Ili Group

Group 3
Anunciacion, Ice Paul
Cabatan, Nexus Mary Rose
Carbungco, Trisha Mae
Patawaran, Redick
Yumang, Denzel
Ili
• The term "ili" is derived from the Bontoc
name for "village".
• It consists of groups of people living in
villages of various sizes, predominantly large
and compact, subdivided into smaller
politico-juridical units which function as the
economic, political and religious center.
 Ili
• Central Cordillera in Northern Luzon:
Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Kankanaey,
Tinggian, Sagada and Southern Kalinga
• Central Philippines: Tagbanua of
Palawan, Arumanen Manobo of
Mindanao
Settlement patterns
• Most villages are large, compact districts composed of clusters of small
towns of varying sizes.
• The settlements, composing the villages, often "lie dispersed within or near a
clustered series of irrigated terraces and other holdings"
• Most villages are sedentary and have been occupying the same place for a long
period of time, perhaps hundreds of years
• Village boundaries are clearly difined and protected. Among the Bontoc, each
village is
• "marked off from other villages by territorial and political boundaries
(fechang), mutually recognized and respected by the adjacent villages."
Economic Patterns
The economy of ethnic communities with the Ili type of social
organization revolves around agriculture, supplemented with
hunting, fishing and livestock raising, handicraft-making, and
trading.
 Economic Patterns
2 types of Agriculture
WET
Rice Agriculture: includes
extensive rice terracing, as
among the Ifugao, Bontoc and
Southern Kalinga in areas where
the springs are located on the
higher grounds
DRY
rice Africulture: involves rain-catch
paddies in slightly lower portions of
the mountain slopes, as
among the Kalinga, Kankanaey,
Ibaloi, and Sagada
 Economic Patterns
• supplemented with hunting, fishing and livestock raising,
handicraft-making, and trading
• In Bontoc, irrigation is done in either one of the following
techniques:
-Diverting a stream into a high level field and allowing it to flow
downhill
-Using dams, which sometimes entails the construction of raised
wooden troughs to carry water
-Carrying water to the fields in pots
• Rice is a major staple and is considered the prestige crop, surplus
production of which brings about high status for an individual and
his family.
• In the past, and to a large extent, even today, inter-and-intra-
vilalge tradings involved high formalized and ritualized pacts
between families within the village, or between villages.
 Economic Patterns
2 general types of property

FAMILY PROPERTY PERSONAL PROPERTY

(inherent or acquired) Riceland, knives, spears, dishes, baskets, pots,

heirloom pieces, and forest land. houses, camote fields, fruit-bearing
trees, blankets, animals and articles
of minor value
Economic Patterns
Farming Implements
• Kalinga: a long handed axe, a head axe, a bolo, a crowbar
(salowang), a kalop (a wooden flat board, used as shovel), a hoe,
and a carrying basket, pasok (hammer) and bulluco (basket for
dumping soil)
• Ifugao: gaud (paddle spade) which is used for “delving,
sluicing, digging, packing, smoothing”, huyung (sluicing
through), guyudan (drag sled), kidah (paddle stick with metal
tip) and hu’le (narrow spade with either hardwood or metal
tip)
• Ibaloi,Kankanaey,Bontoc: knives, bolos, dibble-sticks of all
kinds and hoes.
Economic Patterns
Farming Implements
• RICE: major staple and considered the prestige crop,
surplus production of which brings about high status
for an individual and his family.
• Pigs and fowls: highly priced ritual animals used for
divining, health and illness offerings, and numerous
complex and other rituals
• Hunting and gathering: pursued as a vocation rather
than as the main source of economic livelihood
• Trading: involved highly formalized pacts between
families within the village or between villages in a
region called biyao among the Ifugao and abuyug
among the Kalinga
2 methods of Buying and Selling among the
Kalinga:

TOKDAI BASIS ANGKAT BASIS

the owner tells the agent the owner states what price he wants
(mantokdai) for what price it is to for himself
be sold and the agent receives part
of the so-ol as his fee.
 Economic Patterns
• Trading pacts developed into peace pacts called budong among the
Kalinga and pechen, among the Bontos

Local Specialization
• Specialist “mumbaki” are held high in hierarchy of social status
and prestige in the community
• Special activities: pottery-making, metal working, and basket and
fabric weaving.

