1 A student is investigating how a volume of nitrogen gas is affected by the

pressure exerted on it.

A sample of nitrogen gas is trapped in a vertical tube of uniform cross-sectional area by a

small volume of oil. Pressure is applied by a pump. The applied pressure is measured on a
gauge, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

nitrogen
h

pressure gauge

oil

pump

air

Fig. 2.1

The temperature T of the nitrogen is 290 K.

An experiment is carried out to investigate how the height h of nitrogen trapped in the tube
varies with the pressure p.

nBBBogg@#BtEggpg
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 IT
' I
Aha = t
P

Bae
h
In = L Tx
It is suggested that p and h are related by the equation

u=N¥
'
OpAh = NkT

:
O
I
h
where A is the cross-sectional area of the tube, k is the Boltzmann constant and N is the
number of molecules of nitrogen gas.
1
(a) A graph is plotted of p on the y-axis against on the x-axis. Express the gradient in
h
terms of N.

÷
NKT

:
p =
×
'
the
In

m a
y
=

KT 1A
N
gradient = ..................................................[1]

(b) Values of p and h are given in Fig. 2.2. N =

CEA oj%=o
-

KT
( I 1h )
'
p / 105 Pa h / 10–3 m In
-

1.10 400 ± 5 2 . 50 I 0.03 → 42dm

I dm
1.22 360 ± 5 2. 78 I 0.04
→

1.38 320 ± 5 3. 13 I 0.05 I÷oxTo

ztsxio ) ' -

( '

↳ i DN
1.57 280 ± 5 3 .
57 I O .

07 i DN
,

1.83 240 ± 5 4. 17 I O .
09 → 2 div .

2.09 210 ± 5 4. 76 I 0 .
12 → 2.5 dir .

Fig. 2.2

1 1
Calculate and record values of in Fig. 2.2. Include the absolute uncertainties in .
h h
[3]
1 –1 1
(c) (i) Plot a graph of p / 105 Pa against / m . Include error bars for . [2]
h h

(ii) Draw the straight line of best fit and a worst acceptable straight line on your graph.
Both lines should be clearly labelled. [2]

(iii) Determine the gradient of the line of best fit. Include the uncertainty in your
answer.
2105×105 1115×105
Pam
I
fit
-

Best 42857
-

Gradient Of
=
=

4. 70 -
2.60

-021×105=46511
'

Grad Worst fit =

( 2.02 I
Pam
-

Of
-

Hi 50 -

2.35
Grad
'

Uncertainty Pam
in
-

4300014000
gradient = ..................................................[2]

= To order
46511 Sir A.42857
-
N. Chowhan’s O/A-Levels and IGCSE Physics
42900 I Notes
3700 (pdf files)
C I sit )
I 4000
+92 307 5059857
.

44 = 3654 →
WhatsApp at
I I 3 too( 2 s .

f.)
 line of worst line Best
2.1 . of
fit ""

I
→ fit
( 47,2105 )
'

( )
o

45,2oz
2.0

1.9

p / 105 Pa

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

( 2. 6,1115 ) ③

1.1

a ( 2.35 ,
1.02 )
1.0 .

2.0" 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

205 1
/ m–1
h

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 given In Question ) 7=290 K C .

(d) In this experiment, A = 3.14 × 10–6 m2 and k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1. Using your answer in
(c)(iii), determine the value of N. Include the absolute uncertainty in your value.
Best fit N
Grad N Grad ×A
Nk¥
=
=
⇒
NBF
314×10-6=3-37×1019
43000
-

= X
KT -

38×10-23×290
Ii
Worst Fit N →
Nw⇐= 46511×3,14×10-6
- =
3,65×1019
IN NBF NWE "
38×10-23×290 3×1019
4×1019 O
=
±
-
'

3.

AN = 3-37×1019 -
3.65×1019
( 3.4 to 3) X 1019
N = ............................................................[2]
.

= 0.30×1019
3710.32 ) X 1019 .

(e) (i) 5
The pressure is reduced so that p = 1.10 × 10 Pa and the temperature decreases -

by 12 ±1 K. =
PAK NKT TIA -1=278 's
Determine h using the relationship given and your answer in (d).
1.38×10-23×278
h =
NIT =
3.4×1019 X

PA 1.10×105 X 3.14×10-6

h = O . 378 me

378 O
m
-

h = ............................................................[2]

(ii) Determine the percentage uncertainty in your value of h.

't I¥X 1001 A÷xlooY

t
xiao
Ahq
=
.

