Unit 8 Pack

Unit 8 Lines and Planes Date:_________________
Learning Goals Stop Light – Unit #8 Lines and Planes

Green Yellow Red
Lesson Learning Goals “I am able to…”
recognize a scaler equation in 2-D, represent using vector

equation and parametric equation
8.1
recognize that a line in 3-D cannot be represented by a

scalar equation
8.1
recognize a normal to a plane geometrically and

algebraically determine some properties
8.2
determine, using properties of a plane, the scalar, vector,

and parametric equations of a plane
8.3
recognize that the solution points in 2-D of a single lienear

equation in two variables form a line
8.4
determine, through investigation using a variety of tools and

strategies
8.5
Intersection of Planes
8.6 determine how planes intersect
Review (Pick/choose, graphic organizer, online practice test)
Unit 8 Test
MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 1

8.1 Equations of Lines in 2-D

Representing lines using vectors: Scalar Form (Ax + By + C = 0)
(x + 4y – 17 = 0) →
Example 1: A line passes through 𝑃(5, 3) and has 𝑚⃗⃗ = [−8, 2].
Sketch this line on the coordinate axes to the right.
4 1 3
Example 2: A line passes through 𝐴 (3 , −2) and 𝐵 (6 , 2). Determine a
direction vector for this line, and write it using integer components.
A Vector Equation of a Line in ℝ𝟐 :
Let consider the line 𝐿 that passes through the

point 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) and is parallel to the vector 𝑢
⃗ . The
point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is a generic point on the line.
The vector equation of this line is:
Where
 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 is the _________ vector  ⃗ is the vector ______ to the line
𝑢
(“direction vector”)
 𝑟⃗⃗⃗0 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃0 is the position vector at point  𝑡 is the real number corresponds to _______
____on the line point P
Note:

Example 3: The vector equation of the line 𝐿 is given by: 𝐿: 𝑟 = [0, 1] + 𝑡[−1, 2], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
a) Find a direction vector for this line. b) Find a specific point on this line.
c) Find the points 𝑨 and 𝑩 on this line d) Explain what does the following equation
corresponding to 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑡 = 4 respectively. represent: 𝑟 = [0, 1] + 𝑡[−1, 2], 𝑡 ∈ [1, 4]
e) Verify if the points 𝑀(−2, 5) and 𝑁(2, 3) are or are not on the line.
Hint: Try to find a 𝑡 corresponding to each point.
Example 4: Find two vector equations of the line 𝐿 that passes through the points 𝐴(2, −3) and 𝐵(−1, 2).
A Parametric Equation of a Line in ℝ𝟐 : Rewrite the vector equation of a line into component form:
⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓 ⃗
𝒓𝒐 + 𝒕𝒖
Split the vector equation into the parametric equations of line in ℝ𝟐 :
Example 5: Convert each vector equation into the parametric equations.

a) 𝑟 = [1, −3] + 𝑡[−2, 5], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ b) 𝑟 = [−2, 0] + 𝑠[0, −3], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

Example 6: Convert the parametric equations of each line into a vector equation.
𝑥 = −2 + 3𝑡 𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑠
a) { 𝑡∈ℝ b) { 𝑠∈ℝ
𝑦 =5−𝑡 𝑦=2
Scalar Equation of a Line
Example 7: Determine the equivalent vector and Example 8: Determine the equivalent vector and
parametric equations of the line 3
parametric equations of the line 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 2.
2
𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 4.
Representing the Scalar equation of a line in Vector form:
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
Example 9: For the line with equation Example 10: For the line with equation
𝑟 = [0, 1] + 𝑡[−2, −3], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Determine the 𝑟 = [−2, 3] + 𝑠[1, −2], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ. Determine the
equivalent equation in slope y-intercept form. equivalent equation in slope y-intercept form.
Representing the Vector equation of a line in Scalar form:
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎

Normal Equation: Let consider the line 𝐿 that passes through the
specific point 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) and has a direction vector 𝑢
⃗ = [𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 ].
What direction vectors are perpendicular to the vector 𝑢 ⃗?
These are called _______________________________
Example 13: Convert the vector equation of the Example 14: Convert the equation to vector and
line 𝐿: 𝑟 = [1, 2] + 𝑡[3, −2], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ to a standard parametric equations.
equation.
𝐿: − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0.
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines and their Normals: If the lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 have normal 𝑛⃗1 and 𝑛⃗2 ,
respectively, we know the following:
1. The two lines are _______________ if and 2. The two lines are _______________ if and
only if their normals are: only if their normals are:
Read Key Concepts Pg 437 C1 – C5

