Answer all questions in this section. 1 Which of the following statements is the most accurate in describing the haemoglobin molecule? A When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, there is an increase in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. B When the partial pressure of oxygen increases, the oxyhaemoglobin molecule dissociates to liberate oxygen. C When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, there is a decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. D When in respiring tissues, haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen. 2. The table below shows the events that occur during the opening and closing of the stoma. Which pair of events is not true of these two processes? Stomatal opening Stomatal closing A | Triggered by high light intensity ‘Triggered by low light intensity B Proton pump is not activated and Proton pump is activated and potassium Potassium ions diffuse into the guard cells | ions diffuse out of the guard cells C | Water diffuses into the guard cells Water diffuses out of the guard cells D | Water potential of guard cells increases __ | Water potential of guard cells decreases 3 The diagram below illustrates the development of a disease related to the blood vessels. blood flow This disease will cause all the following except A hypertension B muscle weakness _ C arteriosclerosis D thrombosis 4 The graph below shows the relationship between ¥ (water potential), ‘, (solute potential) and Y, (pressure potential). =Which of the following are the correct labels for X, Y and Z? x Y Zz = 2 2 ¥, B ¥, ¥ ¥, c ¥, v, : D - w v 5 The following events occur during the cardiac cycle. Which of the following is the correct sequence in which these events occur? 1_| Depolarisation of sinoatrial node and atrial systole Depolarisation of atrioventricular node and ventricular systole Closure of atrioventricular valves Diastole of atria and ventricles wlafw]r Closure of semilunar valves First ———________y Last Al 5 Bl cil D1 NNNN eur w Cr aS a 3 4 6 The following diagram shows transmission of a nerve impulse along a myelinated nerve fibre and the graph shows its potential difference. rection of impulse ————> Fete ee eee! ---H- tebe eee ad an ee +4444 [--------- c 7 A B c D ° — (a Which point A, B, C or D on the nerve fibre, corresponds to point X on the graph?7 The diagram below shows parts of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. ‘ons ' ‘pregangionté| neuroetfector Junction effector organ " postganglionic: , cy fone Which of the following is not correct? T I ‘a | The nerves emerge from the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord. The nerves emerge from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. ‘The neurotransmitter secreted at B | the junction with effector organ is acetylcholine. ‘The neurotransmitter secreted at the junction with effector organ is noradrenaline. C | It increases heartbeat rate. It decreases metabolic rate. It helps keep the body in a relaxed, unstressed condition. It activates the body for ‘fight or flight” responses. 8 The function of oxytocin during pregnancy is to stimulate su j A the dilation of the cervix B the contraction of the uterus C the production of prolactin D the growth of mammary glands 9 The diagram below shows the relative growth rate of the human brain, heart and body. 19 ‘multiple of weight at birth This type of growth is known as A Unlimited growth B Isometric growth C Allometric growth D Intermittent growth10 The diagram below shows an unfertilized secondary oocyte. What is the event that occurs to layer X after this secondary oocyte has been penetrated by a sperm? A Layer X initiates capacitation. B Layer X is exposed to the contents of the acrosome. C Layer X secretes enzymes to destroy other sperm cells. D Layer X undergoes cortical reaction where it thickens and hardens. 11 The water potential of blood increases when there is an increase in water intake and a decrease in salt intake. What will happen when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect these changes? A The pituitary gland secretes more ADH. B More water is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. C Less angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin. D Aldosterone is produced from the adrenal cortex. 