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ANALYSIS AND DETECTION OF THREE -PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS.

Power system protection Analysis and Detection of Three-Phase Transmission
Line Faults.

Technical Report · September 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29667.02086

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ANALYSIS AND DETECTION
OF THREE -PHASE
TRANSMISSION LINE
FAULTS.
Power system protection
 Analysis and Detection of Three-Phase
Transmission Line Faults.

MD. IMON HOSSEN MD. SABBIR REZA RAY SAIKAT

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering Electrical and Electronics
American International University of American International University of Bangladesh Engineering
Bangladesh (AIUB) (AIUB) American International
Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh University of Bangladesh
imon.hossen.aiub@gmail.com shithil098@gmail.com (AIUB)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
saikatroy990@gmail.com
MD MAHFUZ HASAN
SUJANA SARKAR Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering American International University of Bangladesh
American International University of (AIUB)
Bangladesh (AIUB) Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sujanasarkar48@gmail.com mahfuzhasan1998@gmail.com

Abstract— In the power system, there is a common issue of

power system protection for protecting the transmission
line and components of the system. In this project, a
schematic three-phase transmission line circuit is designed
to detect the fault as well as to detect the actual position of
the fault that occurred. Also, this will measure the fault
current and voltage. The simulation circuit is designed in
the proteus 8.12 version software with proper
arrangements. The proteus software is used here to
simulate the three-phase transmission line fault detection.
Index Terms— power system, protection, components,
project, schematic, fault, simulation, transmission.
I. INTRODUCTION
The protection of electricity system transmission lines
significantly impacts any country's economic importance. It
also has an immediate impact on people's lives and has an
indirect impact on the progress of any nation. An unwanted
fault in the transmission line or power system, there can be
happened a huge damaged. Which basically impacts normal
living. In the three-phase transmission line, there are different
kinds of protection systems are applied which can be the non-
unit type or unit types. [] The non-unit type of protection
basically are time-graded overcurrent protection, current-
graded overcurrent protection, and distance protection. And,
the unit type protection is pilot-wire differential protection,
carrier-current protection based on phase comparison method,
etc. Generally, ground faults are more common on overhead
transmission lines than phase faults, and the amplitude of
ground-fault current varies from phase fault current, separate
protection mechanisms are required.
The following factors determine the decision of a specific
protection scheme:
1. The scheme's economic justification to secure 100
percent supply continuity.
2. Pilot wires should be available.
3. Between the receive side and the receiving end of the
system, the numbers of switching stations are in
series.
4. If the neutral is connected or protected is an issue in
system earth-fault.
The project is designed for the automatic identifying
mechanism when temporary faults and permanent faults occur.
The faults that occur in the transmission line can be
Undervoltage, overvoltage, overcurrent, temporary and
permanent faults. A small part falls in the line which can cause
a temporary fault. Permanent faults are those which will not
clear on tripping. An example of a permanent fault on an
overhead line is a broken wire causing a phase to open, or a
broken pole causing a phase too short together. On
transmission, circuits can be a major factor in bringing strong
stability. The automatic protective measure may affect the
functioning of the circuit into a defect that has not been
resolved for those problems that are permanent, which may
have a negative impact on system stability. There are some
features that are added to our project: -
1. It can sense the fault current or high voltage.
2. If the fault is isolated, the fault current is also
isolated.
3. Indication of the fault and which location it occurred
that will display in the 16/2 LCD.
4. The fault current and voltage are shown in the
ammeter and voltmeter.
5. When the fault occurs, there is a buzzer that is tuned
at that time.
 6. The relay is added to the transmission line which
continuously changes the direction.
For controlling and monitoring purposes, we are using the
transformer, Arduino Uno, Relay, switch, resistor,
potentiometer, and LCD.
II. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the project.
The project setup consists of three fundamental components,
transformer, microcontroller (Arduino Uno), and relay. LCD is
connected to the microcontroller. It is used to display the
desired location which the microcontroller has sensed. In the
relay, there are three LEDs are connected to separate the three-
phase transmission line. A buzzer is added to the
microcontroller which identifies the fault current by creating a
sound. An ammeter and voltmeter are added with the buzzer so
that the fault current and voltage can be measured. The LED
display will basically show the red, yellow, and blue three
transmissions line with their fault occurring identification.
In our project, it is designed to maintain a 5V (dc) constant
voltage which is supplied to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller works as a CPU of the setup. It contains a set
of programming codes that have been stored in EEPROM
which enables it to classify the fault type based on the voltage
values. Based on the program, the microcontroller compares
these values to see whether they are within the range required.
If the voltage values are out of range as compared to the
reference it gives an indication of a fault and creates a signal to
trip the relay and send it towards the microcontroller. The
microcontroller then serves the signal to the LCD display and
the buzzer. So that, the buzzer will tune, and the LCD display
shows.
III. WORKING PROCESS OF THE SIMULATION
CIRCUIT
The project uses one step-down transformer for handling the
entire circuit under low voltage conditions of 12V only to test
the 3-phase fault analysis. The output of the transformer is
rectified and filtered and is given to 3 relay coils. 12 fault
switches, each one is connected across the relay coil, meant to
create a fault condition. LEDs are connected at their output to
indicate their status. The Microcontroller is used which
converts the analog value of the voltage to a digital one which
is displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. If the fault is created by
means of any fault switches, the data will transmit to the
microcontroller and then it will transmit ta command to the
LCD. Also, it will send the data to the buzzer when the fault
switch is closed. When the fault switch is opened then it will
send another data and then continue the process.
Fig. 2. Three-phase Transmission fault analysis and detection
circuit
IV. COMPONENTS
A. Switch
An external force causes a switch to mechanically shift an
electric signal. Switches are used to turn electric circuits on and
off as well as to switch them.
The types of switches are classified into four types namely:
SPST- (single pole Single Throw); SPDT- (Single pole Double
Throw); DPST- (Double Pole, Single Throw); DPDT- (Double
pole Double throw). In a wired network, a switch is used to link
devices via Ethernet connections. Each linked gadget can
communicate with the others thanks to the switch. Switches
aren't used in wireless-only networks because devices like
wireless routers and adapters connect directly with one another.
Fig. 3. Switch.
B. Buzzer D. Relay

