RESEARCH ARTICLE | JANUARY 12 2024

Study on the pump cavitation characteristic through novel

independent rotation of inducer and centrifugal impeller in
co-rotation and counter-rotation modes
Ehsan Dehnavi  ; Amelie Danlos ; Moises Solis ; Mohamed Kebdani ; Farid Bakir

Physics of Fluids 36, 015120 (2024)

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0182731

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 Physics of Fluids ARTICLE pubs.aip.org/aip/pof

Study on the pump cavitation characteristic

through novel independent rotation of inducer
and centrifugal impeller in co-rotation
and counter-rotation modes
Cite as: Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
Submitted: 20 October 2023 . Accepted: 21 December 2023 .
Published Online: 12 January 2024

Ehsan Dehnavi,a) Amelie Danlos, Moises Solis, Mohamed Kebdani, and Farid Bakir

AFFILIATIONS
 tiers Institute of Technology, LIFSE, Le Cnam, HESAM University, 75013 Paris, France
Arts et Me

a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: ehsan.dehnavi@ensam.eu

ABSTRACT
The influence of counter-rotation between the inducer and impeller, along with a newly introduced system for their independent rotation on
the pump cavitation characteristics, has been studied experimentally. Remarkably, this pump allows users to select between co-rotation and

20 March 2024 15:27:13

counter-rotation modes, providing significant operational adaptability. The high-speed camera is used to analyze vaporization structures and
closely monitor the stability of the head pressure delivered by the pump during the cavitation testing phase. For both co-rotation and
counter-rotation modes, different types of cavitation within the inducer and between the inducer and the impeller at three varied flow rates
have been studied using image analysis. The results reveal improved cavitation performance and comparable efficiency at consistent pres-
sure–flowrate combinations, emphasizing the advantages of counter-rotation across the three tested flow rates. In counter-rotation mode, the
tangential velocity of the flow at the output of the inducer is opposite to that of the co-rotation mode. Consequently, the tangential velocity of
the flow entering the impeller is reduced, leading to enhanced flow stability and increased pump pressure. The findings from image analysis
demonstrate that the structure of cavitation varies between co-rotation and counter-rotation modes. Reversing the rotation direction of the
inducer not only improves the pump cavitation characteristics but also changes the vapor structure due to changes in the flow pattern.
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0182731

INTRODUCTION Additionally, inducers can be subject to different types of cavitation

Centrifugal pumps play a crucial role in the oil and petroleum
industries because of their adaptable design and small size.1 At the inlet
region of the blades, there can be a situation where the combination of
low suction pressure head and high flow velocity leads to a notable
decrease in local pressure, possibly even falling below the vapor pres-
sure of the liquid, causing the cavitation phenomenon.2 To improve
the required net positive suction head (NPSH r ) and avoid performance
degradation in centrifugal pumps, a type of axial impeller called an
inducer is placed in front of the main centrifugal impeller.3 This
arrangement increases the inlet pressure of the impeller,4 ensuring sus-
tained performance and optimizing it at the designated operating
point. Inducers are commonly used in different industries, including
nuclear power,5 aircraft, marine, and cryogenic propellant pumping.6
The performance of an inducer is affected by two key factors: the
flow coefficient and the cavitation number. These parameters play a
significant role in determining the performance of the inducer.
instabilities, which are determined by the specific values of the flow
coefficient and the cavitation number.7 The investigation regarding the
influence of the radial height of a helical static blade on the cavitation
performance of an inducer shows that, within certain ranges, the effi-
ciency of the inducer decreases as the radial height of the helical static
blade increases.8 According to the findings of Xu et al.,9 when the
inducer operates under a low flow rate, a band-shaped vortex appears
at the entrance of the inducer, rotating at approximately half the speed
of the inducer itself. This vortex decreases in size as the flow rate
decreases and eventually completely dissipates when the flow rate
exceeds 30% of the intended design flow rate. Bakir et al.10 have suc-
cessfully created a two-phase cavitation model specifically for inducers.
They further validated their model by conducting laboratory tests. The
results obtained from their model demonstrated a strong level of agree-
ment and correlation with the laboratory findings in terms of pressure
drop, as well as accurately identifying and sizing cavitation pockets.

Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731 36, 015120-1

Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
 Physics of Fluids
The cavitating flow through an axial two-bladed inducer was investi-
gated by Campos-Amezcua et al.11 considering the tip clearance effect.
The integration of the inducer with the centrifugal impeller improves
the hydraulic efficiency of the pump. However, at a flow rate of 60% of
the intended rate, the overall pressure produced by the pump dimin-
ishes by 20% due to the pre-rotation.12 It was found that the static
head increases as the rotation speed increases based on the perfor-
mance examination of a centrifugal pump running at various speeds
and using variable pitch inducers.13 A bidirectional model for analyz-
ing the behavior of liquid–gas transfer mass for cavitation in a centrifu-
gal pump showed that with the increase in gas volume fraction, mass
transfer becomes intense and instability increases.14 Li et al.15 pre-
sented a predictive model for the conversion energy of a mixed-flow
pump during transient processing and also studied the trajectory of tip
leakage vortex and energy characteristics of a mixed-flow pump and
showed that the turbulent kinetic energy is related to the degree of cav-
itation. Also, the deterioration of cavitation leads to an increase in fric-
tion losses and turbulent dissipation, which ultimately leads to a
decrease in pump power.16 Han and Tan17 investigated the evolution
of tip leakage cavitation for a mixed-flow pump in different cavitation
conditions and categorized the evolution in four main stage as incept-
ing stage, growing stage, merging stage, and propagating stage. The
study of the impact of cavitation on centrifugal pump vibrations illus-
trates that as cavitation grows, the rapid collapse of cavitation bubbles
induces vibrations within the pump with the highest intensity noted in
proximity to the rotor.18 The study of cavitation in variable speed
pump turbine shows that cavitation usually occurs when the pump
operates at a point far from the design point.19
The NPSH r likewise rises with increasing rotational speeds, indi-
cating a greater risk of cavitation in the pump. Hong et al.20 experi-
mentally study the effect of using an inducer on the characteristic and
cavitation performance of the centrifugal pumps. The results of the
visualization experiment of Zhang et al.21 indicate that the inducer is
effective in preventing cavitation under normal operating conditions.
Moreover, the three-blade inducer demonstrates superior anti-
cavitation performance compared to its two-blade counterpart.
Aboelnil et al.22 studied the influence of the helical inducer on a cen-
trifugal pump performance and NPSH. Their findings indicate that
while there is not a noticeable improvement in performance at higher
speeds, at lower rotational speeds like 2000 rpm, efficiency increases by
up to 20 and the NPSH sees an improvement of up to 3%. The experi-
mental study of Magne et al.23 on two different three-bladed inducer
with a specific focus on examining the influence of dissolved CO2 and
jet fuel on its performance showed that the concentration of CO2 had
negligible effects on the efficiency of the inducer when cavitation was
not present. However, when cavitation occurred, the concentration of
CO2 had a substantial impact on the performance of the inducer. Jia
et al.24 examined the internal flow within the centrifugal pump across
different cavitation degrees. The results demonstrated that as cavita-
tion increased, bubbles progressively dominated the channel, causing a
reduction in pressure and a decrease in pump power. Moreover, as
cavitation grew, the vortex and flow velocity gradually increased,
accompanied by the compression–expansion term due to volume
changes.
The research by Lu et al.25 regarding pressure pulsation, resulting
from quasi-static cavitation in centrifugal pumps, indicates that cavita-
tion priming at a frequency equivalent to the blade passing frequency
Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
ARTICLE pubs.aip.org/aip/pof
reduces the components of the pressure pulsation, while significantly
amplifying them at a frequency that is twice that of the shaft frequency
and the pressure pulsation, influenced by the dominant blade passing
frequency, forms in the downstream area. The effect of cavitation on
vorticity and loss energy in a side channel pump shows that as the flow
rate decreases, the number and energy of vorticities increases in the
impeller and decreases in the side channel.26 The investigation of the
effect of cavitation on the mechanism of unsteady flow in the tongue
of a centrifugal pump using the proper orthogonal decomposition
(POD) method shows that unsteady flow occurs at high flow rates due
to flow separation in the vicinity of the tongue.27 Study of using super-
hydrophilic surface for rotating blades to reduce the amount of bubbles
in cavitation on centrifugal impeller and propeller shows that the use
of superhydrophilic surfaces reduces the amount of bubbles on the
blade by an average of 17.5%. The amount of bubble reduction is also
dependent on the rotation speed, which reaches 38% for the rotation
speed of 4000 rpm.28 Huan et al.29 studied the development of cavita-
tion in a centrifugal pump fitted with an inducer. The results indicate
that cavitation initiates at the inducer leading edge tip and extends to
its hub as cavitation progresses. As the cavitation area expands, the
downstream region feels its effects, influencing pump pressure.
Although the intensity of backflow cavitation increases with the pro-
gression of cavitation, no direct link between tip leakage cavitation and
backflow cavitation was observed. Investigation of the impact of the
screw inducer on the vortex pump, suitable for transporting two-phase
fluids with long fibers, reveals that adopting the screw inducer
20 March 2024 15:27:13
increases the pump head and enhances the internal flow of the impel-
ler. However, there is a slight decline in pump efficiency.30
Traditionally, pumps have been designed with the inducer and
impeller integrated on a single shaft, limiting them to the same rota-
tional direction and speed. There has been a growing demand for tur-
bomachines that exhibit high efficiency and reliability. This demand
has motivated scientists and industries to explore alternative designs
that go beyond traditional single-blade turbomachines. Counter-
rotating configurations have become more popular as a result of the
realization that they outperform single-blade turbomachines in terms
of performance and operational characteristics. Chen et al.31 examined
the influence of geometrical parameters, specifically the blade angle, on
the characteristics of a counter-rotating axial pump. The rotational
speed for both rotors was set at 1480 rpm. The findings revealed that
reducing the outlet angle while maintaining the inlet angle resulted in
a decrease in the flow rate. This decrease in flow rate had an impact on
the pump efficiency. Pavlenko et al.32 conducted a numerical study to
investigate the impact of the trim impeller on a counter-rotating cen-
trifugal pump. They examined different counter-rotating impellers and
found that the pump pressure is influenced by the trim impeller and
the size of its working part. They observed that even though the energy
efficiency decreases, relatively small amounts of trim impeller lead to
an increase in pressure.
Tosin et al.33 studied experimentally on a counter-rotating mix
flow pump. The aim was to enhance the pump cavitation behavior,
achieved by redesigning the front rotor while keeping the rest of the
system unchanged. They developed two prototypes of the counter-
rotating pump. In another study by Tosin et al.,34 a novel approach to
counter-rotating pumps was examined, involving mixed-flow and
radial flow pumps for the first and second rotors, respectively. The
design of both rotors utilized streamline curvature analysis, with the
36, 015120-2
 Physics of Fluids
optimization method employed being the response surface method
(RSM). Their research introduced an auto-adaptive approach, allowing
independent speed variation for each rotor to achieve optimal perfor-
mance. The front rotor operated within a speed range of 1200–
1450 rpm, while the rear rotor engaged in counter-rotation mode with
a speed range of 0–1048 rpm. By utilizing RSM, the study resulted in
an optimum design by combining the design speeds and pressure ratio
for both rotors. Another significant parameter that characterizes the
pump cavitation performance is suction specific speed (Nss Þ. Using dif-
ferent equipment to enhance the suction properties of centrifugal
pumps is crucial in multiple applications. Achieving this enhancement,
while adding minimal weight, ensuring a negligible drop in overall effi-
ciency, and without introducing more complexity, holds specific signif-
icance for rocket engine designers. Specifically, in rocket engine
contexts, the Nss has been highlighted as an important factor influenc-
ing the entire power plant dry weight. Improvement in the suction
characteristic enables an initial design to operate at a higher rotational
speed or at a reduced value of NPSH compared to a pump with con-
ventional suction characteristics.35
Numerous studies have been conducted on the cavitation of cen-
trifugal pumps, as well as those incorporating an inducer. However,
there has been no study exploring the cavitation in a centrifugal pump
with an inducer that rotates independently. The authors previous
research on the impact of the independent rotation of the inducer and
impeller in both co-rotation and counter-rotation modes on pump
characteristics using both experimental and numerical methods reveal
that an increase in the speed ratio of the inducer enhances the pump
pressure in both modes, but this effect is more prominent in the
counter-rotation mode..36 This article investigates the impact of
counter-rotation of the centrifugal impeller and the inducer on the
cavitation performance of pumps utilizing a newly designed test bench.
To investigate the effect of the counter-rotation inducer on the cavita-
tion performance of the pump, two inducers with identical geometric
properties and opposing angles of attack have been designed.
Additionally, a high-speed camera is used to study the dynamic struc-
