1. What are de-icing and anti-icing and what is the basic difference between them?

When we have ice, we use de-icing. It means de-icing is used when removing ice from the
surface. Anti-icing is used when we do not want to accumulate ice on the surface. Anti-icing
prevents accumulating ice. The basic difference between them is that de-icing is used after
ice accumulation. Anti-icing is used before accumulating ice.

2. What are the four stages of the one otto cycle for piston engines aircraft?
These are;
 Induction stroke = The phase that, the air-fuel mixture is sucked by the cylinder.
 Compression Stroke = The phase that, the air-fuel mixture get compressed and
energized by crankshaft
 Power Stroke = The phase that, the air-fuel mixture get fired by the spark-plugs and
as a result of it energy is produced.
 Exhaust Stroke = The phase that, burnt air-fuel mixture is removed from the cylinder
by the crankshaft.

3. What is a Compressor Stall? Explain it briefly.

It is the inability to provide sufficient air intake due to the deterioration of the air flow
passing through the compressor.

4. Tell us what the most important duties of engine lubrication are.

Engine lubrication is used for three very important duties.
It reduces friction between engine parts,
it cools the engine,
it protects the engine against corrosion.

5. Compare wet-sump system and dry-sump system with 3 advantages for each.
-Wet-Sump System Advantages =
1. Lower Cost
2. Less Complex
3. Less Weight
4. Less oil = Heats up quicker

-Dry-Sump System Advantages =

1. Fully flexible oil capacity (Reservoir) for better cooling
2. Relocate reservoir for weight balance
3. Maneuvering or stall won’t run system dry.

6. Explain to us the features of Avgas and Jet Fuel.

It’s distelled from Petrol. It has higher quality and octane than fuels used in cars. Finally, it
often contains additives.

The main product of Jet Fuel is kerosene. Jet fuel is clear-to-straw colored. Modern aircraft
use Jet fuel because it can burn at minus 49 degrees and cheaper compared to AVGAS.

7. What is the difference between single spool and multi spool?

-The multi spool has more than one shaft instead single spool engine.
-The multi spool has Low pressure spool and high-pressure spool.
-Multi spool is more effective than a single spool.
-Multi spools do not shut down when a surge happens but single spool shut down.

8. Tell us 3 most known reverse thrust systems.

 -Clamshell Doors = A

-External/Bucket Door = B

-Blocker Doors = C

9. What is the compression ratio?

Compression ratio is ratio between total volume and clearance volume.

10. What is a hung start in aircraft engines, and what are the typical symptoms?
A hung start is a condition where there is a normal ignition, but the engine RPM remains at a
low value instead. of increasing to the normal idle RPM. It is often caused by insufficient
power from the starter.

11. Why would an aircraft engine need to be flat rated?

An aircraft engine may need to be flat rated when the airframe can only handle a specific
force, and therefore, the total power output of the to engine needs to be constrained. Also
the performance of engine can be effected by lots of factor and if the engine is not flat-rated
a change in air temperature or pressure can effect the ability of engine to fly.

12. What action should be taken if oil pressure falls to zero in an aircraft engine?
If the minimum oil pressure cannot be maintained, the engine must be shut down
immediately to prevent damage, as a zero pressure indication may signal a failure of the
pressure pump or a catastrophic oil loss from the system.

13. Why is it more challenging to produce an efficient multistage centrifugal compressor

compared to a multistage axial compressor?

Producing an efficient multistage centrifugal compressor is more challenging because the

flow has to be ducted back to the axis at each stage. This complexity arises from the need to
turn the flow perpendicular to the axis, resulting in a wider engine with a greater cross-
sectional area, leading to additional undesirable aircraft drag.

14. In what way can ram air be modified for cabin temperature control in light aircraft?
Ram air can be heated by exhaust or combustion heaters and mixed with cold ambient air
in varying proportions to achieve a comfortable cabin temperature.

15. Why does running low-pressure compressors and turbines at high speed in a single
spool engine pose a risk of mechanical failure?

Low-pressure compressors and turbines in a single spool engine, being larger fans, are not
designed
for high-speed operation. Running them at high speed can lead to mechanical failure.
GAS TURBINE ENGINE HIGH ENERGY UNIT
16. How does the altitude affect the power of the spark in this ignition system?
The power of the spark remains constant regardless of humidity or altitude changes,
ensuring consistent ignition performance in various environmental conditions.

