Methods in Counseling

 2. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud,

Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for the reason that
they primed the underpinning of clinical practice.
 a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY –
 The approach of Freud in counselling and psychotherapy is popularly known as
psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the
personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces
such as unconscious processes .It focuses on personal adjustment through
reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through
reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.

 Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.

 The following techniques may be used:

1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes
to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.

2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.

3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure for patients

to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further
analysis.

4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts

which can be reflected in resistance, transference, and other processes.

 b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition
is psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave
and think in certain ways.

 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:

1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change.
  Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.

First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
Use of listening skills
Winning respect and
offering hope
Encouragement
 Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
Lifestyle Analysis
Dream Analysis may be used to
conduct lifestyle analysis
 Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-
Insight Process
 Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
- The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if
-Task setting and commitment
Effective listening skills are necessary to
promote mutual trust and respect
Winning the respect of clients and offering
hope can increase he client’s motivation
towards becoming involved in counseling
Encouragement gives the feeling of support
to the clients which can help believing in
themselves.
Identify client’s strengths that may
be utilized to overcome the client’s
problems
A method to see dreams as an
attempt to deal with difficulties and
challenges of life
A method that allows clients to
understand the dynamics of self-
defeating patterns and utilize the insights
to recify the said patterns during the
orientation process.
Spitting in the Client’s Soup
The push-button techniques
A method that involves determining the pay-
off of the game and interpreting it to the
client; this can be used for clients that
engage in manipulative games.
A method (based on Ellin’s 1962 rationale
emotive theory) which includes focusing On
pleasant and unpleasant experiences and
the feelings they generate (take from
Dinkmayer and Dinkmayer, 1995 as cited in
Nystul, 2003); the push-button symbolizes
the amount of control client’s can exert when
they push the button and put the stop to self-
defeating processes.

Catching Oneself A method use to avoid old defeating

patterns such as humor when the clients
catch themselves. Counselors may
encourage clients to learn to laugh at their
self-defeating tendencies.
Acting as-if A method that advances “can-do” spirit and
a self-fulfilling prophecy, which can help
clients experience success. It involves
acting as if the client can do whatever s/he
wants.
Task setting and commitment A method that provides a structure as
homework assignment which can be useful
in stilling the value of ‘effort to change’

 c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.
Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological
functioning”

The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious
processes to utilize the result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance
mental health and wellness.

-Its over-all goal is to work for the client’s transcend and move towards self-
realization by helping the self-emerge. (Nystul, 2003).
  Jungian counseling believes that the method of treatment must be flexible and
has to be established by the character and persona of the clients
 3.COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES ( PLS . RESEARCH TO ADD INFO)

a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY

REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be
best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not
rational.

The main goal of REBT is to reform the self-defeating cognition and assist him/her in
obtaining a more reasonable viewpoint in life.

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a type of therapy that

deals with overcoming irrational beliefs and changing your reactions
to the negative events that happen in your life.
According to Ellis, these are other common irrational assumptions:
• The idea that one should be thoroughly competent at everything.
• The idea that is it catastrophic when things are not the way you want them to be.
• The idea that people have no control over their happiness.
• The idea that you need someone stronger than yourself to be dependent on.
• The idea that your past history greatly influences your present life.
• The idea that there is a perfect solution to human problems, and it’s a disaster if
you don’t find it.

 REBT TECHNIQUES:

COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating
cognitions”.
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”

 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of behavioural methods such as

assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and
homework assignments.

 b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY

 This highlights the vitality of cognitive thinking particularly dysfunctional thoughts. This
counseling approach is appropriate for people suffering from depression and anxieties.

 TECHNIQUES:
 DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.
 DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of
attention”.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of methods to
assist clients obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing preparing for difficult situations, and
exposing them to feared, preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared
situations”.

 c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people.
It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”.
The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and
have the capacity for intimacy.”

 TECHNIQUES:

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to “learn to communicate with
complementary transactions.”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it
can be re-written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how
the games interfere with interpersonal functioning.”