ture of cavitation in the inducer and between the inducer and impeller
in both co-rotation and counter-rotation modes. The results of the
visualization studies demonstrate variations in cavitation type and
intensity in the both counter-rotation and co-rotation modes.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Inducer and impeller geometries
This research involved two inducers and one centrifugal impeller.
Both inducers have the same geometry with an opposite angle of
attack. One of the inducers rotates in the same direction as the centrif-
ugal impeller (co-rotation mode), while the other inducer rotates in
the opposite direction of the centrifugal impeller (counter-rotation
mode). Table I provides specific characteristics of the inducer, includ-
ing the internal radius (R1 ), external radius (R2 ), sweep angle (h), hub
solidity (Sh ), and tip solidity (St ). Figure 1 illustrates the co-rotative
and counter-rotative inducer. To ensure a lighter weight and prevent
bending and vibration of the long shaft used in the inducer section at
high speeds, the inducer is constructed using aluminum 6062.
Figure 2 shows the 6-blade closed centrifugal impeller, which was
created using a stereolithography method (SLA printer). A SLA printer
is a specific type of 3D printer that uses the stereolithography tech-
nique to produce three-dimensional objects using liquid resin. In this
Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
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ARTICLE pubs.aip.org/aip/pof
TABLE I. Geometrical parameters of the inducer.
Parameters Number of blades R1 R2 h Sh St
Value 3 12 mm 39 mm 62 3:8 2:15
case, the printing process employed Formlabs’ “Black” standard resin,
known for its favorable mechanical properties and high-quality surface
finish. These characteristics are crucial for ensuring the resistance and
performance of the impeller. In this research, a diffuser replaces the
traditional volute for the output from the impeller. As shown in
Fig. 2(c), the diffuser is manufactured with fused deposition modeling
(FDM) printing methods. Using this printing approach offers a cost-
effective and quick way to produce diverse geometries like diffusers
and impellers. To produce a three-dimensional product using the
FDM printing method, a thermoplastic filament is melted and
extruded layer by layer, fusing to the one below it.
Table II presents the blade specifications for the centrifugal
impeller. The parameters D1 , b1 , and b1 correspond to the blade inlet
diameter, blade inlet width, and blade angle at the inlet, respectively.
Similarly, D2 , b2 , and b2 represent the blade outlet diameter, blade out-
let width, and blade angle at the outlet, respectively.
Experimental test bench
A novel experimental test bench including independent rotation
20 March 2024 15:27:13
of the inducer and impeller was developed at the Laboratory of Fluid
Engineering and Energy Systems (LIFSE) in Arts et Metiers Paris.
Figure 3 provides a schematic representation of the newly designed
test bench, which consists of two main sections: the inducer section
and the impeller section. Unlike conventional pumps where the
inducer and impeller are positioned on a single shaft, rotating at the
same speed and direction, the configuration on this test bench is differ-
ent. In this configuration, the inducer and impeller are placed on sepa-
rate shafts, positioned in front of each other, and they have entirely
independent rotation speeds and directions. The inducer and impeller
sections are assembled separately, facilitating easier replacement of
both components. In order to achieve independent rotation condi-
tions, as shown in Fig. 3, the inducer is positioned on a separate shaft
that extends from the opposite side to the front of the impeller. This
arrangement prevents the direct inflow of fluid into the system, neces-
sitating the use of an elbow in the inlet. To provide the power require-
ments of the impeller, a 30 kW Dietz motor is installed to drive it. The
speed and direction of rotation for the impeller motor are controlled
by a Danfoss frequency drive with a power range of 35 kW. The
inducer is driven by a 4 kW ABB motor, capable of reaching a maxi-
mum speed of 3490 rpm. An ABB frequency drive with a power range
of 5 kW is used to control the rotation speed and direction of the
inducer.
The test bench is designed to operate within a closed circulation
system, as shown in Fig. 3. This system includes a water tank with a
volume of 1000 liters, a vacuum pump, and a flow meter. An Edward
nXDS15i vacuum pump, with an ultimate pressure of 0:7 Pa, is con-
nected to the tank to decrease the pressure at the inlet of the inducer
for the purpose of cavitation tests. The temperature of the water is
measured using a PT3750 resistance temperature detector (RTD) ther-
mometer. The pressure generated by the inducer and impeller is
36, 015120-3
 Physics of Fluids
measured by a differential pressure transducer, which has a measure-
ment range from 0 to 3 bar and an accuracy of 0.1%. To measure the
absolute pressure, a JUMO absolute pressure transducer is positioned
upstream at a distance equal to the diameter of the inducer. The flow
rate is measured by an EndressþHauser flow meter, which has a mea-
surement accuracy of 0:6 m3 =h and a measuring capacity of 282 m3 =h.
This flow meter is located at the pump outlet. Considering the uncer-
tainties associated with each sensor, the uncertainty for efficiency is
determined to be 0.5%, which is considered an acceptable value.
The inducer is placed inside a transparent plexiglass tube for visu-
alization purposes. The length of the gap separating the inducer and the
impeller is indicated as L and is equivalent to the outer diameter of the
inducer (78 mm). Images are captured with an IDT motion studio Y4
camera with a maximum resolution of 5100 Frames Per Second (fps).
Cavitation test procedure
During the cavitation test, two more aspects of the system need
evaluation due to the near-absolute zero pressure drop. First, ensuring
that the system remains completely sealed is crucial. This prevents any
potential entry of air during the test, especially at such low pressures.
Second, the water within the system must be free from dissolved gases.
Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
ARTICLE pubs.aip.org/aip/pof
FIG. 1. Front views of (a) co-rotative and
(b) counter-rotative inducer and 3D sche-
matic views of (c) co-rotative and (d)
counter-rotative inducer.
20 March 2024 15:27:13
After every cycle of filling and draining the tank, it is important to
remember that water typically contains dissolved gases. When the
pressure in the water drops, these gases can be released. If these gases
are not removed before the cavitation test, the results might not be
accurate. While heating and cooling the tank is a method to eliminate
these gases, it is primarily effective for smaller tanks and not for larger
ones. In this specific system, a vacuum pump is utilized to reduce the
system pressure for degassing. Before initiating the cavitation test after
filling the system, several steps are essential: To remove trapped air
and dissolved gases, a vacuum pump decreases the system pressure,
targeting a level close to absolute zero. The system should then remain
at this low-pressure state for a specific duration (about 30 minutes).
Monitoring the system pressure and ensuring it remains steady with-
out rising confirms that the system is effectively sealed. After sealing
verification, the process of degassing the water begins, especially
important after each filling or draining of the tank. The impeller and
inducer should rotate at the predetermined speeds. The system pres-
sure reduction should continue until gases become visible emerging
from the water. This reduced pressure should be maintained for a
while (about 20 min). Subsequently, the atmospheric valve on the
water tank should be opened, allowing the system to balance with the
external environment, facilitating the release of trapped air.
36, 015120-4
 Physics of Fluids
TABLE II. Geometrical parameters of the impeller.
Parameters Number of blades D1
Value 6 67:6 mm
Once the system has been verified to be free of trapped air and
the majority of dissolved gases are removed, the cavitation test can
begin. Initially, in co-rotation mode, both the inducer and impeller
are set to rotate at 2000 rpm. This test is performed at three selected
flow rates that are under study in this research, each flow rate corre-
sponding to a specific working pressure. For the counter-rotation
mode, the speed of inducer is fixed at 2000 rpm, while the impeller
speed and flow rate are modified to match the pressure of the co-
rotation mode for comparing the NPSH with the same flow rate and
pressure. Upon the impeller reaching the desired speed, several mea-
surement points are taken using LabView software. The system pres-
sure is then reduced with the vacuum pump. After a specific time,
allowing the system pressure and NPSH to decline, the vacuum
pump is deactivated. Once the system achieves stability, the pressure
Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
ARTICLE pubs.aip.org/aip/pof
FIG. 2. (a) Front and (b) 3D schematic
views of impeller and (c) side and (d) 3D
schematic views of diffuser.
20 March 2024 15:27:13
b1 b1 D2 b2 b2
23:3 mm 68:9 134:2 mm 17:6 mm 70
for the subsequent measurement point is recorded. Throughout the
cavitation process, the system pressure is consistently reduced and
stabilized for collecting each data point. It is important to note that
when cavitation starts and the pump experiences a pressure drop,
changes in the flow rate can occur due to cavitation effects. Any irreg-
ularities in the flow rate are controlled by adjusting the outlet valve.
To capture images with a high-speed camera, two LED screens are
positioned on either side of the camera to prevent reflections from
the rounded plexiglass tube. Additionally, a white digital screen is set
up behind the Plexiglas tube and inducer. By reflecting light and gen-
erating a white background, this arrangement enhances the visibility
of various cavitation forms. The following equation defines the net
positive suction head (NPSH), where Pv is the vapor pressure of water
and P1 is the system pressure, which is measured by the absolute
36, 015120-5
 Physics of Fluids ARTICLE pubs.aip.org/aip/pof