17. What role does the octane rating of fuel play in preventing pre-ignition?
Using a fuel with the wrong octane rating, such as using lower-octane fuel in an engine
designed for higher octane, can contribute to pre-ignition by affecting the combustion
process
and timing, leading to potential overheating and ignition issues.

18. Why is the mechanical isolation of the compressor and turbine part beneficial in
preventing engine stalling during load surges?

Mechanical isolation allows the inner spools to continue running independently of the load.
In the

event of a sudden surge in load, only the last turbine connected to the load is affected,
preventing is
the entire engine from stalling.
19. Explain the difference between a reciprocating engine and a turbine engine.

 Answer: A reciprocating engine operates by converting the reciprocating motion of

pistons into rotational motion, while a turbine engine operates by using the energy
from expanding gases to drive a turbine.

20. What is the purpose of the aircraft oxygen system, and when is it used?
Answer: The aircraft oxygen system provides supplemental oxygen to the crew and
passengers at high altitudes where the ambient oxygen levels are insufficient for normal
breathing. It is used to prevent hypoxia and ensure the well-being of occupants during flight.

21. Describe the main components of a piston engine.

Answer: The main components of a piston engine include cylinders, pistons, a crankshaft,
connecting rods, intake and exhaust valves, spark plugs (in spark ignition engines), fuel
system (carburetor or fuel injection), and lubrication system.

22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of piston engines compared to gas turbine
engines?

 Answer: Advantages of piston engines: include simplicity, lower initial cost, and
better fuel efficiency at lower altitudes and speeds.
 Disadvantages: include lower power-to-weight ratio, limited altitude capability, and
higher maintenance requirements.

23. Describe the main components of a gas turbine engine.

 Answer: The main components of a gas turbine engine include the compressor,
combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust nozzle. The compressor compresses
incoming air, the combustion chamber ignites and burns fuel, the turbine extracts
energy from the hot gases, and the exhaust nozzle directs the exhaust gases to
produce thrust.

24. How does a gas turbine engine differ from a piston engine in terms of construction and
operation?
Answer: A gas turbine engine has a continuous flow of air and fuel, whereas a piston engine
operates in a cyclic manner with discrete intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
Gas turbine engines are more suitable for high-speed and high-altitude operations, while
piston engines are better suited for lower-speed and lower-altitude operations.
25. What is the main difference between dry sump and wet sump systems ?

- difference between the two systems is the location of the oil reservoir: the dry sump
system uses an external reservoir, while the wet sump system stores oil in the engine's
crankcase. The dry sump system offers advantages in high-performance applications, while
the wet sump system is more commonly used in everyday vehicles.

26. Explain Magnetos.

Magnetos are self-contained engine driven electrical generators which produce approx.
24000 Volt sparks.
Magnetos are completely independent of the aircraft electrical system.

27. Explain FADEC

Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)
FADEC is a system consisting of a digital computed, called an “electronic engine controller”
(EEC) or “engine control unit” (ECU)
28. Write down 4 differences between axial compressors and centrifugal compressors:

Axial Compressor:
- Expensive
- Suitable for multi-staging
- Needs high amount of torque for start-up
- Air flows parallel to rotational axis
Centrifugal Compressor:
- Cheap
- Not suitable for multi-staging
- Needs low amount of torque for start-up
- Air flows perpendicular to rotational axis
29. Write down 4 factors that can contribute engine cooling:
- High airspeed
- Low ambient temperature
- Fins
- Baffles
- Using rich mixture
- Low engine RPM
- Cowl flaps
- Lubrication

30. Write down 4 qualities of an ideal oil

- Low volatility
- High flash point
- Wide temperature range
- Low viscosity at low temperatures

31. What is supercharger, explain it briefly?

Supercharger is a compressor that is driven by engine’s crankshaft. It feeds the engine with
pressurized air for boosting performance at high altitudes.

32. What is wing washout, explain it briefly?

Wing washout twist of the wing from root to tip. Root section of the wing has higher angle of
attack. This allows to root section stall first, so we can feel stall before it effects control
surfaces.
33. Write down 4 qualities of an ideal hydraulic oil
- High flash point
- Almost incompressible
- Non-reactive
- Must has a lubricant feature

34. How engine produce energy?

- Engine converts the energy of fuel into heat (chemical) energy and then into
mechanical energy.

35. Could you explain octan rate?

Fuel explosion point. If octane is high, ignition will occur later than lower octane. If we put
lower octane than normal, there will be pre ignition. Therefore, engine failure and damage
could occur.

36. Why compressor stall happens? Write compressor stall reasons at least 5.

 It happens because of imbalance air goes inside the engine.

