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Comprehensive Trigonometry
13 February 2017 02:12:47 PM
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
REJAUL MAKSHUD (R M) Post graduated from Calcutta University in PURE MATHEMATICS having teaching
experience of 15+ years in many prestigious institution of India. Presently, he trains IIT Aspirants at RACE IIT
ACADEMY, Jamshedpur, playing a role of DIRECTOR cum HOD OF MATHEMATICS.
Rejaul Makshud
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Comprehensive Trigonometry with Challenging Problems & Solutions for Jee Main and Advanced
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PREFACE
This text book on TRIGONOMETRY with Problems & Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced is meant for aspirants preparing
for the entrance examination of different technical institutions, especially NIT/IIT/BITSAT/IISc. In writing this book I
have drawn heavily from my long teaching experience at National Level Institutes. After many years of teaching I have
realised the need of designing a book that will help the readers to build their base, improve their level of mathematical
concepts and enjoy the subject.
This book is designed keeping in view the new pattern of questions asked in JEE Main and Advanced Exams. It has
eight chapters. Each chapter has a large number of worked out problems and exercise based problems as given below:
Level – I: Questions based on Fundamentals
Level – II: Mixed Problems (Objective Type Questions)
Level – III: Problems for JEE Advanced Exam
(0.......9): Integer type Questions
Passages: Comprehensive link passages
Matching: Match Matrix
Reasoning: Assertion and Reasoning
Previous years papers: Questions asked in past IIT-JEE Exams
become easy.
So please don’t jump to exercise problems before you go through the Concept Booster and the objectives. Once you are
arranged in a manner that they gradually
require advanced thinking.
tackle any type
of problem easily and skilfully.
My special thanks goes to Mr. M.P. Singh (IISc. Bangalore), Mr. Manoj Kumar (IIT, Delhi), Mr. Nazre Hussain (B.
Tech.), Dr. Syed Kashan Ali (MBBS) and Mr. Shahid Iqbal, who have helped, inspired and motivated me to accomplish
this task. As a matter of fact, teaching being the best learning process, I must thank all my students who inspired me most
for writing this book.
I would like to convey my affectionate thanks to my wife, who helped me immensely and my children who bore with
patience my neglect during the period I remained devoted to this book.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Mr Biswajit of McGraw Hill Education for publishing this book in such a beautiful
format.
and to
all my learned teachers— Mr. Swapan Halder, Mr. Jadunandan Mishra, Mr. Mahadev Roy and Mr. Dilip Bhattacharya,
who instilled the value of quality teaching in me.
I have tried my best to keep this book error-free. I shall be grateful to the readers for their constructive suggestions
toward the improvement of the book.
REJAUL MAKSHUD
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
Dedicated to
My Beloved Mom and Dad
Contents
Preface v
1. The Ratios and Identities 1-99
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Application of Trigonometry 1
1.3 Trigonometrical Functions 1
1.4 Measurement of Angles 2
1.5 Some Solved Examples 2
Exercise 1 4
1.6 Trigonometrical Ratios 5
1.7 Limits of the Values of Trigonometrical Functions 5
Exercise 2 10
1.9 Measurement of the Angles of Different T-ratios 11
Exercise 3 15
Exercise 4 17
1.11 T-ratios of Compound Angles 17
1.12 Some Important Deductions 19
Exercise 5 22
1.14 Transformation Formulae 23
Exercise 6 25
1.15 Multiple Angles 26
1.16 Some Important Deductions 27
Exercise 7 33
1.17 The Maximum and Minimum Values of
f (x) = a cos x + b sin x + c 34
Exercise 8 36
1.18 Sub–Multiple Angles 37
Exercise 9 43
1.20 Conditional Trigonometrical Identities 43
Exercise 10 47
1.22 Trigonometrical Series 47
1.23 Different Types of the Summation of a Trigonometrical Series 48
Exercise 11 48
Exercise 12 49
Exercise 13 50
Problems for JEE Advanced Exam 51
Level I (Problems Based on Fundamentals) 65
Level II (Mixed Problems) 67
Level III (Tougher Problems for JEE Advanced) 69
Integer Type Questions 70
Link Comprehension Type (For JEE Advanced Exam Only) 71
Match Matrix 72
Assertion & Reason 74
(Questions Asked in Past IIT-JEE Exams) 74
Answers 77
Hints and Solutions 79
viii Contents

Questions asked in IIT-JEE Exams 91
2. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions 100-118
2.1 Introduction 100
2.2 Characteristics of co-sine Function 109
2.3 Characteristics of Tangent Function 111
2.4 Characteristics of co-tangent Function 112
2.5 Characteristics of co-secant Function 112
2.6 Characteristics of Secant Function: 113
Level I (Questions Based on Fundamentals) 115
Level II (For JEE Main Exam Only) 116
Level III (For JEE Advanced Exam Only ) 117
Answers 118
3. The Trigonometric Equation 119-183
3.2 Solution of a Trigonometric Equation 119

3.3 General solution of Trigonometric Equations 119
3.4 Ranges of Trigonometric Functions 119
Exercise 1 121
3.6 A Trigonometric Equation is of the Form 122
Exercise 2 123
3.7 Principal Value 123
3.8 Method to Find Out the Principal Value 123
Exercise 3 124
3.9 Solutions in Case of Two Equations are Given: 124
Exercise 4 127
3.10 Some Important Remarks to Keep in
Mind While Solving a Trigonometric Equation 128
3.11 Types of Trigonometric Equations 128
Exercise 5 128
Exercise 6 129
Exercise 7 129
Exercise 8 130
Exercise 9 130
Exercise 10 131
Exercise 11 131
Exercise 12 132
Exercise 13 132
Exercise 14 133
Level II (Mixed Problesms) 141
Level III (Problems for JEE Advanced Exam) 144
Linked Comprehension Type (For JEE Advanced Exams Only) 146
Match Matrix 147
Assertion and Reason 149
Questions Asked in Past IIT-JEE exams 150
Answers 151
Level III 170
Past IIT-JEE Questions 177
4. Trigonometric In-Equation 184-195
4.1 Trigonometric Inequalities 184
Type - I: An inequation is of the form sin x > k. 184
Contents ix
Type - II: An in-equation is of the form sin x < k. 185

Type - III: An in-equation is of the form cos x > k. 185
Type - IV: An in-equation is of the form cos x < k. 186
Type - V: An in-equation is of the form tan x > k. 186
Type -VI: An inequation is of the form tan x < k. 187
Comprehensive Link Passage 192
Answers 194
5. Logarithm 196-231
5.3 Logarithmic Equation 201
5.4 Logarithmic Inequation 204
Comprehensive Link Passages 218
Match Matrix 219
Questions Asked in Past IIT-JEE Exams 220
Answers 220
Questions Asked In Past IIT-JEE Exams 228
6. Inverse Trigonometric Function 232-329
6.1 Introduction to Inverse Function 232
Exercise 1 235
6.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 235
6.4 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 236
Characteristics of arc sine function 236
Characteristics of arc cosine function: 236
Characteristics of arc tangent function 236
Characteristics of arc co-tangent function: 237
Characteristics of arc co-secant function: 237
Characteristics of arc secant function: 237
Exercise 2 240
6.5 Constant Property 241
Exercise 3 242
6.5 Conversion of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 243
Exercise 4 245
6.6 Composition of Trigonometric functions and its Inverse 245
6.7 Composition of Inverse Trigono Metric Functions and Trigonometric Functions 247
Exercise 5 251
6.9 Sum of Angles 252
Exercise 6 260
6.10 Multiple Angles 261
Exercise 7 263
6.11 More Multiple Angles 263
Exercise 8 265
Problems for JEE Main Exam 266
Questions with Solutions of Past JEE Main Exams 273
Level III (Problems for JEE Advanced) 292
Comprehensive link passage 295
Match-Matrix 296
x Contents

Questions Asked in Past IIT-JEE Exams 298
Answers 300
Hints and Solution 304
Question Asked in Part IIT-JEE Exams 319
Questions with Solutions of Past IIT-JEE Exams from 1981 to 2015 323
7. Properties of Triangles 330-440
Exercise 1 333
7.2 Cosine Rule 333
Exercise 2 337
7.3 Projection Formulae 337
Exercise 3 338
7.4 Napier’s Analogy (Law of Tangents) 338
Exercise 4 339
7.5 Half-Angled Formulae 340
Exercise 5 344
7.6 Area of triangle 344
Exercise 6 349
7.6 Radii of Circle Connected with a Triangle 349
Exercise 7 351
7.8 Inscribed Circle and its Radius 352
Exercise 8 355
7.9 Escribed Circle of a Triangle and their Radii 356
Exercise 9 360
7.10 Regular Polygon 361
Exercise 12 365
7.11 Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle of any Triangle 366
7.12 Distance between the Circumcentre and Orthocentre 367
7.13 Distance between the circumcentre and the Incentre 368
7.14 Distance between the Circumcentre and Centroid 368
7.15 Distance between the Incentre and Orthocentre 368
7.16 Excentral Triangle 369
7.17 Quadrilateral 372
Level II Mixed Problems 398
Level III (For JEE Advanced Exam Only) 401
(Questions Asked in IIT-JEE Exams with their Solutions) 404
Comprehensive Link Passage (For JEE Advanced Exam Only) 408
Match Matrix (For JEE Advanced Exam Only) 410
Answers 413
Level III (Problems for JEE Advanced) 414
Hints & Solutions of Past IIT-JEE Questions 426
8. The Heights and Distances 441-448
8.2 Angle of Elevation, Angle of Depression and the Line of Sight 441
8.3 Bearing of a Line 441
Level I (Problems Based on Fundamentals) 446
Level III (Problems for JEE Main) 447
Answers 448
CHAPTER 1
The Ratios and Identities
1.1 INTRODUCTION cryptology), seismology, meteorology, oceanography, many

physical sciences, land surveying and geodesy, architecture,
Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon ‘triangle’ + metron phonetics, economics, electrical engineering, mechanical
“measure”) is a branch of mathematics that study triangles engineering, civil engineering, computer graphics,
and the relationships between the lengths of their sides and cartography, crystallography and game development.
the angles between those sides.
describe those relationships that have applicability to cyclical

1.3 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called as
third century BC as a branch of geometry used extensively for the circular functions) are functions of an angle. They are
astronomical studies. It is also the foundation of the practical used to relate the angles of a triangle to the lengths of the
art of surveying. sides of a triangle. Trigonometric functions are important
Trigonometry basics are often taught in school either in the study of triangles and modeling periodic phenomena,
as a separate course or as a part of a precalculus course. among many other applications. The most familiar
The trigonometric functions are pervasive in parts of pure trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, and tangent. In
mathematics and applied mathematics such as Fourier the context of the standard unit circle with radius 1, where
analysis and the wave equation, which are in turn essential a triangle is formed by a ray originating at the origin and
to many branches of science and technology. making some angle with the x-axis, the sine of the angle
gives the length of the y-component (rise) of the triangle,
1.2 APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY the cosine gives the length of the x-component (run), and the
tangent function gives the slope (y-component divided by
There are an enormous number of uses of trigonometry the x
and trigonometric functions. For instance, the technique of
triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the distance ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle,
nearby stars, in geography to measure distances between
landmarks, and in satellite navigation systems. The sine and
cosine functions are fundamental to the theory of periodic
functions that describe sound and light waves. equations, allowing their extension to arbitrary positive and
The fields that use trigonometry or trigonometric negative values and even to complex numbers.
functions include astronomy (especially for locating Trigonometric functions have a wide range of uses
apparent positions of celestial objects, in which spherical including computing unknown lengths and angles in
trigonometry is essential) and hence navigation (on the triangles (often right triangles). In this case, trigonometric
oceans, in aircraft, and in space), music theory, acoustics, functions are used, for instance, in navigation, engineering,
and physics. A common use in elementary physics is
theory, statistics, biology, medical imaging (CAT scans and resolving a vector into Cartesian coordinates. The sine and
ultrasound), pharmacy, chemistry, number theory (and hence cosine functions are also commonly used to model periodic
2 Comprehensive Trigonometry with Challenging Problems & Solutions for Jee Main and Advanced
function phenomena, such as sound and light waves, the Here, –AOB = 1 radian = 1e.
position and velocity of harmonic oscillators, sunlight B
intensity and day length, and average temperature variations
throughout the year.
1e
In modern usage, there are six basic trigonometric O A
functions tabulated here with equations that relate them to
one another. Especially, with the last four, these relations are
Notes:
and then derive these relations. (i) When an angle is expressed in radians, the word
radian is omitted.
1.4 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES (ii) Since 180∞ = p radian = ⎛⎜
22 ⎞
⎟
⎝ 7 × 180 ⎠
1. Angle: The measurement of an angle is the amount of
radian = 0.01746 radian
rotation from the initial side to the terminal side.
¥ 7ˆ˜
2. Sense of an Angle: The sense of an angle is +ve or –ve 180∞ Ê 180
(iii) 1 radian = =Á
according to the initial side that rotates in anti-clock- p Ë 22 ¯
wise or clockwise direction to get the terminal side. = 57∞ 16' 22'
B (iv) The angle between two consecutive
p
digits is 30∞ ÊÁ radiansˆ˜
Ë6 ¯
(v) The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30∞ in
q
1 hour (i.e., ÊÁ ˆ˜ in 1 minute).
A 1
O
+ ve angle Ë 2¯
O - ve angle (vi) The minute hand rotates through an angle of 6∞ in
C 1 minute.
q
(vii) The relation amongst three systems of measurement
of an angle is
D G 2R
D
= =
90∞ 100 p
3. System of measuring angles: (viii) The number of radians in an angle subtended by
There are three systems of measuring angles such as Arc
an arc of a circle at the centre is
(i) Sexagesimal system Radius
s
(ii) Centisimal system i.e., q =
(iii) Circular system r
In sexagesimal system, we have 1.5 SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES
1 right angle = 90∞
Ex-1. If the radius of the earth is 4900 km, what is the
1∞ = 60' length of its circumference?
1' = 60" Soln. Given r = 4900 km
In centasimal system, we have Circumference = 2p r
1 right angle = 100g 22
=2¥ ¥ 4900
g
1 = 100' 7
= 44 ¥ 700
1' = 100"
= 30,800 km
In circular system, the unit of measurement is radian.
Ex-2. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5.
Radian: One radian is the measure of an angle sub-
Find the smallest angle in degrees and the greatest
tended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal
angle in radians.
to the radius of the circle.
Soln. Let the three angles be 3x, 4x and 5x, respectively
Thus, 3x + 4x + 5x = 180∞
The Ratios and Identities 3
fi 12x = 180∞ Ex-5. The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. and the
fi x = 15∞ greatest is double the least. Express the least angles
Therefore, the smallest angle in radians.
Soln. Let the angles of the quadrilateral be
= 3x = 3 ¥ 15∞ = 45∞
a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
and the greatest angle
It is given that, a + 3d = 2(a – 3d)
= 5x = 5 ¥ 15∞ = 75∞
fi a + 3d = 2a – 6d
p ˆ
= ÊÁ 75 ¥ ˜ radians fi a = 9d
Ë 180 ¯
Also, a + 3d + a – d + a + d + a + 3d = 360
5p
= ÊÁ ˆ˜ radians fi 4a = 360
Ë 12 ¯
fi a = 90
Ex-3. The angles of a triangle are in AP and the number
and d = 10
of degrees in the least is to the number of radians in
the greatest as 60 to p Hence, the smallest angle = 90∞ – 30∞
Soln. Let the three angles be a + d, a, a – d = 60∞
c
Thus, a + d + a + a – d = 180∞ Êpˆ
fi 3a = 180∞ = ÁË ˜¯ .
3
180∞ Ex-6. Find the angle between the hour hand and the
fi a= = 60∞
3 minute hand in circular measure at half past 4.
It is given that, 1
p 60 Soln. Clearly, at half past 4, hour hand will be at 4
(a – d)∞ : (a + d) ¥ = and minute hand will be at 6. 2
180 p
( a − d ) 180 60 In 1 hour angle made by the hour hand will be 30∞
fi × 1
(a + d ) π = p In 4 hours angle made by the hour hand
2
(a - d ) 1 9
fi = = ¥ 30∞ = 135∞
(a + d ) 3 2
fi a + d = 3a – 3d In 1 minute angle made by the minute hand = 6∞
fi 4d = 2a In 30∞ minutes, angle made by the minute
a hand = 6 ¥ 30∞ = 180∞
fi d= = 30∞ Thus, the angle between the hour hand and the
2
Hence, the three angles are 90∞, 60∞, and 30∞. minute hand = 180∞ - 135∞
Ex-4. The number of sides in two regular polygons are = 45∞.
5 : 4 and the difference between their angles is 9. Ex-7. Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 10 cm
Find the number of sides of the polygon. subtending an angle of 30∞ at the centre.
Soln. Let the number of sides of the given polygons be 5x Soln. Angle subtended at the centre
p ˆ p
and 4x, respectively. = 30∞ = ÊÁ 30 ¥ ˜=
It is given that, Ë 180 ¯ 6
Ê 2 ¥ 5 x - 4 - 2 ¥ 4 x - 4 ˆ ¥ 90 = 9 p 5p
ÁË ˜¯ Hence, l = 10 ¥ = .
5x 4x 6 3
fi Ê 10 x - 4 - 2 x - 1ˆ = 1 Ex-8. The minute hand of a watch is 35 cm long. How far