Pick/choose: #1a, 2b, 5ab, 6bc, 7ab, 8cd, 9c, 10bc, 11c, 14, 16b, 21
8.1 Equations of Lines in 2-D and 3-D

A Vector and Parametric Equations of a Line in ℝ𝟑 :
Where
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the __________ vector of a

𝑟 = 𝑂𝑃  ⃗ is the vector parallel to the
𝑢
__________ point 𝑃 on the line. _____________ vector.
 𝑟⃗⃗⃗0 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃0 is the __________ vector of a  𝑡 is the real number corresponding to a
__________ point 𝑃0 on the line. _____________ point 𝑃.
Example 1: Find two vector equations of the line L that passes through the points 𝐴(1, 2, 3) and 𝐵(2, −1, 0)
Example 2: Find the vector equation of a line 𝐿2 that passes through the origin and is parallel to the line
𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [−2, 0, 3] + 𝑡[−1, 0, 2], 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
Example 3: Find the parametric equations of the line 𝐿 that passes through the points 𝐴(0, −1, 2) and
𝐵(1, −1, 3) . Describe the line.

Specific Lines:
A line is parallel to the 𝑥-axis if
This line is also perpendicular to the
A line is parallel to the 𝑦𝑧-plane if
Equivalent Equations: How do we know whether two vector equations are equivalent (the same line) or
just parallel?
Example 4: Are the following two vector equations equivalent?
𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [1, 2, −3] + 𝑡[0, 1, −2], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [1, 4, −7] + 𝑠[0, −1,2] 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

Pick/choose: #1c, 2d, 6c, 7cd, 12, 13, 16ce, 17, 18a, 20a, 22, 26

8.2 Equations of Planes

A plane may be determined by ______________ and ______________. There are four main possibilities as
represented in the following figures:
Vector & Parametric Equations of a Plane: Consider the plane

____. Two vectors 𝑢 ⃗ and 𝑣 , parallel to the plane 𝜋 (but NOT
parallel between them), are called _____________ vectors of the
_____________.
The vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑃 from a _____________ point _____________ to a
_____________ point _____________ of the plane is a:
The vector equation of a plane is: The parametric equations of a plane are:
Example 1: A plane 𝜋 is given by the following vector equation.

𝜋: 𝑟 = [−1, 0, 2] + 𝑠[0, 0, 1] + 𝑡[1, 0, −1]; 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
a) Find two points on this plane. b) Find one line on this plane.
c) Find the vector equation of a line 𝐿⊥ that passes through the origin and is perpendicular to this
plane.
Example 2: Convert the vector equation to parametric equation:

𝑟 = [−1, 0, 2] + 𝑠[0, 1, −1] + 𝑡[1, −2, 0]; 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
Example 3: [Plane determined by three points]. Find the vector

equation of the plane 𝜋 that passes through the points 𝐴(0, 1, −1),
𝐵(2, −1, 0), and 𝐶(0, 0, 1).

Example 4: [Plane determined by two parallel and distinct lines].

Find the vector and parametric equations of the plane 𝜋 that
contains the following parallel and distinct lines:
𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [1, 2, 1] + 𝑠[0, −1, −2]; 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [3, 4, 0] + 𝑡[0, 1, 2]; 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
Example 5: [Plane determined by two intersecting lines]. Find

the vector equation of the plane 𝜋 determined by the following
intersecting lines.
𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [0, 0, 1] + 𝑠[−1, 0, 0]; 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [−3, 0, 1] + 𝑡[0, 0, 2]; 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
Example 6: [Plane determined by line and an external

point].
a) Find the vector equation of the plane 𝜋 that passes
through the origin and contains the line:
𝐿: 𝑟 = [0, 1, 2] + 𝑡[−1, 0, 3]; 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
b) Find the intersection of plane 𝝅 with the 𝒛-axis.