 Excessive fuel flow when acceleration.
 Above or below engine design RPM parameters.
 Turbulent or disrupted airflow enters from engine intake.
 Ice formation on engine components.
 Contaminated, damaged compressor components or turbine.
 Excessive lean fuel/air mixture.
37. Which one is effective range combustion of air/fuel mixture?
A)9:1-12:1 B) 12:1-15:1 C) 15:1-18:1 D) 18:1-21:1

38. What is auxiliary gearbox (Accessory Drive)?

System which provides power for hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical mechanism fore use on
the engine. It mounted externally, and normally a rotating engine shaft supplies the drive of
gearbox. Normally works from HP. When aircraft needs more power for using emergency
systems LP helps to HP. High speed external gearbox connects HP spool. If more power
needed low speed external gearbox connects LP spool.

39. What are the definitions pre-ignition and detonation ?

Pre-ignition: The uncontrolled ignition of the air/fuel mixture before the spark plug fires.

Detonation: Spontaneous combustion of the remaining air/fuel mixture in the chamber after
the combustion created by spark plugs.

40. Which failures detonation can cause ?

.Mechanical damage
.Abrasion
.Overheating

41. What is Aquaplaning ?

Aquaplaning, also known as hydroplaning, is a condition in which standing water, slush or

snow, causes the moving wheel of an aircraft to lose contact with the load bearing surface
on which it is rolling with the result that braking action on the wheel is not effective in
reducing the ground speed of the aircraft.

42. What is the main difference between pneumatic system and hydraulic system ?
Pneumatic systems use compressed air or gases to transmit power, while hydraulic systems
use pressurized hydraulic fluid.
43. Compare the velocities, static pressures and temperatures in the narrow section and
wide section of the Bernoulli tube.

- V1 < V2
- T1 > T2
- q1 > q2

44. List 4 possible symptoms of hypoxia that may occur as a result of a problem with the
oxygen equipment on the aeroplane.

- Apparent Personality Change

- Impaired Judgement
- Muscular Impairment
- Memory Impairment
- Sensory Loss
- Blue Lips

45. Why we can't use starter motor in commercial aeroplanes? Explain it briefly.

-Since it would be very difficult and inefficient to provide the extremely high torque
required to rotate the engine shafts of large commercial aircraft with an electric
starter, different engine starting options are used in commercial aircraft.

46. What are the primary and secondary flight controls ?

Primary Flight Controls = Elevator, Rudder, Aileron
Secondary Flight Controls = Flaps, trailing edge flaps, trim
47. What is the hoop stress in airplanes explain it briefly.

In airplanes, hoop stress refers to the stress experienced by the fuselage or cylindrical
components due to the internal pressure generated by pressurizing the cabin.

48. What should be taken into consideration when refueling ?

No one must remain in the aircraft
The engine must be shut down
Ignitation switches must be off

49. What is engine misfire ? When does engine misfire occurs?

The aircraft needs fuel to burn, oxygen to facilitate the burn reaction, and a spark to get
things going. If any of those elements are not present at the perfect time, the cylinder won’t
combust so engine misfire occurs.
Engine misfires happen when one or more cylinders does not produce sufficient spark or
compression and lack of fuel.

50. Where and how can fuel be drawn from the aircraft as needed?
The aircraft has separate high and low pressure fuel pumps. Fuel is drawn from the fuel tank
with these high and low pressure pumps in proportion to the amount needed.

51. Aircraft shouldnt be fueled within ……. of radar equipment either under test or in use in
either aircraft or ground installation (30m)

52. How can we determine whether we can use a particular fire extinguisher in aircraft ?

The fire extinguisher we will use in the aircraft must not leave residue. If it leaves residue
after use, we cant use that fire extinguisher in the aircraft.
53. What are pressurization system control valves?
Safety valve- Used if the pressure exceeds the maximum value
Invard relief valve-If the external pressure exceeds the internal pressure, it equalizes the
pressure.
Dump valve -We use it if we need to relieve the pressure momentarily

54. Name three types of icing and explain the effects of one of them.

Rime Ice : Water droplets freeze almost completely and instantly on impact trapping air
which gives the ice a granular and opaque appearance.
CLEAR İCE
HOAR FROST

55. Write the engine starting failures and explain one of them.
WET START
HOT START
THE HUNG START : After normal ignition, the rpm is low and then it becomes idle rpm.
- The couses of hung start are:
Fuel control malfunction
Premature starter disangagement
Shaft bearing failure

56. What is purpose of baffle check valves fitted in aircraft fuel tanks ?
-prevent fuel movement to the wing tip

57. Write names of wheel mounting system types?

- half fork , fork, twin wheel, tandem, boggies
58. For turbofan motor type, which part of that the highest temperature?
- high pressure türbine

59. What is the purpose of afterburner ?and how it works?

-Purpose of Afterburner:
Boosts thrust for high-speed flight or combat situations.