FIG. 3. Schematic of the test circulation

system and constructed test bench.

20 March 2024 15:27:13

pressure placed in front of inducer. The symbol q represents the den- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
sity of water, while g denotes the gravity number. Characteristics of co-rotation and counter-rotation
P1  Pv pump
NPSH ¼ : (1)
qg This research focuses on studying the cavitation performance of
The suction specific speed (Nss Þ is a valuable parameter for describing the pump in both co-rotative and counter-rotative modes, considering
the suction conditions of a pump. three specific points within the pump operating range. Figure 4 illus-
1
trates the characteristic diagram of the pump operating in co-rotation
x ð QÞ 2 and counter-mode. In this study, the flow rate at which the co-rotative
Nss ¼
3 ; (2) pump provides the highest efficiency is referred to as the nominal flow
NPSH 4
rate (Qn ). To normalize the results, the pressure corresponds to the Qn
where n represents the rotational speed of the impeller in rpm, while Q is also known as the nominal pressure (Pn ), and all flow rates are nor-
indicates the flow rate in m3 =s. malized by dividing them by the nominal flow rate, while all pressures

Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731 36, 015120-6

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FIG. 5. Cavitation performance of pump for different flow rates in co-rotation

(N1 ¼ N2 ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ mode.

that as the flow rate increases and the pump output pressure decreases,
cavitation occurs more rapidly.

Cavitation performance of counter-rotation pump

Cavitation performance at Q=Qn 50:87
Figure 6 shows the cavitation performance of the pump in relation

20 March 2024 15:27:13

NPSH at Q=Qn ¼ 0:87. The red data points represent the pump cavita-
FIG. 4. Characteristics of pump in co-rotation (N1 ¼ N2 ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ and tion performance in co-rotation mode, with inducer rotation speed
counter-rotation (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ modes. N1 ¼ þ2000 rpm and impeller rotation speed N2 ¼ þ2000 rpm. On
the other hand, the blue data points illustrate the cavitation perfor-
mance of the pump in counter-rotation mode, with inducer rotation
are divided by the nominal pressure. The Qn ¼ 40 m3 =h and the speed N1 ¼ 2000 rpm and impeller rotation speed N2 ¼ þ1830 rpm.
Pn ¼ 560 mbar. Additionally, the highest achievable pump efficiency The NPSH5% corresponds to the NPSH number with a 5% pressure
is 74%. To understand the impact of the counter-rotation pump on drop in the pump.
pump cavitation over a broad range of flows, Fig. 4 presents three
selected flow rates: one below the nominal flow rate (Q=Qn ¼ 0:87Þ,
the nominal flow rate (Q=Qn ¼ 1Þ, and one above the nominal flow
rate (Q=Qn ¼ 1:2Þ. The rotation speed of the inducer is represented as
N1 ðrpmÞ, and the rotation speed of the impeller is represented as
N2 ðrpmÞ. In the co-rotation mode, N1 is positive, indicating both the
inducer and impeller rotate in the same direction. Conversely, in the
counter-rotation mode, N1 is negative, signifying that the inducer and
impeller rotate in opposite directions. In Fig. 4, both the inducer and
impeller rotate at a speed of 2000 rpm (N1 ¼ 62000 rpm; N2
¼ þ2000 rpmÞ in the co-rotation and counter-rotation modes. The
observation indicates that the counter-rotating pump generates higher
pressure at an identical flow rate compared to the co-rotating pump.
Consequently, in order to achieve the desired pressure using the
counter-rotating pump, it is possible to decrease the rotation speed of
the centrifugal impeller. By reducing the impeller speed, the possibility
of cavitation occurring in the pump is decreased. This aspect will be
further explored and discussed in the upcoming section.

Cavitation performance of co-rotation pump FIG. 6. Cavitation performance of pump for Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 in co-rotation (N1 ¼ N2
¼ þ2000 rpmÞ and counter-rotation (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1830 rpmÞ modes
Figure 5 presents the cavitation performance of the pump in (points a–f representing the spots of the cavitation curve that captured using high-speed
terms of NPSH at three specified operating points. It can be observed camera).

Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731 36, 015120-7

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Figure 6 demonstrates that as the system pressure decreases and modes. When the system pressure is decreased to an NPSH ¼ 1 m, the
the NPSH value reaches 3 m, the pump maintains a constant pressure. pump operating in co-rotation mode experiences a significant drop in
However, if the pressure continues to decrease, there is a small decline pressure, with a 5% pressure drop observed at NPSH ¼ 0:7 m. In con-
in pump pressure observed for both co-rotation and counter-rotation trast, in counter-rotation mode, this pressure drop occurs at an

20 March 2024 15:27:13

FIG. 7. Development of cavitation with decrease in NPSH number for Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 in co-rotation (N1 ¼ N2 ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ and counter-rotation
(N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1830 rpmÞ modes (a–f corresponding to operating points chosen in Fig. 6) Multimedia available online.

Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731 36, 015120-8

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FIG. 8. Cavitation for (a) co-rotation (N1 ¼ N2 ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ and (b) counter-rotation (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1830 rpmÞ mode at NPSH ¼ 0:7 m.

NPSH ¼ 0:4 m, and a 5% pressure drop is observed at
NPSH ¼ 0:3 m. In order to visual analyze of the different types of cavi-
tation in the inducer by using a high-speed camera (Fig. 7), three
points are highlighted for both co-rotation and counter-rotation
curves, indicating the instability of the pump pressure (points a and b
in Fig. 6), 5% of the pressure drop (points c and d in Fig. 6), and break-
spread of cavitation on the blade surface to the inducer hub, is also
observed in addition to the tip vortex cavitation. The pressure differ-
ence between the two sides of the inducer blades also causes the tip
leakage cavitation as shown in Fig. 7(d). At the breakdown point for
counter-rotation mode [Fig. 7(f) (Multimedia view)], there is a notice-
able increase in cavitation within the inducer. This cavitation is

20 March 2024 15:27:13

down point (points e and f in Fig. 6). The presence of tip vortex cavita- observed as backflow at the inlet of the inducer, which is typically
tion at NPSH ¼ 2 m is shown in Fig. 7(a). This kind of cavitation caused by a low flow rate and blockage of flow at the inducer inlet.
occurs at the tip of the inducer and can be observed in both co- Also, the extent of cavitation on the inducer blades and their progress
rotation and counter-rotation modes. The slight pressure reduction for toward the inducer hub can also be observed. On the other hand, there
co-rotation mode at NPSH ¼ 2 m can be attributed to the formation are changes in the hub vortex cavitation at the hub between the
of a hub vortex cavitation between the impeller and the inducer as inducer and the impeller. The hub vortex expands outward and covers
shown in Fig. 7(a). As shown in Fig. 7(c), for the co-rotation mode and nearly the entire space between the inducer and the impeller.
at 5% pressure drop, the strength of the hub vortex cavitation between However, this expansion leads to a decrease in its intensity and
the impeller and the inducer intensifies, resulting in an enlargement of concentration.
its diameter. This hub vortex has two types of rotation: rotational
motion around the rotation axis of the impeller and the inducer, and
rotation around its own formed axis. One of the reasons behind this
type of cavitation is the pre-swirl of the fluid caused by the rotation of
the inducer. Figure 7(c) is also illustrates the growth of a tip vortex cav-
itation in the co-rotation mode. Figure 7(e) illustrates an increase in
the size of the cavitation vortex tip and the occurrence of blade cavita-
tion, as a result of reduced NPSH and approaching the breakdown
point for co-rotation mode. The significant hub vortex cavitation is still
observed at this point.
According to Fig. 7(b), in the counter-rotation mode, when the
NPSH is close to 1 m, tip vortex cavitation becomes apparent at the tip
of the inducer. Additionally, the presence of the hub vortex cavitation
located between the inducer and the impeller is also noticeable. Similar
to the co-rotation mode, this hub vortex cavitation rotates both around
its own axis and around the rotational axis of the inducer and impeller.
However, its rotational direction is as same with the inducer rotation
and is not as same as the co-rotation mode. The hub vortex cavitation
between the impeller and the inducer has grown stronger and its width
FIG. 9. Cavitation performance of pump for Q=Qn ¼ 1 in co-rotation (N1 ¼ N2
has expanded when the head drop point is 5% in counter-rotation ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ and counter-rotation (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1860 rpmÞ modes,
mode at NPSH ¼ 0:3 m [Fig. 7(d) (Multimedia view)]. Additionally, (points a–f representing the spots of the cavitation curve that captured using high-speed
the blade cavitation between the two inducer blades, which shows the camera).

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FIG. 10. Development of cavitation with decrease in NPSH number for Q=Qn ¼ 1 in co-rotation (N1 ¼ N2 ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ and counter-rotation (N1 ¼ 2000 and
N2 ¼ þ1860 rpmÞ modes [(a)–(f) corresponding to operating points chosen in Fig. 9].

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Figure 8 illustrates cavitation in both co-rotation and counter-

rotation modes at NPSH ¼ 0.7 m. In co-rotation mode, cavitation is
slightly more pronounced in the inducer compared to the counter-
rotation mode, though the difference is not notable. Additionally, the
hub vortex found between the inducer and impeller in co-rotation
mode is more intense than in counter-rotation mode. This suggests
that at the same NPSH level, cavitation within the impeller is more sig-
nificant in co-rotation mode, likely due to the higher rotational speed
of the impeller in this mode.

Cavitation performance at Q=Qn 51

Figure 9 illustrates the comparison between the co-rotation and
counter-rotation modes at Q=Qn ¼ 1. In the co-rotation mode, when
NPSH ¼ 3:5 m, there is a slight decrease in pressure followed by a sub-
sequent increase at NPSH ¼ 2:5 m, resulting in pressure fluctuations.
However, due to the high flow rate, there is no observable hub vortex
cavitation between inducer and impeller [Fig. 10(a)]. As the NPSH FIG. 11. Cavitation performance of pump for Q=Qn ¼ 1:2 in co-rotation (N1 ¼ N2
¼ þ2000 rpmÞ and counter-rotation (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1932 rpmÞ modes.
decreases and reaches the value of 1.6 m, the pressure experiences a
rapid decline, and at NPSH ¼ 1:25 m, a 5% of pressure drop is
observed. In the counter-rotation mode, there are no noticeable pres-
sure fluctuations until the NPSH reaches 1.2 m. However, beyond this
point, a pressure drop start to happen, and at NPSH ¼ 0:8 m, there is
a sudden decrease in pump pressure, resulting in a 5% pressure drop
at NPSH ¼ 0:62 m. The counter-rotation inducer continues to have a
beneficial impact on the cavitation performance of the pump as the
flow rate increases, resulting in an improvement in the cavitation per-

