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Database Chapter - 2
Database Chapter - 2
Architecture
Schema Constructs
The UNIVERSITY database
Differentiating Schema and Instances
APPLICATION
DBA Staff Casual users PROGRAMS
Precompiled
execution
Run-time Database
execution execution
Processor
Concurrency Control/
Stored Data Manager Backup/Recovery
Subsystems
STORED DATABASE
2.4 Software Modules of the DBMS
Access to the disk is controlled primarily by the operating system (OS), which
schedules disk input/output
Stored data manager uses basic services of the OS to perform low-level data
transfer between hard disk and main memory
The DDL compiler processes schema definitions, specified in the DDL, and
stores the schema definitions (meta-data) in the DBMS catalogue
The run-time database processor handles database accesses at run time under
the supervision of stored data manager
It receives retrieval or update operations and carries them out on the database
The query compiler handles high-level queries that are entered interactively
2.4 Software Modules of the DBMS
These commands are sent to the DML compiler for compilation into object code
for database access
Object codes generated by DML compiler + Object codes from Host language
compiler = Canned transactions
The executable codes of the canned transactions include calls to the Run-time
database processor
2.5 Centralized & Client/Server architecture for DBMS
A centralized DBMS can support multiple users, but the DBMS and the
database themselves reside totally at a single computer site
Centralized Database
Dumb
Terminal 1
DBMS
Dumb
Terminal 2
Data Dumb
Terminal n
2.5 Centralized & Client/Server architecture for DBMS
A distributed DBMS (DDBMS) can have the actual database and DBMS
distributed over many sites and connected by a computer network
CLIENT
CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT
MYSQL
MYSQL
LAN
Mekelle Adigrat
CLIENT
CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT
MYSQL
MYSQL
LAN
Axum Adwa
Heterogeneous DDBMSs
CLIENT
CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT
DB 2
MYSQL
LAN
Mekelle Adigrat
CLIENT
CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT
MS ACCESS
ORACLE
LAN
Axum Adwa
2.5 Centralized & Client/Server architecture for DBMS
A service can be any resource such as data, display device, CPU time,
memory, etc.
A single machine can be both a client and a server depending on the software
configuration
Characteristics of a client
Initiates requests
Waits for replies
Receives replies
Usually connects to a small number of servers at one time
Typically interacts directly with end-users using a graphical user interface
Characteristics of a server
Never initiates requests or activities
Waits for and replies to requests from connected clients
A server can remotely install/uninstall applications and transfer data to the
intended clients
2.5 Centralized & Client/Server architecture for DBMS
Server
Client DBMS
User
Interface = Request
Data
Two-tier Client/Server
Over a Communication Network
CLIENT 1
#1 SERVER
1 D/BASE
CLIENT
#2
CLIENT
#3
Data Request
Data Response
2.5 Centralized & Client/Server architecture for DBMS
Usage Considerations
Used extensively in non- time critical information processing where
management and operations of the system are not complex
Advantages:
Since processing was shared between the client and server, sufficient
number of users could interact with such a system
Disadvantages:
Performance declines when the number of users exceeds 100
Clients may require more resources
With much similar processing on many clients, extending
existing applications and implementing new ones becomes
more complex
User interface and business processing tend to get mixed
together
2.5 Centralized & Client/Server architecture for DBMS
The intermediate layer called the Applications Server or Web Server has the
following basic functions:
Stores the web connectivity software and the rules and business logic
(constraints) part of the application used to access the right amount of data
from the database server
Acts like a conduit for sending partially processed data between the
database server and the client
Encryption and decryption of data for transmission between the client &
server
2.5 Centralized & Client/Server architecture for DBMS
Any knowledge of the database server may be hidden from the client.
database queries may be presented to client in alternative forms