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Jesus A. Dominguez

ENGL 1302-228

Professor Briones

2/1/2024

The Use of Animal Testing and Experimentation: An Annotated Bibliography

Adler, Sarah, et al. "Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and

future prospects--2010." Archives of Toxicology.Archiv für Toxikologie, vol. 85, no. 5,

2011, pp. 367-485. ProQuest, https://go.openathens.net/redirector/tamiu.edu?

url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/alternative-non-animal-methods-

cosmetics-testing/docview/865135073/se-2, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-

0693-2.

The future of animal testing is blurry, but with improvements in technology humanity can

one day see a world without the use of animal testing as the gold standard to research.

Through a large series of studies Adler, Sarah, et al. determined how the future of animal

testing will look like and how long it will take to reach certain desired goals. Their

studies are focused on toxicology, the science of nature with correlation to poisons or

chemicals, but they still point a picture to the future. Through scientific estimations they

found that it will take between 7-9 years to replace the current day testing of vivo animals

of cosmetic ingredients. It will take between 5-7 years to develop models that will help

with lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion. These were some of the only exact

estimates given in the article because the rest were agreed to be too far in the future to
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predict, such as methods to fully replace toxicokinetic models. Other studies involving

toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity are too complicated, or too far to be

able to give an estimated prediction either. This article sheds light to the future of animal

testing in many fields of toxicology, it shows that humans still have a long way to go, and

it adds an educated response about the future of animal testing in my article.

De Villiers, Rian. "The animal experimentation controversy: ethical views of prospective

teachers." Perspectives in Education, vol. 30, no. 3, 2012, pp. 88-97,127. ProQuest,

https://go.openathens.net/redirector/tamiu.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/animal-experimentation-controversy-ethical-views/docview/1566312616/se-2.

De Villers dives deep in the controversy around the ethics of animal experimentation.

More specifically the use of vivisections, the cutting up of live animals in scientific

experiments, in the educational field. De Villiers questions over a 100 life and natural

science teachers in South Africa about the ethics involving vivisections. His results

showed that a majority of these teachers are against the use of vivisections because of

moral concerts, but are aware that they should be used in education if they are the only

option to teach students. If the option of using films, videos, models, and multimedia

computer simulations are possible, then they should be used. The goal for these

professors is to see a world where scientific ethics is crucial to the education of the next

generation, with the hopes to make the best bioethical decisions. De Villers took a lighter,

more ethical approach towards the issue of animal experimentation, widening the

different opinions to my paper.

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Gershoff, S.N. (2009), Animal experimentation – a personal view. Nutrition Reviews, 67: 95-99.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00144.x

Nelson begins the article by stating the extreme practices that activists have used to

spread the word about animal experimentation. An example about a bomb threat and

flooding at the University of California, Los Angeles. The use of strong words such as

zealots and terrorists give the reader an understanding that his opinion is fully against any

extreme actions against animal experimentation. Nelson expresses the values that animal

experimentation can bring to the table, listing the breakthroughs it had in identifying

different vitamins, such as Vitamin A, D, and B12. Nelson emphasizes that animals are

not humans and do not have the same rights as humans, explaining that anyone in their

right mind would choose to experiment on 10 animals to save the lives of thousands to

come. This article expresses a strong liking towards the use of animal experimentation in

the Biomedical field, giving my paper a different perspective to view.

Goyal, Rakhee. Animal testing in the history of anesthesia: Now and then, some stories, some

facts. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 31(2):p 149-151, Apr–Jun 2015.

| DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.155139

The history of animal testing and experimentation shed a different light on the issue, but

showing all the successes and breakthroughs we have achieved with it. Dr. Rakhee sheds

light on past practices that have shaped the way we live our life today. He explains that

Carl Koiller applied cocaine crystals on the eye of a dog to prove that it makes the area

numb to the touch. He provides dozens of other examples such as the reversal of

neuromuscular drugs, the prediction of human metabolism. He emphasizes the

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experimentation of a donkey to eventually treat tetanus and rabies. The history of animal

experimentation is a vast one, but it shows how undeniably important it has been to the

history of mankind. Dr. Rakhee uses previous historical instances to validate the

importance of animal testing, adding to the different opinions.

Ferreira, Mariana, et al. "Overview of Cosmetic Regulatory Frameworks around the World."

Cosmetics, vol. 9, no. 4, 2022, pp. 72. ProQuest,

https://go.openathens.net/redirector/tamiu.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/overview-cosmetic-regulatory-frameworks-around/docview/2706128440/se-2,

doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9040072.

Across the world many countries display differing opinions about animal testing. Their

categorizations of different products greatly influence the animal experimentation market

scene. Ferreira, Marina. Et al. goes over a multitude of countries and their definitions to

what a cosmetic item is. They show how many countries have extra categories for their

products, such as quasi drugs, medicinal products, OTCs, and NHPs. These products can

range from acne cream, toothpaste, soap, to even antiperspirant. The article lists these

countries and their status on animal testing, examples include the United States banning it

in 8 states, brazil banning it in 10 states and Canada having 0 bans. This information is

very useful to understanding how these countries' cosmetic markets function. This article

gives an insight to the global idea of animal experimentation for cosmetic products and it

gives my paper a broader, more neutral approach to the idea.

