Chapter 3

17/03/2024
Chapter 3
MASS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT AND
INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER
Dr. Enshirah Da'na 1
INTRODUCTION
• The rate of diffusion under molecular diffusion is very slow.
• To increase the fluid velocity for introducing turbulence, the fluid
has to flow past a solid surface.
• Three regions for mass transfer can be visualized:

Laminar or thin viscous sub layer very adjacent to the surface where
most of the mass transfer occurs by molecular diffusion and sudden
concentration drop is seen.
Transition region with a gradual change in concentration of the diffusing
substance.
Turbulent region with a very small variation in the concentration
since the eddies present makingDr.the
Enshirahconcentration
Da'na of fluid uniform. 2
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MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

𝑪
• Molecular diffusion (In laminar) is characterised by the term 𝑫𝑨𝑩 ,
𝒁
which is modified by ‘F’, a mass transfer coefficient for binary system.
• Flux can be written using a convective mass transfer coefficient.
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
Concentration can be expressed in many ways so different types of

equations are possible:
1. For transfer of A through stagnant B [NB = 0]
For gases: 𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑮 𝒑𝑨𝟏 − 𝒑𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌𝒚 𝒚𝑨𝟏 − 𝒚𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐
For liquids: 𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝒙 𝒙𝑨𝟏 − 𝒙𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌𝑳 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐
Where 𝒌𝑮 , 𝒌𝒚 , 𝒌𝑪 , 𝒌𝒙 , and 𝒌𝑳 are individual mass transfer coefficient.
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Dr. Enshirah Da'na
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Date: /
17/03/2024
2. For equimolar counter transfer [NA = -NB]
For gases: 𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌′𝑮 𝒑𝑨𝟏 − 𝒑𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌′𝒚 𝒚𝑨𝟏 − 𝒚𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌′𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐
For liquids: 𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌′𝒙 𝒙𝑨𝟏 − 𝒙𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌′𝑳 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐
𝑪
Thus 𝒌𝑪 is the replacement of 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝒁 used for low mass transfer rates.
The mass transfer coefficient can also be correlated as a dimensionless

factor 𝑱𝑫 by:
𝒌′𝑪
𝑱𝑫 = 𝑵𝑺𝑪 𝟐/𝟑
𝑽
V is the mass average velocity of the fluid.

𝝁
𝑵𝑺𝑪 is Schmidt number i.e. 𝑵𝑺𝑪 = 𝝆𝑫
𝑨𝑩
𝝆 and μ are the density and viscosity of the mixture respectively.
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MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN LAMINAR FLOW

Mass Transfer from a Gas into a Falling Liquid Film
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• Absorption of solute from a gas into a falling liquid film as in wetted

wall column.
• The laminar flow of liquid and diffusion occur in a manner that the
velocity unaffected by the diffusion.
• Component, A from gas is slightly soluble in liquid B, and hence the
viscosity of liquid is not changing appreciably.
• Diffusion is very slow in the liquid film and A will not penetrate more
into B.
• The penetration distance is very small when compared with film
thickness.
• 𝑪𝑨𝟎 is the concentration of A in the inlet liquid.
• 𝑪𝑨𝒊 is the concentration of A at the surface of the liquid is in equilibrium
with the concentration of A in the gas phase.
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Solving the momentum transfer equation we obtain the velocity profile

𝑽𝒛 (𝒙) for the film as: 𝒙 𝟐
𝑽𝒛 (𝒙) = 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 −
𝜹
Mass balance for component A in the elemental volume (W) (Δx) (Δz).
Rate of input = Rate of output
𝑵𝑨𝒛 A 𝑾∆𝒙 − 𝑵𝑨𝒛 A 𝑾∆𝑿 + 𝑵𝑨𝒙 A 𝑾∆𝒛 − 𝑵𝑨𝒙 A 𝑾∆𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒛 𝒛4∆𝒛 𝒙 𝒙4∆𝒙
where W is width of the film.
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Divide by W∆x∆z and let ∆x and ∆𝐳→ 0, we get:

𝝏 𝝏
𝑵𝑨𝒙 + 𝑵 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝑨𝒛
Substitute the flux components in terms of diffusional and convectional
fluxes of A: 𝝏𝑪𝑨
𝑵𝑨𝒙 = −𝑫𝑨𝑩 + 𝒙𝑨 𝑵𝑨𝒙 + 𝑵𝑩𝒙 𝑬𝒒(𝟏)
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑪𝑨
𝑵𝑨𝒛 = −𝑫𝑨𝑩 + 𝒙𝑨 𝑵𝑨𝒛 + 𝑵𝑩𝒛 𝑬𝒒(𝟐)
𝝏𝒛
In Eq (1), A is transported in X-direction by diffusion and not by
convective transport because of very slight solubility of A in B.
In Eq (2), A moves in the Z-direction because of the flow of the film, and
thereby diffusive contribution is negligible.
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Hence, Eqs. (1) and (2) become: 𝝏𝑪𝑨

𝑵𝑨𝒙 = −𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝝏𝒙
𝑵𝑨𝒛 = 𝒙𝑨 𝑵𝑨𝒛 + 𝑵𝑩𝒛 = 𝑪𝑨 𝑽𝒛 𝒙
𝝏𝑪𝑨 𝝏 𝝏𝟐 𝑪𝑨
𝑽𝒛 = 𝑽 𝑪 = 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑬𝒒(𝟑)
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝒛 𝑨 𝝏𝒙𝟐
Eq. (3) has been solved by Laplace transform using the boundary
conditions,
𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟏, 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎
𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟐, 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝑪𝑨 = 𝑪𝑨𝟎
𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟑, 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = ∞, 𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎
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Since A does not penetrate very far, the distance, becomes infinite in view
of A. The solution of Eq. (3) is:
𝑪𝑨
= 𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒄 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒆𝒓𝒇 𝒙
𝑪𝑨𝟎 S 𝟒𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝒁 S 𝟒𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝒁
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
where erf is the error function.

