DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, RUDRAPUR

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
CLASS – X [2024-25]
Ch1- Chemical reactions and equations. Topic: Notes

1]Changes around us:-

 When one or more properties of a thing become different, we say that it has changed or a change has
taken place in it.
 Changes involve different kinds of alterations in the things around us.
 When a change takes place, there may be a change in the state, position, shape, size, colour, temperature,
composition or structure of the material of the object.
 Examples: Formation of curd from milk, Cooking of food, Burning of fuels Drying of clothes, and
Rusting of iron
Types of Changes:
1. Physical Change
2. Chemical Change
Chemical Change : A chemical change is a change of materials into another, new materials with different
properties and one or more than one new substances are formed
Examples -Burning of paper, wood, coal.
- Digestion of food.
-Decay of plants.
-Decomposition of any chemical.
- Change of milk into curd.
-Ripening of fruits.
-Charring of Sugar.
2] Chemical Reactions:
 Chemical Changes are also known as Chemical Reactions.
 Reactants: The substances that take part in the reactions.
 Products: The new substance formed as a result of chemical reaction.
 The product thus formed have properties entirely different from those of reactants.
Examples of Chemical reactions:
 a) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air:
 b) Reaction of lead nitrate with potassium iodide
 c) Reaction of Zinc granules with dilute hydrochloric acid

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 3] Chemical Equation.
a) Word equation:
 A word equation shows the change of reactants to products through an arrow placed between them.
 The reactants are written on the left hand side (LHS) with a plus sign between them and products are
written on right hand side (RHS) with a plus sign between them.
 Arrow shows the direction of reaction.
Example: When methane gas is burned in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Methane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water
b) Skeletal Chemical equation:
 A chemical equation is a symbolic notation that uses symbols and formulae instead of words to represent
chemical equation.
 Also known as unbalanced Chemical equation.
 A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side is not equal to
that on the product side is called as a unbalanced chemical equation.
c) Balanced chemical equation.
A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side is equal to
that on the product side is called as a balanced chemical equation.
 Balancing is based on Law of Conservation of mass.
Examples:
a) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air:-
Step 1: W.E : Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide
Step 2: S.E: Mg + O2 MgO
Step 3: Balancing:
Atom Reactants Products
Mg 1 1
O 2 1
Step 4: Writing balanced equation: 2Mg + O2 2MgO
4] How to make Chemical equation more informative?
 Physical state of the reactants and products.
 Reaction condition.
 Heat change during reaction.
 Concentration of reactants and products.
 Nature of reaction.
5] Limitation of Chemical equation:
 A chemical equation does not tells about feasibility of Chemical reaction.
 It does not gives actual idea about the rate of reaction and how much time it will take to complete.
 If a substance is in the form of a solution, chemical equation doesn't provide information about its
concentration.
6]Types of Chemical reactions.
1.COMBINATION REACTION :-
• In a combination reaction, two or more molecules are combined together chemically to form a new
substance (compound).
• Combination and decomposition reactions are opposite of each other.
• For example, when we burn magnesium ribbon (or magnesium), it gives grey-black ash of magnesium
oxide.
 Reaction – Mg + O2 → MgO
a. Combination of two elements :-
2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2H2O(l)
C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)
H2(g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)

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 2Na (S) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl ( s)
Fe (s) + S(s) FeS (s)

b. Combination of two compounds :-

CaO (s) + H2O(l) Ca (OH) 2
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) NH4Cl (s)
2CO(g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g)
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)

2. DECOMPOSITION REACTION :-
In a decomposition reaction, molecules or compounds break down into two or more than two simpler
chemically new substances. ,
a. Heat – Thermal decomposition :-

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
2FeSO4 (s) Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
2Pb (NO3)2 (s) 2PbO (s) + 4NO2(g) + O2 (g)

b. Light – photolytic decomposition :-

FIG 1: Showing Photolytic decomposition.

2AgCl (s) 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
2AgBr (s) 2Ag (s) + Br2 (g)

c. Electricity -Electrolytic decomposition :-

FIG 2: Showing process of Electrolysis of water.

