Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

BSES 26: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Topic Outline:

I.Topic Outline Review of Basic Inorganic Concepts

II. Different Classes of Organic Compounds and their Functional Groups
III. The Carbon Atom and Structures of Organic Compounds
IV. General Types of Organic Reactions and their Mechanisms
V. Preparations, Specific Reactions of Organic Compounds and their Mechanisms
VI. Recent Development in the Field of Organic Chemistry

I. Review of Basic Inorganic Concepts

A. Bond Types and Bond Formation
B. Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
C. Types of Chemical Formula
1. Molecular Formula
2. Structural Formula
3. Electron-Dot / Lewis Structure
4. Formal Charges
5. Resonance Structures
6. Polarity of bond and Molecules

● ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.
- Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical
element.
- Its diversity is based on the following:
- Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.
- Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.
- Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).
- focuses on molecules mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen, along with a handful of other
elements - such as oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.
- deals with synthetic methods, reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and uses analytical methods
for reaction control and purification such as chromatography (TLC, GC, HPLC), and structure
confirmation such as NMR and IR, also structure determination such as NMR and X-ray
crystallography.
- all living things consist of organic compounds.
- By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon
dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they
contain carbon.
- Example: Na₂CO₃, CCL₄
- If organic chemistry is the study of carbon, then why isn't carbon dioxide considered to be an
organic compound?
- The answer is because organic molecules don't just contain carbon. They contain
hydrocarbons or carbon bonded to hydrogen. The C-H bond has lower bond energy than
the carbon-oxygen bond in carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide more stable/less
reactive than the typical organic compound. So, when you're determining whether a
carbon compound is organic or not, look to see whether it contains hydrogen in addition
to carbon and whether the carbon is bonded to the hydrogen.
● BOND TYPES AND BOND FORMATION

- Valence Electron (VE)

- are the electrons in the outer shell of an atom. The valence electrons are the ones
involved in forming bonds to adjacent atoms. Therefore, the number of VE is important
for determining the number of bonds an atom will form, the number of unpaired
electrons, and an atom’s formal charge. It corresponds to the group or family of element.
Valence electrons of any element can be determined by considering its electron
configuration. The valence electrons of the element are those electrons with the highest
principal energy level, n.

- Take a closer look!

- Gallium has the following electron configuration.
Ga: [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p¹
The 4s and 4p electrons can be lost in a chemical reaction, but not the electrons
in the filled 3d subshell. Gallium, therefore, has three valence electrons.
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p
● CHEMICAL FORMULA
- is a shorthand way of describing the composition of a compound. When symbols are grouped
together, they represent the combination of the atoms in a particular compound or the formula of
the compound. The formula of a molecule simply lists the various atoms present and gives the
number of atoms in each element.

● Kind of Formula

1. Empirical Formula - also called as the simplest formula - identifies the elements presents in a
compound and describes the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of these elements with
subscripts. Ex. CH₂
2. Molecular Formula - identifies the actual number of atoms in a molecule. Ex. C₂H₄
3. Structural Formula - formulas that shows the relative arrangement of all the atoms in a
molecule. The interatomic bonds are represented by dashes.

Ex.
4. Lewis Structure - uses the symbols of an element with dots to represent the number of
electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. A bond is represented by pair of dots
between adjacent atoms.

Ex.

● CHEMICAL BONDS

- Lewis Dot Structures

- a shorthand to represent the valence electrons of an atom. The structures are written as
the element symbol surrounded by dots that represent the valence electrons. The Lewis
structures for the element in the first two periods of the periodic table are shown below.

- Chemical Bonds - Chemical bonds are forces that hold the atoms together in a molecule.
- They are a result of strong intramolecular interactions among the atoms of a molecule.
- The valence (outermost) electrons of the atoms participate in chemical bonds. When two atoms
approach each other, these outer electrons start to interact. Although electrons repel each other,
they are attracted to the protons within atoms.
- The interplay of forces results in the formation of bonds between the atoms.
- Lewis Structures can also be used to show bonding between atoms. The bonding electrons
are placed between the atoms and can be represented by a pair of dots or a dash (each dash
represents one pair of electrons, or one bond). Lewis structures for H₂ and O₂ are shown below.

● TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND

1. Ionic Bond - Metal atom loses electron(s) to nonmetal atom.

2. Covalent Bond - Two nonmetal atoms share electrons.

3. Hydrogen Bond - hydrogen attracts an electronegative atom electrostatically.

4. Metallic Bond - Positive metal ions attract conducting electrons.

● Types of Covalent Bond

● ATOMIC ORBITALS
- Atomic orbitals describe the probability of finding a given electron of an atom in a given region of
space. We can combine the atomic orbitals of atoms in molecules to form new molecular
orbitals(MOs).
- The molecular orbitals result from adding or subtracting atomic orbitals to give a linear
combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

BSES 26: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

- The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.

- Compounds containing Carbon and Hydrogen

example:
Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds - alkanes