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Module5steels 141120085043 Conversion Gate01
Module5steels 141120085043 Conversion Gate01
Rahul Kumar
KIIT UNIVERSITY
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General Categories of Alloy Steels
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Effects of Alloying Elements in Steels
•Boron: improves hardenability without the loss of (or even with some
improvement in) machinability and formability
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• Chromium: improves toughness, hardenability, wear and corrosion
resistance and high-temperature strength. It also increases depth of
hardness penetration resulting from heat treatment by promoting
carburization
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• Magnesium: has the same effects as cerium
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• Phosphorus: improves strength, hardenability, corrosion resistance
and machinability, as well as severely reduces ductility and toughness
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• Tantalum: has effects similar to those of niobium
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1. Carbon and Alloy Steels
•carbon and alloying steels are the most commonly used metals
•structural makeup and controlled processing of these steels make them
suitable for many different functions
•basic product shapes include plate, sheet, bar, wire, tube, castings, and
forgings
•increasing % of alloying elements in steels, increases properties they
impart (different elements are added to give different properties
•elements pass on properties such as hardenability, strength, hardness,
toughness, wear resistance, etc
•some properties are beneficial while others are detrimental
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Carbon Steels
•also known as plain carbon steels
•group by % of carbon content (weight basis)
•higher the carbon content greater the hardness, strength and wear
resistance after heat treatment
•soft, tough, easily machined, welded & case hardened
•designation: e.g. 1040 steel - 0.40 wt % C
•types:
Low-carbon steel (mild steels)
Medium-carbon steel
High-carbon steel
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Low-carbon steel (mild steels)
•has less than 0.30 % carbon
•used in everyday industrial products like bolts, nuts, sheet, plate and
tubes
Medium-carbon steel
•has 0.30% to 0.60 % carbon
•used for jobs requiring higher strength such as machinery, automotive
equipment parts, and metalworking equipment
High-carbon steel
•has more than 0.60 % carbon
•used parts that require the highest strength, hardness and wear
resistance
•once manufactured they are heat treated and tempered
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Low carbon steel wires
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Alloy Steels
•contain significant amounts of alloying elements
•expensive
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High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels (HSLA Steels)
Microalloyed Steels
•provide superior properties without the use of heat treating
•when cooled carefully these steels develop enhanced and consistent
strength
Nanoalloyed Steels
•have extremely small grain size (10-100 nm)
•Since their synthesis is done at atomic level their properties can be
controlled specifically
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High strength low alloy
steel sheets
Microalloyed steel
connecting rods
Nanoalloyed steel
bicycle hub
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Bearing steel pipes
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2. Stainless Steels
•reason for name stainless is due to the fact that in presence of oxygen,
steel develops a thin, hard, adherent film of chromium
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• tend to have lower carbon content since increased carbon content
lowers the corrosion resistance of stainless steels
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Applications Products of Stainless Steels
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3. Tool and Die Steels
•generally alloyed steels
•medium to high carbon
•up to 25% total alloying elements
•design for high strength, impact toughness and wear resistance at
normal and elevated temperatures
•used at temperatures up to 600°C
•specialty steels – very expensive
•quench and tempered
•very clean steels
•applications like dies, drills, cutting blades, hot working dies, etc
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Desirable Properties of Tool Steels
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Alloying Elements in Tool Steels & their Effects
+ increases
- decreases
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Classification of Tool Steels
Tool Steel Class of Alloys Examples (industrial names)
Cold Work W (water hardening) W1, W2, W5
O (oil hardening) O1, O2, O6, O7
A (air hardening) A2, A4, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11
D (high C & Cr) D2, D3, D4, D5, D7
Shock S S1, S2, S4, S5, S6, S7
Resisting
Hot Work H Chromium types: H10-H19
Tungsten types: H20-H39
Molybdenum types: H40-H59
High Speed M Molybdenum types: M1, M2, M3-1, M3-2,
T M4, M6, M7, M10, M33, M34, M36, M41
Tungsten types: T1, T4, T5, T6, T8, T15
Mold P P6, P20, P21
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Classification of Tool Steels
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Cold Work Tool Steels
•used at low temperature-sharpness
•include all W, O, A & D class of alloys
•typical applications include cold working operations such as stamping
dies, draw dies, burnishing tools, coining tools and shear blades
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Shock Resisting Tool Steels
•used at low temperature-toughness & impact toughness
•include all S class alloys
•toughest tool steels
•typically applications include screw driver blades, shear blades, chisels,
knockout pins, punches, and riveting tools
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Hot Work Tool Steels
•used at high temperature-toughness, high resistance to wear & cracking
•include all H class alloys
•typical applications include dies for forging, die casting, heading,
piercing, trimming, extrusion and hot-shear and punching blades
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High Speed Tool Steels
•used at high temperature-sharpness
•Include M1 to M52, T1 to T15 class of alloys
•can be hardened to 62-67 RC and can maintain it in service temperatures
as high as 540°C, making them very useful in high-speed machinery
•typical applications include end mills, drills, lathe tools, planar tools,
punches, reamers, routers, taps, saws, broaches, chasers and hobs
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4. Cast Steels (Crucible Steels)
• term originally applied to crucible steel (sometimes used to describe
tool steels, which is misleading)
• fine variety of steel, originally made by smelting blister or cementation
steel & pouring molten steel into moulds
• manufacture is essentially a refining process, which is dependent on
pre-existing furnace products
• cannot not subjected to further forging or rolling
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