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 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
2NaCl (l) 2Na (s) + Cl2 (g)
2Al2O3 4Al (l) + 3O2 (g)

3.DISPLACEMENT REACTION :-Single Displacement Reaction – In these reactions, more reactive metal
displaces less reactive metal from its salt. In these reactions, products can be determined through reactivity
series

FIG:3 Metal Reactivity Series

CuSO4 ( aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

CuSO4 ( aq) + Mg (s)
CuSO4 ( aq) + Fe (s)
CuCl2 ( aq) + Pb (s)
2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu (s)
Fe (s) + 2HCl (aq)
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq)
CuO (s) + Mg (s)
Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s)
MgSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
PbCl2 (aq) + Cu (s)
Cu (NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag
FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
MgO (s) + Cu (s)
Al2O3 (s) + 2Fe

4.DOUBLE DISPLACMENT REACTION :-In these reactions, two aqueous ionic compounds exchange
their ions (mostly cations) and produce two new compounds.
Precipitation Reaction: In these reactions, an insoluble precipitate is formed. In precipitation reactions, two
soluble salts in aqueous solutions are combined and form an insoluble precipitate.
BaCl2 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) BaSO4 (g) + CuCl2 (aq)
CuSO4 (aq) + H2S (g) CuS (s) + H2SO4 (aq)
AlCl3 (aq) + 3NH4OH (aq) Al (OH)3 (s) + NH4Cl(aq)
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3
Neutralization Reaction – In these reactions, acid and base react with each other and form salt and water.
For example, hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide (base) and forms sodium chloride (salt) and
water.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

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 5.OXIDATION & REDUCTION REACTION :-

a. CuO +H2 Cu +H2O

Substance oxidized : Hydrogen .
Substance reduced : Copper oxide .
Oxidizing agent : Copper oxide .
Reducing agent : Hydrogen .

b. ZnO + C Zn + CO
Substance oxidized : Carbon .
Substance reduced : Zinc oxide.
Oxidizing agent : Zinc oxcide .
Reducing agent : Carbon .

c. 2PbO (s) + C(s) 2Pb (s) + CO2 (g)

Substance oxidized : Carbon .

Substance reduced : Lead oxide .
Oxidizing agent : Lead oxide .
Reducing agent : Carbon.

Redox Reactions:
A reaction in which one reactant undergoes oxidation whereas the other gets reduced during the course of
reaction are termed as oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Reduction refers to the gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Consider the following redox reaction-

o Burning sugars, such as glucose (C6H12O6) and the fatty acids in the fats we eat.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(g) --> 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
o Reaction of Manganese dioxide with hydrochloric acid involves redox reaction.

o Reaction of zinc oxide and carbon.

ZnO + C --> Zn + CO

In this reaction carbon is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn.

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 Corrosion
We all must have observed newly bought iron, silver or coper articles appears very shiny but with passage of
time they get dull. This is due to the layer of metal oxide that develops on their surface.
Rusting of iron, silver jewellery getting tarnished, or copper articles getting covered by green layer.
Metals reacts with atmospheric oxygen and produces metal oxides that are basic in nature because they react with
water to form bases.
Corrosion -Is the process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air , moisture or a chemical
on their surface.

o In case of rusting of iron, the iron reacts with the oxygen present in air and moisture and develops rust
(hydrated iron (III) oxide).

Corrosion causes damage to car bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships and to all objects made of metals, specially
those of iron.

o In case of rusting of copper, the metallic copper reacts with oxygen, carbon-dioxide and atmospheric
moisture and develops a green coloured coating of copper hydroxide and copper carbonate.

Fig. Copper developing green coloured

rust on exposure to moist air

o In case of tarnishing of
silver articles, the metallic
silver reacts with hydrogen
sulphide or sulphur
present in air and gets
tarnished.

Rancidity

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It is generally observed that when oily food items are kept for longer time they start to smell very bad. This
happens because the fats and oils get oxidised and hence they become rancid that changes their taste and smell.

Rancidity : It is a condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oil in foods marked by unpleasant smell
and taste is called rancidity.

Rancidity can be prevented using the following methods:

1.Adding antioxidants (substances which prevent oxidation) to food like BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene) and
BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole).- Antioxidants are reducing agents which prevents oxidation.
2.Storing food in airtight containers to slow the process of rancidification.
3.Refrigerating food also helps to slow down rancidification.
4.Replacing oxygen in the containers with another gas. For example, to prevent chips from turning rancid, chips
manufacturers flush the bags with nitrogen gas.
5. Rancidity can be retarded by storing foods away from light (in absence of light oxidation of food containing fats
and oils is slowed down.