ÁË ˜
5x x ¯ 10 does its tip move in 18 minutes?
Soln. The angle traced by a minute hand in 60 minutes
fi Ê 10 x - 4 - 10 x + 5 ˆ = 1 = 360∞ = 2p radians
ÁË ˜¯
5x 10 Thus, the angle traced by minute hand in 18 minutes
fi Ê 1ˆ = 1 18 3p
ÁË ˜¯ = 2p ¥ = radians
x 2 60 5
fi x=2 Hence, the distance moved by the tip in 18 minutes
Hence, the number of sides of the polygons will be 3p 22
10 and 8, respectively. = l = 35 ¥ = 21 ¥ = 66 cm
5 7
Ex-9. At what distance does a man, whose height is 2 m 4 ¥ 640 ¥ p

subtend an angle of 10'? fi x=
9
Soln. Let AB be the height of the man and the required
distance be x, where BC = x 4 ¥ 640 ¥ 22
fi x=
A 9¥7
fi x = 894
Hence, the radius of the moon be 894 km.
10¢
EXERCISE 1
B x C 1. Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm.
subtending a central angle of measuring 15∞.
2 180 10 2. In a circle of diameter 40 cm. the length of a chord is
Therefore, ¥ =
x p 60 20 cm. Find the length of minor arc corresponding to
2 180 the chord.
fi x= ¥ ¥ 60
10 p 3. If the arcs of same length in the circles subtends angles
of 60∞ and 75∞ at their centres. Find the ratio of their
12 ¥ 180
fi x= radii.
p 4. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves
12 ¥ 180 12 ¥ 180 ¥ 7 along a circular path always keeping the rope tight and
fi x= = discribes 88 meters when it has traced out 72∞ at the
22 22
7
5. The Moon’s distance from the Earth is 36,000 kms.
42 ¥ 180 and its diameter subtends an angle of 31∞ at the eye
fi x= = 687.3
11 1 of the observer. Find the diameter of the Moon.
Ex-10. Find the distance at which a globe 5 cm in 6. The difference between the acute angles of a right
2
diameter, will subtend an angle of 6'. 2p
Soln. Let the required distance be x cm angled triangle is radians. Express the angles in
degrees. 3
According to the question,
7. The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. and the greatest
11 180 angle is 120∞. Find the angles in radians.
6' = ¥
2¥ x p 8. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. such that the greatest
6 11 180 is 5 times the least. Find the angles in radians.
fi = ¥
60 2¥ x p 9. A wheel makes 180 revolutions per minute through
how many radians does it turn in 1 second?
11 180 60
fi x= ¥ ¥ 10. Find the distance from the eye at which a coin of 2 cm.
2 p 6 diameter should be held so as to conceal the full moon
11 180 ¥ 7 whose angular diameter is 31'.
fi x= ¥ ¥ 10
2 22 11. The interrior angles of a triangle are in A.P. The small-
fi x = 45 ¥ 7 ¥ 10 = 3150 est angle is 120∞ and the common difference is 5∞. Find
Hence, the required distance will be 3150 cms. the number of sides of the polygon.
Ex-11. The radius of the earth being taken as 6400 km and 12. A wheel makes 30 revolutions per minute. Find the
the distance of the moon from the earth being 60 circular measure of the angle described by a spoke in
1/2 second.
moon which subtends an angle of 16' at the earth. 13. A man running along a circular track at the rate of 10 miles
Soln. Let the radius of the moon be x km per hour travels in 36 seconds, an arc which subtends 56∞
16 2x 180 at the centre. Find the diameter of the circle.
It is given that, = ¥ 1
60 60 ¥ 6400 p 14. At what distance does a man 5 ft in height, subtends
an angle of 15"? 2
16 ¥ 6400 ¥ p
fi x= 15. Find the angle between the hour hand and minute hand
180 ¥ 2 in circular measure at 4 O’ clock.
1.6 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS (iii) cosec2 n +1q , sec2 n +1 q ≥ 1
1.6.1 Definitions of Trigonometric Ratios cosec2 n +1q , sec2 n +1 q £ -1

where n ŒW
C Step VI Ranges of even power t-ratios.
(i) 0 £ sin 2 n q , cos 2 n q £ 1
p
h (ii) 0 £ tan 2 n q , cot 2 n q < •
(iii) 1 £ cosec2 nq , sec2 n q < •
q
B
where n Œ N
A b
1. Sin q =
p
2. cosec q =
h 1.7 LIMITS OF THE VALUES OF
h p TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
b h
3. cos q = 4. sec q = -1 £ sinq £ 1
h b 1.
p b 2. -1 £ cosq £ 1
5. tan q = 6. cot q = -• < tanq < •
b p 3.
1.6.2 Signs of Trigonometrical Ratios 4. -• < cotq < •
5. cosecq ≥ 1 and cosecq £ -1
The signs of the trigonometrical ratios in different quadrants
are remembered by the following chart. 6. sec q ≥ 1 and sec q £ -1
sin and cosec are All t-ratios are 1.8 SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES
+ve and rest are +ve
-ve Ex-1. If sec q + tan q = 3, where q
q.
tan and cot are cos and sec are Soln. Given sec q + tan q = 3 (i)
+ve and rest are +ve and rest are
-ve -ve 1 1
fi (sec q - tan q ) = = (ii)
(sec q + tan q ) 3
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
It is also known as all, sin, tan, cos formula.
1.6.3 Relation between the Trigonometrical 1 10
2 secq = 3 + =
Ratios of an Angle 3 3
5
Step I (i) sin q . cosec q = 1 fi secq =
(ii) cos q . sec q = 1 3
(iii) tan q . cot q = 1 fi cosq =
5
sin q 3
Step II (i) tan q =
cos q Ex-2. If cosecq - cot q =
1
cos q 5
(ii) cot q = value of sin q.
sin q 1
Soln. Given cosecq - cot q = (i)
Step III (i) sin q . cosec q = 1 5
(ii) cos q . sec q = 1 1
fi cosec q - cot q = =5 (ii)
(iii) tan q . cot q = 1 cosec q + cot q
Step IV (i) sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
(ii) sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q
1 26
(iii) cosec2 q = 1 + cot2 q 2 cosec q = 5 + =
Step V Ranges of odd power t-ratios. 5 5
13
(i) -1 £ sin 2 n +1 q , cos 2 n +1 q £ 1 fi cosec q =
5
(ii) -• < tan 2 n +1 q , cot 2 n +1 q < • 5
fi sin q =
13
Ex-3. If a = c cos q + d sin q and b = c sin q - d cos q such

that a m + b n = c p + d q , where m, n, p, q Œ N
(
= r 2 cos 2 q cos 2 j + sin 2 j + r 2 sin 2 q ) ( )
m + n + p + q + 42. = r 2 cos 2 q + r 2 sin 2 q
Soln. Given a = c cos q + d sin q (i)
and b = c sin q - d cos q (ii)
2
(
= r cos q + sin q = r
2 2 2
)
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get,
fi x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2
a + b = (c cos q + d sin q )
2 2 2
fi m = 2, n = 2, p = 2
+ (c sin q - d cos q )2
Thus, the value of ( m + n + p - 4)(m + n + p + 4)
fi 2 2
(
a + b = c cos q + d sin q
2 2 2 2
)
2 2
(
+ c sin q + d cos q
2 2
) = 210 = 1024
2 sin a
fi a 2 + b 2 = c2 + d2 Ex-6. If x =
1 + cos a + 3 sin a
fi m = 2, n = 2, p = 2, q = 2 sin a - 3 cos a + 3
value of
Hence, the value of m + n + p + q + 42 = 50 . 2 - 2 cos a
Ex-4. If 3 sin q + 4 cos q = 5 2 sin a
value of 3 cos q - 4 sin q . Soln. Given x =
1 + cos a + 3 sin a
Soln. Let x = 3 cos q - 4 sin q (i)
sin a - 3 cos a + 3
and 5 = 3 sin q - 4 cos q (ii) We have,
2 - 2 cos a
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get
sin a + 3 (1 - cos a )
x2 + 52 = (3 cos q + 4 sin q )2 =
2 (1 - cos a )
+ (3 sin q - 4 cos q )2
sin a 3
+
(
fi x2 + 52 = 9 cos 2 q + 16 sin 2 q + 24 sin q cos q ) =
2 (1 - cos a ) 2
(
+ 9 sin q + 16 cos q - 24 sin q cos q
2 2
) =
sin a (1 + cos a )
+
3
( ) (
= 9 cos q + 16 sin q + 9 sin q + 16 cos q
2 2 2 2
) (
2 1 - cos a 2
) 2
sin a (1 + cos a ) 3
= 9 (cos q + sin q ) + 16 (cos q + sin q ) +
2 2 2 2
=
2 sin 2 a 2
fi x2 + 25 = 25
(1 + cos a ) 3
= +
fi x2 = 0 2 sin a 2
fi x=0 (1 + cos a + 3 sin a )
=
fi 3 cos q – 4 sin q = 0. 2 sin a
Ex-5. If x = r cos q sin j, y = r cos q cos j and z = r sinq 1
such that x m + y n + z p = r 2 , where m, n, p Œ N , = .
x
( m + n + p - 4 )m + n + p + 4 . Ex-7. If P = sec6 q - tan 6 q - 3 sec 2 q tan 2 q,
Soln. We have, x + y + z
2 2 2
Q = cosec6q - cot 6 q - 3 cosec 2q cot 2 q and
= ( r cos q cos j )2 + ( r cos q sin j )2 R = sin 6 q + cos6 q + 3 sin 2 q cos 2 q
the value of ( P + Q + R )( P +Q + R )
fi x2 + y 2 + z 2
Soln. We have, P = sec6 q - tan 6 q - 3 sec 2 q tan 2 q
(2 2 2 2 2
) (
= r cos q cos j + r cos q sin j
2
) (
= sec q - tan q
2 2
)
3
=1
+ r 2 sin 2 q ( )
Q = cosec6q - cot 6 q - 3 cosec 2q cot 2 q
fi x +y +z
2 2 2
( ) Ê t 2 - 1ˆ 1
3
= cosec q - cot q =1
2 2
fi t +Á =
Ë 2 ˜¯ 4
and R = sin 6 q + cos6 q + 3 sin 2 q cos 2 q 1
fi t 2 + 2t - 1 =
( )
3
= sin q + cos q =1
2 2 2
fi 2t2 + 4t - 3 = 0
Hence, the value of ( P + Q + R )( P +Q + R )
= 33 = 27. -4 ± 16 + 24
fi t=
4
p
Ex-8. If 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5, for all x in ÊÁ 0, ˆ˜ -4 ± 2 10
Ë 2¯ = = -1 ±
1
10
the value of 2 sin x + cos x + 4 tan x 4 2
1
Soln. We have 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5 fi t = -1 + 10
2
Let y = 3 cos x – 4 sin x
1
Now, y2 + 52 = (3 cos x – 4 sin x)2 fi sin q + cos q = -1 + 10
2
+ (3 sin x + 4 cos x)2
Now, (1 - sin q ) (1 - cos q )
fi y2 + 25 = 9 cos2 x + 16 sin2 x – 24 sin x cos x
= 1 - sin q - cos q + sin q cos q
+ 9 sin2 x + 16 cos2 x + 24 sin x cos x
= 1 - (sin q + cos q ) + sin q cos q
fi y2 + 25 = 25 (cos2 x + sin2 x) = 25
Ê 10 ˆ 1 Ê 10
fi y2 = 0 = 1 - Á -1 + ˜ + Á - 10 ˆ˜
Ë 2 ¯ 2Ë 4 ¯
fi y=0
Ê 5ˆ
fi 3 cos x – 4 sin x = 0 = ÁË 2 + ˜¯ - 10
4
fi 3 cos x = 4 sin x
Ê 13 ˆ
fi tan x = 3/4 = ÁË - 10 ˜¯ .
4
Hence, the value of 2 sin x + cos x + 4 tan x
Ex-11. Find the minimum value of the expression
= 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + ÊÁ ˆ˜ + 4 ÊÁ ˆ˜ = 2 + 3 = 5.
3 4 3 9 x 2 sin 2 x + 4
Ë 5¯ Ë 5 ¯ Ë 4¯ f ( x) = , for all x in (0, p ) .
x sin x
Ex-9. If sin A + sin B + sin C
of cos A + cos B + cos C + 10. 9 x 2 sin 2 x + 4 4
Soln. Given f ( x ) = = 9 x sin x +
Soln. Given sin A + sin B + sin C = – 3 x sin x x sin x
fi sin A = -1, sin B = -1, sin C = -1 Applying, A.M ≥ G.M, we get,
p p p Ê 9 x sin x + 4 ˆ
fi A= - ,B=- ,C=- Á x sin x ˜ 4
2 2 2
Á ˜ ≥ 9 x sin x ¥
Hence, the value of cos A + cos B + cos C + 10 Á 2 ˜ x sin x
Ë ¯
= 0 + 0 + 0 + 10 = 10.
5 Ê 9 x sin x + 4 ˆ
Ex-10. If (1 + sin q ) (1 + cos q ) = Á x sin x ˜
4 fiÁ ˜ ≥6
(1 - sin q ) (1 - cos q ) . Á 2 ˜
5 Ë ¯
Soln. We have (1 + sin q ) (1 + cos q ) =
4 Ê 4 ˆ
fi Á 9 x sin x + ≥ 12
5 Ë x sin x ˜¯
fi 1 + sin q + cos q + sin q cos q =
4 Hence, the minimum value of f (x) is 12.
Ê t 2 - 1ˆ 5 Ex-12. If cos q + sin q = 2 cos q , than prove that
fi 1+ t + Á = (sin q + cos q = t , say )
Ë 2 ˜¯ 4 cos q - sin q = 2 sin q
Soln. We have, cos q + sin q = 2 cos q 2 sin q