The flux at the surface, x = 0 as a function of position Z is given by
𝝏𝑪𝑨 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑵𝑨𝒙 𝒙7𝟎 = −𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝑪𝑨𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝒙7𝟎 𝝅𝒁
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The rate of transfer of A to the fluid over the length Z = L is given by

𝑳
𝑵𝑨 𝑳. 𝑾 = 𝑾 X 𝑵𝑨𝒙 𝒙7𝟎 𝒅𝒁
𝟎
𝑳
𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑵𝑨 𝑳. 𝑾 = 𝑾 X 𝑪𝑨𝟎 𝒅𝒁
𝟎 𝝅𝒁
𝟒𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑵𝑨 𝑳. 𝑾 = 𝑳. 𝑾𝑪𝑨𝟎
𝝅𝑳
𝟒𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑵𝑨 = 𝑪𝑨𝟎
𝝅𝑳
Liquid mass transfer coefficient is proportional to 𝑫𝟎.𝟓
𝑨𝑩 for short contact
times. 16
Dr. Enshirah Da'na
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MASS TRANSFER THEORIES

Film Theory
• The film theory assumes that there
is a stagnant film of thickness, Zf
adjacent to the interface, where the
concentration difference is
attributed to molecular diffusion.
• Molecular diffusion is occurring
only in Zf, the flux equation is:
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩
= 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐
𝒁𝒇
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The mass transfer coefficient is proportional to 𝑫𝟏.𝟎

𝑨𝑩 .
𝒌𝒄 𝟐/𝟑
𝑱𝑫 = 𝑵𝑺𝒄
𝑽
𝒌𝒄 𝝁 𝟐/𝟑
=
𝑽 𝝆𝑫𝑨𝑩
• The film theory deviates from the

actual turbulent mass transfer.
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Penetration Theory
• It Explains the mass transfer at fluid surface.
• If the time of exposure for mass transfer is too short, then no
sufficient time for the steady state concentration gradient of film
theory to develop.
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• An eddy b, rising from the turbulent liquid is exposed for a short

time, 𝜽 at the interface for absorption.
• The exposure time is assumed to be constant for all the eddies.
• Initially the eddy concentration is CA0 and the interfacial
concentration is CAi.
• Since the exposure time is less, molecules of solute from gas never
reach the depth Zb, which is the thickness of eddy.
• The liquid particle is subjected to unsteady state diffusion and
hence Fick’s second law is applicable:
𝝏𝑪𝑨 𝝏𝟐 𝑪𝑨
= 𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝜽𝟐
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• For solute, the depth Zb is considered to be infinite.

• The boundary conditions are as follows:
CA = CA0 at = 0 for all Z
CA = CAi at Z = 0 𝜽 > 0
CA = CA0 at Z = for all 𝜽
• Solving the equation, the average flux can be obtained as described in
falling film:
𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝑵𝑨,𝒂𝒗 = 𝟐 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝟎
𝝅𝜽
𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝒌𝑳,𝒂𝒗 =
𝝅𝜽
𝟎.𝟓
𝒌𝑳 is proportional to 𝑫𝑨𝑩 . However, the exponent on 𝑫𝑨𝑩 varies from
zero to Dr.0.8 or 0.9.
Enshirah Da'na 21
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Surface Renewal Theory

• In reality, the time of exposure of all eddies as proposed in penetration
theory is not constant.
• Hence, Danckwerts modified the penetration theory to account for
varying lengths of time of exposure.
• If S is the fractional rate of replacement of elements, then:
𝑵𝑨,𝒂𝒗 = 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝟎 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑺
𝒌𝑳 is proportional to 𝑫𝟎.𝟓
𝑨𝑩 .
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Combination of Film–Surface Renewal Theory

• Film theory is for steady state diffusion with 𝒌𝑳 ∝ 𝑫𝑨𝑩 and in
surface renewal theory, 𝒌𝑳 ∝ 𝑫𝟎.𝟓𝑨𝑩 .
• So with 𝒌𝑳 ∝ 𝑫𝒏𝑨𝑩 with ‘n’ dependent upon circumstances.
• In this theory Dobbins used the boundary condition CA = CA0 at

Z = Zb, where Zb is of finite depth and obtained:
𝑺𝒁𝟐𝒃
𝒌𝑳,𝒂𝒗 = 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉
𝑫𝑨𝑩
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Surface–Stretch Theory
• The mass transfer at the interface varies with time periodically.
• When mass transfer is proceeding for a particular

system the central portion of the drop is thoroughly
turbulent and resistance to mass transfer resides in a
surface layer with varying thickness and the drop is
elongated.
𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝑨/𝑨𝒓 𝝅𝜽
𝒓
𝒌𝑳,𝒂𝒗 =
𝜽/𝜽
∫𝟎 𝒓 𝑨/𝑨𝒓 𝟐 𝒅𝜽
• A is time dependent interfacial surface, 𝑨𝒓 is
reference value of A, defined for every situation and
𝜽 𝒓 is constant with dimensions ofDa'na
Dr. Enshirah time. 24
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ANALOGIES
• As flow past solid surface occurs, at a uniform velocity u0, the curve
ABCD separates the region of velocity u0 from a region of lower
velocity.
• The curve ABCD is called boundary layer.
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Reynolds Analogy
Assumptions:
(i) Only turbulent core is present.
(ii) Velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are perfectly matching.
(iii) All diffusivities are same.
𝝁
𝜶 = 𝑫𝑨𝑩 =
𝝆
Prandtl Number (NPr) = Schmidt number (NSc) = 1.
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The basic flux equation of heat:

𝝏 𝝁
𝒒 = 𝒉 𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝟎 = −𝜶 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒕 =
𝝏𝒛 𝝆
The basic flux equation of mass :

𝝏𝑪𝑨
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝟎 = −𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝝏𝒛
The basic flux equation of momentum :
𝝁 𝝏𝒖
𝝉𝒊 =
𝒈𝑪 𝝏𝒛
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Consider heat and momentum transfer:
𝝏 𝑲 𝒅𝒕
𝒉 𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝟎 = −𝜶 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒕 = − 𝝆𝑪𝒑
𝝏𝒛 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒅𝒛
𝑲
𝜶=
𝝆𝑪𝒑
𝒅
𝒉 𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝟎 = −𝑲 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒊
𝒅𝒛
𝒉 𝒅 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒊
= 𝑬𝒒(𝟏)
𝑲 𝒅𝒛 𝒕𝟎 − 𝒕𝒊
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As per assumption (ii), velocity and temperature profiles match and hence,
𝒅 𝒖𝒙 𝒅 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒊
=
𝒅𝒛 𝒖𝟎 𝒅𝒛 𝒕𝟎 − 𝒕𝒊
Multiplying by 𝝆𝑪𝒑 on both sides:
𝑪𝒑 𝝁 𝒅𝒖𝒙 𝒅 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒊
=𝑲
𝒖𝟎 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒕𝟎 − 𝒕𝒊
𝑲 = 𝑪𝒑 𝝁
Rearranging:
𝑪𝒑 𝝁 𝒅𝒖𝒙 𝒅 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒊
= 𝑬𝒒(𝟐)
𝑲𝒖𝟎 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒕𝟎 − 𝒕𝒊
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Combining Eqs. (1) and (2):

𝑪𝒑 𝝁 𝒅𝒖𝒙 𝒉
=
𝑲𝒖𝟎 𝒅𝒛 𝑲
Therefore,
𝒅𝒖𝒙 𝒉𝒖𝟎 𝒇
𝝁 = = 𝝆𝒖𝟐𝟎
𝒅𝒛 𝑪𝒑 𝟐
𝒇 𝒉
=
𝟐 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒖𝟎
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Similarly, by considering mass and momentum transfer:

𝒇 𝒌𝒄
=
𝟐 𝒖𝟎
Hence, Reynolds analogy equation is:
𝒇 𝒉 𝒌𝒄
= =
𝟐 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒖𝟎 𝒖𝟎
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Chilton–Colburn Analogy
Assumptions:
(i) only turbulent core is present.
(ii) Velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are same.
(iii) 𝑵𝑷𝒓 and 𝑵𝑺𝒄 are not equal to unity.
In this analogy, the equation obtained is:
𝒇 𝒌𝒄 𝟐/𝟑
𝒉 𝟐/𝟑
= 𝑺𝒄 = 𝑷𝒓 𝑬𝒒(𝟑)
𝟐 𝒖𝟎 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒖𝟎
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Taylor–Prandtl Analogy
Assumptions:
(i) assumes the presence of turbulent core and laminar sublayer.
(ii) 𝑵𝑷𝒓 and 𝑵𝑺𝒄 are not equal to unity.
In this Analogy, the equation obtained is:
𝒇 𝒇
𝒌𝒄 𝒉 𝟐 𝟐
= = = 𝑬𝒒(𝟒)
𝒖𝟎 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒖𝟎 𝒇 𝒇
𝟏 + 𝟓 𝟐 𝑺𝒄 − 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟓 𝟐 𝑷𝒓 − 𝟏
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Von–Karman Analogy
Assumptions:
(i) assumes the presence of turbulent core, laminar sublayer and buffer
layers.
(ii) universal velocity profile equations are applicable.
(iii) 𝑵𝑷𝒓 and 𝑵𝑺𝒄 are not equal to unity.
In this Analogy, the equation obtained is:

𝒇 𝒇
𝒌𝒄 𝟐 𝟐
= = 𝑬𝒒(𝟓)
𝒖𝟎 𝒇 𝟓𝑺𝒄 + 𝟏 𝒇 𝟓𝑷𝒓 + 𝟏
𝟏+𝟓 𝑺𝒄 − 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏 𝟏+𝟓 𝑷𝒓 − 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔
Equations (3), (4) and (5) lead to Reynolds analogy when Sc = Pr = 1.

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INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER

Equilibrium
• If an amount of solute from a gaseous mixture is dissolved in solvent.
• After sufficient time, the system will attain equilibrium with respect to
a particular temperature and pressure.
• The concentration of solute in both gas
and liquid phase may not be equal but
the chemical potential of solute will be
equal at equilibrium.
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• At the same temperature and pressure, if some more amount of

solute is introduced, then once again a new equilibrium will be
attained in the same system.
• The net rate of diffusion is zeroat

equilibrium. Conventionally, the
concentration of solute in liquid
phase is expressed by mole
fraction, x and the concentration
of solute in gas phase by mole
fraction, y.
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Two-phase Mass Transfer

• The two phases are immiscible with each other, then an interface is
seen between the two phases.
• Solute A which is in bulk gas phase G and diffusing into the liquid
phase L.
• There should be a concentration
gradient within each phase to cause
diffusion through the resistances.
• 𝒚𝑨𝑮 is the concentration of A in bulk
gas phase.
• 𝒚𝑨𝒊 is the concentration at interface.
• 𝒙𝑨𝑳 is the concentration of A in bulk
liquid phase.
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• 𝒙𝑨𝒊 is the concentration at interface.