Pick/choose: #1ab, 2ab, 3ac, 4ac, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8, 9a, 10, 12, 13
8.3 Properties of Planes

Normal equation of a plane: A plane may be determined by a point 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) and a vector
__________________ to the plane called the:
If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a generic point on the plane, then
Scalar equation of a plane: If 𝑛⃗ = [𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶] is a known normal to the plane, then the relationship between
𝑛⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑃 can be used to derive the Scalar equation of the plane.
Parallel and perpendicular planes and their normals: If the planes 𝜋1 and 𝜋2 have normals 𝑛⃗1 and 𝑛⃗2 ,
respectively, we know the following:
1. The two planes are _______________ if: 2. The two planes are _______________ if:
Example 1: Consider the plane 𝜋 defined by the Scalar equation 𝜋: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 12 = 0

a) Find a normal b) Find two points on this c) Find if the point 𝑃(1, 2, 3) is
vector to this plane. a point on this plane.
plane.
Example 2: Find the Scalar equation of a plane 𝜋 that passes through the points 𝐴(1, −1,0), 𝐵(0, 0, 1), and
𝐶(0, −2, 1).
Example 3: Find parametric and vector equations for the plane 𝜋: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 6 = 0 using two different
methods.

Example 4: Find the intersections with the coordinate axes for the plane: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0. Label the
intersection points on the graphical representation to the right.
Example 5: Find the Scalar equation of a plane with 𝑥-int = −1, 𝑦-int= 2,
and 𝑧-int= −3.
Angle between two planes: The angle between two planes is defined as the angle between their
_______________ vectors:
Note: Using this formula, you may get an _______________ or an _______________ angle depending on the
normal vectors which are used.
Example 6: Find the angle between each pair of planes.

a) 𝜋1 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 1 = 0 and b) 𝜋1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 and
𝜋2 : 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2 = 0 𝜋2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0

Pick/choose: #2bc, 4bd, 5, 6bd, 7bd, 8 – 10, 12be, 16, 17 - 19
8.4 Intersections of Lines in 2D and 3D

There are four different possibilities for the relative positions of two lines:
How to find the Intersection between Two Lines (Algebraic Method): The point of intersection between
two lines 𝐿1 : 𝑟 = 𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = 𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
01 + 𝑡𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 , 𝑠 ∈ ℝ is given by the solution of the following
02 + 𝑠𝑢
system of equations:
Case #1: Unique Solution – If by solving the system (∗), you end by getting a ________________ value for 𝑡
and 𝑠 satisfying this system, then the lines have a ________________________________________. To get
this point, substitute either the 𝑡 value into the line 𝐿1 equation or substitute the 𝑠 value into the line 𝐿2
equation.
Example 1: Find the point(s) of intersection of the following two lines:

𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [0, 1, 2] + 𝑡[1, −1, 2], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [−3, 4, −4] + 𝑠[0, 1, 2], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ
Case #2: Infinite Number of Solutions - If by solving the system (∗), you end by getting two ___________
statements (________________) and one equation in 𝑠 and 𝑡, then there exist an ________________
number of solutions of the system (*). Therefore the lines intersect into an infinite number of points. In
this case the lines are ________________ and ________________.
Example 2: Find the point(s) of intersection of the following two lines:

𝐿1 : 𝑟 = 𝑡[0, −1, 2], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [0, −6, 12] + 𝑠[0, 3, −6], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

Case #3: No Solution (Parallel Lines) – If by solving the system (*) you get at least one ___________
statement (________________) then the system has _______ solution. Therefore, the lines have
_____________________________________________. If, in addition, the lines are ________________
(𝑢⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = ), then the lines are ________________ and ________________.
Example 3: Find the point(s) of intersection of the following two lines. Show that there is no point of
intersection and the lines are parallel and distinct.
𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [−2, 3, 1] + 𝑡[1, −2, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [0, 2, 1] + 𝑠[−2, 4, −2], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ
Case #4: No Solution (Skew Lines) – If by solving the system (*) you get at least one ___________
statement (________________) then the system has _______ solution. Therefore, the lines have
_____________________________________________. If, in addition, the lines are __________ parallel (
𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ≠ ), then the lines are ________________.
Example 4: Find the point(s) of intersection of the following two lines. Show that there is no point of
intersection and the lines are not parallel, therefore the lines are skew.
𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [1, −1, 0] + 𝑡[0, 0, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [−2, 1, 0] + 𝑠[1, 0, 0], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ
Classifying Lines (Vector Method):