Ex-15. If x = , then prove that
1 + cos q + sin q
fi sin q = ( )
2 - 1 cos q
1 - cos q + sin q
sin q = x.
fi cos q = 1 + sin q
( 2 -1) 2 sin q
Soln. Given x =
fi cos q = ( 2 + 1) sin q 1 + cos q + sin q
2 sin q
fi cos q - sin q = 2 sin q =
(1 + sin q ) + cos q
Ex-13. If tan 2 q = 1 - e2 then prove that 2 sin q ((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
( ) =
3/ 2
sec q + tan 3 q .cosec q = 2 - e2 ((1 + sin q ) + cos q ) ((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
Soln. We have, tan 2 q = 1 - e2 2 sin q ((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
=
fi 1 + tan 2 q = 1 + 1 - e2 = 2 - e2 ((1 + sin q ) 2
- cos 2 q )
2 sin q ((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
fi sec2 q = 2 - e2 =
(1 + sin 2 q + 2 sin q - cos2 q )
fi secq = 2 - e2 2 sin q ((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
=
Now, sec q + tan 3 q . cosec q
(sin 2 q + 2 sin q + (1 - cos2 q ))
2 sin q ((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
sin 3 q 1 =
= sec q + . (2 sin q + 2 sin 2 q )
cos3 q sin q
2 sin q ((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
sin 2 q =
= sec q + 2 sin q (1 + sin q )
cos3 q
((1 + sin q ) - cos q )
sin 2 q 1 =
= sec q + . (1 + sin q )
cos 2 q cos q
(1 - cos q + sin q )
= sec q + tan 2 q . sec q =
(1 + sin q )
(
= sec q 1 + tan q
2
) Ex-16. If
sin 4 a
+
cos 4 a
=
1
, then prove that
a b a+b
= sec q
3
sin 8 a cos8 a 1
( )
3/ 2
= 2-e
2
+ =
a3 b3 ( a + b )3
Ex-14. If sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q = 1, then prove that,
sin 4 a cos 4 a 1
cos6 q - 4 cos 4 q + 8 cos 2 q = 4 . Soln. We have, + =
a b a+b
Soln. Given sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q = 1
a + bˆ a + bˆ
fi ÊÁ sin 4 a + ÊÁ cos 4 a = 1
fi (sin q + sin3 q ) = 1 - sin 2 q = cos2 q Ë a ˜¯ Ë b ˜¯
(sin q + sin3 q ) = (cos2 q ) b a

2 2
fi fi ÊÁ1 + ˆ˜ sin 4 a + ÊÁ1 + ˆ˜ cos 4 a = 1
Ë a¯ Ë b¯
(sin q + sin3 q ) = (cos2 q )
2 2
fi b a
fi ÊÁ sin 4 a + cos 4 a ˆ˜ + sin 4 a + cos 4 a = 1
( )
(1 - cos2 q ) (2 - cos2 q ) = cos4 q Ëa b ¯
2
fi
b a
fi (1 - cos2 q ) (4 - 4 cos2 q + cos4 q ) = cos4 q fi ÊÁ sin 4 a + cos 4 a ˆ˜ + 1 - 2 sin 2 a .cos 2 a = 1
Ëa b ¯ ( )
fi 4 - 4 cos 2 q + cos 4 q - 4 cos 2 q + 4 cos 4 q b a
fi ÊÁ sin 4 a + cos 4 a - 2 sin 2 a .cos 2 a ˆ˜ = 0
fi - cos6 q = cos 4 q Ëa b ¯
fi cos6 q - 4 cos 4 q + 8 cos 2 q = 4
2 2 + 6(1 + 2 sin x cos x)

Ê b ˆ Ê a ˆ
fi Á sin 2 a ˜ + Á cos 2 a ˜ + 4(sin2 x + cos2 x)2
Ë a ¯ Ë b ¯
– 12 sin2 x cos2 x.
b a = 3 – 6 sin2 x cos2 x – 12 sin x cos x
-2 sin 2 a . cos 2 a = 0
a b + 18 sin2 x cos2 x + 6 + 12 sin x cos x
2
Ê b a ˆ + 4 – 12 sin2 x cos2 x
fi Á sin 2 a - cos 2 a ˜ = 0
Ë a b ¯ =3+6+4
Ê b a ˆ =13.
fi Á sin 2 a - cos 2 a ˜ = 0
Ë a b ¯ Ex-18. If sin x + sin2 x
cos8 x + 2 cos6 x + cos4 x.
b a
fi sin 2 a = cos 2 a Soln. We have, sin x + sin2 x = 1
a b
fi sin x = 1 – sin2 x = cos2 x
sin 2 a cos 2 a 1
fi = = Now, cos8 x + 2 cos6 x + cos4 x
a b a+b
= (cos4 x)2 + 2 . cos4 x . cos2 x + (cos2 x)2
a b
fi sin 2 a = , cos 2 a = = (cos4 x + cos2 x)2
a+b a+b
= (sin2 x + sin x)2
sin a cos a
8 8
Now, + = (1)2 = 1.
a3 b3 2
q 2
q
Ex-19. If 0 £ ¸ £ 180∞ and 81sin + 81cos = 30
( ) +( )
4 4
sin a
2
cos a2
the value of q.
=
a3 b3
2
q 2
q
Soln. We have, 81sin + 81cos = 30
4 4 2
q 2
q
Ê a ˆ Ê b ˆ fi 81sin + 811-sin = 30
Ë a + b¯ Ë a + b¯ 81
= + fi 81sin
2
q
+ = 30
a3 b3 2
q
81sin
a4 b4 81
= + fi a+ = 30, a = 81sin q
2
a 3 ( a + b )4 b 3 ( a + b )4 a
a b fi a 2 - 30 a + 81 = 0
= +
(a + b) 4
(a + b) 4
fi (a - 27 ) (a - 3) = 0
a+b
= fi a = 3, 27
( a + b )4
When a = 3
1 2
q
= fi 81sin =3
(a + b) 3
4sin 2 q
fi 3 =3
Ex-17. Prove that 3 (sin x - cos x )4 + 6 (sin x + cos x )2
fi 4 sin q = 1
2
(
+ 4 sin 6 x + cos6 x = 13 . )
1 2
Soln. We have, 3 (sin x – cos x)4 + 6 (sin x + cos x)2 + 4 fi sin 2 q = ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë 2¯
(sin 6x + cos 6x)
p
= 3 (sin4 x – 4 sin3 x cos x + 6 sin2 x cos2 x fi sin 2 q = sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë 6¯
– 4 sin x cos3 x + cos4 x)
p
+ 6(sin2 x + cos2 x + 2 sin x cos x) fi q = ÊÁ np ± ˆ˜
+ 4{(sin2 x)3 + (cos2 x)3}
Ë 6¯
= 3(sin4 x + cos4 x – 4 sin x cos x p 5p
fi q= ,
(sin2 x + cos2 x) + 6 sin2 x cos2 x) 6 6
When a = 27 tan a + sec a - 1 1 + sin a

3. Prove that = .
fi 81sin 2 q
= 27 tan a - sec a + 1 cos a
4. Prove that sin8A – cos8A
2
q
fi 34sin = 33 = (sin2A – cos2A) ¥ (1 – 2sin2 A cos2A).
fi 4 sin 2 q = 3 5. If U n = sin n q + cos n q, prove that
2 2U 6 - 3U 4 + 1 = 0 .
Ê 3ˆ
fi sin q = Á ˜
2
1 1
Ë 2 ¯ 6. Prove that -
cosecq - cot q sin q
p
fi sin 2 q = sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ 1
-
1
Ë 3¯ =
sin q cosecq + cot q
p ( a + b )2
fi q = ÊÁ np ± ˆ˜ 7. Prove that the equation = sin 2 q is
Ë 3¯ 4ab
possible only when a = b.
p 2p
fi q= ,
3 3 8. Prove that sin 2 q + cosec2q ≥ 2 .
p p 2p 5p 9. Prove that sec2 q + cosec2q ≥ 4 .
Hence, the values of q are , , , .
6 3 3 6 10. If sec q + tan q = 3 q.
Ex-20. Let f k (q ) = sin k (q ) + cos k (q ),
1
1 1 11. If cosecq - cot q = q.
f 6 (q ) - f 4 (q ) . 5
6 4
12. If x = a cos q + b sin q and y = a sin q - b cos q , then
Soln. We have f 6 (q ) = sin 6 q + cos6 q
prove that x2 + y2 = a2 + b2.
= 1 - 3 sin 2 q cos 2 q 13. If 3sin q + 5 cos q = 5, then prove that
5sin q – 3cos q = ±3.
Also, f 4 (q ) = sin 4 q + cos 4 q 14. If x = r cos q cos f, y = r cos q sin f, z = r sin q, then
prove that x2 + y2 + z2 = r2.
= 1 - 2 sin 2 q cos 2 q
15. If cos q + sin q = 2 cos q, than prove that
1 1 cos q – sin q = 2 sin q.
Now, f 6 (q ) - f 4 (q )
6 4 16. If tan2 A = 1 + 2 tan2 B, then
prove that cos2 B = 2 cos2A.
=
1
6
( 1
) (
1 - 3 sin 2 q cos 2 q - 1 - 2 sin 2 q cos 2 q
4
) 17. If tan2 q = 1 – e2, then prove that
( )
3/ 2
sec q + tan 3 q . cosecq = 2 - e2
1 1 2 1 1
= - sin q cos 2 q - + sin 2 q cos 2 q
6 2 4 2 18. If sin2 q + sin q = 1, then
1 1 prove that cos4 q + cos2 q = 1.
= - 19. If sin2 q + sin q
6 4
the value of cos12 q +3 cos10 q + 3 cos8 q + cos6 q.
1
= - . 20. If cos4 q + cos2 q = 1, then
12 prove that tan4 q + tan2 q = 1.
21. If sin 4 q + sin 2 q = 1, then
EXERCISE 2 prove that cos8 q + 2 cos6 q + cos 4 q =1.
cot q - tan q 22. If sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q = 1, then prove that,
1. Prove that = sec q cosec q.
1 - 2 sin 2 q cos6 q - 4 cos 4 q + 8 cos 2 q = 1 .
23. If sin q1 + sin q 2 + sin q3 = 3 ,
1 - sin q
2. Prove that tan q + = sec q. then prove that, cos q1 + cos q 2 + cos q3 = 0 .
1 + sin q
24. If x =
2 sin q
, then
1.9 MEASUREMENT OF THE ANGLES
1 + cos q + sin q OF DIFFERENT T-RATIOS
1 - cos q + sin q
prove that, = x. 1.9.1 Recognization of the quadrants
1 + sin q
We have introdcuced six t-ratios. P
sin q 2
1 + cos q sin q Signs of these t-ratios depend
25. Prove that 1 - + - = cos q .
1 + cos q sin q 1 - cos q upon the quadrant in which the r y
26. Prove that, terminal side of the angle lies.
We always take the length of OP
3 (sin x - cos x )4 + 6 (sin x + cos x )2 q
vector denoted by ‘r’, which is M
(
+ 4 sin 6 x + cos6 x = 13) always positive.
O x
y x
27. If a3 = cosecq - sin q and Thus, sinq = has the sign of y, cosq = has the sign of x
r r
b3 = sec q - cos q, then y
and tanq = depends on the signs of both x and y.
(
prove that a 2b 2 a 2 + b 2 = 1 .) x
Similarly, the signs of other trigonometric functions can
28. If x sin 3 a + y cos3 a = sin a cos a and be obtained by the signs of x and y.
x sin a = y cos a then prove that x 2 + y 2 = 1. x > 0, y > 0
29. If tan q + sin q = m, tan q – sin q = n, P
then prove that m2 – n2 = 4 mn .

r y
cos 4 x sin 4 x
30. If + = 1,
cos 2 y sin 2 y q
cos 4 y sin 4 y O x M
then prove that + =1
cos 2 x sin 2 x
sin 4 a cos 4 a 1
31. If + = , then
a b a+b
sin 8 a cos8 a 1 y r
prove that + = (i) sinq = > 0, cosecq = >0
a 3
b 3
( a + b )3 r y
y r
sin 4 q cos 4 q 1 (ii) cosq = > 0, secq = >0
32. If + = , then r y
2 3 5 y y
sin 8 q cos8 q 1 (iii) tanq = > 0, cotq = >0
prove that + = . x x
8 27 125
-
33. Let f k (q ) = sin k (q ) + cos k (q ) . Then prove
ed by ‘ALL’.
1 1 1
that f 6 (q ) - f 4 (q ) = - . (B) In the second quadrant, we have
6 4 12 x < 0 and y > 0
Y
34. If f n (q ) = sin n q + cos n q , prove that P
2 f 6 (q ) - 3 f 4 (q ) + 1 = 0 .
sin A cos A
35. If = p, = q , prove that
sin B cos B
q
p Ê q2 - 1ˆ X
tan A .tan B = Á . M O
q Ë 1 - p 2 ˜¯
y y (E) Rotation
(i) sinq = > 0, cosecq = > 0
r r 90
x r
(ii) cosq = < 0, secq = < 0
r x
y y 180 0, 360
(iii) tanq = < 0, cotq = < 0
x x
Thus, in the second quadrant all t-raios are negative
other than sin and cosec. Due to this reason, second
270
quadrant is denoted by ‘SIN’.
- 270
(C) In the third quadrant, we have
x < 0 and y < 0
Y
-180 0, -360
M O
X¢ X
q
- 90
P
Y¢
1.9.2 T-ratios of the angle (–q), in terms of q,
for all values of q.
y r
(i) sinq = < 0, cosecq = < 0 1. (i) sin (–q) = –sin q
r y
(ii) cos (–q) = cos q
x r
(ii) cosq = < 0, secq = < 0 (iii) tan (–q) = –tan q
r x (iv) cosec (–q) = – cosec q
y y (v) sec (–q) = sec q
(iii) tanq = > 0, cotq = > 0
x x (vi) cot (–q) = –cot q
1.9.3 T-ratios of the different angles in terms of q,
Thus, in the third quadrant all t-raios are negative other
than tan and cot. Due to this reason, third quadrant is
for all values of q.
denoted by ‘TAN’. 2. (i) sin (90 – q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 1 - q ) = cos q
(D) In the fourth quadrant, we have
(ii) sin (90 + q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 1 + q ) = cos q
x > 0 and y < 0
Y (iii) sin (180 – q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 2 - q ) = sin q
(iv) sin (180 + q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 2 + q ) = - sin q
M
X¢
O
X (v) sin (270 – q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 3 - q ) = - cos q
q
(vi) sin (270 + q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 3 + q ) = - cos q
(vii) sin (360 – q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 4 - q ) = - sin q
P (viii) sin (360 + q) = sin (90∞ ¥ 4 + q ) = sin q
Y¢
3. (i) cos (90 – q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 1 - q ) = sin q
y r
(i) sinq = < 0, cosecq = < 0 (ii) cos (90 + q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 1 + q ) = - sin q
r y
(iii) cos (180 – q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 2 - q ) = - cos q
x r
(ii) cosq = > 0, secq = > 0 (iv) cos (180 + q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 2 + q ) = - cos q
r x
(v) cos (270 – q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 3 - q ) = - sin q
y y
(iii) tanq = < 0, cotq = < 0 (vi) cos (270 + q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 3 + q ) = - sin q
x x
(vii) cos (360 – q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 4 - q ) = cos q
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all t-raios are negative
other than cos and sec. Due to this reason, fourth (viii) cos (360 + q) = cos (90∞ ¥ 4 + q ) = cos q .
quadrant is denoted by ‘COS’.
4. (i) tan (90 – q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 1 - q ) = cot q (iii) sin 210∞