3%111001 t2
=

Noo 't
.

go
percentage uncertainty = ........................................................ % [1]
Ah 9.0
y
=

Noot
I
.
.

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2 A student is investigating resonance of the air column in a tube using the apparatus shown in
Fig. 2.1.

tuning fork

d
tube

water

Fig. 2.1

For different tuning forks, the water level is adjusted until resonance occurs. For each tuning
fork, the frequency f and distance d are recorded.

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 d

It is suggested that f and d are related by the equation

v
4 (d + k) =
f
where v is the speed of sound in air and k is a constant.
¥
(a) A graph is plotted of d on the y-axis against on the x-axis. Determine expressions for
the gradient and y-intercept in terms of k and v.
dtk = I
4f
d = I -
K

Yt Hy
gradient = .....................................................
d
=¥xf
-1
f K) -

k
y-intercept = .....................................................
1 [1]
a
t C
↳ 125×10-3
Y = M N =3 .

(b) Values of f and d are given in Fig. 2.2.

f / Hz d / cm tf 110 3s
-

320 24.5 ± 0.5 3. 13

340 23.0 ± 0.5 2

'

94

378 20.5 ± 0.5 2. 65

428 18.0 ± 0.5 2.34

480 16.0 ± 0.5 2. of

512 15.0 ± 0.5 1. 95

Fig. 2.2

Calculate and record values of / 10–3 s in Fig. 2.2. [2]

(c) (i) Plot a graph of d / cm against / 10–3 s. Include error bars for d. [2]

(ii) Draw the straight line of best fit and a worst acceptable straight line on your graph.
Both lines should be clearly labelled. [2]

(iii) Determine the gradient of the line of best fit. Include the uncertainty in your answer.
Grad = 24-1482 = 8070 Cms
- '

BF
(3.08-194)×18
Canaday, =
24-5-162 = 8854 ems
-
'

(3.08-2.12)×10-3

A Grad = Graduate - Grad ,zf = 8854-8070=784

I
8100
-

t 800 Cms
gradient = ................................................ [2] -

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80701790
50 WhatsApp at +92 307 5059857
 25 lalorst Fit
a
d / cm line →
Best fit line
° """

(3.08×10-324.5)
24
O

(3.08×10-3,24)

23 ..

22

21

..

20

o.
( 2.48×10-3 19,2 )
19 ,

18 ..

17

16 i.. o
(2.12×10-3,16)

15 ..

(1.94×10-3148)
°

14 I
I I I I

1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3

2. 4

/ 10–3 s

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WhatsApp at +92 307 5059857 51

 12×10-3,16 1248×10-3 19,2 )
2. ,
y=MktC

8070×2.48×10-3
8854×2.121110-3
= Y -
me
(iv) Determine the y-intercept of the line of best fit. Include the uncertainty in your
answer.

Y -
Intercept # = 19.2 -

16
-

Y Interceptive
.

- = -

I C I Cup -
CBI y-intercept = ................................................. [2]

(d) Using your answers to (c)(iii) and (c)(iv), determine values for k and v. Include
appropriate units in your answers. Include the absolute uncertainties in k and v.

k= intercept ) so
ly Ak
Ay Intercept
-
- - = .

gradient
are 4 #
gradient
.

✓ = a

k = ......................................................

v = ......................................................
[2]

(e) (i) The experiment is repeated with a tuning fork of unknown frequency. The distance
d is measured as 31.0 ± 0.5 cm. Determine the frequency of the tuning fork.

f = .............................................Hz [1]

(ii) Determine the percentage uncertainty in your value of f.

percentage uncertainty = ..............................................% [1]

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 5

2 A student is investigating the oscillations of a mass attached to two springs connected in series,
as shown in Fig. 2.1.

springs

mass

Fig. 2.1

A stopwatch is used to measure the time t for 10 oscillations. The measurement of t is repeated
and the average period T is determined.

The experiment is repeated for different masses. leg T =

leg sand
5k
It is suggested that T and mass M are related by the equation "

5k
M
at t
lg kg
-

2 rM q leg
T =
log
T=
k Tk
Lg T =
Lg 2A -

Lg t or
Lg M
-

I
where k is the spring constant of the two springs in series and q is a constant.

(a)
\
A graph is plotted of lg T on the y-axis against lg M on the x-axis. x
!
,
I,
U
in
+
=

Determine expressions for the gradient and the y-intercept. y a

q
gradient = ...............................................................