-How Afterburner Works:

Extra fuel injected into jet engine exhaust. Ignites in the afterburner section. Rapid
expansion increases exhaust velocity. Provides significant additional thrust. Enables higher
speeds or rapid acceleration.

60. What is the difference between turbochargers and superchargers? Also explain
wastegate.

- Turbocharger has a lag (delay) compared to supercharger.

- Turborcharger is more efficient compared to supercharger.
- Turbocharger is powered by exhaust gas, supercharger connected to mainshaft for
power.

A wastegate is a valve in a turbocharged engine that controls the flow of exhaust gases to
regulate the speed of the turbocharger's turbine. It opens to prevent over-boosting,
ensuring a consistent and safe level of boost pressure and protecting the engine from
potential damage.

61. What is APU?

APU stands for Auxillary Power Unit and APU is a small, independent engine in an aircraft
that generates power for lights, avionics, and other systems when the main engines are not
running. Compared to other gas turbine engines APU is not meant to produce thrust.
62. What are the FADEC’s advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages;
Optimized Performance
Fuel Efficiency
Reduced Pilot Workload
Increased Reliability
Engine Health Monitoring
Improved Starting and Operation

DisAdvantages;
Complexity and Cost
Maintenance Challenges
Vulnerability to Electronic Failures
Limited Pilot Control in Emergency

63. What is the bypass air in the Turbofan use for?

- Thrust and cooling

64. Landing gear functions?

-Maneuvering on ground
-To support aircraft to convenient height for propeller ,engines to give clearance
-absorb to kinetic energy fort landing

65. Anti skid unit functions

Touch-down protection
-skid presentation
-locked wheel preventation
-auto break
66. Maximum power output and low mass of aeroplane hydraulic systems can be achieved
by.
- High system pressure and low volume flow.

67. A semi-monocoque aircraft fuselage structure consists of:

- Skin,frames,stringers

68. Nose Wheel Shimmy may be described as:

- A possibly damaging vibration of the nose wheel when moving on ground

69. In a compressor stage of a jet engine, the sequence is:

rotor – stator

70. Conditiened air is air that has:

- Been controlled in respect of temperature and pressure

71. Cabin air for modern aircraft is usually taken from:

- Low pressure compressor and high pressure compressor if necessary

72. Whilst in level cruising flight, an aeroplane with a pressurised cabin experiences a malfunction
of the pressure controller. If the cabin rate of climb indicator reads -200ft/min:

- the differential pressure will rise to its maximum value, thus causing the safety relief valves
to open

73.
Purposes of an accumulator in an hydraulic system are:

1. to damp pressure fluctuations.

2. to cool the hydraulic fluid.
3. to serve as a limited alternate source of pressure.
4. to serve as a main pressure source for normal operation.
The combination that regroups all of the correct statements is:

- Answer: 1 and 3
74. When a wing bends downwards, aileron flutter might occur if the aileron deflects:

- upwards, because the location of the aileron centre of gravity lies behind the hinge line.

75. In a gas turbine engine, compressor blades, which are not rigidly fixed in position when the
engine is stationary, take up a rigid position when the engine is running due to:
- the resultant of aerodynamic and centrifugal forces.

76. Whilst stationary on the ground in a hangar the most important loads on a cantilever wing are

- tension in the upper surface, compression in the lower surface.

77. Which statement is correct for a gas turbine engine with a constant speed propeller and free
power turbine, when the power setting is increased?

I. The gas generator speed decreases.

II. The EGT increases.

Answer:

I is incorrect, II is correct.

78. In very cold weather, the pilot notices during startup, a slightly higher than normal engine oil
pressure. This higher pressure:

- is normal, if it decreases after startup.

79. Fuel tank vents are

- Fitted to the top of the tank to prevent tank collapse and are routed to the opposite upper
part of the fuselage.

80. The purpose of variable by-pass valves in a high bypass turbofan engine between the LP
compressor and the HP compressor (HPC) is to:

- prevent fan stall and LP compressor stall during engine start and low rotor speeds.