20 March 2024 15:27:13

formance for 5% of pressure drop (NPSH 5%) pump from NPSH ¼
1:25 to NPSH ¼ 0:62 m.
Figure 10(a) illustrates that when the NPSH ¼ 2:5 m, the pres-
ence of pressure fluctuations in the pump does not result in any cavita-
tion in the inducer. Furthermore, there is no observation of hub vortex
cavitation occurring between the inducer and impeller. As the NPSH
decreases and a 5% pressure drop is observed, a little tip vortex cavita-
tion is observed in the inducer [Fig. 10(c)]. As the NPSH decreases,
reaching the breakdown point, there is no change in cavitation obser-
vation in the inducer, and hub vortex cavitation is still not observed. FIG. 12. NPSH5% and Nss for different flow rates in co-rotation and counter-
This indicates that cavitation takes place in the impeller at this flow rotation modes.
rate, leading to a decrease in pump pressure. In the counter-rotation
mode, by initiating the fluctuation in pressure, there is no visible whereas in the counter-rotation mode, this pressure drop occurs at
occurrence of cavitation in the inducer; however, cavitation in the NPSH ¼ 2:65 m. No significant impact of cavitation was observed in
form of a hub vortex is observed between the inducer and the impeller the inducer at high flow rates.
[Fig. 10(b)]. Figure 10(d) illustrates that when the NPSH decreases and
there is a 5% pressure drop in the pump, the cavitation vortex hub
NPSH5% and Nss of counter2rotation pump
remains visible. Additionally, the inducer also exhibits the presence of
tip vortex cavitation. With a decrease in the pressure drop in the pump Figure 12 illustrates the variations in NPSH5% and Nss across
in the counter-rotation mode, the presence of hub vortex cavitation three different flow rates and their respective changes. The figure indi-
and tip vortex cavitation can still be observed when reaching the break- cates that the counter-rotation mode consistently provides better cavi-
down point [Fig. 10(f)]. tation performance compared to the co-rotation mode. At the highest
flow rate (Q=Qn ¼ 1:2), the counter-rotation mode successfully
Cavitation performance at Q=Qn 51:2 reduces the NPSH5% from 2.96 to 2.65 m. Furthermore, as the flow
rate decreases, this effect becomes more pronounced. For the nominal
Figure 11 illustrates a comparison of pump cavitation perfor- flow rate ðQ=Qn ¼ 1), the NPSH5% decreases from 1.25 to 0.62 m. In
mance between co-rotation and counter-rotation modes at a high flow the case of the lowest flow rate tested in this research (0:87), the
rate (Q=Qn ¼ 1:2). More pressure fluctuation is seen at high flow NPSH5% decreases by more than half, dropping from 0.7 to 0.3 m.
rates; however, the beneficial impact of the counter-rotation inducer in Figure 12 illustrates the impact of the counter-rotation system on the
comparison with co-rotation inducer is still observed. In the co- Nss of the pump. As the flow rate decreases, the influence becomes
rotation mode, the 5% pressure drop is observed at NPSH ¼ 2:96 m, even more pronounced. At Q=Qn ¼ 1:2, the improvement in Nss is

Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731 36, 015120-11

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 Physics of Fluids
FIG. 13. Velocity triangle for (a) co-rotation and (b) counter-rotation modes.
minimal. However, at the nominal flow rate with the counter-rotation
system, Nss jumps from 178 to 280. At 0:87, the Nss enhancement
remains considerable, rising from 257 to 445. It can be concluded that
integrating the counter-rotation system into a centrifugal pump with
an inducer significantly boosts the cavitation performance of the
pump. This integration profoundly impacts both the NPSH5% and the
Nss value.
The improved cavitation performance in the counter-rotation
pump can be attributed to its ability to achieve the same pressure as
the co-rotation mode while operating at a lower impeller rotational
speed. This is primarily due to two factors: reduced pre-swirl of the
fluid in the counter-rotation mode and a decrease in the tangential
velocity of the flow at the inlet of the impeller. These factors result in
higher-pressure generation in the counter-rotation mode. Figure 13
shows the velocity triangle at the inlet and outlet of both the inducer
and impeller in both counter-rotation and co-rotation modes.
The parameter U represents the speed of the rotor (either the
impeller or the inducer) and is defined as U ¼ rx, where r represents
the distance to the center of rotation and x represents the rotational
speed of the rotor. V represents the absolute velocity of the flow, while
W represents the relative velocity of the flow. Based on the Euler equa-
tion for turbomachines,37 the head produced by the impeller can be
calculated using the following equation:
ðU4 Vt4  U3 Vt3 Þ
Hth ¼ ; (3)
g
where Vt represents the tangential velocity of the flow, and it is impor-
tant to note that the flow leaving the inducer is equal to the flow enter-
ing the impeller; thus, Vt2 ¼ Vt3 .
Referring to the velocity triangle in Fig. 13, U3 and Vt2 align in
the same direction when the pump rotates in co-rotation mode, mak-
ing the value of U3 Vt2 positive. However, in counter-rotation mode,
Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
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the reverse rotation of the inducer causes U3 and Vt2 to be in opposite
directions. Consequently, the value of the parameter U3 Vt2 turns nega-
20 March 2024 15:27:13
tive, which confirms the following equation is applicable for the
counter-rotation mode:
ðU4 Vt4 þ U3 Vt3 Þ
HthCR ¼ : (4)
g
As a result, the pump total pressure in the counter-rotation mode is
greater than co-rotation mode.
Cavitation instability analysis
Figure 14 illustrates the evolution of cavitation instabilities within
the inducer and the area between the inducer and the impeller, cap-
tured using a high-speed camera. Figure 14 displays the evolution of
cavitation in the pump in co-rotation mode, with Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 and
NPSH ¼ 0:7 m, throughout a full rotation of the inducer. The blades
of the inducer are labeled as 1, 2, and 3 from left to right and shift posi-
tions as the inducer rotates. The symbol t and T denotes time and a
full rotation of the inducer, respectively. In Fig. 14(a), a tip vortex is
observed at the tip of the first blade. Additionally, between the inducer
and the impeller, there is a hub vortex, which consists of two inter-
twined vortices. In
Fig. 14(b), as the inducer completes one-third of its
rotation t ¼ 13 T , the tip vortex remains at the tip of the first blade.
Meanwhile, the hub vortex shows variability. Close to the inducer, two
intertwined vortices appear and then link to the inducer hub. In
Fig. 14(c), with