• The bulk phase concentrations, 𝒚𝑨𝑮 and 𝒙𝑨𝑳 are certainly not at
equilibrium. This enables diffusion to occur.
• At the interface, there is no resistance to transfer of solute and the
concentrations 𝒚𝑨𝒊 and 𝒙𝑨𝒊 are in equilibrium and they are related
by the equilibrium distribution relation as:
𝒚𝑨𝒊 = 𝒇 𝒙𝑨𝒊
• In steady state mass transfer, the
rate at which molecules reach the
interface will be the same rate at
which the molecules are transferred
to the liquid phase.
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• Since interface has no resistance, the flux for each phase can be
expressed in terms of mass transfer coefficient.
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝒚 𝒚𝑨𝑮 − 𝒚𝑨𝒊 = 𝒌𝒙 𝒙𝑨𝒊 − 𝒙𝑨𝑳
• where 𝒌𝒚 and 𝒌𝒙 are local gas and liquid mass transfer coefficients.
𝒚𝑨𝑮 − 𝒚𝑨𝒊 𝒌𝒙
=−
𝒙𝑨𝑳 − 𝒙𝑨𝒊 𝒌𝒚
• Hence, the interface compositions can

be determined if 𝒌𝒙 , 𝒌𝒚 , 𝒚𝑨𝑮 and 𝒙𝑨𝑳
values are known.
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Dr. Enshirah Da'na
39
Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient

• Experimentally determining the rate of mass transfer is very difficult
since it is not possible to evaluate the interface compositions.
• Bulk concentrations are

easily measured.
• Measuring 𝒙𝑨𝑳 is as good as
measuring 𝒚∗𝑨 because both
have the same chemical
potential.
• Similarly 𝒚𝑨𝑮 is as good
as measuring 𝒙∗𝑨 .
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• The flux can be written in terms of overall mass transfer coefficient

for each phase.
𝑵𝑨 = 𝑲𝒚 𝒚𝑨𝑮 − 𝒚∗𝑨
where 𝑲𝒚 is overall mass transfer coefficient.

𝒚𝑨𝑮 − 𝒚∗𝑨 = 𝒚𝑨𝑮 − 𝒚𝑨𝒊 + 𝒚𝑨𝒊 − 𝒚∗𝑨 = 𝒚𝑨𝑮 − 𝒚𝑨𝒊 + 𝒎′ 𝒙𝑨𝒊 − 𝒙𝑨𝑳
• where m′ is the slope of CM.

𝑵𝑨 𝑵𝑨 𝒎E 𝑵𝑨
= +
𝑲𝒚 𝒌𝒚 𝒌𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒎E
= +
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Similarly, for the liquid side 𝑵𝑨 = 𝑲𝒙 𝒙∗𝑨 − 𝒙𝑨𝑳

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
On simplification, = EE +
𝑲𝒙 𝒎 𝒌𝒚 𝒌𝒙
where 𝒎EE is the slope of MD.
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏/𝒌𝒚

=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟏/𝑲𝒚
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏/𝒌𝒙

=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟏/𝑲𝒙
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Assuming that 𝒌𝒙 and 𝒌𝒚 are same and if 𝒎E is small so that solute A

is highly soluble in liquid (i.e. equilibrium curve will be flat), the term
𝒎% 𝟏
will be negligible when compares to .
𝒌𝒙 𝒌𝒚
𝟏 𝟏
≈
𝑲𝒚 𝒌𝒚
This condition says that overall resistance lies only in the gas phase,
conversely when 𝒎EE is very large, then solute A is relatively insoluble in
liquid.
𝟏 𝟏
Under this condition, the term (𝒎%% 𝒌 ) will be negligible compared to 𝒌 .
𝒚 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
≈
𝑲𝒙 𝒌𝒙
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Dr. Enshirah Da'na
43
In this case the entire rate of mass transfer is controlled by liquid phase.
For cases where 𝒌𝒙 and 𝒌𝒚 are not nearly equal, then it will be the
relative size of the ratio (𝒌𝒙 /𝒌𝒚 ) and of 𝒎E or 𝒎EE which will determine
the location of the controlling mass transfer resistance.
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TYPES OF OPERATIONS
Co-current Process
E1, E2 are mass or molar flow rates of E stream at (1) and (2).
R1, R2 are mass or molar flow rates of R stream at (1) and (2).
ES, RS are solute free flow rates of streams.
x1, x2, y1, y2 are concentration of solute in mass or mole fraction of streams.
X1, X2, Y1, Y2 are mass or mole ratio of solute in streams at (1) and (2).
45
Making a component balance for solute:

𝑹𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝑬𝟏 𝒚𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑬𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟏 = 𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟐 + 𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟐
𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 = 𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏
−𝑹𝒔 𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏
=
𝑬𝒔 𝑿𝟐 − 𝑿𝟏
This indicates a line passing through the points (X1, Y1) and (X2, Y2)
which is called as operating line in the X vs. Y plot.
The operating line also indicates the material balance in the operation.
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• This represents the general equation of operating line in a co-current

process.
• Graphically the operation can be represented for transfer from R to E.
𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟏 = 𝑹𝒔 𝑿 + 𝑬𝒔 𝒀
𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿 = 𝑬𝒔 𝒀 − 𝒀𝟏
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Counter-current Process
𝑬𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏 𝒙𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟐 + 𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟏 = 𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟏 + 𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟐
𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 = 𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟏 − 𝒀𝟐
𝑹𝒔 𝒀𝟏 − 𝒀𝟐
=
𝑬𝒔 𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐
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This represents the equation of a line passing through the coordinates