Lg 2
a Log 5k
-

y-intercept = ...............................................................
[1]

© UCLES 2019 9702/51/O/N/19 [Turn over

HE Tti y=t AT = Truex -
T
6
2 20
1.60 -

156=0.04
(b) Values of M, lg (M / g) and measurements of t are given in Fig. 2.2.
(1.60-1.52)/2=004
M/g t/s t/s T/s lg (M / g) lg (T / s)

flglileo
lgl56
-

155 15.2 16.0 1.56 I 0.04 2.190 049310.011

205 18.3 17.5 I' 7910.04 2.312

,

250 19.3 20.1 I -9710.014 2.398 O

.

294 to -009

305 21.0 21.8 2. 14 I 004 2.484 0.33010008

355 23.5 22.7 2. 31 I 2.550 0.36410 oof

0.04
.

410 24.1 24.9 2. 45 2.613

to -04 0138910.007

Fig. 2.2

Calculate and record values of T / s and lg (T / s) in Fig. 2.2.

Include the absolute uncertainties in T / s and lg (T / s). [4]

(c) (i) Plot a graph of lg (T / s) against lg (M / g).

Include error bars for lg (T / s). [2]

(ii) 0.2531=0.015×19183-174
Draw the straight line of best fit and a worst acceptable straight line on your graph. Both
lines should be clearly labelled. [2]

(iii) Determine the gradient of the line of best fit. Include the absolute uncertainty in your
answer.

O 474
.
I 0.031
gradient = ......................................................... [2]

g±eg
.

© UCLES 2019 9702/51/O/N/19

 7

!
line line
of of
>

0.40
2.62 , Best fit .

.
0.398 )

0.38
)
•

( 2.
59,078

Grad .
Bef
"

0.36
20,398--0.180
lg (T / s) 2. 62 -
2.16

0.34 = 0.474

"

Grad of w 't
0.32
0.184

worstfetf.gs
=D 396
-

'

2,61 -
2.19

(2.61/0.396)-9
0.30
= O .

505
.

0.28 Aoncocrtouity
= I
505-0.474
@ )
IO 031
= .

0.26
'' .

0.24
uncertainty
Resolution
0.22

0.1011=5.5
-

0.002
0.20

-
p.m.o.vn )
0.18 ⇐

2.1 2.2 2.3

Has
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

( 2. 16,0 .
18 ) lg (M / g)

© UCLES 2019 9702/51/O/N/19 [Turn over

 AC CB Cue
-

= .
F

(iv) Determine the y-intercept of the line of best fit. Do not include the absolute uncertainty.

Y = mm t C

(n , y ) =
( 259 ,
0.38 )

O .
38 = 0.474 ( 2.59 ) t C

C = - O . 848

-
O '
848
y-intercept = ......................................................... [1]

(d) Using your answers to (a), (c)(iii) and (c)(iv), determine the values of k and q. You need not
be concerned with units. Do not include the absolute uncertainties.
q= grad = O
.
474
0.142=21
2A Lg 5k
intacep leg Tk
-

:
y =
. -

5k Jk =
21
0.848 =
Lg 2A
Lg
-

6442

Ig 5k =
Lg 2A -10848
12=1960

Lg
Tk = 1.646 1960
k = ...............................................................
O 474
Sk
'

= 94.6 q = ...............................................................
[2]
k = 1959
(e) Using your answers to (d), determine the mass M needed to give a period of 1.0 s.
MY

I Tao
474
T LIMO
.

= Lot
=
-

a
O '
474
1. OS
T
51965
=

M = 7.046
=

q = O 474 M =
yay bgm leg 7-046
.

0.474
=

M = ? 0.84795
1960
IgM -_

7474
K =
61.5
M = ....................................................... g [1]

M= 61.5 [Total: 15]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2019 9702/51/O/N/19

 5

2 A student is investigating the oscillations of a mass attached to two springs connected in series,
as shown in Fig. 2.1.

springs

mass

Fig. 2.1

A stopwatch is used to measure the time t for 10 oscillations. The measurement of t is repeated
and the average period T is determined.

The experiment is repeated for different masses.

It is suggested that T and mass M are related by the equation

2 rM q ! " #$ %&%'
T=
k
where k is the spring constant of the two springs in series and q is a constant.
(
(a) A graph is plotted of lg T on the y-axis against lg M on the x-axis. ! " #* ,-'
+
)

./
Determine expressions for the gradient and the y-intercept.
45 3&%67&4
: 3& %)

;7&<),=
1
2

7& 389
0

6
8&6 8&6
"

"
6 , ?
>

3&@
;
gradient = ...............................................................