the inducer having rotated two-thirds of the full rota-
tion t ¼ 23 T , a clear gap is visible between the two coiled vortices.
When the inducer completes its full rotation ðt ¼ TÞ in Fig. 14(d), the
hub vortex continues to oscillate.
The inducer vortex tip seems to have a symmetrical formation,
uniformly covering the surfaces of the inducer blades. In contrast, the
hub vortex, located between the inducer and the impeller, exhibits an
36, 015120-12
 Physics of Fluids
FIG. 14. Evolution of cavitation instability for the co-rotation mode (N1 ¼ N2 ¼ þ2000 rpmÞ at Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 and NPSH ¼ 0:7 m in a complete rotation of the inducer,
(aÞ t ¼ 0; ðbÞ t ¼ 13 T; ðcÞ t ¼ 23 T; and ðdÞ t ¼ T.
asymmetrical pattern. This particular vortex is quite unstable, display-
ing three unique movements. Initially, the twin vortices that form
revolve around their origin axes. In the second movement, the hub
vortex follows the rotational direction of the inducer, encircling the
axes of both the impeller and the inducer. Notably, this rotation is
slower and does not complete a full rotation with the rotation of the
inducer. The third movement of the hub vortex is its oscillation around
its formation axis, meaning the location and angle at which the two
vortices converge change continuously.
Figure 15 shows the full rotation of an inducer in counter-
rotation mode with Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 and NPSH ¼ 0:3 m. In Fig. 15(a),
cavitation appears on both the first and second inducer blades.
Contrary to what is seen in co-rotation, two vortices merge to form a
stronger hub vortex. Additionally, cavitation bubbles, resulting from
flow instability, are visible at the inlet of
inducer. As the inducer com-
pletes one-third of its rotation t ¼ 13 T in Fig. 15(b), the cavitation
on the blade changes and covers a reduced area. The hub vortex
undergoes oscillation and takes on a conical shape. By Fig. 15(c), with
the inducer having rotated two-thirds of the complete rotation
Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
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t ¼ 23 T , cavitation on the blade expands once more, and it becomes
evident on the third blade as well. The hub vortex continues its oscilla-
tion and rotation. Upon full rotation of the inducer ðt ¼ TÞ in
Fig. 15(d), cavitation within the inducer appears asymmetrical. The
hub vortex exhibits all three rotational movements observed earlier. It
rotates around its own axis and also around the axes of the inducer
and impeller (in the same rotational direction of the inducer and oppo-
site to the rotation of the impeller). The shape of the vortex changes
due to its oscillation. Unlike before, no sign of the two intertwined vor-
tices exists; both vortices mixed together and make one big hub vortex.
Hub vortex evolution
The spread of the hub vortex between the inducer and the impel-
ler was examined using a high-speed camera, as shown in Fig. 16 in
the counter-rotation mode with Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 and NPSH ¼ 6 m. The
vortex begins at the impeller, appearing as a thin formation that
expands toward the inducer hub. When t ¼ 3:9 s, the vortex is closer
to the inducer, and by t ¼ 7 s, it has contact with the inducer hub.
36, 015120-13
 Physics of Fluids
FIG. 15. Evolution of cavitation instability for the counter-rotation mode (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1830 rpmÞ at Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 and NPSH ¼ 0:3 m in a complete rotation of
the inducer, ðaÞ t ¼ 0; ðbÞ t ¼ 13 T; ðcÞ t ¼ 23 T; and ðdÞ t ¼ T.
The vortex rotates in alignment with the inducer and simultaneously
rotates around its own axis. This combined movement brings about
some instability, leading it to fluctuate. at t ¼ 10:8 s, the instability
makes the vortex pull away from the inducer hub. However, the vortex
reconnects by t ¼ 15:3 s, and when t ¼ 18:5 s, the oscillating behavior
of the vortex near the inducer becomes more visible. The formation of
this hub vortex is due to the low-pressure areas between the inducer
and the impeller. The hub vortex initiates at the leading edge of the
impeller blade where fluid velocity is high and pressure is low. Near
the inducer hub, the fluid rotates with a high tangential speed due to
the rotation of the inducer. This area, being less influenced by the
inducer blades, does not see a significant increase in pressure. As a
result, a localized pressure drop occurs, facilitating the development of
hub vortex cavitation. Experimental findings indicate that the creation
of the hub vortex by itself does not significantly impact the pump’s
pressure. Data collected at NPSH ¼ 6 m show that the maximum
pressure fluctuations at this NPSH are less than 0.2%. Additionally,
examining pump pressure variations from NPSH ¼ 8 m, where the
hub vortex is not present, to NPSH ¼ 5 m, where it is fully formed,
reveals that presence or absence the hub vortex does not significantly
impact the overall pressure, with changes less than 0.17%.
Phys. Fluids 36, 015120 (2024); doi: 10.1063/5.0182731
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In order to complete the analysis of the hub vortex evolution,
images acquired with high-speed cameras have been post processed.
The first step of this processing consists in cropping images to focus
on the flow area between the inlet of the impeller and the outlet of the
inducer. Then, an average image intensity projection is calculated by
selecting pixels with the average intensity of every slice from the 200
images acquired to construct a background image, which is subtracted
to each image. Results are converted in 32-bit images. Finally, a vari-
ance filter is applied to replace each pixel with the neighborhood vari-
ance in order to highlight edges in the images, corresponding to the
cavitation bubbles edges [Fig. 17(b)]. In this way, black zones represent
liquid water and white zones the vapor bubbles of cavitation. Vertical
profiles ðy ¼ 2Ry 2 ) of variance intensity are drawn in two different dis-
tances from the outlet of the inducer ðx1 ¼ xL1 ; x2 ¼ xL2 ) to better see
the evolution of cavitation bubbles position [Fig. 17(a)] in time.
In Fig. 17, it is observed that the intensity of the hub vortex varies
between the inducer and the impeller. Over time, disconnection and
reconnection of the hub vortex are caused by these fluctuations, lead-
ing to changes in the intensity of cavitation. Between the inducer and
the impeller, the hub vortex cavitation is influenced by the flow pattern
at the outlet of the inducer, so it has in the same rotational direction of
36, 015120-14
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FIG. 16. Hub vortex evolution at Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 and NPSH ¼ 6 m for counter-rotation mode (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1830 rpmÞ during 18:5 s of rotation:
ð1Þ t ¼ 0 ; ð2Þ t ¼ 3:9; ð3Þ t ¼ 7; ð4Þ t ¼ 10:8; ð5Þ t ¼ 15:3; and ð6Þ t ¼ 18:5 s.

