles and addresses the capacity for government and com-
munities to work together (Sommerville and Haines 2008). This concep-
tual approach has accompanied a volume of literature on how localities are
currently governed, on the influence of informal networks (Rhodes 1997),
and on the analysis of the proliferation of non-state actors, their resource
exchanges, and interdependency (Stoker 2006). Likewise, research on
interactions between various network actors (e.g. Rhodes 1996) and on
the new steering and monitoring roles expected from governments (Stoker
2000; John 2001) has suggested the decline of state power (Jessop 2003)
or of the existence of new complex power configurations through which
state actors steer networks (see Lukes 2004).
The delivery of public services and policy networking has resulted in
unresolved problems related to the differentiation and integration of non-
state actors. The generic terms of collaborative governance, actually just
an add-on to the concept of governance, or of co-governance, depict, in
essence, very complex systems: it is much more than shared rules of
2 DIVERSITY IN LOCAL STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS: A TYPOLOGY TO GRASP… 17
the gap between individual preferences and the social structure’. It can
illuminate many of the fundamental analytic questions of networked gov-
ernance, as it captures much of the variety in individual and organizational
attitudes and perspectives about how the public sphere is circumscribed by
autonomy—Grid—and the extent to which choice is constrained by for-
mal group belonging—Group (Hood 1998).