Example 5*: Use the vector method presented above to classify each pair of lines as parallel and distinct,
parallel and coincident, not parallel and intersecting or not parallel and skew.
a) 𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [0, 1, 2] + 𝑡[1, 2, 3], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and b) 𝐿1 : 𝑟 = 𝑡[1, −1, 0], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and

𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [−2, 1, 0] + 𝑠[−2, −4, −6], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [−4, 4, 0] + 𝑠[3, −3, 0], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ
c) 𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [2, 1, 3] + 𝑡[0, 1, 2], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and d) 𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [1, 0, 0] + 𝑡[0 ,0, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and

𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [0, 1, −1] + 𝑠[1, 0, 2], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [0, 1, 0] + 𝑠[1, 0, ], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ
A distance from a point to a line in ℝ𝟑 :
Find the distance from point Q(4, -1, 1) to [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] = [1, 3, −1] + 𝑡[2, −1, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
The distance is the shortest distance from Q to

some point P.
This presents a problem.
A line in R3 has an infinite number of non-parallel

normal vectors orthogonal to the line.
Projecting QP0 onto the normal will give us what is

required.
Distance between two skew lines:
Please see example 5 on page 468 where it is shown that:
𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑃2 ⋅ 𝑛⃗
𝑑=| |
𝑛⃗
Where P1 and P2 are any points on each line and 𝑛⃗ = 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 is a normal common to both line.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × 𝑚

Pick/choose: #1, 2c, 3ef, 4cd, 5cd, 6ef, 8, 9cd, 14
8.5 Intersections of Lines and Planes

There are three different possibilities for the relative positions of a line and a plane:
How to find the Intersection between a Line and a Plane (Algebraic Method): To get the intersection
between a line 𝐿 and a plane 𝜋:
1. ________________ the ________________ equations of the line into the ________________
equation of the ________________ to get the equation:
2. ________________ (if possible) the equation (∗) for the ________________ 𝑡.
3. ________________ the value of parameter 𝑡 into the ________________ equations of the line to get
the point of intersection.
Case #1: Unique Solution (Point of Intersection) - In this case, by solving the equation (∗) you get a
______________ _____________ for the parameter 𝑡. Therefore, there is a unique point of intersection
between the line and the plane.
Example 1: Find the point(s) of intersection between the line

𝐿: 𝑟 = [−6, 9, −1] + 𝑡[−2, 3, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and the plane 𝜋: − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 4 = 0

Case #2: Infinite Number of Solutions (Line Intersection) – In this case, by

solving the equation (*) you get the equation:
which has an ________________ number of solutions. Therefore, there are an

infinite number of points of intersection.
Example 2: Find the point(s) of intersection between the line 𝐿: 𝑟 = [3, 0, 0] + 𝑡[0, 2, −3], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and the
plane 𝜋: − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 6 = 0
Case #3: No Solution (No Intersection) – In this case, by solving the

equation (*) you get a _____________ statement like:
The equation does _________________________________________ and therefore there is _____ point of

intersection between the line and the plane.
Example 3: Find the point(s) of intersection between the line 𝐿: 𝑟 = [1, 2, 3] + 𝑡[0, 1, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and the plane
𝜋: 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 3 = 0

Classifying Lines: Let consider the line 𝐿: 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, where 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) is a specific point on the
𝑟0 + 𝑡𝑢
line, and the plane 𝜋: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0 , where 𝑛⃗ = [𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶] is a normal vector to the plane.
Case #1: The line intersect the Case #2: The line lies on the Case #3: The line is parallel to
plane at a unique point if plane if the plane bud does NOT lie on it
if
Example 4: Consider the plane : 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 12 = 0 . Classify each line as intersecting the plane,
contained by the plane, or distinct from the plane. Do NOT find the point(s) of intersection using the
algebraic method. For all equations, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
a) 𝐿: 𝑟 = [−3, 0, 0] + 𝑡[0, 2, 3] b) 𝐿: 𝑟 = [1, 0, −2] + 𝑡[1, −2, 0] c) 𝐿: 𝑟 = 𝑡[1, 0, 2]
Distance from a Point to a Plane
A plane 𝝅 is given by
The normal to the plane is given by
A specific point on the plane 𝜋 is given by
A specific point NOT on the plane is given by
So, the distance 𝒅 between the point 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) to the plane 𝜋
is given by

Example 5: For each case, find the distance from the given point to the given plane.
a) 𝜋: 𝑟 = [1, 0, 2] + 𝑡[0, 1, 2] + 𝑠[2, 0, 1], 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 =1−𝑡+𝑠
𝐵(2, 3, 0) b) 𝐿: { 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑡 − 2𝑠 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ;
𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑡 − 3𝑠
𝑀(1, 0, −2)

Pick/choose: #2ad, 3df, 4bc, 5def, 6def, 7def, 8def, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16
In this activity, you will use graphing software (GeoGebra) to investigate and help
you visualize:
 how TWO planes intersect in 3 space
 how THREE planes intersect in 3 space.
Part A. Intersection of TWO planes.