A buzzer is a device that converts audio signals into sound A relay is a switch that is controlled by electricity. It has a set
signals. DC voltage is frequently used to power it. As a sound of input terminals for one or more control signals, as well as a
device, it's found in alarm clocks, laptops, printers, and other set of working contact terminals. The switch can have any
electrical equipment. When a voltage is supplied between the number of contacts in any contact form, including make
two electrodes, the piezoelectric material deforms contacts, break contacts, and combinations of the two.
mechanically as a result of the voltage. The movement of the
piezo disk within the buzzer produces sound in the same way
that the ferromagnetic disk in a magnetic buzzer or the speaker
cone stated before does. There are five types of buzzers are-
piezoelectric buzzers; Magnetic buzzers; Electromagnetic
buzzers; Electromechanical buzzers; Mechanical buzzers.

Fig. 6. relay

E. LCD Display
Fig. 4. Buzzer
Liquid crystal display is the abbreviation for liquid crystal
C. Transformer display. It is a type of electronic display module that is utilized
in a wide range of circuits and devices such as mobile phones,
A transformer is a type of passive electrical device that uses calculators, computers, television sets, and so on. Multi-
electromagnetic induction to transmit electrical energy from segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments are the most
one circuit to another. It's most typically used to step up or step- common applications for these displays. The primary
down voltage levels between circuits. A transformer is a device advantages of utilizing this module are its low cost, ease of
that converts electric energy from one alternating-current programming, animations, and the fact that there are no
circuit to one or more other circuits by increasing (stepping up) restrictions on displaying unique characters, special and even
or decreasing (stepping down) the voltage. Voltage animations, and so on.
transformers (VT) are divided into three categories:
electromagnetic, capacitor, and optical. Wire-wound
transformers are used in electromagnetic voltage transformers.
Because it is less expensive than an electromagnetic voltage
transformer, the capacitor voltage transformer uses a
capacitance potential divider and is employed at greater
voltages.

Fig. 7. 16/2 LCD Display.

F. Arduino Uno

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that uses simple

hardware and software to make it easy to use. Arduino boards
Fig. 5. Transformer. can take inputs - such as light from a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and convert them to outputs -
such as turning on an LED, triggering a motor, or publishing
anything online. Arduino UNO is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-
to-use open-source programmable microcontroller board that
may be used in a wide range of electronic applications. This
board can operate relays, LEDs, servos, and motors as output
and can be interfaced with other Arduino boards, Arduino
shields, and Raspberry Pi boards.
output to the input, power supplies are developed. An electronic
circuit that changes the voltage of an alternating current (AC)
into a direct current (DC) voltage is known as a power supply.
It is made up of the following components: a transformer, a
rectifier, a filter, and a regulator circuit. A wall outlet provides
high-voltage AC power. Low-voltage DC is the type of power
that computers require. DC power is required to operate all
computer components including the electrical chips on the
motherboard and adapters, the electronics on the drives, and the
motors in the hard drive and optical drive.

