3 - Chapter 8-Transport in Mammals

CHAPTER 8
TRANSPORT IN MAMMALS
JANE LIU
CONTENT
• 8.1 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• 8.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
• 8.3 THE HEART
8.1 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• The need for a circulatory system

➢ Exchange materials with their environments
➢ Small animals
large S/V ratios, can rely on diffusion
➢ Large animals
smaller S/V ratios, diffusion is insufficient
➢ Carry fluids containing materials needed
and waste materials
• Open circulatory system

Open circulatory systems are used by arthropods and most molluscs.
➢ Fluid
Haemolymph contains oxygen and nutrients.
➢ Pathway
Penetrate the tissues → return to the heart
➢ Less efficient than closed circulatory system
• Closed circulatory system

➢ All vertebrates and many invertebrates
➢ Heart + Blood vessel
➢ Human circulatory system
Closed double circulatory system
(1) Pulmonary circulatory system
(2) Systemic circulatory system
Blue: deoxygenated blood

Red: oxygenated blood
Superior vena cava
• The main blood vessels

➢ Pulmonary circulatory system
Pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein
➢ Systemic circulatory system
Aorta, vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
• The main blood vessels

➢ Pulmonary circulatory system
➢ Systemic circulatory system
Inferior vena cava

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

➢ Artery
➢ Vein
➢ capillary

➢ Artery
0.4~2.5cm in diameter, carry blood at high pressure
✓ Structure and function
(1) Thick wall
*Elastic fibre
Stretch and recoil to accommodate blood surging
*Collagen
(2) Narrow lumen
Maintain high blood pressure

➢ Artery
(3) Squamous epithelium: thin cells
Artery, vein, capillary, alveolus

➢ Artery
✓ Types of arteries
(1) Elastic artery
Directly receive the oxygenated blood from the heart, e.g, aorta, pulmonary artery
A large amount of elastin and collagen fibers in the tunica media
(2) Muscular artery
Distribute blood to various part of the body, e.g, renal artery
Consist a large number of layer of smooth muscles in the tunica media
(3) Arteriole

➢ Vein (and venule)
carry blood at low pressure
✓ Structure & function
(1) Thin middle layer
Small amount of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Do not need to stretch and recoil
(2) Large lumen
Reduce resistance

➢ Vein (and venule)
✓ Structure & function
(3) Semilunar Valve
Pressure in the vein is produced by skeletal muscles contracting close to it.
Semilunar valves keep blood moving back towards the heart.

➢ Capillary
5~10μm in diameter. Red blood cell: 7μm
Forms networks throughout most tissues of the body
(1) Thin wall
One cell thick, easy diffusion
(2) Leaky wall
Small substances can leak out of blood through gaps
Between individual squamous epithelial cells.

➢ Summary
Arteries, veins and capillaries
• Blood pressure in the circulatory system

(1) Pulmonary circulatory system VS systemic circulatory system
(2) Artery, capillary, vein
• Cells of the blood

➢ Red blood cell
➢ Monocyte
➢ Neutrophils
➢ Lymphocytes

➢ Red blood cell (erythrocytes)
✓ Structure
diameter of a human red blood cell is about 7 μm (liver cells 40 μm)
No nucleus, no mitochondria, no ER
Have haemoglobin (quaternary structure)
Biconcave shape
✓ function
Transport oxygen

➢ Monocyte
✓ Structure
Largest leukocytes, nucleus shaped like a kidney or a bean (folded)
✓ function
Differentiate into macrophage (kill invaded pathogens)

➢ Neutrophils
✓ Structure
Multi-lobed nucleus
70% of all leukocytes are neutrophils
✓ function
phagocytosis

➢ Lymphocytes
✓ Structure
Small in size (around size of red blood cells), large nucleus
20~25% of all leukocytes
✓ function
B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte
• The role of water in blood tissue fluid

➢ Solvent action
95% of plasma
Tissue fluid
➢ Specific heat capacity
Maintain body temperature
Transfer heat around the body
• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

subclavian vein
Blood →
Plasma leaks out of capillary →
Tissue fluid →
Lymph →
Back to circulatory system

➢ Tissue fluid formation
✓ Pressure filtration
Fewer proteins in tissue fluid than in plasma
(large proteins cannot pass through).
Proteins are too large to pass through the
gaps in the capillary walls.
e.g. albumin, fibrinogen

✓ Exchange
(1) Arterial end of capillary
Great hydrostatic pressure; Protein in plasma → lower water potential gradient
Overall, water is out of the capillary into the tissue fluid.
(2) venous end of capillary
Reduced pressure within capillary
Water potential gradient caused by proteins → keeps the same
Net movement: tissue fluid flows back to capillary
(3) Overall
Water moves from capillary to tissue fluid