Given two planes in 3-space, there are THREE possible geometric models for the intersection of the planes:
 Planes are distinct and intersect in a line………………………............INFINITE number of solutions
 Planes are coincident ………………………….…………………………………………INFINITE number of solutions
 Planes are parallel and do not intersect………………………………………..NO SOLUTION
Using graphing software, determine which case each system of planes represents.
HINT: type equation directly into GeoGebra to draw planes ie., x + y – 2z + 2 = 0
𝜋1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0 𝜋1 : 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 7 = 0 𝜋1 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1 = 0
𝜋2 : 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 4 = 0 𝜋2 : 3𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 2 = 0 𝜋2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0
Description of
Planes
Number of
Solutions
Part B. Intersection of THREE planes.

Given three planes in 3-space, there are EIGHT possible geometric models for the intersection of the planes:
 Planes intersect at a point……………………………………………………….ONE solution

 Planes intersect in a line ………………………….…………….......................INFINITE # of solutions
 Three planes are coincident…………………………………….......................INFINITE # of solutions
 Two planes are coinciding, third plane is not parallel………………………...INFINITE # of solutions
 Three planes are parallel and distinct…………………..................................NO solution
 Two coincident planes and third plane parallel and distinct…......................NO solution
 Two planes are parallel and distinct but the third plane is not parallel……..NO solution
 Planes intersect in pairs (in lines that are parallel and distinct)……………..NO solution

A system of three planes is CONSISTENT if it has one or more solutions

A system of three planes is INCONSISTENT if it has no solutions
Using graphing software, determine which case each system of planes represents.
𝜋1 : 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 35 = 0 𝜋1 : 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 10 = 0 𝜋1 : 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 + 10 = 0
𝜋2 : − 10𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 15𝑧 − 20 = 0 𝜋2 : 𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 6 = 0 𝜋2 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 8 = 0
𝜋3 : 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 + 50 = 0 𝜋3 : 8𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 − 20 = 0 𝜋3 : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 4 = 0
Description
of Planes
Number of
Solutions
𝜋1 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 7 = 0 𝜋1 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 1 = 0 𝜋1 : 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 12 = 0
𝜋2 : 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 8 = 0 𝜋2 : − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 2 = 0 𝜋2 : 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 𝑧 − 8 = 0
𝜋3 : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 − 9 = 0 𝜋3 : 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 9𝑧 + 3 = 0 𝜋3 : 12𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8𝑧 + 4 = 0
Description
of Planes
Number of
Solutions
𝜋1 : 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 15𝑧 − 9 = 0 𝜋1 : 5𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 10𝑧 + 15 = 0

𝜋2 : − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 10𝑧 + 6 = 0 𝜋2 : − 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 6 = 0
𝜋3 : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 8 = 0 𝜋3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0
Description
of Planes
Number of
Solutions

8.6 Intersection of Planes

There are three different possibilities for the relative positions of two planes:
How to find the Intersection between Two Planes: Let consider two plane given by their Scalar
equations: 𝜋1 = 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐷1 and 𝜋2 = 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝐷2 . To find the point(s) of intersection
between two planes, _________ the system of equations formed by their Scalar equations:
Notes:
 The normal vectors to the planes 𝜋1 and 𝜋2 are
 If the planes are parallel then coefficients 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are
 If the planes are coincident then coefficients 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶,
𝐷 are
 A system of equations is called __________________ if
there is at least ____ solution. A system of equations is
called __________________ if there is ____ solution.
Case #1: Non-Parallel Planes – In this case:

 The coefficients 𝐴, 𝐵,𝐶 in the  There are an _______________
____________equations are number of solutions and
____________________ therefore an _______________
 The normal vectors are number of points of
intersection.
 By solving the system (∗) you will  The intersection is a _________
be able to find and a direction vector for this
line is
Example 1: Find the point(s) of intersection of the following two planes. Give a geometric representation
of the solution(s). The planes are 𝜋1 : − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 + 6 = 0 and 𝜋2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2 = 0

Case #2: Parallel and Coincident Planes – In this case:

 The coefficients 𝐴, 𝐵,𝐶, 𝐷 in the  By solving the system (∗), you
equations are get
 The normal vectors are
 There are an _______________
 One equation in the system (∗) is number of solutions and
a ___________ of the other therefore an _______________
equation and does _____ contain number of points of
additional information (the intersection.
equations are  The intersection is a
__________________).
of the solution(s). The planes are 𝜋1 : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 1 = 0 and 𝜋2 : − 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 9𝑧 − 3 = 0
Case #3: Parallel and Distinct Planes – In this case:

 The coefficients 𝐴, 𝐵,𝐶 in the  By solving the system (∗), you get
equations are ________________
but the coefficients 𝐴, 𝐵,𝐶, 𝐷  There is _____ solution and
are therefore _____ point of
____________________________ intersection between the two
planes.
of the solution(s). The planes are 𝜋1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 0 and 𝜋2 : − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 3 = 0
Classifying Planes: Classify each pair of planes as distinct, coincident, or intersecting. Do NOT attempt to
solve algebraically the system of equations.
a) 𝜋1 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1 = 0 & b) 𝜋1 : 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 9𝑧 − 3 = 0 & c) 𝜋1 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 1 = 0 &
𝜋2 : 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2 = 0 𝜋2 : 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 4 = 0 𝜋2 : 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2 = 0

The Intersection of Three Planes

There are 4 different possibilities for the relative positions of three planes in which all planes intersect:
There are 4 different possibilities for the relative positions of three planes in which the planes do NOT
intersect. For all of the following cases: 𝜋1 ∩ 𝜋2 ∩ 𝜋3 = ∅
How to find the Intersection between Three Planes: Lets consider 3 planes given by their Scalar
equations: 𝜋1 : 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐷1 = 0 , 𝜋2 : 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝐷2 = 0 and 𝜋3 : 𝐴3 𝑥 + 𝐵3 𝑦 + 𝐶3 𝑧 + 𝐷3 = 0.
To find the point(s) of intersection between three planes, _____________ the system of equations formed
by their Scalar equations:
Case #1: Unique Solution (Point Intersection – Non Coplanar Normal Vectors)
 The planes intersect at  By solving the system (∗) you
get
 The normal vectors are
Example 4: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −9

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). { 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
−3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8

Case #2: Infinite Number of Solutions (I)

(Line Intersection – Non Parallel Planes and Coplanar Normal Vectors)
 The planes are __________________  By solving the system (∗),
but their normal vectors are you may express _______
__________ variables in terms of the
 The intersection is ___________ one using
 One scalar equation is a two equations.
_______________ of the other two
equations.
Example 5: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −2

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). {3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −5
Case #3: Infinite Number of Solutions (II)

(Line Intersection – Two Coincident Planes and one Intersecting Plane)
 ______ planes are ______________ and  The intersection is
the third plane is ______ parallel to
the coincident planes.  You may express ______
 Two of the equations are variables in terms of the
______________. The coefficients __________ one using two
𝐴,𝐵,𝐶,𝐷 are __________________ for non-equivalent equations.
these two equations.
Example 6: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =2

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). { − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
𝑥
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8
Case #4: Infinite Number of Solutions (III)

(Plane Intersection – Three Coincident Planes)
 The coefficients 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶,𝐷 are  Any point of one plane is also
__________________ for these a ________________ on the
_____ the equations. other ___________________.
 The intersection is
Example 7: Solve the following system of equations.