Fig. 8. Arduino UNO

Fig. 10. Power Supply.
G. Variable Register
V. APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES
The CPU registers are used to store register variables. It has a
garbage value as its default value. A register variable's scope is A. Application
limited to the block in which it is defined. Control remains
within the block in which the register variable is defined for the
duration of the lifetime. Access optimization and program 1) Substation.
execution speed: These variables' operations are orders of 2) Transformer.
magnitude faster. - It comes in handy when you need to refer to 3) Drives & Relay.
a variable repeatedly. - It uses a register to allocate quick 4) Transmission line.
memory. - It aids in the implementation of programs. 5) Fault Detection.
6) Fault analysis.

B. Advantages

1) Safety Equipment.
2) Work completes from time to time.
3) More Efficiency.
4) Reduce maintenance costs.
5) Reduce Losses.
6) More Reliable.

VI. SIMULATION CODING

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(2,3,4,5,6,7);
#define sensor A0
#define relay1 8
Figure-9: Variable Resistor. #define relay2 9
#define relay3 10
H. Power Supply #define buzzer 13
int read_ADC;
A power supply is a device that delivers power while int distance;
converting one voltage to a more convenient one. From the byte symbol[8] =
{ digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
B00000, digitalWrite(relay3,LOW);
B00100, delay(500);
B00100, data();
B00100, lcd.setCursor(6,1);
B11111,
B01110, if(distance>0)
B00100, {
B00000
}; lcd.print(distance);
void setup() lcd.print("M");
{ }
pinMode(sensor,INPUT); else
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT); {
pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT); lcd.print(" NF ");
pinMode(relay3, OUTPUT); }
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2); digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);
lcd.clear(); digitalWrite(relay2,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0); digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
lcd.print("3 Phase"); delay(500);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); data();
lcd.print(" Fault Detection "); lcd.setCursor(13,1);
delay(2000); if(distance>0)
lcd.clear(); {

} lcd.print(distance);
void loop() lcd.print("M");
}
{ else
lcd.setCursor(1,0); {
lcd.print("Red"); lcd.print("NF ");
lcd.write(1); }
lcd.setCursor(5,0); }
lcd.print("Yellow"); void data()
lcd.write(1); {
lcd.setCursor(12,0);
lcd.print("Blue"); read_ADC = analogRead(sensor);
lcd.write(1); distance = read_ADC/100;
if(distance>9)distance = 0;
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH); if(distance>0)
digitalWrite(relay2,LOW); {
digitalWrite(relay3,LOW);
delay(500); digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
data(); delay(200);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(2,1); delay(200);
if(distance>0) }
{ }
lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print("M");
} VII. RESULT ANALYSIS
else
{ The project circuit is designed and simulated in the proteus
lcd.print("NF "); software. The coding is coded in the Arduino IDE software.
} The code is compiled and uploaded in the Arduino Uno. Then,
digitalWrite(relay1,LOW); the simulation is run by the use of the run button.

Fig. 11. When there is no fault.
Figure 1 shows that after running the simulation when there is
no fault occurred the LCD shows the detection like Red,
Yellow and Blue are the three-phase transmission line status
and NF means no-fault. So that, the buzzer will not play.
Fig. 12. Fault occurred in the Blue phase.
Figure 2 shows that when the fault has occurred in the blue
phase and the distance is 3m. In the transmission line, there is
a 1m, 2m, 3m, and 4m distance difference among the line. So
that, the distance of the fault will be measured.
Fig. 13. Fault current and fault voltage.
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Figure 3 shows the fault current and fault voltage when the
fault is in the transmission line. We see that the fault current is
about 0.2A and the voltage is 1V.
VIII. CONCLUSION
This paper is designed successfully with the three-phase
transmission line, bi-directional relay, and registers. This is
basically used to reduce the transmission power or reduce the
damage of hazardous situations in any place. In a power station
or power plant or substation, there is a lot of equipment, devices
are used which are very important to continue the works. So,
those should be kept safe. So, the reduction system is necessary
like the fault detection system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is completed successfully with help of google and
especially our respected teacher DR. MOHAMMAD
TAWHIDUL ALAM sir. Sir guided us on how to complete the
project and how to demonstrate the circuit and what the value
should be measured.
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