(iv) sin 225∞
(ii) tan (90 + q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 1 + q ) = - cot q (v) sin 300∞
(iii) tan (180 – q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 2 - q ) = - tan q (vi) sin 330∞
(iv) tan (180 + q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 2 + q ) = tan q (vii) sin 405∞
(viii) sin 650∞
(v) tan (270 – q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 3 - q ) = cot q
(ix) sin 1500∞
(vi) tan (270 + q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 3 + q ) = - cot q (x) sin 2013∞
(vii) tan (360 – q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 4 - q ) = - tan q Soln.
(viii) tan (360 + q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 4 + q ) = tan q . (i) sin (120∞) = sin (90 ¥ 1 + 30∞)
Note: All the above results can be remembered by the 3
= cos (30∞) =
following simple rule. 2
1. If q be measured with an even multiple of 90∞ by + or (ii) sin (150∞) = sin (90 ¥ 2 - 30∞)
– sign, then the T-ratios remains unaltered (i.e. sine re- 1
= sin (30∞) =
mains sine and cosine remains cosine, etc.) and treating 2
q as an acute angle, the quadrant in which the associated (iii) sin ( 210∞) = sin (90 ¥ 2 + 30∞)
angle lies, is determined and then the sign of the T-ratio
1
is determined by the All – Sin – Tan – Cos formula. = - sin (30∞) = -
2. If q be associated with an odd multiple of 90 by +ve or 2
–ve sign, then the T-ratios is altered in the form (i.e. sine (iv) sin ( 225∞) = sin (90 ¥ 2 + 45∞)
becomes cosine and cosine becomes sine, tangent 1
becomes cotangent and conversely, etc.) and the sign = - sin ( 45∞) = -
2
of the ratio is determined as in the previous paragraph.
(v) sin (300∞) = sin (90 ¥ 3 + 30∞)
3. If the multiple of 90 is more than 4, then divide it by
3
= - cos (30∞) = -
degree lies on the right of x-axis, if remainder is 1, 2
then the degree lies on the +ve y-axis, if remainder (vi) sin (330∞) = sin (90 ¥ 3 + 60∞)
is 2, then the degree lies on the –ve of x-axis and if
1
the remainder is 3, then the degree lies on the –ve of = - cos (60∞) = -
y–axis, respectively. 2
For examples: (vii) sin ( 405∞) = sin (90 ¥ 4 + 45∞)
1
(i) sin (570∞) = sin ( 45∞) =
= sin (90 ¥ 6 +30∞) 2
1 (viii) sin (660∞) = sin (90 ¥ 7 + 30∞)
= – sin 30∞ = - 1
2 = sin (30∞) =
(ii) tan (1950∞) 2
(ix) sin (1500∞) = sin (90 ¥ 16 + 60∞)
= tan (90 ¥ 22 –30∞)
3
= – tan (30∞) = –
1
. = sin (60∞) =
3 2
(iii) cos (2310∞) (x) sin ( 2013∞) = sin (90 ¥ 22 + 33∞)
= cos (90 ¥ 25 + 60∞) = - sin (33∞) .
3 Ex-2. Find the value of
= – sin (60∞) = – .
2 cos (1∞) .cos ( 2∞) .cos (3∞) ......cos (189∞) .
1.10 SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES Soln. We have,

cos (1∞) .cos ( 2∞) .cos (3∞) ..........cos (189∞) .
Ex-1. Find the value of
(i) sin 120∞ = cos (1∞) .cos ( 2∞) .cos (3∞) .........cos (89∞)
(ii) sin 150∞
cos (90∞) cos (91∞) .........cos (189∞) . Ex-6. Find the value of
cos (10∞) + cos ( 20∞) + cos (30∞)
= cos (1∞) .cos ( 2∞) .cos (3∞) .....cos (89∞)
+ cos ( 40∞) + .......... + cos (360∞) .
¥ 0 ¥ cos (91∞) ................cos (189∞) .
Soln. We have, cos (10∞) + cos ( 20∞) + cos (30∞)
= 0.
+ cos ( 40∞) + .......... + cos (360∞)
tan (1∞) .tan ( 2∞) .tan (3∞).......tan (89∞) . = cos 20∞ + cos 30∞ + cos 40∞ + .........
+ cos 140∞ + cos 150∞ + cos 160∞ + cos 170∞
Soln. We have,
+ cos 180∞ + (cos 190∞ + cos 200∞ +
tan (1∞) .tan ( 2∞) .tan (3∞) .....tan (89∞)
cos 210∞ + cos 220∞ +..............+ cos 360∞)
= tan (1∞) .tan ( 2∞) .tan (3∞).......tan ( 44∞) = cos 10∞ + cos 20∞ + cos 30∞ + cos 40∞ +......
tan ( 45∞) tan ( 46∞) ...tan (87∞) tan (88∞) tan (89∞) – cos 40∞ – cos 50∞ – cos60
= {tan (1∞) ¥ tan (89∞)}.{tan ( 2∞) ¥ tan (88∞)}. – cos70∞ + cos 180∞ + (cos 190∞
......{tan ( 44∞) ¥ tan ( 46∞)}.tan ( 45∞) + cos 200∞ + cos 210∞ + cos 220∞ +
........... + cos 360∞)
= 1.
= cos 180∞ + cos 360∞
= –1 + 1
tan 35∞.tan 40∞.tan 45∞.tan 50∞.tan 55∞
Soln. We have, = 0.
tan 35∞.tan 40∞.tan 45∞.tan 50∞.tan 55∞ Ex-7. Find the value of
sin 2 5∞ + sin 2 10∞ + sin 2 15∞ + ....... + sin 2 90∞
= {tan 35∞ ¥ tan 55∞} {tan 40∞ ¥ tan 50∞}
¥ tan 45∞ Soln. We have,
= {tan 35∞ ¥ cot 35∞}. {tan 40∞ ¥ cot 40∞} sin 2 5∞ + sin 2 10∞ + sin 2 15∞ + .... + sin 2 90∞
¥ tan 45∞ = sin 2 5∞ + sin 2 10∞ + sin 2 15∞ +
= 1.
...... + sin 2 40 + sin 2 45
Ex-5. Find the value of sin (10∞) + sin ( 20∞) + sin (30∞)
+ sin ( 40∞) + ........... + sin (360∞) . + sin 2 50 + sin 2 80 + sin 2 85 + sin 2 90∞
Soln. We have, sin (10∞) + sin ( 20∞) + sin (30∞) (
= sin 2 5∞ + sin 2 85∞ )
+ sin ( 40∞) + ........... + sin (360∞) (
+ sin 2 10∞ + sin 2 80∞ )
= sin (10∞) + sin ( 20∞) + sin (30∞)
+ (sin 2 15∞ + sin 2 75∞)
+ sin ( 40∞) + .......... + sin (150∞)
+ ......... + (sin 2 40∞ + sin 2 50∞)
+ sin (340∞) + sin (350∞) + sin (360∞)
= sin (10∞) + sin ( 20∞) + sin (30∞) + (sin 2 45∞ + sin 2 90∞)
+ sin ( 40∞) + .......... + sin (80∞) = (sin 2 5∞ + cos 2 5∞)

+ sin (90∞) + sin (100∞) + (sin 2 10∞ + cos 2 10∞)
+ sin (360∞ - 40∞) + sin (360∞ - 30∞) + (sin 2 15∞ + cos 2 15∞) + ..........
+ sin (360∞ - 20∞) + sin (360∞ - 10∞)
.......... + (sin 2 40∞ + cos 2 40∞)
+ sin (360∞)
+ (sin 2 45∞ + sin 2 90∞)
= sin (10∞) + sin ( 20∞) + sin (30∞)
= (1 + 1 + ............. 8 times) + ÊÁ + 1ˆ˜
1
+ sin ( 40∞) + .......... + sin (80∞)
Ë2 ¯
+ sin (90∞) + sin (100∞)
= ÊÁ 8 + 1 + ˆ˜
1
- sin ( 40∞) - sin (30∞) Ë 2¯
- sin ( 20∞) - sin (10∞) + sin (180∞) = 9 .
1
= 0. 2
Ex-8. Find the value of Thus, sin (q1 ) = 1,sin (q 2 ) = 1,sin (q3 ) = 1
p p 4p 7p ˆ
sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˜ . p p p
Ë 18 ¯ Ë 9¯ Ë 9¯ Ë 18 ¯ q1 = , q 2 = , q3 =
p p 2 2 2
Soln. We have, sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë 18 ¯ Ë 9¯ Hence, the value of cos (q1 ) + cos (q 2 ) + cos (q3 )
p p p
4p 7p
+ sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ = cos ÊÁ ˆ˜ + cos ÊÁ ˆ˜ + cos ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë 9¯ Ë 18 ¯ Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯
p 2p = 0.
= sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë 18 ¯ Ë 18 ¯
EXERCISE 3
2 Ê 8p ˆ 2 Ê 7p ˆ
+ sin Á ˜ + sin Á ˜
Ë 18 ¯ Ë 18 ¯ 1. Find the values of
p p 7p (i) sin (135°) (ii) cos (150°)
= sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ - ˆ˜ (iii) tan (120°) (iv) sin (225°)
Ë 18 ¯ Ë 2 18 ¯
(v) sec (240°) (vi) tan (300°)
p p 7p
+ sin 2 ÊÁ - ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜
(vii) sin (330°) (viii) tan (315°)
Ë 2 18 ¯ Ë 18 ¯ (ix) cos (315°) (x) sin (405°)
2. Find the values of
p 7p
= sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + cos 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ (i) sin (675°) (ii) cos (1230°)
Ë 18 ¯ Ë 18 ¯ (iii) tan 1020° (iv) cosec (1305°)
(v) sec (–1035°) (vi) tan (–1755°)
p 7p
+ cos 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ (vii) sin (1410°) (viii) cos (1450°)
Ë 18 ¯ Ë 18 ¯
(ix) tan (2010°) (x) sin (1950°)
{ p
Ë 18 ¯
p
= sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + cos 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë 18 ¯ } 3. Express in terms of ratios of smallest +ve angles.
(i) sin 240°
(iii) sin (–1358°)
(ii) cos 780°
(iv) cosec (–1150°)
{ 7p
Ë 18 ¯
7p
+ cos 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜ + sin 2 ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë 18 ¯ } (v) tan (–1750°)
4. If q =
23p
q – tan q.
=1+1 6
= 2. sin(270 + A) cos(90 - A)
5. Simplify: .
Ex-9. Find the value of sin(180 - A) cos(180 - A)
tan ( 20∞) tan ( 25∞) tan ( 45∞) tan (65∞) tan (70∞) . 6. Simplify: tan 25° . tan 35° . tan 45° tan 55° . tan 65°
Soln. We have 7. Prove that
tan ( 20∞) tan ( 25∞) tan ( 45∞) tan (65∞) tan (70∞) p 3p 5p 7p
sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 2.
8 8 8 8
= tan ( 20∞) tan ( 25∞) tan ( 45∞)
8. Prove that
tan (90∞ - 25∞) tan (90∞ - 20∞)
p 3p 5p 7p
sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 2.
= tan ( 20∞) tan ( 25∞) tan ( 45∞) cot ( 25∞) cot ( 20∞) 4 4 4 4
= tan ( 45∞) 9. Find the value of
sin 2 5∞ + sin 2 10∞ + .... + sin 2 90∞ .
= 1. 10. Find the value of
Ex-10. Find the value of cos (q1 ) + cos (q 2 ) + cos (q3 ) sin 2 6∞ + sin 2 12∞ + .... + sin 2 90∞
if sin (q1 ) + sin (q 2 ) + sin (q3 ) = 3 . 11. Find the value of
sin 2 10∞ + sin 2 20∞ + .... + sin 2 90∞
Soln. Given sin (q1 ) + sin (q 2 ) + sin (q3 ) = 3 12. Find the value of
It is possible only when each term of the above
sin 2 9∞ + sin 2 18∞ + .... + sin 2 90∞
equation will provide the maximum value
13. Find the value of Characteristics of cosine function:

tan 1∞.tan 2∞.tan 3∞....tan 89∞
1. It is an even function, since
14. Find the value of
cos(–x) = cosx
cos1∞.cos 2∞.cos 3∞......cos189∞
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p.
15. Solve for q; 2 sin 2 q + 3 cos q = 0 3. cos x = 1 fi x = 2np, n Œ I
where 0 < q < 360∞ . p
16. Solve for q; cos q + 3 sin q = 2 , 4. cos x = 0 fi x = ( 2n + 1) , n Œ I
2
where 0 < q < 360∞ . 5. cos x = –1 fi x = ( 2n + 1) p , n Œ I
17. If 4n a = p, then prove that
tan a tan 2a tan 3a ....... tan(2n – 1)a = 1. 3. Graph of f (x) = tan x.
Q. If A, B, C, D be the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral Y
ABCD, then prove that
18. cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0
19. tan A + tan B + tan C + tan D = 0.
20. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C + sin 2D = 0
21. Find the value of X¢ X
O
cos (18∞) + cos ( 234∞) + cos (162∞) + cos (306∞) .
22. Find the value of
cos ( 20∞) + cos ( 40∞) + cos (60∞) + .... + cos (180∞)
23. Find the value of Y¢
sin ( 20∞) + sin ( 40∞) + sin (60∞) + .... + sin (360∞)
Characteristics of tangent function:
Graph of Trigonometric functions: 1. It is an odd function, since
tan (–x) = –tan x
1. Graph of f (x) = sin x.
2. It is a periodic function with period p
Y
p
3. tan x = 1 fi x = ( 4n + 1) , n Œ I
Y=1
4
4. tan x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I
X¢ X
0 p p
5. tan x = –1 fi x = ( 4n - 1) , n Œ I
Y = -1 4
4. Graph of f (x) = cot x
Y¢
Y
Characteristics of sine function:
1. It is an odd function, since sin (–x) = – sin x
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p
p
3. sin x = 1 fi x = ( 4n + 1) , n Œ I X¢ X
2 O
4. sin x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I
p
5. sin x = –1 fi x = ( 4n - 1) , n Œ I
2
Graph of f (x) = cos x:
Y¢
Y
Characteristics of cotangent function:
1. It is an odd function, since
X¢ X cot (–x) = –cot x
O
2. It is a periodic function with period p
p
3. cot x = 1 fi x = ( 4n + 1) , n Œ I
4
Y¢
p 3. f (x) = –sin x
4. cot x = 0 fi x = ( 2n + 1) , n ŒI
2 4. f (x) = 1 – sin x
p 5. f ( x) = -1 - sin x
5. cot x = –1 fi x = ( 4n - 1) , n ŒI
4 6. f ( x ) = sin 2 x ,sin 3x
7. f ( x ) = sin 2 x
Graph of f (x) = sec x
Y 8. f ( x ) = cos 2 x
9. f ( x ) = max {sin x , cos x}
y=1 10. f ( x ) = min {sin x , cos x}
X¢ X
y = -1
{ 1
11. f ( x ) = min sin x , , cos x
2 }
12. f ( x ) = max {tan x , cot x}
13. f ( x ) = min {tan x , cot x}
Y¢
Q. Find the number of solutions of
Characteristics of secant function 1
1. sin x = , " x Œ[0, 6]
2
1. It is an even function, sec(–x) = sec x
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p 3
2. cos x = , " x Œ[0, 10]
3. sec x can never be zero. 2
4. sec x = 1 fi x = 2np , n Œ I 3. 4 sin 2 x - 1 = 0 , " x Œ[0, 10]
5. sec x = –1 fi x = ( 2n + 1) p , n Œ I
4. sin 2 x - 3 sin x + 2 = 0, " x Œ[0, 10]
Graph of f (x) = cosec x
Y 5. cos 2 x - cos x - 2 = 0, "x Œ[0, 10]
1.11 T-RATIOS OF COMPOUND

y=1
X¢ X
ANGLES
O
y = -1
The algebraic sum or difference of two or more angles is
called a compound angle such as
Y¢ A + B, A – B, A + B + C, A + B – C etc.
1.11.1 The Addition Formula

Characteristics of cosecant function:
1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1. It is an odd function, since 2. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
cosec(–x) = –cosec x tan A + tan B
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p 3. tan ( A + B ) =
1 - tan A.tan B
p
3. cosec x = 1 fi x = ( 4n + 1) , n Œ I Proof:
2 Y
4. cosec x can never be zero. Q
p
5. cosecx = -1 fi x = ( 4n - 1) , n Œ I
2 R P
EXERCISE 4
B
Q. Draw the graphs of A
X
1. f (x) = sin x + 1 O S M
2. f (x) = sin x – 1
Let –POX = A & –POQ = B tan A + tan B