✓ Oedema
High blood pressure
Low protein content in blood, Eg. malnutrition

➢ Lymph formation
✓ Formation and movement
(1) Some tissue fluid enters the lymph capillary.
Larger molecules enter, e.g. plasma protein.
Lymph re-enters the bloodstream.
(2) Digested lipid: from small intestine

➢ Lymph formation
✓ Structure of lymph capillaries
Closed ends, large pores, valves

✓ Comparison
No large protein
8.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
• The red blood cells, haemoglobin and oxygen

➢ Transport of oxygen
(1) Majority of oxygen
Oxygen binds to Hb reversibly
Binding of the first oxygen molecule →
Conformational change →
Easier for each successive oxygen molecule to bind
(2) Some oxygen

Dissolve in water of blood plasma
oxyhaemoglobin deoxyhaemoglobin
• The red blood cells, haemoglobin and oxygen

➢ Transport of carbon dioxide
(1) ~5%: Dissolve in blood plasma
(2) ~85%: In red blood cell
H + + Hb → HHb (haemoglobinic acid)
(buffer effect)
(3) ~10%
CO2 molecules bind to terminal amine groups
CO2 + haemoglobin → carbaminohaemoglobin
• The chloride shift

The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells
➢ Process
HCO3- ions are transported out of red blood cells via
transport protein in the membrane.
To prevent an electrical imbalance, chloride ions are
transported into the red blood cells via the same transport
protein.
• Plasma and carbon dioxide

➢ In active tissue (e.g. muscle)
Load CO2
➢ In alveolus
Unload CO2
• Oxygen dissociation curve

➢ High partial pressure of oxygen
Lungs
Haemoglobin picks up oxygen easily
➢ Low partial pressure of oxygen
Tissue cells
Oxygen diffuses out into the body cells.
• The Bohr shift
haemoglobin
8.3 THE HEART
• The heart structure

pericardium
➢ Size
Roughly the size of a closed fist
➢ Location
Chest cavity
Pericardium (fibrous sac)
8.3 THE HEART
septum
8.3 THE HEART

➢ Valve
✓ Right
Tricuspid, Pulmonary valve
✓ Left
Bicuspid, Aortic valve
8.3 THE HEART
• The walls of the heart

➢ Left ventricle
The rest of the body
Higher pressure
➢ Right ventricle
To the lungs
Less pressure
8.3 THE HEART
• Cardiac cycle
➢ Systole
contraction
➢ Diastole
relaxation
8.3 THE HEART
• Cardiac cycle
➢ Pressure changes
A B C D
8.3 THE HEART
• Cardiac cycle
➢ Pressure changes
A: atrial systole
B: delay
C: ventricular systole
D: both atria and ventricles diastole
A B C D
8.3 THE HEART
• Cardiac cycle SV close

➢ Pressure changes SV open
(1) AV close
at end of atrial systole
(2) SV open
at the start of ventricular systole
(3) SV close
AV close AV open
at the end of ventricular diastole
(4) AV open
Diastole
blood flows into atria causing higher pressure
8.3 THE HEART
• Heart action
➢ Myogenic
Heat will beat without any external stimulus
➢ Parts in heart
SAN: sinoatrial node, initiates a wave of depolarization
Annulus fibrosus: non-conducting tissue between atria
and ventricles
AVN: atrioventricular node, conducting tissue between
atria and ventricles
Bundle of His (Purkyne tissue): conducting tissue in
septum
8.3 THE HEART
• Heart action
➢ Pathway of wave
(1) SAN sends out a wave of excitation
(2) Atria contract
(3) Slight delay (non-conducting tissue)
(4) AVN sends out a wave of excitation
(5) Wave is transmitted along Purkyne tissure.
(6) Purkyne tissue initiates the wave of excitation from the bottom.
(6) Ventricles contract.

3 - Chapter 8-Transport in Mammals

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3 - Chapter 8-Transport in Mammals

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CHAPTER 8

• 8.1 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• The need for a circulatory system

• Open circulatory system

• Closed circulatory system

Blue: deoxygenated blood

• The main blood vessels

• The main blood vessels

Inferior vena cava

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Observing & drawing blood vessels

• Blood pressure in the circulatory system

• Cells of the blood

• Cells of the blood

• Cells of the blood

• Cells of the blood

• Cells of the blood

• The role of water in blood tissue fluid

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph

• The red blood cells, haemoglobin and oxygen

(2) Some oxygen

• The red blood cells, haemoglobin and oxygen

• The chloride shift

• Plasma and carbon dioxide

• Oxygen dissociation curve

• The Bohr shift

• The heart structure

• The heart structure

• The heart structure

• The walls of the heart

• Cardiac cycle SV close

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