𝑹
(X1, Y1) and (X2, Y2) with a slope of 𝑬𝒔 in a plot of X vs Y.
𝒔
Similarly another balance gives,

𝑬𝒔 𝒀 + 𝑹𝒔 𝑿𝟏 = 𝑬𝒔 𝒀𝟏 + 𝑹𝒔 𝑿
𝑹𝒔 𝒀𝟏 − 𝒀
=
𝑬𝒔 𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿
This equation is a generalized

equation representing the
operating line in a
countercurrent process.
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The advantage of the counter-current process over the co-current is

the higher driving force, which results in reduced size of equipment
for a specified transfer condition or lesser flow rates for a given
equipment.
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Stages
• A stage is defined as any device or combination of devices in which two
insoluble phases are brought into intimate contact, where mass
transfer occurs between phases leading them to equilibrium and
subsequently the phases are separated.
• A process carried out in this manner is a single stage process.
• An ideal theoretical or equilibrium stage is one in which the leaving
streams are in equilibrium.
• In reality there is a shortfall in reaching the equilibrium and more
number of actual stages are needed to effect a desired separation.
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Stage Efficiency
• It is defined as the fractional approach to equilibrium, which a
real stage produces.
• Murphree stage efficiency: It is defined as the fractional approach of
one leaving stream to equilibrium with the actual concentration in the
other leaving stream.
𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏
𝑬𝑴𝑬 = ∗
𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐
𝑬𝑴𝑬 =
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿∗𝟐
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Cascade
• A group of interconnected stages, in which the streams from one
stage flows to the other.
• Cascades are of cross-flow and counter-flow types.
Dr. Enshirah Da'na

Cross-current cascade. 53
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The number of stages N, required for a countercurrent cascade can be

estimated analytically for cases where both the equilibrium
relationship and operating line are linear.
If m is the slope of the equilibrium curve and 𝑨 = 𝑹𝒔 /𝒎𝑬𝒔 .
Countercurrent cascade.
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The absorption factor then for absorption, (transfer from E to R)
𝒀𝑵4𝟏 − 𝒀𝟏 𝑨𝑵4𝟏 − 𝑨
For 𝑨 ≠ 𝟏: = 𝑵4𝟏
𝒀𝑵4𝟏 − 𝒎𝑿𝟎 𝑨 −𝟏
For 𝑨 = 𝟏: 𝒀𝑵4𝟏 − 𝒀𝟏 𝒀𝒊𝒏 − 𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑵= =
𝒀𝟏 − 𝒎𝑿𝟎 𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝒎𝑿𝒊𝒏
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For desorption, (transfer from R to E)

𝑵4𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
For 𝑨 ≠ 𝟏: 𝑨 − 𝑨
𝑿𝟎 − 𝑿𝑵
=
𝒀 𝟏 𝑵4𝟏
𝑿𝟎 − 𝑵4𝟏 −𝟏
𝒎 𝑨
𝑿𝟎 − 𝑿𝑵 𝑿𝒊𝒏 − 𝑿𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑵= =
𝒀 𝒀𝒊𝒏
For 𝑨 = 𝟏: 𝑿𝑵 − 𝑵4𝟏
𝒎 𝑿𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝒎
The above four equations are called Kremser–Brown–Souders equation.

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Example1.
Calculate the rate of sublimation from a cylinder of naphthalene 0.075 m
ID. by 0.6 m long into a stream of pure CO2 flowing at a velocity of 6 m/s
at 1 atm and 100ºC. The vapour pressure of naphthalene at 100ºC and 1
atm maybe taken as 10 mm Hg and the diffusivity of naphthalene in CO2
as 𝟖. 𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 m2/s. Density and viscosity of CO2 are: 0.946 kg/m3 and
0.021 cp respectively at operating condition. 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝑹𝒆 O𝟎.𝟐 . Use
analogy.
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Solution. p 𝝆 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓×𝟔×𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟔

𝑫𝑽
𝑵𝑹𝒆 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟑
𝝁 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏×𝟏𝟎O𝟑
𝒇
= 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟑
𝟐
𝝁 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏×𝟏𝟎O𝟑
𝑵𝑺𝒄 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖
𝝆𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟔×𝟖. 𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟔
𝒇×𝒖𝟎
𝒌𝒄 = ∴ 𝒖𝟎 ≅ 𝑽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒇 ≅ 𝒇
𝟐 𝑵𝑺𝒄 𝟐/𝟑
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𝒇×𝒖𝟎 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 ×𝟔
𝒌𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝟐 𝑵𝑺𝒄 𝟐/𝟑 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝟐/𝟑
𝒌𝑪
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐 = 𝒑 − 𝒑𝑨𝟐
𝑹𝑻 𝑨𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨 = − 𝟎 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟕𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 𝟐
𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒×𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎 .𝒔
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑵𝑨 ×𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒍

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟕𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 ×𝟐𝝅× 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓/𝟐 ×𝟔
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟗×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒔
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Example 2.
1 m2 thin plate of solid naphthalene is oriented parallel to a stream of
air flowing at 30 cm/s. The air is at 300 K and 1 atm pressure. The plate
is also at 300 K. Determine the rate of sublimation from the plate. The
diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 300 K and 1 atm is 𝟓. 𝟗×𝟏𝟎O𝟒 m2/s.
Vapour pressure of naphthalene at 300 K is 0.2 mm Hg.
Solution.
𝝁 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑
𝑵𝑺𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟑 ≠ 𝟏
𝝆𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑 ×𝟓. 𝟗×𝟏𝟎O𝟒
So we will use Chilton analogy,
p 𝝆 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑 ×𝟏×𝟎. 𝟑
𝑫𝑽
𝑵𝑹𝒆 = = O𝟑
= 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟓
𝝁 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟎
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O𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐× 𝑵𝑹𝒆
𝒇 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟏×𝟏𝟎O𝟑
𝒇×𝒖𝟎 𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟏×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 ×𝟎. 𝟑