=
Draw PM and QS perpendicular on OX and 1 - tan A.tan B
PR is parallel to OX.
Clearly, –PQR = A . Subtraction formulae:
1. sin (A + B) 1. sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
2. cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
QS SR + QR
= = tan A - tan B
OQ OQ 3. tan (A – B) = .
1 + tan A tan B
PM + QR Proof:
=
OQ
Y
PM RQ P R
= +
OQ OQ
PM OP QR PQ Q
= . + .
OP OQ PQ OQ
A
B
= sin A cos B + cos A. sin B. X
O M S
2. cos ( A + B )
OS OM - MS
= =
OQ OQ Let –POX = A and –QOX = B
Clearly, –POQ = A - B
OM MS Draw PM, RS perpendicular on OX and PR is parallel
= -
OQ OQ to OX.
OM MS From geometry, we can say that, –PQR = A
= - In DQOS ,
OQ OQ
OM OP PR PQ 1. sin ( A - B )
= . - .
OP OQ PQ OQ QS RS - RQ PM - RQ
= = =
= cos A .cos B – sin A. sin B. OQ OQ OQ
3. tan(A + B) PM RQ
= -
QS QR + RS OQ OQ
= =
OS OS PM OP RQ PQ
= . - .
QR + RS OP OQ PQ OQ
=
OM - SM
= sin A . cos B – cos A . sin B.
QR RS
+ 2. cos ( A - B )
= OM OM
SM OQ OM + MS OM + PR
1- = = =
OM OQ OQ OQ
QR RS OM PR
+ = +
= OM OM OQ OQ
PR PQ
1- . OM OP PR PQ
PQ OM = . + .
OP OQ PQ OQ
PM PQ
+
= cos A . cos B + sin A . sin B.
= OM OP
PM PQ
1- . 3. tan ( A - B )
OQ OP
= QS = RS - QR = RS - QR {
= cos 2 A cos 2 B - sin 2 A sin 2 B}
OS OM + MS OM + PR
= {cos A (1 - sin B ) - (1 - cos A) sin 2 B}
2 2 2
PL QR
-
= {cos 2 A - cos 2 A sin 2 B - sin 2 B + cos 2 A sin 2 B}
= OM OM
PR
1+ = cos 2 A - sin 2 B
OM
PL QR Deduction 3.
-
= OM OM cot (A + B) = cot A cot B - 1
PR PM cot B + cot A
1+ .
PM OM Proof: We have, cot ( A + B )
PM PQ cos ( A + B )
-
OM OM =
= sin ( A + B )
PM PQ
1+ . cos A cos B - sin A sin B
OM OM =
tan A - tan B sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= .
1 + tan A.tan B cos A cos B sin A sin B
-
Note: sin A sin B sin A sin B
=
p 1 + tan A sin A cos B cos A sin B
1. tan ÊÁ + Aˆ˜ = +
sin A sin B sin A sin B
Ë4 ¯ 1 - tan A
cot A cot B - 1
p 1 - tan A
2. tan ÊÁ - Aˆ˜ =
=
Ë4 ¯ 1 + tan A cot B + cot A
Deduction 4.
1.12 SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS cot A cot B + 1
cot (A – B) =
Deduction 1. cot B - cot A
sin (A + B) sin (A – B) Proof: We have, cot (A – B)
= sin2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – cos2 A cos ( A - B )
=
Proof: We have sin ( A + B ) sin ( A - B ) sin ( A - B )
= {sin A cos B + cos A sin B} cos A cos B + sin A sin B
=
sin A cos B - cos A sin B
¥ {sin A cos B - cos A sin B}
cos A cos B sin A sin B
{
= sin 2 A cos 2 B - cos 2 A sin 2 B } +
sin A sin B sin A sin B
= {sin A (1 - sin B ) - (1 - sin A) sin 2 B}
2 2 2 =
sin A cos B cos A sin B
-
= {sin 2 A - sin 2 A sin 2 B - sin 2 B - sin 2 A sin 2 B} sin A sin B sin A sin B
cot A cot B + 1
= sin 2 A - sin 2 B =
cot B - cot A
( ) (
= 1 - cos 2 A - 1 - cos 2 B ) Deduction 5.
= cos B - cos A
2 2
sin (A + B + C)
Deduction 2. = cos A cos B cos C [ tan A + tan B + tan C
cos (A + B) cos (A – B) - tan A tan B tan C ]
= cos A – sin B = cos B – sin A
2 2 2 2
Proof: We have sin ( A + B + C )
Proof: We have, cos ( A + B ) cos ( A - B ) = sin ( A + B ) cos C + cos ( A + B ) sin C
= {cos A cos B + sin A sin B} = {sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B} cos C
¥ {cos A cos B - sin A sin B}
+ {cos A cos B - sin A sin B} sin C
= sin A.cos B.cos C + sin B.cos A.cos C

3 -1
+ sin C.cos A cos B - sin A.sin B.sin C =
2 2
= cos A.cos B.cos C [ tan A + tan B + tan C (ii) cos(15°) = cos(45° – 30°)
- tan A.tan B.tan C ] = cos(45°) cos(30°) + sin(45°) sin(30°)
1 3 1 1
Deduction 6. = . + .
2 2 2 2
cos (A + B + C)
= cos A cos B cos C 3 +1
=
¥ [1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A] 2 2
(iii) tan (15°) = tan (45° – 30°)
Proof: We have, cos ( A + B + C )
tan 45∞ - tan 30∞
= cos ( A + B ) cos C - sin ( A + B ) sin C =
1 + tan 45∞.tan 30∞
= {cos A cos B - sin A sin B} cos C 1
1-
- {sin A cos B + cos A sin B} sin C =
3
= cos A cos B cos C - sin A sin B cos C 1
1+
3
{- sin A sin C cos B - cos A sin B sin C }
= cos A cos B cos C 3 -1
=
¥ [1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A] 3 +1
( )
2
Deduction 7. 3 -1
=
tan (A + B + C) 3 -1
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C 3 +1- 2 3
= =
1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A 2
Proof: We have, tan ( A + B + C ) 4-2 3
=
sin ( A + B + C ) 2
=
cos ( A + B + C ) = 2- 3
cos A cos B cos C {tan A + tan B + tan C
Note:
- tan A tan B tan C} 1 1
= (i) cot (15∞) = =
cos A cos B cos C{1 - tan A tan B - tan(15∞) 2 - 3
tan B tan C - tan C tan A}
= 2+ 3
Ê tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C ˆ
= Á (ii) tan (105∞) = - cot(15∞) = -(2 + 3 )
Ë 1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A ˜¯
(iii) cot (105∞) = - tan(15∞) = -(2 - 3 )
1.13 SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES = 3-2.

Ex-1. Find the values of Ex-2. Find the value of tan (75°) + cot (75°)
(i) sin (15°), Soln. We have, tan(75°) + cot(75°)
(ii) cos (15°), = cot(15°) + tan(15°)
(iii) tan (15°)
= (2 + 3 ) + (2 - 3 )
Soln. We have,
(i) sin(15°) = sin(45° – 30°) = 4.
= sin(45°)cos(30°) – cos(45°)sin(30°) Ex-3. Prove that cos(9°) + sin(9°) = 2 sin(54°)
1 3 1 1 Soln. We have, cos(9°) + sin(9°)
= . - .
2 2 2 2
Ê 1 1 ˆ
= 2Á cos (9°) + sin (9°)˜
Ë 2 2 ¯
= {(1 + tan 245°)(1 + tan (–200°))}

= 2 (sin (45°) cos (9°) + cos (45°) sin (9°) )
{(1 + tan 250°)(1 + tan (–205°))}
= 2 (sin (45° + 9°))
{(1 + tan 260°)(1 + tan (–215°))}
= 2 sin(54∞) . =2¥2¥2
Ex-4. Prove that tan(70°) = 2 tan(50°) + tan(20°) = 8.
Soln. We have, tan(70°) = tan(50° + 20°)
Ex-8. If tan a + tan b = a, cot a + cot b = b and tan(a +
tan 50∞ + tan 20∞ b) = c a, b and c
fi tan(70∞) =
1 - tan 50∞ tan 20∞ Soln. We have, tan (a + b) = c
fi tan (70°) – tan(70°) tan (50°) tan(20°)
tan a + tan b
= tan 50° + tan 20° fi =c
1 - tan a tan b
fi tan(70°) – tan(70°) tan(50°) cot(70°) a
= tan50° + tan 20° fi =c
1 - tan a tan b
fi tan(70°) – tan(50°) = tan 50° + tan 20° a a-c
fi tan a tan b = - 1= (i)
fi tan(70°) = 2 tan 50° + tan 20° c c
Ex-5. If A + B Now, cot a + cot b = b
value of (1 + tan A)(1 + tan B) 1 1
Soln. We have, A + B = 45° fi + =b
tan a tan b
fi tan(A + B) = tan(45°)
tan a + tan b
fi tan(A + B) = 1 fi =b
tan a . tan b
tan A + tan B
fi =1 fi a
1 - tan A.tan B tan a . tan b = (ii)
b
fi tan A + tan B = 1 – tanA . tanB
a-c a
fi tan A + tan B + tan A . tan B = 1 From (i) and (ii), we get, =
c b
fi 1 + tan A + tan B + tanA . tanB = 1 + 1 = 2 fi ac + bc = ab
fi (1 + tan A) + tan B(1 + tan A) = 2 Which is the required relation.
fi (1 + tan A)(1 + tan B) = 2 n sin a cos a
Ex-9. If tan b = ,
Ex-6. Find the value of 1 - n sin 2 a
(1 + tan 20°)(1 + tan 24°)
then prove that tan (a – b) = (1 – n) tan a Soln.
(1 + tan 25°)(1 + tan21°)
tan a - tan b
Soln. We have, We have, tan (a - b ) =
1 + tan a .tan b
(1 + tan 20°) (1 + tan 24°) (1 + tan 25°) (1 + tan 21°)
sin a Ê n sin a cos a ˆ
= {(1 + tan 20°)(1 + tan 25°)} -Á ˜
¥ {(1 + tan24°)(1 + tan 21°)} cos a Ë 1 - n sin 2 a ¯
=
sin a Ê n sin a cos a ˆ
=2¥2 1+ ¥Á ˜
cos a Ë 1 - n sin 2 a ¯
= 4.
Ex-7. Find the value of ( )
sin a 1 - n sin 2 a - n sin a cos 2 a
cos a (1 - n sin a ) + n sin a .cos a
= 2 2
(1 + tan 245°)(1 + tan 250°)
sin a - n sin a (sin a + cos a )

(1 + tan 260°)(1 – tan 200°) 2 2
(1 – tan 205°)(1 – tan 215°) =
cos a - n sin 2 a . cos a + n sin 2 a .cos a
Soln. We have, (1 + tan 245°)(1 + tan 250°)
sin a - n sin a
(1 + tan 260°)(1 – tan 200°) =
cos a
(1 – tan 205°)(1 – tan 215°)
(1 - n)sin a sin b cos b

= =
cos a 2 + sin 2 b
= (1 – n) tan a. 2 sin b cos b
=
Ex-10. If x + y + z = 0, then prove that, 4 + 2 sin 2 b
cot(x + y – z). cot(y + z – x)
sin 2b
+ cot (y + z – x). cot (z + x – y) =
+ cot (z + x – y). cot (x + y – z) = 1 4 + 1 - cos 2b
Soln. Let A = x + y – z, B = y + z – x, C = x + y – z sin 2b

=
Then, A + B + C 5 - cos 2b
= (x + y – z) + (y + z – x) + (x + y – z)
= (x + y + z) = 0
EXERCISE 5
fi A+B=–C
fi cot(A + B) = cot(–C) 1. Find the values of sin15°, cos15°,
sin 75°, cos 75°.
cot A cot B - 1
= cot ( -C ) 2. Find the values of tan 15°, cot 15°, tan 75°, cot 75°.
fi cot A + cot B 3. Prove that
cot A cot B - 1 (i) tan 15° + cot 15 ° = 4
= - cot C (ii) tan 75 ° + cot 75 ° = 4
fi cot A + cot B
(iii) cot 15 ° – tan 15 ° = 2 3
fi cotA cotB – 1 = –cotA cotC – cotB cotC
fi cotA cotB + cotA cotC + cotB cotC = 1 (iv) tan 75° – cot 75 ° = 2 3 .
fi cot(x + y – z). cot(y + z – x) 4. Prove that cos 18° – sin 18° = 2 sin 27°.
+ cot (y + z – x). cot (z + x – y) 5. Prove that sin(n + 1)x sin (n + 2) x
+ cos (n + 1)x cos(n + 2)x = cos x.
+ cot (z + x – y). cot (x + y – z) = 1.
Ex-11. If 2 tan a = 3 tan b, then show that, Ê xˆ
6. Prove that 1 + tan x .tan Á ˜ = sec x .
sin 2b Ë 2¯
tan (a - b ) =
5 - cos 2b 7. Prove that cot x – cot 2x = cosec2x.
Soln. We have, 8. Prove that tan69° + tan66° = -1 .
tan a - tan b 1 - tan69°tan66°
tan (a - b ) = 9. Prove that tan 70° = 2 tan 50° + tan 20°.
1 + tan a . tan b
p
10. If A + B = , then prove that
3 4
tan b - tan b
= 2 (1 + tanA)(1 + tanB) = 2.
3
1 + tan b tan b cos 20∞ - sin 20∞
2 11. Prove that = tan 25°.
cos 20∞ + sin 20∞
tan b cos 7∞ + sin 7∞
= 12. Prove that = tan 52°.
2 + 3 tan 2 b cos 7∞ - sin 7∞
13. Prove that tan20° + tan 25° + tan 20° tan 25° = 1.
sin b
14. Prove that tan 13 A – tan 9 A – tan 4A
cos b
= = tan 4A . tan9A . tan13A.
sin 2 b
2+3 15. Prove that tan 9A – tan 7A – tan 2A
cos 2 b
= tan 2A . tan 7A. tan 9A.
sin b cos b 16. Prove that cot x cot 2 x – cot 2 x cot 3 x
=
2 cos 2 b + 3 sin 2 b – cot 3x cot 2 x = 1.
m 1 29. If a and b are the roots of

17. If tan a = , tan b = , a tan q + b tan q = c, then show that
m +1 2m + 1
2ac
p tan (a + b ) = 2
then prove that a + b = . a - c2
4
30. If tan (p cos q) = cot(p sin q), prove that
18. Find the value of pˆ
Ê 1
(i) sin2 75° – sin2 15° cos Á q - ˜ = ±
Ë 4¯ 2 2.
(ii) cos2 75° – sin2 15°.
Êp ˆ Êp ˆ x sin j y sin q
19. Prove that cos 2 Á + q ˜ - sin 2 Á - q ˜ = 0 31. If tan q = and tan j = ,
Ë4 ¯ Ë 4 ¯ 1 - x cos j 1 - y cos q
20. Prove that sin2 B then prove that, x sin j = y sin q.
= sin2 A + sin2 (A – B) – 2 sinAcosB sin (A – B).
21. Prove that cos(2x + 2y)
= cos2x cos2y + cos2 (x + y) – cos2 (x– y).
1.14 TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
x- y 1.14.1 Transformation of products into sums or differences
22. If sin b = ,
x+ y 1. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
Êp qˆ x 2. 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
then prove that tan Á + ˜ = + .
Ë 4 2¯ y 3. 2 cosA cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
4. 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
n sin a cos a
23. If tan b = , Proof: As we know that
1 - n sin 2 a
sin (A + B) = sin A. cos B + cos A. sin B (i)
prove that tan (a – b) = (1 – n) tan a .
sin (A – B) = sin A. cos B – cos A. sin B (ii)
Q sin b
24. If tan a = , Adding (i) and (ii), we get
P + Q cos b 1. 2 sinA. cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
P sin a Subtracting (i) and (ii), we get,
prove that tan (b - a ) =
Q + P cos a 2. 2 cosA. sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
Also, we have,
3
25. If cos(a – b) + cos(b – g) + cos(g – a) = - cos (A + B) = cosA. cosB – sinA. sinB (iii)
2
prove that cosa + cosb + cos g = 0 cos(A – B) = cosA. cosB + sinA. sinB (iv)
and sina + sinb + sing = 0. Adding, (iii) and (iv), we get,
26. If tan (a – q) = n tan (a – q), show that 3. 2 cosA. cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
sin 2q n - 1 Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get,
= 4. 2 sinA. sinB = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) .
sin 2a n + 1
1.14.2 Transformations of sums or
27. If sina + sinb = a and cosa + cosb = b, differences into Products
then show that
C+D C-D
b2 - a 2 1. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
(i) cos (a + b ) = 2 2
b2 + a 2
C+D C-D
2ab 2. sin C – sin B = 2 cos sin
(ii) sin (a + b ) = 2 2
b + a2
2
C+D C-D
28. If a and b are the roots of 3. cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
a cos q + b sin q = c, then prove that
C-D C-D
a 2 - b2 4. cos C – tan D = – 2 sin sin .
(i) cos (a + b ) = 2 2
a 2 + b2
Proof: As we know that,
(ii) cos (a - b ) =
(
2c - a 2 + b 2 ) sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) = 2 sin A cos B (i)
a 2 + b2 sin (A + B) – sin (A – B) = 2 cos A sin B (ii)
cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2 cos A cos B (iii) Ê 40∞ + 20∞ ˆ Ê 40∞ - 20∞ ˆ