Division of Labor
• Male Activity: more burdensome activities
• Female Activity: lighter but tedious ones
Social Structures
• Clearly stratified and classlines are marked
with appropriate symbols of social difference
• Social stratification is based on economic
influence, political influence, and social
prestige.
Social Structures
1. Ifugao
• Kadangyan: more affluent, own tracts of land, surplus
staples, and other material possession like heirloom
pieces and personal adornments
• : they continuously validate their status by giving
expensive feasts like the uyuawe-the ritual associated
with the making and displaying of the hagabi (the
massive hardwood lounging bench that symbolizes high
status among the Ifugao)
• Namutok: less affluent
• Nawatwat: composed of poor families with no land or
property
 Social Structures
2. Kalinga
• Kadangyan: wealthy aristocrat
• Baknang: well-to-do
• Kapos: poor

3. Bontoc
2 GENERAL TYPES OF CLASS STRUCTURE
• Kachanyan (the righ aristocrats)
• A. Matinglo (upper upper): hold the highest
rank among the aristocrat
• : First born among the aristocrat children,
the first born gets everything if he is the only
child (fugtong)
Social Structures
3. Bontoc
• :have their own birth, marriage, and death
ceremonies and revalidated their social status by
leading the performance of the chuno feast in
providing animals for slaughter
• B. Misned (the one that follows): the brothers or
sisters of the matinglo, whatever property the first
born did not acquire from their parents is given to
them
• C. ly pito ay kachanyan: cousins of the upper class
who are impoverished but are also expected to
perform chuno. They inherit titles without material
wealth
Social Structures
4. Lawa (lower class)
• A. Kachanyan si lawa (the "aristocrat" of the
poor): propertied member of the lower class.
In fact, they own more fields than the middle
upper class but they are not allowed to lead in
the feast even if they butchered more
animals than any other group in the upper
class
• B. Fanfanig ("small"): persons who have few
rice fields, barely enough to feed them. They
work for the upper-class during rice planting,
harvesting, and turning of the soil in order to
supplement their food. These persons care for
the pigs of the upper class on a contract basis.
They are usually in debt to the upper-class
families
Social Structures
4. Lawa (lower class)

• C. Kotit tan (last) or ensansnu-ong (pauper):

composed of persons who have nothing at all.
They work every day to eat. They help during
feast donating their survives: in return for
their services, the upper

Marriage
• They practice monagamy although polygamy
is allowed and practiced bu wealthy families
• Concubinage (dagdagas) occurs when the
children have equal share of the property of
the father
Social Structure
MARRIAGE

Incestis prohibited although deviants have been reported.

• Among Ifugao, first cousin marriage is forbidden but it
occurs among the Ibaloi
• Boys and girls upon reaching adolescence or even at the
early age of puberty are not allowed to sleep under one roof
• Sex is prohibited with female siblings, parents,parents
siblings,siblings children,ones own children and sometimes,
with first cousin. Third cousin marriage is preffered,
although second cousin marriages occurs.

Courtship generally done in specialized institutons like the log

among the Bontoc, agamang, among the Ifugao, and ebgan
among the Kankanaey.
• Young boy and girls do not go together publicly: they see
each other at night and inside the ulog or residence of
widows where the girls sleep.
Social Structure
MARRIAGE

Arrange marriages are common. The contacting families

generally utilize go-betweens to make such arrangements.
Sometimes done even before the children are born. Marriage
arrangement is initiated by the boy's family through the go-
between.