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1
{ 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 2
−4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 = −4
Cases with NO Solution: For ALL of the following cases

 There is _______ solution for the system of equations and thus there is _______ point of
intersection (the system of equations is __________________).
 By solving the system (∗) you get

Case #5: No Solution (Parallel and Distinct Planes)

 There are three
 The coefficients 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 are __________________ but the coefficients
𝐴,𝐵,𝐶,𝐷 are _______ proportional.
Example 8: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). { + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −1
2𝑥
−𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 3
Case #6: No Solution (II) - (H Configuration)

 Two planes are  The coefficients 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 are
_________________ and the __________________ for two
third plane is ____________. planes
Example 9: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =1

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). {𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
−2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
Case #7: No Solution (III)

 Three planes are ______________ but only _____ are _____________.
 The coefficients 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 are proportional for _____ equations
but 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶,𝐷 are proportional for only _______ equations.
Example 10: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). { 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 3
−2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 2
Case #8: No Solution (I) - (Delta Configuration)

 The planes are _____ parallel.  The normal vectors are
The coefficients 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 are NOT
__________________.
Example 11: Solve the following system of equations. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1

Give a geometric interpretation of the solution(s). { −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 0

Pick/choose: #2ad, 3df, 4bc, 5def, 6def, 7def, 8def, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16

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Unit 8 Lines and Planes Date:_________________

Learning Goals Stop Light – Unit #8 Lines and Planes

recognize a scaler equation in 2-D, represent using vector

recognize that a line in 3-D cannot be represented by a

recognize a normal to a plane geometrically and

determine, using properties of a plane, the scalar, vector,

recognize that the solution points in 2-D of a single lienear

determine, through investigation using a variety of tools and

8.6 determine how planes intersect

Review (Pick/choose, graphic organizer, online practice test)

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 1

8.1 Equations of Lines in 2-D

A Vector Equation of a Line in ℝ𝟐 :

Let consider the line 𝐿 that passes through the

The vector equation of this line is:

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 2

Split the vector equation into the parametric equations of line in ℝ𝟐 :

Example 5: Convert each vector equation into the parametric equations.

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 3

Scalar Equation of a Line

Representing the Scalar equation of a line in Vector form:

Representing the Vector equation of a line in Scalar form:

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 4

These are called _______________________________

Read Key Concepts Pg 437 C1 – C5

8.1 Equations of Lines in 2-D and 3-D

 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the __________ vector of a

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 6

A line is parallel to the 𝑥-axis if

This line is also perpendicular to the

A line is parallel to the 𝑦𝑧-plane if

Example 4: Are the following two vector equations equivalent?

𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [1, 2, −3] + 𝑡[0, 1, −2], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [1, 4, −7] + 𝑠[0, −1,2] 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

Read Key Concepts Pg 437 C1 – C5

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 7

8.2 Equations of Planes

Vector & Parametric Equations of a Plane: Consider the plane

Example 1: A plane 𝜋 is given by the following vector equation.

Example 2: Convert the vector equation to parametric equation:

Example 3: [Plane determined by three points]. Find the vector

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 8

Example 4: [Plane determined by two parallel and distinct lines].

𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [1, 2, 1] + 𝑠[0, −1, −2]; 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

Example 5: [Plane determined by two intersecting lines]. Find

𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [0, 0, 1] + 𝑠[−1, 0, 0]; 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

Example 6: [Plane determined by line and an external

𝐿: 𝑟 = [0, 1, 2] + 𝑡[−1, 0, 3]; 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

b) Find the intersection of plane 𝝅 with the 𝒛-axis.

Read Key Concepts Pg 451 C1 – C5

8.3 Properties of Planes

If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a generic point on the plane, then

Example 1: Consider the plane 𝜋 defined by the Scalar equation 𝜋: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 12 = 0

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 10

Example 6: Find the angle between each pair of planes.

Read Key Concepts Pg 459 C1 – C5

8.4 Intersections of Lines in 2D and 3D

Example 1: Find the point(s) of intersection of the following two lines:

Example 2: Find the point(s) of intersection of the following two lines:

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 12

𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [−2, 3, 1] + 𝑡[1, −2, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [0, 2, 1] + 𝑠[−2, 4, −2], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [1, −1, 0] + 𝑡[0, 0, 1], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and 𝐿2 : 𝑟 = [−2, 1, 0] + 𝑠[1, 0, 0], 𝑠 ∈ ℝ

Classifying Lines (Vector Method):

MCV4U – Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors Page 13

a) 𝐿1 : 𝑟 = [0, 1, 2] + 𝑡[1, 2, 3], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and b) 𝐿1 : 𝑟 = 𝑡[1, −1, 0], 𝑡 ∈ ℝ and

2. (if possible) the equation (∗) for the 𝑡.

The equation does _____________________________________ and therefore there is _ point of