the inducer. The formation of this hub vortex impacts the flow pattern
and local pressure, causing the hub vortex to disconnect and reconnect
periodically. At t ¼ 0 s, the graph shows no change at x ¼ 0:125, sig-
nifying the absence of cavitation along the red line. However, close to
the impeller at x ¼ 0:875, a noticeable shift is detected at y ¼ 0:1,
indicating the presence of cavitation intensity in that region. At time
t ¼ 3:9 s, the difference in the hub vortex intensity between the
inducer (x ¼ 0:125) and the impeller (x ¼ 0:875) is less pro-
nounced. Additionally, the positions of the hub vortex in both areas
are closer to each other and more centralized around the rotation axis
of the inducer and impeller. After 7 s, there is a noticeable decrease in
the hub vortex intensity at x ¼ 0:875. Additionally, it appears to have
shifted upward as it revolves around the axis of the inducer. At t ¼
10:8 s, the hub vortex is absent at x ¼ 0:125, and the red graph
remains consistent with no jump. However, at x ¼ 0:875, a change in
the graph and signs of cavitation are present in the image.
In observing the dynamics of the hub vortex between the inducer
and the impeller, a few patterns emerge. Primarily, its presence near
the impeller seems to be a constant but fluctuating vortex. This con-
trasts with its behavior near the inducer. In this region, the vortex does
not demonstrate only the fluctuating behavior but also there are
moments when it entirely disappears, detaching itself from the inducer,
suggesting a higher degree of instability or unpredictability in that
area.

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FIG. 17. Image processing of cavitation intensity of hub vortex between inducer and impeller using high-speed camera at Q=Qn ¼ 0:87 and NPSH ¼ 6 m for counter-rotation
mode (N1 ¼ 2000 and N2 ¼ þ1830 rpmÞ during 18:5 s of rotation: ð1Þ t ¼ 0; ð2Þ t ¼ 3:9; ð3Þ t ¼ 7; ð4Þ t ¼ 10:8; ð5Þ t ¼ 15:3; and ð6Þ t ¼ 18:5 s.

CONCLUSION
The efficiency and cavitation performance of a pump with
inducer and centrifugal impeller have been studied in co-rotation and
counter-rotation modes thanks to the innovative designed test bench
with the ability of independent rotation of inducer and impeller.
1. The investigation of the characteristics of the pump in both
counter-rotation and co-rotation modes, operating at the same
rotational speed, demonstrated a significant pressure rise in the
counter-rotation mode. The main reason of this pressure rise in
counter-rotation mode is the decrease in tangential velocity of
flow at the inlet of the impeller according to the Euler equation.
This pressure rise allows the impeller to rotate at a lower speed
to reach the same operating point as the co-rotation mode, which
provides better cavitation performance for the counter-rotation
mode compared to the co-rotation mode.
2. Experimental results demonstrate the noticeable effect of the
counter-rotation inducer on the cavitation performance of the
pump across various flow rates. Studies for three different flow rates,
including nominal flow rate, less than nominal flow rate, and more
than nominal flow rate, demonstrate that the counter-rotation
mode has better cavitation performance in all three flow rates.
3. For Q=Qn ¼ 0:87, with the inducer and impeller rotating
together in co-rotation, the NPSH5% is 0.7 m. However, when
they rotate oppositely in counter-rotation, the NPSH5%
improves to 0.3 m. At Q=Qn ¼ 1, the co-rotation gives an

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NPSH5% of 1.25 m, whereas counter-rotation reduces it to 0.62 (equal). Farid Bakir: Project administration (equal); Supervision
m, demonstrating a significant enhancement in cavitation perfor- (equal); Validation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal).
mance. At Q=Qn ¼ 1:2, the cavitation performance is still
improved in the counter-rotation mode, reducing the NPSH5%
DATA AVAILABILITY
from 2.96 m in co-rotation to 2.65 m in counter-rotation mode.
4. The visual analysis of cavitation demonstrates the presence of The data that support the findings of this study are available from
several types of cavitation like tip vortex cavitation and backflow the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
cavitation in inducer and hub vortex cavitation between inducer
and impeller, particularly at a flow rate lower than the nominal
flow rate for both co-rotation and counter-rotation modes. In the NOMENCLATURE
space between the inducer and the impeller, the rotation of the b1 Inlet blade width of impeller (mm)
inducer caused the pre-swirl in the flow contribute to the forma- b2 Outlet blade width of impeller (mm)
tion of a cavitation hub vortex. D1 Inlet diameter of impeller (mm)
5. For low flow rate, as the NPSH number decreases, this hub vor- D2 Outlet diameter of impeller (mm)
tex becomes more prominent so when the pump experiences the H Static head of pump (m)
5% of pressure drops, the hub vortex becomes stronger and its Hth Theoretical head of pump (m)
diameter increases. Employing the counter-rotation inducer not HthCR Theoretical head of counter-rotation pump (m)
only decreases the NPSH5% of the pump but also boosts the Nss NPSH Net positive suction head (m)
of the pump. In general, it results in the enhanced cavitation per- N1 Rotational speed of inducer (rpm)
formance of the pump. As the flow rate increases, the intensity of N2 Rotational speed of impeller (rpm)
cavitation in the inducer reduces. At the maximum flow rate, no Pn Nominal pressure (mbar)
visible effect of cavitation can be observed in the inducer, sugges- Qn Nominal flow rate (m3 =h)
ting that the impeller experiences cavitation in this region. r Radius of rotor (m)
6. Image analysis of the variations and strength of the hub vortex R1 Internal radius of inducer (mm)
between the inducer and impeller reveals that the vortex typically R2 External radius of inducer (mm)
originates from the impeller and moves toward the inducer hub. Sh Hub solidity of inducer
When analyzing the hub vortex at NPSH ¼ 6 m during the

20 March 2024 15:27:13

counter-rotation mode, it has been observed that the vortex fre-
quently disconnects and reconnects to the inducer due to pres-
sure variations. As the NPSH value decreases and cavitation in
this region intensifies, the size of this hub vortex increases and it
successfully establishes a connection to the inducer.
The independent rotation of the inducer and impeller allows for
the possibility of rotating the inducer at a much higher speed than the
impeller, in both co-rotation and counter-rotation modes, particularly
at high flow rates to still improve the cavitation performance of the REFERENCES
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2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
3
This research has been carried out at the LIFSE laboratory in
collaboration with the FAPMO. The authors would like to
4
acknowledge FAPMO and LIFSE for their support in the
completion of this research, particularly in the experimental tests.
5
AUTHOR DECLARATIONS
Conflict of Interest 6
The authors have no conflicts to disclose. 7
Author Contributions
8
Ehsan Dehnavi: Data curation (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology
(equal); Visualization (equal); Writing – original draft (equal). Amelie 9
Danlos: Visualization (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Moises
Solis: Conceptualization (equal). Mohamed Kebdani: Visualization
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