CLASS XI

SUBJECT ECONOMICS (STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS)

Chapter 3 - Organisation of Data
Long type question answer
Q.1 Can there be any advantage in classifying things? Explain with an
example from your daily life.
Ans. Yes, there are number of advantages classified things.
Classification of data serves the following purpose:
(i) It condenses the raw data into a form suitable for statistical analysis.
(ii) It removes complexities and highlights the features of the data.
(iii) It facilitates comparisons and in drawing inferences from the data.
(iv) It provides information about the mutual relationships among
elements of a data set.
(v) It helps in in statistical analysis by separating elements of the data
set into homogeneous groups and hence brings out the points of
similarity and dissimilarity.
The advantage of classification can be clear from the following
example:
In a post office,letters and parcels are classified on regular basis
according to various attributes. They are first classified according to the
states, then according to the cities and streets. This type of
classification helps the posts. to deliver the posts quickly and efficiently.
Q.2 what is 'loss of information' in classified data?
Ans. The frequency distribution summarises the raw data by making it
concise and comprehensible. However,it does not show the details that
are found in raw data and leads to loss of information. When the rotor
is grouped into classes, an individual observation has no significance in
further static calculations. For example, the class 20 - 30 contains five
observations: 22, 25, 23, 28, 27. So, vendis data are grouped as a class
20-30, then individual values have no significance and only frequency
i.e., 5 East recorded and not their actual values. All values in this class
are examd to be equal to the middle value of the class interval.Statical
calculations are based on the values of class mark instead of the actual
values. As a result, It leads to considerable loss of information.
Q3. Explain characteristics of classification.
Ans. The main characteristics of classification are:
1. Homogeneity: The data classified in one group or class should be
homogeneous. All items in a group must be similar to each other.
2. Clarity: Classification should be done in such a way that
meaningful conclusion is possible. East item of the data should
belong to one particular class only. There should be no confusion
about the group or class of a given item
3. Flexibility: Classificationclassification should be flexible and should
able to adopt to new condition of the given inquiry. Some of the
classes may have to be abandoned and new classes need to be
added
4. Diversification: Classification should be done in such a way that
every items of the study can be classified into class. If all items are
not included in the classes arrangement of data will not be
correct.
5. Suitable to objectives of study: The basis selected class
classification should be in accordance with objectives of the
statistical study. If basis selected for classification do not match
 the requirement, the entire exercise of investigation will be
meaningless.
Q.4 Explain the 'exclusive' and 'inclusive' method used in classification
of data.
Ans. Under exclusive method,apparel limit of 1 class interval becomes
the lower limit of the next class. The classes of the type 10-20,20-30,30-
40,etc., are known as exclusive classes. To keep various class intervals
as mutually exclusive, no observations with magnitude greater than or
equal to lower limit but less than the upper limit of a class are included
in it.
For example, if the lower limit of a class is 10 and it's upper limit is 20,
then this class, written as 10-20, includes all the observations which are
greater than or equal to 10 but less than observations will magnitude
20 will be included in the next class.
Upper inclusive method:, all observations with magnitude greater than
or equal to the lower limit and less than or equal to the upper limit of a
class or included in it.
● The classes of the type 10-19,20-29,30-39,etc., Arnoon as
inclusive classes. Under this method, overlaping of intervals are
avoided and value of upper limit of a class never equals the value
of lower limit of the next class.
For example, if the lower limit of the class is 10 and it's upper limit is
19, then this class, written as 10-19, includes all the observations which
are greater than or equal to the 10 and does not exceed 19. The
observations with magnitude more than 19 will be included in the next
class.
Q5. Convert the following series into less than and more than
commulative frequency.
Daily Wages No of Workers
100-110 10
110-120 6
120-130 9
130-140 11
140-150 3
150-160 1
TOTAL 40

Solutions: Less than commulative frequency distribution.

Daily Wages No of Workers
Less than 110 10
Less than 120 10+6=16
Less than 130 16+9=25
Less than 140 25+11=36
Less than 150 36+3=39
Less than 160 39+1=40
More than commulative frequency distribution.

Daily Wages No of Workers

more than 100 10+6+9+11+3+1=40
more than 110 6+9+11+3+1=30
more than 120 9+11+3+1=24
more than 130 11+3+1=15
more than 140 3+1=4