𝒌𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝟐 𝑵𝑺𝒄 𝟐/𝟑 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝟐/𝟑
𝒌𝑪
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐 = 𝒑 − 𝒑𝑨𝟐
𝑹𝑻 𝑨𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐×𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨 = − 𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗×𝟏𝟎O𝟕 𝟐
𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒×𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎 .𝒔
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Example 3.
In a wetted wall column carbon dioxide is being absorbed from air by
water flowing at 2 atm. pressure and 25°C. The mass transfer coefficient
𝒌′𝒚 has been estimated to be 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 kmol/m2.s (mole fraction).
Calculate the rate of absorption if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
at the interface is 0.2 atm and the air is pure. Also determine 𝒌𝒚 and 𝒌𝑮 .
Solution.
𝒑𝑨𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝒚𝑩𝟐 − 𝒚𝑩𝟏
𝒚𝑨𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒚𝑩 𝒍𝒎 = 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
𝒍𝒏 𝒚𝑩𝟐
𝑩𝟏
𝒚𝑩𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗
𝒌𝒚 𝒚𝑩 𝒍𝒎 = 𝒌′𝒚 = 𝒌𝑮 𝒚𝑩 𝒍𝒎 𝑷
𝒌E 𝒚 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟓
𝒌𝒚 = = = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 kmol/m 2.s
Dr. Enshirah Da'na 𝒚𝑩 𝒍𝒎 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 62
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𝒌𝒚
𝒌𝑮 = = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟗×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 kmol/m2.s. atm
𝑷
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝒚 𝒚𝑨𝟏 − 𝒚𝑨𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 kmol/m2.s
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑮 𝒑𝑨𝟏 − 𝒑𝑨𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟗×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 kmol/m2.s
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Example 4.
Sulphur dioxide is absorbed from air into water in a packed absorption
tower. At a certain location in the tower, the mass transfer flux is 0.027
kmol SO2/m2.h and the liquid phase concentrations in mole fraction are
0.0025 and 0.0003 respectively at the two-phase interface and in the bulk
liquid. If the diffusivity of SO2 in water is 𝟏. 𝟕×𝟏𝟎O𝟗 m2/s, determine the
mass transfer coefficient, kc and film thickness.
Solution.
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝑶𝟐 = = 𝟕. 𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟕 gmol/cm2.s. atm
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟏
𝑪= = = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟐 gmol/cm3
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟐
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𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑪 𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝑪𝑨𝟐 = 𝑫𝑨𝑩 ×
𝜹
𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑵𝑨
𝒌𝑪 = =
𝜹 𝑪 𝒙𝑨𝟏 − 𝒙𝑨𝟐
𝟕. 𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟕
𝒌𝑪 =
𝟓. 𝟓𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝒌𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝟏. 𝟕×𝟏𝟎O𝟓
𝜹= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖 𝒄𝒎
𝒌𝑪 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟒
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Example 5.
In an experimental study of absorption of ammonia by water in a wetted
wall column the overall gas phase mass transfer coefficient, 𝒌𝑮 was
estimated as 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐×𝟏𝟎O𝟒 kmol/m2.s.atm. At one point in the column the
gas contained 10 mol % ammonia and the liquid phase concentration
was 𝟔. 𝟒𝟐×𝟏𝟎O𝟐 kmol NH3/m3 of solution. Temperature is 293 K and the
total pressure is 1 atm. 85% of the resistance to mass transfer lies in gas
phase. If Henry’s law constant is 𝟗. 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 atm. m3/kmol, calculate the
individual film coefficient and the interfacial composition.
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Solution. 𝟏 𝟏
Resistance = O𝟒
= 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔. 𝒂𝒕𝒎/𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑲𝑮 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐×𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
= = 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔. 𝒂𝒕𝒎/𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒌𝑮 𝑲𝑮
𝟏 𝟏 𝒎
= +
𝑲𝑮 𝒌𝑮 𝒌𝑳
𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎. 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝒌𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
Calculate the interfacial concentration :
𝑵𝑨 = 𝑲𝑮 𝒑𝑨𝒈 − 𝒑∗𝑨 = 𝒌𝑮 𝒑𝑨𝒈 − 𝒑𝑨𝒊 = 𝒌𝑳 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝑳

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𝒚𝑨𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑪𝑨𝑳 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟐×𝟏𝟎O𝟐 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟑

𝒑𝑨𝒈 = 𝒑𝑨𝒈 ×𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏×𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒑𝑨𝒊 = 𝒎𝑪𝑨𝒊
𝑵𝑨 = 𝑲𝑮 𝒑𝑨𝒈 − 𝒑𝑨𝒊 = 𝒌𝑳 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝑳
𝑲𝑮 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝑳 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝑳

= =
𝒌𝑳 𝒑𝑨𝒈 − 𝒑𝑨𝒊 𝒑𝑨𝒈 − 𝒎𝑪𝑨𝒊
𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝟔. 𝟒𝟐×𝟏𝟎O𝟐
𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 =
𝟎. 𝟏 − 𝟗. 𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 ×𝑪𝑨𝒊
𝑪𝑨𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟑

𝒑𝑨𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎
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Example 6.
At 293 K the solubility of ammonia in water is given by Henry’s law
p = 0.3672 C, where p is in atmosphere and C is in kmol/m3. A mixture
of 15% ammonia and 85% air by volume at 1 atm is in contact with
an aqueous solution containing 0.147 g mol/lit. The air velocity is such
that kG/kL = 0.9. Find the concentration of ammonia and partial
pressure at interface.
Solution. 𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑮 𝒑𝑨𝑮 − 𝒑𝑨𝒊 = 𝒌𝑳 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝑳
𝒑𝑨𝒈 = 𝒑𝑨𝒈 ×𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓×𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑪𝑨𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟑
𝑳
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𝑲𝑮 𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝑪𝑨𝑳
=
𝒌𝑳 𝒑𝑨𝑮 − 𝒑𝑨𝒊
𝑪𝑨𝒊 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕
𝟎. 𝟗 =
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟐𝑪𝑨𝒊
𝑪𝑨𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟑

𝒑𝑨𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎
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Example 7.
Pure gas is absorbed in a laminar liquid jet. The volumetric flow rate of
the liquid was 4 cc/s and the diameter and length of the jet were 1 mm
and 3 mm respectively. The rate of absorption of A at atmospheric pressure
was 0.12 cc/s at 303 K. The solubility of gas at 303 K is 0.0001 g mol/cc.
atm. Estimate the diffusivity of gas. If the diameter of the jet is reduced to
0.9 mm, under otherwise the same conditions how would it affect the rate of
evaporation. Assume the validity of Higbie's penetration theory.
Solution. 𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑳 𝑨 𝒑𝑨𝑮 − 𝒑𝑨𝒊 = 𝒌𝑳 𝑪∗𝑨 − 𝑪𝑨
𝟎.𝟓
𝒌𝑳 𝒂𝒗 = 𝟐 𝑫𝑨𝑩 /𝝅𝒕
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐×𝟏×𝟐𝟕𝟑/ 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟒×𝟑𝟎𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟐×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒔
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𝑨 = 𝝅𝑫𝑳 = 𝝅 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐

𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑪∗𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏
𝒄𝒄. 𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎
𝑵𝑨 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟐×𝟏𝟎O𝟓
𝒌𝑳 = =
𝑨 𝑪∗𝑨 − 𝑪𝑨 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 − 𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝑩𝒖𝒃𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒕 =
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
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𝑸 𝟒
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = = 𝟓𝟎𝟗 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝑨 𝝅×𝟎. 𝟏×𝟎. 𝟏
𝟒
𝟑
𝒕= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝒔
𝟓𝟎𝟗
𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝟎.𝟓
𝒌𝑳 𝒂𝒗 = 𝟐
𝝅𝒕
𝟎.𝟓
𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏 = 𝟐
𝝅×𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

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Revised diameter = 0.09 cm

𝑨 = 𝝅𝑫𝑳 = 𝝅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑸 𝟒
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = = 𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝑨 𝝅×𝟎. 𝟎𝟗×𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
𝟒
𝟑
𝒕= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝒔
𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟖
𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝟎.𝟓
𝒌𝑳 𝒂𝒗 = 𝟐
𝝅𝒕
𝟎.𝟓
𝟏. 𝟐𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟓
𝒌𝑳 𝒂𝒗 =𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝝅×𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟕
𝑵𝑨 = 𝒌𝑳𝑨 𝑪∗𝑨 − 𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟑×𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟖× 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 − 𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟔×𝟏𝟎$𝟔 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒔
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Dr. Enshirah Da'na
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Example 8.
In an apparatus for the absorption of SO2 in water at one point in the
column the concentration of SO2 in gas phase was 10% SO2 by volume
and was in contact with a liquid containing 0.4% SO2 by weight.
Pressure and temperature are 1 atm. and 323 K respectively. The overall
gas phase mass transfer coefficient is 𝟕. 𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟏𝟎 kmol/m2 s. (N/m2). Of
the total resistance 45% lies in gas phase and 55% in the liquid phase.
Equilibrium data:
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(i) Estimate the film coefficients and overall mass transfer coefficient
based on liquid phase.
(ii) Estimate the molar flux based on film coefficients and overall
transfer coefficients.
Solution.
kmol
𝑲𝑮 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟏𝟎
𝑚W . 𝑠
kmol
𝑲𝒚 = 𝑲𝑮 ×𝑷 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟏𝟎 ×𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟓 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟓
Dr. Enshirah Da'na
𝑚W . 𝑠76
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𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝟎𝒇 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝒌𝒚
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝟎𝒇 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝟏 𝟏 𝒎′
= +
𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓×
𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟔×𝟏𝟎$𝟓
= 𝟔𝟎𝟑𝟓. 𝟒 𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔(𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)/𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒌𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟕×𝟏𝟎$𝟒 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔(𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝒎′ 𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓×
𝒌𝒙 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟔×𝟏𝟎$𝟓
= 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟔 𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔(𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)/𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
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The equilibrium relationship indicates a linear behaviour in the range

of x from 0.0008 to 0.0012 and the value of slope of the equilibrium
curve line (𝒎′) is 86.45.
Therefore, 𝒌𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔(𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝒚𝑨,𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟏
The liquid phase composition is 0.4 wt% of SO2

𝟎. 𝟒
𝒙𝑨,𝑳 = 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝟗𝟗. 𝟔 𝟎. 𝟒
𝟏𝟖 + 𝟔𝟒
𝒌
Slope of the line (to determine the interfacial compositions) − 𝒌𝒙
𝒚
= −𝟕𝟎. 𝟔𝟏:
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It is also clear from the graph that the slope, 𝒎′′ is same as 𝒎′ in the
range under consideration.
𝒎E = 𝒎EE = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + EE
𝑲𝒙 𝒌𝒙 𝒎 𝒌𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝑲𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟓×𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟕×𝟏𝟎$𝟒
𝑲𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟎$𝟑 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔(𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝒚∗𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝒙∗𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝒚𝑨𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝒙𝑨𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑

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Flux based on overall coefficient:
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑲𝒚 𝒚𝑨,𝑮 − 𝒚∗𝑨
= 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟖×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑲𝒙 𝒙∗𝑨 − 𝒙𝑨,𝑳
= 𝟔. 𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟖

= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔
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Flux based on film coefficient:

𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝒌𝒚 𝒚𝑨,𝑮 − 𝒚𝑨𝒊
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟕×𝟏𝟎O𝟒 𝟎. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝒌𝒙 𝒙𝑨,𝒊 − 𝒙𝑨,𝑳

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟖
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟑×𝟏𝟎O𝟔 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝟐 . 𝒔
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Example 9.
Air at 27°C is flowing at a velocity of 1525 cm/s through a tube coated
with an acid of 25.4 mm in diameter. The length of the tube is 183 cm.
Calculate the concentration of acid at the outlet. Take
𝝁 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟒 𝑷 𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒈/𝑳 𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔
𝑪𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟏×𝟏𝟎O𝟕 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒄𝒄
Solution.
𝑫𝑽𝝆 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒×𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟓×𝟏. 𝟐𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑
𝑵𝑹𝒆 = = = 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝝁 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟒
𝝁 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟒
𝑵𝑺𝒄 = = = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕
𝝆𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 ×𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟔
83
𝑪𝒇 O𝟎.𝟐𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔× 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟑
𝑪𝒇 𝒌𝒄 𝟐/𝟑
= 𝑺𝒄
𝟐 𝒖𝟎
𝒌𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟔×𝟏𝟎O𝟑 × 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 O𝟐/𝟑
×𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
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Consider an elemental section of length dx at a distance of x from the

point of entry of air. Let the concentration of diffusing component be C
in this section and let it leave with a concentration of C + dC from this
section. A mass balance across this elemental section gives,
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 = 𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝑪

𝝅𝑫𝟐
= 𝑽 𝒅𝑪
𝟒
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝒌𝒄 𝑪𝑨𝒔 − 𝑪
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 = 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

= 𝒌𝒄 𝑪𝑨𝒔 − 𝑪 𝝅𝒅𝒙𝑫
85
Equating the above two expressions for rate of mass transfer:

𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝑽 𝒅𝑪 = 𝒌𝒄 𝑪𝑨𝒔 − 𝑪 𝝅𝒅𝒙𝑫
𝟒
Rearranging:
𝒅𝑪 𝒌𝒄 𝝅𝑫
= 𝒅𝒙
𝑪𝑨𝒔 − 𝑪 𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝑽 𝟒
𝒅𝑪 𝟒𝒌𝒄
= 𝒅𝒙
𝑪𝑨𝒔 − 𝑪 𝑫𝑽
integrating between x = 0, C = Cin = 0 and x = 183, C = Cfinal

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𝑪𝑨𝒔 − 𝑪𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝟒𝒌𝒄

On solving: 𝒍𝒏 = ×𝒙
𝑪𝑨𝒔 − 𝑪𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝑽
𝑪𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕×𝟏𝟎O𝟖 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒄𝒄
𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 = 𝑽 𝑪𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝑪𝒊𝒏
𝟒
𝝅 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝟐
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕×𝟏𝟎O𝟖 − 𝟎
𝟒
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟓×𝟏𝟎O𝟒 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒔
87
44

Chapter 3

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Chapter 3

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17/03/2024

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 1

• Three regions for mass transfer can be visualized:

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 3

MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Concentration can be expressed in many ways so different types of

2. For equimolar counter transfer [NA = -NB]

The mass transfer coefficient can also be correlated as a dimensionless

V is the mass average velocity of the fluid.

𝝆 and μ are the density and viscosity of the mixture respectively.

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 6

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 7

MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN LAMINAR FLOW

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 8

• Absorption of solute from a gas into a falling liquid film as in wetted

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 9

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 10

Solving the momentum transfer equation we obtain the velocity profile

where W is width of the film.

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 11

Divide by W∆x∆z and let ∆x and ∆𝐳→ 0, we get:

Hence, Eqs. (1) and (2) become: 𝝏𝑪𝑨

where erf is the error function.

𝝏𝑪𝑨 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 14

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 15

The rate of transfer of A to the fluid over the length Z = L is given by

MASS TRANSFER THEORIES

The mass transfer coefficient is proportional to 𝑫𝟏.𝟎

• The film theory deviates from the

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 18

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 19

• An eddy b, rising from the turbulent liquid is exposed for a short

• For solute, the depth Zb is considered to be infinite.

Surface Renewal Theory

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 22

Combination of Film–Surface Renewal Theory

• So with 𝒌𝑳 ∝ 𝑫𝒏𝑨𝑩 with ‘n’ dependent upon circumstances.

• In this theory Dobbins used the boundary condition CA = CA0 at

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 23

• When mass transfer is proceeding for a particular

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 25

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 26

The basic flux equation of heat:

The basic flux equation of mass :

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 27

Consider heat and momentum transfer:

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 28

Multiplying by 𝝆𝑪𝒑 on both sides:

Combining Eqs. (1) and (2):

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 30

Similarly, by considering mass and momentum transfer:

Hence, Reynolds analogy equation is:

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 31

In this analogy, the equation obtained is:

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 32

In this Analogy, the equation obtained is:

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 33

In this Analogy, the equation obtained is:

Equations (3), (4) and (5) lead to Reynolds analogy when Sc = Pr = 1.

INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER

Dr. Enshirah Da'na 35

• At the same temperature and pressure, if some more amount of