+2 sin Á ˜¯ cos ÁË ˜¯
cos (A + B) – cos(A – B) = –2 sin A sin B (iv) Ë 2 2
Put A+B=C&A–B=D – sin (70°) – sin (80°)
C+D C-D = 2 sin (30°) cos (20°) + 2 sin (30°) cos (10°)
A= &B= – sin (70°) – sin (80°)
fi 2 2
= cos (20°) + cos (10°) – sin (70°) – sin (80°)
From (i), we get,
= cos (20°) + cos (10°) – cos (20°) – cos (10°)
Ê C + Dˆ Ê C - Dˆ
1. sin C + sin D = 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á = 0.
Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ sin A + sin 2 A + sin 4 A + sin 5 A
From (ii), we get, Ex-4. Prove
cos A + cos 2 A + cos 4 A + cos 5 A
Ê C + Dˆ Ê C - Dˆ = tan 3 A
2. sin C - sin D = 2 cos Á sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
From (iii), we get, Soln. We have, sin A + sin 2 A + sin 4 A + sin 5 A
Ê C + Dˆ Ê C - Dˆ cos A + cos 2 A + cos 4 A + cos 5 A
3 cos C + cos D = 2 cos Á cos Á
Ë 2 ¯ ˜ Ë 2 ˜¯ (sin 5 A + sin A) + (sin 4 A + sin 2 A)
=
From (iv), we get, (cos 5 A + cos A) + (cos 4 A + cos 2 A)
Ê C + Dˆ Ê C - Dˆ 2 sin 3 A cos 2 A + 2 sin 3 A cos A
4. cos C - cos D = -2 sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ =
2 cos 3 A cos 2 A + 2 cos 3 A cos A
sin 3 A (cos 2 A + cos A)
1.14.3 Some solved examples =
cos 3 A (cos 2 A + cos A)
Ex-1. Prove that sin (47°) + cos (77°) = cos (17°)
Soln. We have, sin (47°) + cos(77°) sin 3 A
=
= sin (47°) + sin (13°) cos 3 A
Ê 47∞ + 13∞ ˆ Ê 47∞ - 13∞ ˆ = tan 3A.
= 2 sin Á
Ë ˜¯ cos ÁË ˜¯
2 2 Hence, the result.
= 2 sin (30°) cos (17°) Ex-5. Prove that
= 2 ¥ 1 ¥ cos(17∞) cosa + cosb + cosg + cos (a + b + g)
2 Êa + bˆ Êb +g ˆ Êg +aˆ
= 4 cos Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
cos Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
cos Á
= cos (17°) Ë 2 ˜¯
Ex-2. Prove that
cos (80°) + cos (40°) – cos (20°) = 0. Soln. We have
Soln. We have, cos (80°) + cos (40°) – cos (20°) cosa + cosb + cosg + cos (a + b + g)
Ê 80∞ + 40∞ ˆ Ê 80∞ - 40∞ ˆ = (cos a + cos b) + (cos (a + b + g) + cos g)
= 2 cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜¯ – cos (20°)
Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 Êa + bˆ Êa - bˆ
= 2 cos Á ˜ cos Á
= 2 cos (60°) cos (20°) – cos (20°) Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
= 2 ¥ 1 ¥ cos(20∞) - cos(20∞) Êa + b +g +g ˆ Êa + b +g -g ˆ
2 +2 cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜¯
Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2
= cos (20°) – cos (20°)
= 0. Êa + bˆ Êa - bˆ
= 2 cos Á ˜ cos Á
Ex-3. Prove that Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
sin (10°) + sin (20°) + sin (40°) + sin (50°) Ê a + b + 2g ˆ Êa + bˆ
+2 cos Á cos Á
– sin (70°) – sin (80°) = 0. Ë 2
˜
¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
Soln. We have, sin (10°) + sin (20°) + sin (40°)
+ sin (50°) – sin (70°) – sin (80°) Êa + bˆ
= 2 cos Á ¥
= {sin (50°) + sin (10°)} + {sin (40°) + sin (20°)} Ë 2 ˜¯
– sin (70°) – sin (80°)
Ï Êa - bˆ Ê a + b + 2g ˆ ¸
Ê 50∞ + 10∞ ˆ Ê 50∞ - 10∞ ˆ Ìcos Á ˜ + 2 cos Á ˜¯ ˝
= 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜¯ Ó Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˛
Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2
Ê a - b a + b + 2g ˆ (iv) sin 75° cos 15°

+ (v) cos 75° cos 15°
Êa + bˆ Á ˜
= 2 cos Á ˜ ¥ cos Á 2 2
˜ 2. Express as a product:
Ë 2 ¯ 2
Á ˜ (i) cosf – cos 5f
Ë ¯
(ii) cos 45° + sin 75°
Ê a - b a + b + 2g ˆ
- (iii) cos 6q – cos 8q
Á 2 2 ˜ (iv) cos 4q + cos 8q
cos Á ˜
2 (v) sin 6q – sin 2q
Á ˜
Ë ¯ 3. Prove that:
Êa + bˆ Ï Êa +g ˆ Ê b +g ˆ¸ sin 5 A - sin 3 A
¥ Ìcos cos Á ˝ (i) = tan A
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ó ÁË 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ ˛
= 2 cos Á
cos 5 A + cos 3 A
sin A + sin 3 A
1 1 (ii) = tan 2A
Ex-6. If sin A - sin B = and cos A - cos B = , cos A + cos 3 A
2 3
sin A + sin B Ê A + Bˆ
Ê A + Bˆ (iii) = tan ÁË ˜
tan Á cos A + cos B 2 ¯
Ë 2 ˜¯
4. Prove that :
1 (i) sin 38° + sin 22° = sin 82°
Soln. Given sin A - sin B = .............(i)
2 (ii) sin 105° + cos 105° = cos 45°
1 ..............(ii) (iii) cos 55° + cos 65° + cos 175° = 0
and cos A - cos B = (iv) cos 20° + cos 100° + cos 140° = 0
3
(v) sin 50° – sin 70 + sin 10° = 0
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get,
5. Prove that : (cosa + cosb)2 + (sina + sinb)2
sin A - sin B 1 / 2 3 Êa - bˆ
= = = 4 cos 2 Á
cos A - cos B 1 / 3 2 Ë 2 ˜¯
Ê A + Bˆ Ê A - Bˆ 6. Prove that : (cosa – cosb)2 + (sina – sinb)2

2 cos Á
Ë 2 ¯ ˜ Ë 2 ˜¯ 3
sin Á Êa - bˆ
= 4 sin 2 Á
fi
Ê A + Bˆ
=
Ê A - Bˆ 2 Ë 2 ˜¯
-2 sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ 7. Prove that: (sina – sinb)2 + (cosa – cosb)2
Êa - bˆ
Ê A + Bˆ = 4 sin 2 Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
Ë 2 ˜¯
cos Á
3
fi =- 1
Ê A + Bˆ 2 8. Prove that cos 20 co 40 cos 80 =
Ë 2 ˜¯
sin Á 8
3
9. Prove that sin 20 . sin 40 sin 80 =
Ê A + Bˆ 3 8
fi cot Á =-
Ë 2 ˜¯ 2 3
10. Prove that sin 10 sin 50 . sin 60 . sin 70 =
Ê A + Bˆ 2 16
fi tan Á =- .
Ë 2 ˜¯ 3 3
11. Prove that cos 10 . cos 30 . cos 50 . cos 70° =
16
1 1
12. If cos A + cos B = , sin A + sin B = ,
EXERCISE 6 2 4
Ê A + Bˆ 1
1. Express as a sum or difference: then prove that tan Á =
(i) 2 sin3a cos 2b Ë 2 ˜¯ 2
1 13. Prove that :
(ii) cos 10a cos 20b
4 (i) sin A + sin 3 A + sin 5 A = tan 3A
(iii) 2 sin 5qcosq cos A + cos 3 A + cos 5 A
Put B = A, we get,
(ii) cos 4 x + cos 3x + cos12 x = cot 3x
sin 4 x + sin 3x + sin 2 x cos 2 A = cosA. cos A – sin A. sinA
sin A + sin 3 A + sin 5 A + sin 7 A = cos2 A – sin2 A.
(iii) = tan 4 A
cos A + cos 3 A + cos 5 A + cos 7 A = cos2 A – (1 – cos2 A)
14. If cosec A + sec A = cosec B + sec B, then = 2 cos2 I – 1
Ê A + Bˆ
prove that tan A tan B = cot Á = 2 (1 – sin2 A) – 1
Ë 2 ˜¯
= 1 – 2 sin2 A.
15. If sin 2A = l sin 2B, then prove that
tan( A + B) l + 1 3. As we know that,
=
tan( A - B) l - 1 tan A + tan B
tan ( A + B ) =
1 - tan A.tan B
16. Find the value of 3 cot(20∞) - 4 cos(20∞) .
Put B = A, we get,
17. If sin A + sin B = a and cos A + cos B = b, tan A + tan A 2 tan A
tan 2 A = =
A + B). 1 - tan A.tan A 1 - tan 2 A
1 1
18. If 2 cos A = x + , 2 cos B = y + ,
x y 1.14.3 T-ratios of angle 2A
A – B). 2 tan A
19. Prove that 4. sin2 A = ,
1 + tan 2 A
sin(47°) + sin(61°) – sin(11°) – sin(25°) = cos(7°).
m 1 1 - tan 2 A
20. If tan a = , and tan b = , 5. cos 2A =
m +1 2m + 1 1 + tan 2 A
a + b). 6. 1– cos 2A = 2sin2A,
21. Find the number of integral values of k for which 7. 1 + cos 2A = 2 cos2A
7 cosx + 5 sinx = 2k + 1 has a solution. sin 2 A
8. tan A = ,
1 + cos 2 A
1.15 MULTIPLE ANGLES 9. tan A =
1 - cos 2 A
sin 2 A
1.15.1 Definition
Proof: 4. As we know that, sin 2A
An angle of the form nA, n Œ Z is called a multiple angle = 2 sin A cos A
of A. Such as 2A, 3A, 4A etc. are each multiple angles of A. 2 sin A cos A
=
1.15.2 Trigonometrical ratios of 2A 1
in terms of t-ratio of A 2 sin A cos A
=
cos 2 A + sin 2 A
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A.
2. cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A 2 sin A cos A
= 2 cos2 A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 A. = cos 2 A
2 tan A sin 2 A
3. tan 2A = 1+
1 - tan 2 A cos 2 A
Proof:
2 tan A
1. As we know that, = .
1 + tan 2 A
sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
5. Also, we have, cos 2 A
Put B = A, we get, = cos2 A – sin2 A
sin 2 A = sin A . cos A. + sin A. cos A cos 2 A - sin 2 A
=
= 2 sin A. cos A. 1
2. As we know that, cos 2 A - sin 2 A
=
cos (A + B) = cos A. cos B – sin A. sin B cos 2 A + sin 2 A
sin 2 A 2 tan A + tan A - tan 3 A

1- =
= cos 2 A 1 - tan 2 A - 2 tan 2 A
sin 2 A
1+ 3 tan A - tan 3 A
cos 2 A =
1 - 3 tan 2 A
1 - tan 2 A
= .
1 + tan 2 A
6. we have, 1 – cos2 A
1.16 SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS
= 1 – (1 – 2 sin2 A) Deduction 1
= 2 sin2 A 1
sin2 A = (1 – cos2 A)
7. Also, we have, 1 + cos 2 A 2
Proof: We have,
= 1 + (2 cos2 A – 1)
1 1
= 2 cos2 A. sin2 A = (2 sin 2 A) = (1 - cos 2 A)
8. tan A Deduction 2 2 2
sin A 2 sin A cos A sin 2 A 1
= = = cos2A = (1 + cos 2A)
cos A 2 cos A2
1 + cos 2 A 2
9. tan A Proof: We have, cos 2 A
1 1
sin A 2 sin 2 A 1 - cos 2 A = (2 cos 2 A) = (1 + cos 2 A)
= = = 2 2
cos A 2 sin A cos A sin 2 A
Deduction 3
1.14.4 Trigonometrical ratios of 3A 1
in terms of t-ratio of A. sin3 A = (3 sin A – sin 3 A)
4
10. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A Proof: We have, sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
11. cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A fi 4 sin3 A = 3 sin A – sin 3A
3 tan A - tan 3 A 1
12. tan 3 A = fi sin3 A = (3 sin A - sin 3 A)
1 - 3 tan 2 A 4
Proof: 10. We have, sin 3A Deduction 4.
= sin (2A + A) 1
cos 3A = (cos 3A + 3 cos A)
= sin 2 A cos A + cos 2A . sin A
Proof: We have, cos3A =4 4 cos3A – 3 cosA
= 2 sin A .cos A.cos A + (1 – 2 sin2 A) sin A
fi 4cos3 A = cos 3A + 3 cosA
= 2 sin A . cos2 A + (1 – 2 sin2 A) . sin A
= 2 sin A (1 – sin2 A) + (1 – 2 sin2 A) . sin A 1
fi cos3 A = (cos 3 A + 3 cos A)
= 2 sin A – 2 sin3 A + sin A – 2 sin3 A 4
= 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A.
11. We have, cos 3 A Deduction 5
= cos (2A + A) 1
sin A sin (60 – A) . sin (60 + A) = sin 3 A
= cos 2A . cos A – sin 2A . sin A Proof: We have, 4
= (2 cos2 A – 1) cos A – 2 sin2 A . cos A
sin A. sin (60° – A) sin (60° + A)
= (2 cos2 A – 1) cos A – 2 cos A (1 – cos2 A)
= 2 cos3 A – cos A – 2 cos A + 2 cos3 A. = sin A. (sin2 60° – sin2 A)
= 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A. Ê3 ˆ
12. we have, tan 3 A = sin A. Á - sin 2 A˜
Ë4 ¯
= tan (2A + A)
=
tan 2 A + tan A = sin A (3 - 4 sin 2 A)
1 - tan 2 A.tan A 4
2 tan A 1
+ tan A = (3 sin A - 4 sin 3 A)
4
= 1 - tan A
2
2 tan A 1
1- .tan A = ¥ sin 3 A
1 - tan 2 A 4
Deduction 6 = 1 – 2 sin2 (2A)

