EEE 303

Signals and Linear Systems

Instructor: Dr. Tishna Sabrina

Spring 2020

Lecture 6
Elementary Signals
Example 1.5.7

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Example 1.5.7

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Example 1.5.7

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Transformation of Signals
◼ Shifting:
𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎 → 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 ′𝑎′ amount upwards.
𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑎 → 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 ′𝑎′ amount downwards

◼ Scaling:
𝑎𝑥 𝑡 → 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ′𝑎′ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 -> Amplification
1
𝑥 𝑡 → 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ′𝑎′ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 -> Reduction
𝑎

◼ Reflection:
−𝑥 𝑡 → 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

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Elementary Signals
◼ Several important elementary signals occur
frequently in applications and also serve as a basis
for representing other signals.
◼ Representing signals in terms of these elementary
signals allows us to better understand the properties
of both signals and systems.
◼ Many of these signals have features that make them
particularly useful in the solution of engineering
problems.
◼ So it is an important topic for our study.

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Unit Step Function
◼ The continuous time unit step function is defined as
𝟏, 𝒕 > 0
𝒖 𝒕 =ቊ
𝟎, 𝒕 < 0

◼ This is an important signal for analytic studies and it

also has many practical applications.
◼ It is continuous for all t except at 𝑡 = 0.
◼ According to eq. 1.2.2
(𝑥 𝑡1+ + 𝑥 𝑡1− )
𝑥 𝑡1 =
2
1+0 1
𝑢 0 = =
2 2

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Properties of Unit Step Function
◼ Is it a power signal or an energy signal?
◼ Is it an odd signal or an even signal?

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Shifting Unit Step Function
◼ Shifting operation works same as discussed earlier
𝒖 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 =?

𝒖 −𝒕 + 𝒕𝟎 =?

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Shifting Unit Step Function
◼ Shifting operation works same as discussed earlier
𝟏, 𝒕 > 𝑡0
𝒖 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 = ቊ
𝟎, 𝒕 < 𝑡0

◼ 𝒖 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎

𝒕𝟎 t

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Shifting Unit Step Function
◼ Shifting operation works same as discussed earlier
𝟏, 𝒕 > 𝑡0
𝒖 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 = ቊ
𝟎, 𝒕 < 𝑡0

◼ 𝒖 −𝒕 + 𝒕𝟎

Draw 𝒖 −𝒕 , 𝒖 𝒕 + 𝟐 , 𝒖 𝒕 − 𝟑 , 𝟑𝒖(𝒕)

𝒕𝟎 t

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Rectangular Function
𝒕 𝑨, −𝒂 < 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 =ቊ
𝟐𝒂 𝟎, 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆

Arect(t/2a)

t
-a a

𝒕 𝒕 𝒕−𝟐
Draw 𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 , −𝟑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 , 𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕
𝟒 𝟕 𝟒

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Home Work
◼ Section 1.6.1

◼ Example 1.6.1
◼ Example 1.6.2

◼ Class Test on 20.07.2020 on topics

covered in Lecture 1 – 5.
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