Wedding marked with elaborate rituals from the last phase of

the ceremony.
• Each phase is discussed, negotiated, and arranged amidst
ritually defined exchange of gifts, feastings and dancing.
• The whole community or ward in some occasions
participates in the affair. In some groups, marriage involves
not only the living kinsmen but also the ancestor and the
supernatural beings.
Social Structure
MARRIAGE

Divorce is common especially when there is no

child, separation is rare when there are children :
• is generally by mutual consent
• Causes: Childlessness, cruelty, desertations,
adultery, and change of afection. The
property either individually or jointly owned
is divided among the children. In case there is
no children each spouse retains the property
he or she brought into the marriage
(inherited property) joint property are divided
equally between them
 Social Structure
MARRIAGE

Inheritance is an established practice supported

by custom laws
• Ideally, children is said to inherit equally
from their parents, although in some groups,
the oldest and the youngest sibling receive
more or best items than others
A. Eldest because he/she marries ahead of the
others
B. Youngest because he/she takes care of the
parents when the others are gone to establish
their own respective families
• Factor influencing: number of children
• No children: the property is passed to the
surviving spouse, if no spouse to the parents,
if none of these present, to the siblings or
children and so forth.
 Leadership Pattern
Authority in the village is vested upon the highly respected
elders who possess: wealth, personal charisma, knowledge
of traditional lore, custom laws, and genealogical history.
But above all, they must have skills in oratory and in
warfare.

• The elders sit in the council knows as intugtukan

among the Bontoc, tontong among the Ibaloi; surigiden
among the Tagbanua; and pekilukesen among the
Arumanen Manobo
• Functions: meets to arbitarate cases, decides on
important social affairs, deliberates on peace pacts,
organizes raiding parties and plans for religious
ceremonies
• Council deliberation is generally led by the most senior
and experienced elder who has a good knowledge of the
case presented for decision
 Leadership Pattern
• The position of council of elders is known as am-ama
among the Bontoc, am-ama among the Sagada,
laclacayan among the Tagbanua, and timuay among
the Arumanen Manobo

Peace pacts are held in order to restore normal relations

between warring and feuding villages:

2 TYPES (Bontoc)
1.Ator - involves entire kinsmen of the victim and the
alleged offender. The pact-holder is generally the
person involved in trouble. Sometime his kinfolk take
over
2.Afung - it results from "violation of friendship trust
(inalliwid) rather than warfare" unlike the ator peace-
pact which involves non-kin, the guardianship of the
inafung pact is rather limited to the kinship group.
Religion and Art
Belief in the Supreme Being who is also the
culture hero are myriads of environmental
spirits and ancestral spirits which actively
participate in the affairs of the village.
• These spirits inhabit the different regions of
the universe. The universe is perceive to be a
v a s t e x p a ns e ma d e u p o f s k y w o r l d , t h e
earthworld, and the river-and-mountain
worlds.
• The spirits are called separately during
religious ceremonies and other activities

No fixed place for worship or for the

performance of religious rituals.
• Agricultural rituals: fields
• Health: home or nearby spring or forest
• Social ceremonies like canyao: open "court"
Religion and Art
• Pangat or walian: office of the specialists
where religion functions are vested, some
specialist are folk healers and diviners. The
Skill is inherited or "gifted" to them by the
spirits or ancestral spirits
• Religious functionaries constitute a class,
membership is hereditary
• Religious ceremonies are often sponsored by
rich people and these are often celebrated
lavishly. Foods are distributed freely to
members of the community
Religion and Art
Religious ceremonies are made manifest in art
forms:
Ranges from utilitarian vessels, weapons of war
and ritual paraphernalia to symbolic
representation in sculptured granary gods and
culture heroes.
• Medium- ranges from wood to fabrics.
Bamboo is also used
• Art forms are highly representational
• Animal motif (carved as relief on wood or as a
design in fabrics- lizards, snakes, fishes, birds,
pigs and crabs
• Plant motif (design in blankets)- flowers
References
Bayles, L. (n.d.). ILI Tribe. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/document/444018700/ILI-
tribe
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