>&!"7&#(6A/&, 3& *( :
y-intercept = ...............................................................
[1]

3&
8 "
75&%65 6 BCD#
3&@
#C

© UCLES 2019 9702/53/O/N/19 [Turn over

 RB)#PC*
$4E )

6I7'%?&5
F?>5'6%G?6H
@F'@F'
" :
F&J !7E :
7&677E7@%K 7&67E:@
0

6 "

="6-
L

(b) Values of M, lg (M / g) and measurements of t are given in Fig. 2.2. "

3&
#
)

@5%? M/g t/s t/s T/s lg (M / g) lg (T / s)

6-
N 1 )
) 1 %
O
8?
%H
155 15.2 16.0 *)MD 6- 0BC 2.190 B)*PQ 6 B)B**

PT*"B)BC (*)M#
0 0 0
0

205 18.3
2
17.5 8 S
TP 8 B)BC 2.312 B#MQ 8 B)B*B

250 19.3 20.1 *) 2.398

B)BBP

305 21.0 21.8 #) *C 8 B)BC 2.484 B)QQB 0

BBU

355 23.5 22.7 #) Q* 8 2.550

B)BC B)QDC 0BBU 17

410 24.1 24.9 #) CM 8 2.613 B)QUP

B)BC 6
0
B)BBT
! !
Fig. 2.2 8 B)B** 6- )
BBT

V W
Calculate and record values of T / s and lg (T / s) in Fig. 2.2.
Include the absolute uncertainties in T / s and lg (T / s).
0
0 0
[4]
0
0

(c) (i) Plot a graph of lg (T / s) against lg (M / g).

Include error bars for lg (T / s). [2]

(ii) Draw the straight line of best fit and a worst acceptable straight line on your graph. Both
lines should be clearly labelled. [2]

(iii) Determine the gradient of the line of best fit. Include the absolute uncertainty in your
answer.

X'%YG5?6 Z5E6 <G6 B)CD#

-<
1
"

X'%YG5?6 -< [-'E6 <G6 1

" B)CPB

X'%YG5?6
X'%Y -< -<
\?>5'6%G?6H 8?&'5YG5?6E
0

[-'E6 <G6 Z5E6 <G6

] CD3
CPB
S

]G 0

"

8 B)B#P
I 3 Sig tig )
"

✓ -
.

] CD#*B)B#P )

gradient = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 9702/53/O/N/19

 [-'E6
7 6J5 -<
<G6

B
^ +
0.40
_ #D#+BQPD(
)

7G?5
)
`
-<
^ Z5E6 <G6 )

0.38

2_
#)MP
+
B)QUB :

2
Z) O
0.36
B+QU 0

B)#B
0
lg (T / s) )

#)MP0#0#
)

0.34
2
" B)CD#

0.32 )

a6<

0.30
0B*QPD0BCP
+
0

#)

0.28 D#0#)#"B)CPB

0.26 2
G
)

0.24

0.22

!
0.20 #+B )

#+B*P :
1

_
)

^
#)
2
U# )
0

0.18 )

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

lg (M / g)

© UCLES 2019 9702/53/O/N/19 [Turn over

 C0 G?6 Z5E6 9 =G
-<
)

8 C0
8?6 -< [ )

<
='

G? C0 8?6 C# =+
\?>5'6%G?6H
0
)
"

(iv) Determine the y-intercept of the line of best fit. Do not include the absolute uncertainty.

H
_##+B0#:0B)#
" ,? 6 c

" B)CD#dB)# 6 c

B)# 0
B)BP#C " c

B)*BU
c "

0;"
e
] ) *BU
y-intercept = ......................................................... [1]

(d) Using your answers to (a), (c)(iii) and (c)(iv), determine the values of k and q. You need not
be concerned with units. Do not include the absolute uncertainties.

&'%YG5?6 *P*Q( :

#,(D#
]' CD#
;
"

H8J655>5f6"
!/
- *BU 7-& 8 #( :"3&#$ 75&
) " 0

] )
7-&
"
3& 0
#! "

7I7-&/
0

#C
k = ...............................................................
] CD#
)

q = ...............................................................
[2]

(e) Using your answers to (d), determine the mass M needed to give a period of 1.0 s.
:
8 "

#C
CD#
,]
)

#C " #$

CDD#
,-
0

Q) U# "

*) #D
M = ....................................................... g [1]

[Total: 15]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2019 9702/53/O/N/19