1 = 1 – 2 (2 sin A . cos A)2
cos A. cos (60 – A) . cos (60 + A) = cos 3A
4
= 1 – 8 sin2 A . cos2 A
Proof: We have,
= 1 – 8 sin2 A (1 – sin2 A)
cosA. cos (60° – A). cos (60° + A)
= 1 – 8 sin2 A + 8 sin4 A
= cosA. (cos260° – sin2A)
Deduction 10
Ê1 ˆ
= cos A Á - 1 + cos 2 A˜ 4 tan A - 4 tan 3 A
Ë4 ¯ tan 4 A =
1 - 6 tan 2 A + tan 4 A
Ê 3 ˆ
= cos A Á - + cos 2 A˜ Proof: We have, tan 4 A
Ë 4 ¯
= tan2.(2A)
cos A
=
4
(
. -3 + 4 cos 2 A ) =
2 tan 2 A
1 + tan 2 2 A
=
1
4
(
-3 cos A + 4 cos3 A ) 4 tan A
1 - tan 2 A
1 =
= (4 cos3 A - 3 cos A) Ê 2 tan A ˆ
2
4 1- Á
Ë 1 - tan 2 A ˜¯
1
= ¥ cos 3 A .
4 4 tan A(1 - tan 2 A)
=
(1 - tan 2 A)2 - 4 tan 2 A
Deduction 7
tan A . tan (60 – A) . tan (60 + A) = tan 3A 4 tan A - 4 tan 3 A
= .
Proof: We have, 1 - 6 tan 2 A + tan 4 A
tanA . tan (60° – A). tan (60° + A) Deduction 11
sin A.sin(60∞ - A).sin(60∞ + A) sin 5 A = 16 sin5 A – 20 sin3 A + 5 sin A
=
cos A.cos(60∞ - A).cos(60∞ + A) Proof: We have, sin 5A
1
sin 3 A = sin (3A + 2A)
= 4 = sin 3A cos 2A + cos 3A. sin 2A
1
cos 3 A = (3 sin A – 4sin3A) (1 – 2 sin 2A)
4
sin 3 A + 2(4 cos3A – 3 cos A) sin A cos A
=
cos 3 A = (3 sin A – 4sin3A) (1 – 2 sin2 A)
= tan 3A. + 2 (4 cos2A – 3)sin A cos2A
Deduction 8 = (3 sin A – 4 sin3A) (1 – 2 sin2A)

sin 4A = 4 sin cos A – 8 cos A sin3A + 2(1 – 4 sin2A) (sin A – sin3A)
Proof: We have, sin 4A = (3 sin A – 4 sin3A – 6 sin3A + 8 sin5A)
= 2 sin 2A . cos 2A + 2 (sin A – 4 sin3A – sin3A + 4 sin5A)
= 2 (2 sin A cos A) (1 – 2 sin2 A) = 5 sin A – 20 sin3 A + 16 sin5A
= 4 sin A . cos A (1 – 2 sin 2 A) = 16 sin5 A – 20 sin3 A + 5 sin A.
= 4 sin A . cos A – 8 sin 3 A . cos A Deduction 12
Deduction 9 cos 5 A = 16 cos5 A – 20 cos3 A + 5 cos A
cos 4 A = 1 – 8 sin A + 8 sin A
2 4
Proof: We have, cos 5 A
Proof: We have, cos 4A = cos (3A + 2 A)
= cos 2 (2 A) = cos 3A cos 2A – sin 3A sin 2A
= (4 cos3 A – 3 cos A) (2 cos2 A – 1) Ex-3. Prove that cotq – tanq = 2 cot(2q)

– (3 sinA – 4 sin3A) (2 sin A cos A) Soln. We have, (cotq – tanq)
= 8 cos5 A – 6 cos3 A – 4 cos3 A Ê cos q sin q ˆ
= Á -
+ 3 cos A – (3 – 4 sin2 A) 2 cos A (1– cos2 A) Ë sin q cos q ˜¯
= 8 cos5 A – 10 cos3 A + 3 cos A –
cos 2q - sin 2 q
(4 cos2 A – 1) (2 cos A – 2 cos3 A) =
sin q cos q
= 8 cos5 A – 10 cos3 A + 3 cos A – 8 cos3 A
2 cos 2q
+ 2 cos A + 8 cos5 A – 2 cos3 A =
= 16 cos5 A – 20 cos3 A + 5 cos A. 2 sin q cos q
2 cos 2q
Deduction 13 =
sin 2q
sin 6 A = (6 sin A – 32 sin3 A + 32 sin5 A) cos A.
= 2 cot2 q.
Proof: We have sin 6 A
= sin 2 (3A) b
Ex-4. If tanq = ,
= 2 sin 3A . cos 3A a
= 2 (3 sin A – 4 Sin3 A) (4 cos3 A – 3 cos A) prove that , a cos (2q) + b sin (2q) = a
= 2 (3 sin A – 4 sin3 A) (1 – 4 sin2 A) cos A Soln. We have, a cos(2q) + b sin (2q)
= 2 (3 sin A – 4 sin3A – 12sin3A + 16 sin 5 A) cosA Ê 1 - tan 2 q ˆ Ê 2 tan q ˆ
= aÁ + bÁ
= 2 (3 sin A – 16 sin3 A + 16 sin5 A) cos A 2 ˜
Ë 1 + tan q ¯ Ë 1 + tan 2 q ˜¯
= (6 sin A – 32 sin3A + 32 sin5A) cos A.
Ê b2 ˆ Ê b ˆ
1 -
Á a ˜ + b ÁÁ a ˜˜
2˜ 2
Deduction 14
= aÁ
cos 6 A = 32 cos6 A – 48 cos4 A + 18 cos2 A – 1 Á b2 ˜ Á b2 ˜
ÁË 1 + ˜ ÁË 1 + ˜
Proof: We have, cos 6A a2 ¯ a2 ¯
= cos 2 (3A) Ê a 2 - b2 ˆ Ê 2ab ˆ
= 2 cos2 (3A) – 1 = aÁ 2 2˜
+ bÁ 2
Ë a + b 2 ˜¯
Ëa +b ¯
= 2 (4 cos3 A – 3 cos A)2 – 1
= 2 (16 cos6 A - 24 cos4 A + 9 cos2 A) – 1 a(a 2 - b 2 + 2b 2 )
=
= 32 cos6 A – 48 cos4 A + 18 cos2 A – 1 a 2 + b2
a(a 2 + b 2 )
=
1.16.1 Some solved examples a 2 + b2
Ê 1 - cos 2q ˆ = a.
Ex-1. Prove that Á = tan q
Ë sin 2q ˜¯ Ex-5. Prove that 3 cos ec (20∞) - sec(20∞) = 4
Soln. We have, Soln. We have, 3 cos ec (20∞) - sec(20∞)
1 - cos 2q 2 sin q
2
3 1
= = -
sin 2q 2 sin q cos q sin(20∞) cos(20∞)
sin q
= = tanq
cos q Ê 3 ˆ
Ê 1 + cos 2q ˆ
4Á
Ë 2
( )
1
cos 20O - sin 20O ˜
2 ¯
( )
= cot q =
2sin ( 20 ) cos (20 )
Ex-2. Prove that Á
Ë sin 2q ˜¯ Ÿ O
Soln. We have,
Ê 3 1 ˆ
4Á cos(20∞) - sin(20∞)˜
1 + cos 2q 2 cos q
2
Ë 2 2 ¯
= =
sin 2q 2 sin q cos q 2 sin (20∞) cos(20∞)
cos q 4(sin(60∞) cos(20∞) - cos(60∞)sin( 20∞))
= = cotq. =
sin q 2 sin (20∞) cos(20∞)
4(sin(60∞ - 20∞)) 2 sin 4 A cos 4 A sin 4 A

= = ¥
sin (40∞) cos 8 A 2 sin 2 2 A
= 4. sin 8 A 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A
= ¥
Ex-6. Prove that cos 8 A 2 sin 2 2 A
tan(9°) – tan(27°) – tan(63°) + tan(81°) = 4 = sin 8 A ¥ cos 2 A
cos 8 A sin 2 A
Soln. We have,
= tan 8A ´ cot 2A
tan(9°) – tan(27°) – tan(63°) + tan(81°)
= {tan(9°) + tan(81°)} – {tan(27°) + tan(63°)} = tan 8 A .
tan 2 A
= {tan(9°) + cot(9°)} – {tan(27°) + cot(27°)} Ex-8. Prove that
Ï sin(9∞) cos(9∞) ¸ Ï sin(27∞) cos(27∞) ¸ tanq + 2tan (2q) + 4tan (4q) + 8cot8q = cotq
= Ì + ˝-Ì + ˝
Ó cos(9∞) sin(9∞) ˛ Ó cos(27∞) sin(27∞) ˛ Soln. We have,
ÏÔ sin (9∞) + cos (9∞) ¸Ô ÏÔ sin (27∞) + cos (27∞) ¸Ô
2 2 2 2
tan q + 2 tan ( 2q ) + 4 tan ( 4q ) + 8 cot 8q
= Ì ˝-Ì ˝
ÓÔ sin(9∞) cos(9∞) ˛Ô ÓÔ sin(27∞) cos(27∞) ˛Ô = cot q - (cot q - tan q ) + 2 tan 2q
Ï 2 ¸ Ï 2 ¸ + 4 tan 4q + 8 cot 8q
= Ì ˝-Ì ˝ = cot q - 2 cot 2q + 2 tan 2q + 4 tan 4q + 8 cot 8q
Ó 2 sin(9∞) cos(9∞) ˛ Ó 2 sin(27∞) cos(27∞) ˛
Ï 2 ¸ Ï 2 ¸ = cot q - 2 (cot 2q - tan 2q ) + 4 tan 4q + 8 cot 8q
= Ì ˝-Ì ˝ = cot q - 4 cot 4q + 4 tan 4q + 8 cot 8q
Ó sin(18∞) ˛ Ó sin(54∞) ˛
= cot q - 4 (cot 4q - tan 4q ) + 8 cot 8q
Ï ¸ Ï ¸
Ô Ô Ô = cot q - 8 cot 8q + 8 cot 8q
Ô 2 Ô Ô 2 ÔÔ
= Ì ˝-Ì ˝ = cot q.
Ô Ê 5 - 1ˆ Ô Ô 5 + 1 Ô
Ô ÁË 4 ˜¯ Ô ÔÓ 4 Ô˛ Ex-9. Prove that
Ó ˛ Ê 2p ˆ Ê 2p ˆ 3
cos 2 (q ) + cos 2 Á - q ˜ + cos 2 Á + q˜ =
Ï 8 ¸ Ï 8 ¸ Ë 3 ¯ Ë 3 ¯ 2
Ì ˝-Ì ˝ Soln. We have,
= Ó 5 - 1˛ Ó 5 + 1˛
Ê 2p Ê 2p
Ô (
Ï8 5 + 1 - 5 + 1 ¸
Ô ) cos 2 (q ) + cos 2 Á
Ë 3
ˆ
- q ˜ + cos 2 Á
¯ Ë 3
ˆ
+ q˜
¯
= Ì 5 -1
˝
ÔÓ Ô˛ 1Ê Ê 2p ˆ Ê 2p ˆˆ
= Á 2 cos 2 (q ) + 2 cos 2 Á - q ˜ + 2 cos 2 Á + q˜˜
= 4. 2Ë Ë 3 ¯ Ë 3 ¯¯
Ê sec 8 A - 1ˆ tan 8 A
Ex-7. Prove that Á =
Ë sec 4 A - 1˜¯ tan 2 A =
1
2
(1 + cos (2q )) + 12 ÊÁË1 + cos ÊÁË 43p - 2q ˆ˜¯ ˆ˜¯
Ê sec 8 A - 1ˆ 1Ê Ê 4p ˆˆ
Soln. We have, Á
Ë sec 4 A - 1˜¯ + Á
2Ë
1 + cos Á
Ë 3
+ 2q ˜ ˜
¯¯
1
-1 1Ê Ê Ê 4p ˆ Ê 4p ˆˆˆ
3 + Á cos 2 q + cos Á - 2q ˜ + cos Á + 2q ˜ ˜ ˜
= cos 8 A = Á
2Ë Ë Ë 3 ¯ Ë 3 ¯¯¯
1
-1
cos 4 A 1Ê Ê Ê 4p ˆ ˆˆ
= Á 3 + Á cos 2q + 2 cos Á ˜ cos ( 2q )˜ ˜
= 1 - cos 8 A ¥ cos 4 A 2Ë Ë Ë 3¯ ¯¯
1 - cos 4 A cos 8 A
1Ê Ê Ê 1ˆ ˆˆ
2 sin 2 4 A
cos 4 A = Á 3 + Á cos 2q + 2 Á - ˜ cos ( 2q )˜ ˜
= ¥ 2Ë Ë Ë 2¯ ¯¯
2 sin 2 A cos 8 A
2
3
= .
2
Ex-10 Prove that 1

3 = (sin(60∞))
sin q + sin (120∞ + q ) + sin (120∞ + q ) =
2 2 2 4
2
3
Soln. We have, = .
8
sin2q + sin2 (120° + q) + sin2 (240° + q)
Ex-13. Prove that
1Ê Ê 2p ˆˆ 4 cos(q) . cos(60° – q). cos(60° + q)
= Á 2 sin 2 q + 2 sin 2 Á + q˜˜
2Ë Ë 3 ¯¯
= cos(3q)
1Ê Ê 4p ˆˆ Soln. We have,
+ Á 2 sin 2 Á + q˜˜
2Ë Ë 3 ¯¯ 4 cos(q). cos(60° – q). cos(60° + q)
1Ê Ê 4p ˆˆ = 4 cos(q). (cos(60° – q). cos(60° + q))
= Á (1 - cos 2q ) + Á1 - cos ÊÁË + 2q ˆ˜¯ ˜ ˜ = 4 cos(q). (cos2(60°) – sin2 q)
2Ë Ë 3 ¯¯
Ê1 ˆ
1 ÊÊ Ê 8p ˆˆˆ = 4 cos (q ) . Á - 1 + cos 2 q ˜
+ Á Á1 - cos Á + 2q ˜ ˜ ˜ Ë4 ¯
2 ËË Ë 3 ¯¯¯
Ê 3 ˆ
= 4 cos (q ) . Á - + cos 2 q ˜
3 1 1 È Ê 4p ˆ Ê 8p ˆ˘ Ë 4 ¯
= - cos 2q - Ícos Á + 2q ˜ + cos Á + 2q ˜ ˙
2 2 2Î Ë 3 ¯ Ë 3 ¯˚ = cos(q) . (–3 + 4 cos2q)
= 3 - 1 cos 2q - 1 (2 cos(120∞) cos 2q ) = (4 cos3q – 3cos(q))
2 2 2 = cos(3q).
= 3 - 1 cos 2q + 1 cos (2q ) Ex-14. Prove that
2 2 2 3
cos (10∞). cos(50∞). cos(70∞) =
3 8
= .
2 Soln. We have, cos(10°) . cos(50°) . cos(70°)
Ex-11. Prove that = cos(10°) cos(60° – 10°) cos(60° + 10°)
4sin (q) sin (60° + q) sin (60° – q) = sin 3q =
1
(4 cos(10∞).cos(60∞ - 10∞).cos(60∞ + 10∞))
Êp ˆ Êp ˆ 4
Soln. We have, 4 sin (q ) sin Á - q ˜ sin Á + q ˜ 1
Ë3 ¯ Ë3 ¯ = (4 cos(3.10∞))
4
Ê Êp ˆ Êp ˆˆ
= 4 sin (q ) ¥ Á sin Á - q ˜ sin Á + q ˜ ˜ 3
Ë Ë3 ¯ Ë3 ¯¯ = .
8
Ê Êpˆ ˆ
= 4 sin (q ) ¥ Á sin 2 Á ˜ - sin 2 q ˜ Ex-15. Prove that
Ë Ë 3¯ ¯ tan(q) + tan (60° + q) – tan (60° – q)
Ê3 ˆ
= 4 sin (q ) ¥ Á - sin 2 q ˜
= 3tan(3q)
Ë4 ¯ Soln. We have,
Ê3 ˆ tan (q) – tan (60° – q) + tan (60° + q)
= 4 ¥ Á sin q - sin 3 q ˜
Ë4 ¯ tan(60∞) - tan (q )
= tan (q ) -
= (3 sinq – 4 sin q) 1 + tan(60∞).tan (q )
3
= sin (3q) tan(60∞) + tan (q )

+
Ex-12. Prove that sin (20°) sin (40°) sin (80°) =
3 1 - tan(60∞).tan (q )
8
Soln. We have, sin (20°) sin (40°) sin (80°) 3 - tan (q ) 3 + tan (q )
= tan (q ) - +
1 1 + 3.tan (q ) 1 - 3.tan (q )
= (sin(3.20∞))
4
- 3 + 3 tan (q ) + tan (q ) - 3 tan 2 (q ) 1 Ê Êpˆ Ê p ˆˆ Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ

= - Á 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜ ˜ cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜
+ 3 + 3 tan (q ) + tan (q ) + 3 tan 2 (q ) Êpˆ Ë Ë 7¯ Ë 7 ¯¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7 ¯
2 sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯
= tan(q)
(1 - 3 tan 2 q )
1 Ê Ê 2p ˆ Ê 2p ˆ ˆ Ê 4p ˆ
8 tan (q ) = - Á 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜ ˜ cos Á ˜
Ë 7¯ Ë 7 ¯¯ Ë 7¯
= tan (q ) + Êpˆ Ë
22 sin Á ˜
1 - 3 tan 2 (q ) Ë 7¯
tan (q ) - 3 tan 3 (q ) + 8 tan (q ) 1 Ê Ê 4p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ ˆ
= = - Á 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜ ˜
1 - 3 tan (q )
2 p
Ê ˆ
23 sin Á ˜
Ë Ë 7 ¯ Ë 7 ¯¯
Ë 7¯
Ê 3 tan (q ) - tan 3 (q ) ˆ
= 3 ¥ Á ˜ Ê 8p ˆ
Ë 1 - 3 tan (q ) ¯
2 sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯
= -
= 3 ¥ tan (3q). Êpˆ
23 sin Á ˜
Ex-16. Prove that Ë 7¯
cos(q) cos(2q) cos(22q) cos(23q)... cos(2n–1q) Ê pˆ
=
( )
sin 2 q n
= -
sin Á p + ˜
Ë 7¯
2 sin q n p
Ê ˆ
23 sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯
Soln. We have,
cos(q) cos(2q) cos(22q) cos(23q)... cos(2n–1q) Êpˆ
sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯
=
1
2 sin q
( ( ) ( ))
(2 sin q cos q ) cos 2q .cos 22 q ...cos 22n-1q =
Êpˆ
8 sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯
= 2
1
2 sin q
( ( ) ( ))
(2 sin 2q cos 2q ) cos 22 q .....cos 22n-1q
=
1
.
8
= 3
1
2 sin q
( ( ) ( ))
(2 sin 4q cos 4q ) cos 23q .....cos 22n-1q Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ Ê 6p ˆ
Ex-18. Prove that cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ = -
1
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯
) ( ( ) ( ))
2
= 4
1
2 sin q
(
2 sin 23 q cos 23 q cos 24 q .....cos 22 n -1q
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ Ê 6p ˆ
Soln. Let z = cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜
.............. ........... .............. Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯
.............. ........... .............. Êpˆ
fi 2 z sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯
=
2 n
1
sin q
(2 sin 2 n -1
q cos 2n -1q ) Êpˆ Ê 2p ˆ Êpˆ Ê 4p ˆ
= 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜ + 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯
= n
2 sin q
1
(sin 2 q )
n
Êpˆ Ê 6p ˆ
+2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯
sin(2n q )
= Ê 3p ˆ Êpˆ Ê 5p ˆ Ê 3p ˆ
2n sin q = sin Á ˜ - sin Á ˜ + sin Á ˜ - sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ Ê 8p ˆ 1
Ex-17. Prove that cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜ = Ê 7p ˆ Ê 5p ˆ
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ 8 + sin Á ˜ - sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ Ê 8p ˆ
Soln. We have cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Êpˆ
= - sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ Ê pˆ
= cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜ cos Á p + ˜ Êpˆ Êpˆ
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Thus, 2 z sin Á ˜ = - sin Á ˜
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯
Êpˆ Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ 1
= - cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜ fi z=-
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ 2
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ Ê 6p ˆ 1 1 + sin 2q + cos 2q
fi cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ = - . 3. = cot q
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ 2 1 + sin 2q - cos 2q
4. cotq – tanq = 2 cot 2q
Ex-19. If M = a cos q + b sin q
2 2 2 2
5. 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4q = 2 cos q
+ a 2 sin 2 q + b 2 cos 2 q
6. Prove that:
such that max (M2) = m1 and min (M2) = m2,
m1 – m2. cosec 10° – 3 sec 10° = 4.
b
Soln. Given 7. If tanq = , then prove that
a
M = a 2 cos 2 q + b 2 sin 2 q + a 2 sin 2 q + b 2 cos 2 q
a cos 2q + b sin 2q = a
fi M2 = a2 cos2q + b2 sin2q + a2 sin2q + b2 cos2q +
Q. Prove that:
Êpˆ Ê 3p ˆ Ê 5p ˆ Ê 7p ˆ
2 (a 2
)(
cos 2 q + b 2 sin 2 q a 2 sin 2 q + b 2 cos 2 q ) 8. cos 2 Á ˜ + cos 2 Á ˜ + cos 2 Á ˜ + cos 2 Á ˜ = 2
Ë 8¯ Ë 8¯ Ë 8¯ Ë 8 ¯
fi M2= a 2 + b 2 + 2 (a 2
cos 2 q + b 2 sin 2 q ) Êpˆ Ê 3p ˆ Ê 5p ˆ Ê 7p ˆ
9. sin 2 Á ˜ + sin 2 Á ˜ + sin 2 Á ˜ + sin 2 Á ˜ = 2
Ë 8¯ Ë 8¯ Ë 8¯ Ë 8 ¯
(a 2 sin 2 q + b 2 cos 2 q )
sec 8 A - 1 tan 8 A
10. Prove that: =
(
fi M = a + b + 2 È a 4 + b 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q
2
Î
2 2
) sec 4 A - 1 tan 2 A
11. If cosec 2A + cosec 2 B + cosec 2 C = 0, then prove
( )
1/ 2
fi a b sin q + cos q ˘
2 2 4 4 that
˚ tan A + tan B + tan C + cot A + cot B + cot C = 0
(
M2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2 È a 4 + b 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q
Î ) 12. If tan 25° = a, then prove that:
tan 155∞ - tan 115∞ 1 - a2
=
( ) 1 + tan 155∞.tan 115∞ 2a
1/ 2
fi + a 2b 2 1 - 2sin 2 q cos 2 q ˘
˚
13. If tan2q = 2 tan2f + 1, then prove that
(( ) ) cos 2q + sin2f = 0
1/ 2
fi M2= a 2 + b 2 + 2 a 4 + b 4 - 2a 2b 2 sin 2 q cos 2 q + a 2b 2
14. If 2 tana = 3 tan b, then prove that:
sin 2b
fi M2= a 2 + b 2 + (4 (a 4
)
+ b 4 - 2a 2b 2 sin 2 q cos 2 q + 4a 2b 2 ) tan (a – b) =
5 - cos 2b
Thus,max (M2) = a2 + b2 + (a2 + b2) = 2(a2 + b2) 1
15. If a + = 2 cosq, then prove that :
a
and min (M2) = a2 + b2 + 2ab = (a + b)2
1
Hence, the value of m1 – m2 a4 + 4 = 2 cos 4q.
a
16. Prove that:
= max (M2) – min (M2)
tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8 cot 8a = cot a
= 2(a2 + b2) – (a + b)2. 17. Prove that 3(sin x – cos x)4 +
6(sin x + cos x)2 + 4(sin6 x + cos6 x) = 13.
18. If a and b are the roots of
3 cosx + 4 sin x cot (a + b )
EXERCISE 7
19. If a and b are the solutions of the equation
Q. Prove that: a tan q + b cot q = c tan (a + b ).
sin 2q 20. If tan b = 3 tan a , then prove that
1. = tan q
1 + cos 2q 2 sin 2b
tan (a + b ) =
cos 2q Êp ˆ 1 + 2 cos 2b
2. = tan ÁË - q ˜¯ 21. Find the value of
1 + sin 2q 4
cot(91∞) cot(92∞) cot(93∞)....cot(179∞) .
22. Find the value of 38. Prove that:

Ê Ê p ˆˆ Ê Ê 3p ˆ ˆ Ê Ê 5p ˆ ˆ Ê Ê 7p ˆ ˆ (1 + sec2¸ ) (1 + sec22¸ ) (1 + sec 23¸ )...(1 + sec 2n ¸ ) .
ÁË1 + cos ÁË 8 ˜¯ ˜¯ ÁË1 + cos ÁË 8 ˜¯ ˜¯ ÁË1 + cos ÁË 8 ˜¯ ¯˜ ÁË1 + cos ÁË 8 ˜¯ ˜¯
39. Prove that:
23. If a + b = 90∞
value of cosa cosb (1 + sec 2q ) (1 + sec 22 q ) (1 + sec 23q )...(1 + sec 2n q )
24. Prove that:
tan 2n q
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 2p ˆ 3 =
cos 2 q + cos 2 Á - q ˜ + cos 2 Á + q˜ = tan q
Ë 3 ¯ Ë 3 ¯ 2
25. Prove that:
Êp ˆ
cos 2 q + cos 2 Á - q ˜ + cos 2 Á + q ˜ =
Êp ˆ 3 1.17 THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
Ë3 ¯ Ë3 ¯ 2
VALUES OF f (x) = a cos x
26. Prove that: 3 cosec20∞ - sec 20∞ = 4 + b sin x + c
We have f ( x ) = a cos x + b sin x + c
1
27. Prove that: sinq cos3q – sin3q cosq = sin 3q
28. Prove that: 4 Let a = r sin q & b = r cos q
Êp ˆ Êp ˆ a
tan q + tan Á + q ˜ + tan Á - q ˜ = 3 tan (3q ) Then r = a 2 + b 2 and tan (q ) =
Ë3 ¯ Ë3 ¯ b
29. Prove that: Now, f (x) = a cos x + b sin x + c
Êp ˆ Ê 2p ˆ = r (sin q cos x + cos q sin x )
cot q + cot Á + q ˜ + cot Á + q ˜ = 3 cot 3q
Ë3 ¯ Ë 3 ¯ = r sin (q + x )
4 tan q - 4 tan 3 q As we know that, -1 £ sin (q + x ) £ 1
30. Prove that: tan 4q = .
1 - 6 tan q + tan q 2 4 fi - r + c £ r sin (q + x ) + c £ r + c
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ fi -r + c £ f ( x) £ r + c
31. Prove that: sin 3 a + sin 3 Á + a ˜ + sin 3 Á + a˜
Ë 3 ¯ Ë 3 ¯
fi - a + b + c £ f ( x) £ a 2 + b2 + c
2 2
3
= - sin 3a . Thus, the maximum value of
4
f (x) isa 2 + b2 + c
32. Prove that:
and the minimum values of f (x) is - a 2 + b 2 + c .
( ) ( )
2n cos (q ) cos ( 2q ) .cos 22 q .cos 23 q ...cos 2n -1q ( )
( )
Ex-1. Find the max and min values of
sin 2n q
= f (x) = 3 sin x + 4 cos x + 10.
sin q
Soln. Here, a = 3 , b = 4 and c = 10
p Thus, the minimum values of f (x)
33. If q = , then prove that
n
2 +1
n n -1
= - a 2 + b 2 + c = – 5 + 10 = 5
2 cos q .cos 2q . cos 2 q ....cos 2 q = 1 .
2
and the maximum values of
34. If cos 6q = A cos6 q + B cos 4 q +C cos 2 q + D ,
A + B + C + D + 2. f (x) =
a 2 + b 2 + c = 5 + 10 = 15 .
35. If sin 5q = A sin q + B sin 3 q + C sin 5 q Ex-2. Find the range of f (x) = sin x + cos x + 3
value of A + B + C + 10. Soln. R f = ÈÎmin f ( x ) , max f ( x )˘˚
36. Prove that:
Ê sin x sin 3x sin 9 x ˆ 1 = ÈÎ- 2 + 3, 2 + 3˘˚
ÁË + + ˜ = ( tan 27 x - tan x )
cos 3x cos 9 x cos 27 x ¯ 2
Ex-3. Let A = sin 4 q + cos 4 q A
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ Ê 6p ˆ 1 Soln. We have , A = sin 4 q + cos 4 q
37. Prove that cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ = - .
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ 2
( ) + (cos q )
2 2
= sin q
2 2
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2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
as printed.
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4. A reprint edition provided by Arno Press, A Publishing
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1969.
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Comprehensive Trigonometry For Iit Jee Main and Advanced Rejaul Makshud Full Chapter

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Comprehensive Trigonometry for IIT

JEE, Main and Advanced Rejaul

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Chennai New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas

Cover Designer: Creative Designer

visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in

Integer Type Questions 89

3.2 Solution of a Trigonometric Equation 119

Type - II: An in-equation is of the form sin x < k. 185

Assertion and Reason 297

1.1 INTRODUCTION cryptology), seismology, meteorology, oceanography, many

describe those relationships that have applicability to cyclical

ﬁ Ê 10 x - 4 - 2 x - 1ˆ = 1 Ex-8. The minute hand of a watch is 35 cm long. How far

Ex-9. At what distance does a man, whose height is 2 m 4 ¥ 640 ¥ p

1.6 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS (iii) cosec2 n +1q , sec2 n +1 q ≥ 1

1.6.1 Definitions of Trigonometric Ratios cosec2 n +1q , sec2 n +1 q £ -1

Ex-3. If a = c cos q + d sin q and b = c sin q - d cos q such

Soln. We have, cos q + sin q = 2 cos q 2 sin q

(sin q + sin3 q ) = (cos2 q ) b a

2 2 + 6(1 + 2 sin x cos x)

When a = 27 tan a + sec a - 1 1 + sin a

then prove that m2 – n2 = 4 mn .

4. (i) tan (90 – q) = tan (90∞ ¥ 1 - q ) = cot q (iii) sin 210∞

1.10 SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES Soln. We have,

+ sin ( 40∞) + .......... + sin (80∞) = (sin 2 5∞ + cos 2 5∞)

13. Find the value of Characteristics of cosine function:

1.11 T-RATIOS OF COMPOUND

1.11.1 The Addition Formula

Let –POX = A & –POQ = B tan A + tan B

= sin A.cos B.cos C + sin B.cos A.cos C

1.13 SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES = 3-2.

= {(1 + tan 245°)(1 + tan (–200°))}

sin a - n sin a (sin a + cos a )

(1 - n)sin a sin b cos b

Soln. Let A = x + y – z, B = y + z – x, C = x + y – z sin 2b

m 1 29. If a and b are the roots of

cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2 cos A cos B (iii) Ê 40∞ + 20∞ ˆ Ê 40∞ - 20∞ ˆ

Ê a - b a + b + 2g ˆ (iv) sin 75° cos 15°

Ê A + Bˆ Ê A - Bˆ 6. Prove that : (cosa – cosb)2 + (sina – sinb)2

sin 2 A 2 tan A + tan A - tan 3 A

Deduction 6 = 1 – 2 sin2 (2A)

Deduction 8 = (3 sin A – 4 sin3A) (1 – 2 sin2A)

= (4 cos3 A – 3 cos A) (2 cos2 A – 1) Ex-3. Prove that cotq – tanq = 2 cot(2q)

4(sin(60∞ - 20∞)) 2 sin 4 A cos 4 A sin 4 A

Ex-10 Prove that 1

= sin (3q) tan(60∞) + tan (q )

- 3 + 3 tan (q ) + tan (q ) - 3 tan 2 (q ) 1 Ê Êpˆ Ê p ˆˆ Ê 2p ˆ Ê 4p ˆ

22. Find the value of 38. Prove that:

One page, each insertion $15.00

Discounts for insertions of one advertisement for three months or

The Curse of Race Prejudice

Mme. BECK’S School of Dressmaking

Separate Courses in Any of the Branches, and Diplomas Awarded

Day and Evening Classes

The Firm for the Negro Farmers and Shippers to Deal

Fruits and Vegetables Oysters and Game Poultry and Eggs

COTTMAN & COTTMAN

NYANZA DRUG CO.

35 W. 135th ST., NEW YORK CITY

This proposition is bound to succeed, because it is giving the people

10,000 Shares at $10 Each, Par Value

Stock sold in blocks to suit the investor on easy terms.

All Kinds of Workmanship