Florence Lehr Mayer, Elizabeth A. Whalen & Lawrence A. Rheins (1994) A Regulatory

Overview of Alternatives to Animal Testing: United States, Europe, and Japan, Journal of
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Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 13:1, 3-22, DOI:

10.3109/15569529409037506

Mayer, Whalen, and Lawrence argue that the United States, Japan, and China are

following in the world's footsteps with the European Committee Testing Ban of 1998.

This prohibited the sale of any cosmetic product that uses animals in their testing process.

The article lists 7 United States organizations that help regulate and control companies.

Examples include the Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes of Health and

Environmental Protection Industry. The article also does its job in listing other

organizations in Europe and Japan that help regulate these practices, but it is emphasized

that there is still plenty of work to be done, since these regions have yet to ban the

practice. All the organizations mentioned have only reached a certain point, but they have

yet to ban animal testing and experimentation for cosmetic products. This article gives

insight into countries that have yet to ban animal testing and what they are currently

working on.

Kabene, Stefane, and Said Baadel. "Bioethics: a look at animal testing in medicine and cosmetics

in the UK." Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, vol. 12, 2019. ProQuest,

https://go.openathens.net/redirector/tamiu.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/bioethics-look-at-animal-testing-medicine/docview/2352706980/se-2,

doi:https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v12i15.1875.

Kabene S., et al. explains that animal life causes a great conflict between people. He

attempts to determine the ethical differences in animal testing in different fields. Through

the use of surveying he finds that most people agree with animal use in the medical field.
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People's opinions vary on the scientific field, but a majority are still in favor. Both

medical and scientific studies showed over 60% public acceptance. The one outlier is the

cosmetic industry with over 90% of participants agreeing that it is either unacceptable or

somewhat unacceptable. The article explains that there are researchers currently working

on options to eventually eliminate animal testing, but for the time being medical use of

animals has a more moral stand compared to unacceptable use of animals in the cosmetic

industry. This article looked at both sides of the argument by taking a more neutral

solution, siding with medical, but opposing cosmetics.

Nagendrababu, V., Murray, P.E., Kishen, A., Nekoofar, M.H., de Figueiredo, J.A.P. and

Dummer, P.M.H. (2019), Animal testing: a re-evaluation of what it means to

Endodontology. Int Endod J, 52: 1253-1254. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13137

Animal testing and experimentation has been used by humans for thousands of years.

Along with its vast history comes its vast controversy. The article mentions that use of

animal testing for cosmetic products has recently been banned by the EU. This is most

likely caused by its inhumane reasons. Dozens of countries use this practice such as The

United States, Japan, China, Germany and Brazil, causing over 115 million animals to be

used for research each year. The article explains how an inhumane form of animal testing

can cause tests to be rendered useless, so they propose the use of a new guideline named

PRAISE, Preferred Reporting Items for Animal Studies in Endodontology. This article

provides my paper with a basic understanding of what animal testing is, and why it's

done, along with extra information regarding it.

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Smith, Adrian J. "Guidelines for planning and conducting high-quality research and testing on

animals." Laboratory Animal Research, vol. 36, 2020, pp. 1-6. ProQuest,

https://go.openathens.net/redirector/tamiu.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/guidelines-planning-conducting-high-quality/docview/2546908253/se-2,

doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-020-00054-0.

Smith argues that present day animal testing is flawed more specifically the reporting

aspect, he believes that better planning can improve the quality and effectiveness of

animal testing. He states that planning and with close collaboration with the animal

testing facility is needed to prevent weakness. There is an importance in optimizing the

quality of animal testing for legal, scientific, and ethical reasons. Smith created the

PREPARE guidelines checklist that can be used by facilities today to better the testing of

animals in all aspects. He is aware that reproducibility in today's testing is poor and that

with better planning instead of reporting we can make better use of the time spent on

testing. Smith is just one example of someone striving for a change in today's world of

animal experimentation, the landscape of animal testing is constantly changing across the

world. This article gives an insight to the flaws and improvements animal testing

facilities can improve upon, which gives more insight to how the world of animal

experimentation works today.

VM Williams, IT Dacre & M Elliott (2007) Public attitudes in New Zealand towards the use of

animals for research, testing and teaching purposes, New Zealand Veterinary Journal,

55:2, 61-68, DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36743

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The country of New Zealand was one of the first countries to fully ban the use of animal

testing for cosmetic and animal products. This article investigated the population of New

Zealand to find out if the public has the same opinions with these government regulations

and with the country's population demographic. Hundreds of New Zealand residents were

asked a variety of questions involving the use of animal products and a vast majority

agreed that as long as it's for medical or experimental purposes as long as it does not

mean unnecessary suffering to the animals used. The most excused instance was for any

life-threatening illnesses and the least accepted use was for cosmetic purposes. This

article was very insightful in understanding what the residents of a country, so against

animal experimentation, think. It gives my paper a good perspective into the mind of a

New Zealand resident.