12. Which of the following is the main symptom of cholera? A Low pulse and low blood pressure B Stomach ache with muscle and joint pains C Pain in the gums and reduced number of platelets D Severe diarrhoea accompanied by abdominal pain and vorniting 13 Which of the following statements concerning the concept of ‘self? and ‘non-selt” are true? I The immune system is able to distinguish between ‘self” and ‘non-self” based on the Class I MHC proteins of nucleated cells. IL Tissue compatibility tests are not needed before tissue or organ transplants are performed. TI Immunosuppression techniques may be used to reduce rejection of tissue transplant. TV Autograft and isograft have a higher percentage of tissue rejection than allograft, A and III CL, Wand Itt B IandIV D 1,1, Mand IV14 Which of the following is not a symptom of dengue fever? A High fever between 39°C 041°C —_C Severe dehydration B Severe joint and muscle pain D Vomiting and rash 15 Some diseases and their causative agents are shown in the table below. Disease Causative agent T Malaria W-— Mycobacterium sp. Tt Dengue X Vibrio cholera Ml Cholera Y— Plasmodium sp. IV Tuberculosis Z- Flavivirus sp. Which disease corresponds to its causative agent? I 0 mt Vv AY Zz x Ww BZ Y x Ww cy w Zz x Dx Zz Ww Y Answer all questions in this section. 16 The diagram below shows part of a kidney nephron as seen under a light microscope. (a) Name the structures labelled A to C. A: B G (3 marks](b) (i) What is the process that occurs in structure A? [1 mark} Gi) Describe the process mentioned in (b) (i). [3 marks] (c) Explain how structure C is adapted to carry out its function. [2 marks] 17 Figure below shows the structure of a nerve synapse. (a) Name the structures labelled K, L, M, N, O and P. K: L M: N: O: ee [3 marks] (b) Cocaine and curare are drugs that interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses. Explain how cocaine interferes with the transmission of nerve impulse at the synapse. [2 marks] (©) Explain how curare interferes with the transmission of nerve impulse at the synapse. [2 marks]Answer any two questions in this section. 18 (a) Give five factors that may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. [5 marks] () Give the definition, causes and methods of prevention of the following cardiovascular diseases; i) Hypertension Gi) Arteriosclerosis [10 marks} 19 Cactus and mangrove trees have special adaptive features that enable them to survive ina particular habitat. (a) Classify these plants according to their natural habitats. (2 marks] (b) Describe both morphological and physiological adaptations of these plants. [13 marks] 20 (a) Distinguish between the absolute growth curve and the absolute growth rate curve. (3 marks] (b) Describe the phases of a typical growth curve. [8 marks] (c) With named examples, differentiate between allometric growth and isometric growth. [4 marks}gD Section A 1 C: When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, pH will decrease. This causes the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen to decreas Stomatal closing is promoted by low light intensity as guard cells do not generate ATPs in the dark. As such, the proton pump is not activated to pump H’ ions out of the guard cells. Therefore, K ions do not diffuse into the guard cells. Water leaves the guard cells by osmosis. Hence, water potential of the guard cells decreases and the stoma closes. ‘The diagram illustrates the development of atherosclerosis, which is the most common form of arteriosclerosis. The narrowing of the lumen of the artery leads to hypertension (high blood pressure) and eventually, a clot forms that blocks the flow of blood, which is called thrombosis. ‘Two important factors that determine the water potential of solution in and around living cells are the presence of dissolved solutes, giving rise to solute potential and the mechanical pressure acting on water, called pressure potential. Therefore, water potential = solute potential + pressure potential Yad + is always negative and W, is always positive. ‘The maximum ¥ is for pure water, which is zero. 8B: 2B: a 10 D: 1D: 3 B: 4c nervous system. Parasympathetic system decreases heart rate while sympathetic system increases heart rate. The birth process occurs when the posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin that stimulates the contraction of the uterine muscles. Inallometric growth, different parts of the organism grow at different rates. After a sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, the cortical reaction takes place where the lysosomes in the oocyte release enzymes that will cause layer X (zona pellucida) to harden and thicken to form the fertilization membrane. When the blood plasma becomes more diluted, water potential increases. The kidneys reabsorb less water as the posterior pituitary gland secretes less ADH. Thus, more dilute urine is produced. When blood sodium decreases, blood pressure would decrease. This stimulates the enzyme renin to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which then triggers the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. : Cholera is a disease transmitted via contaminated water or food. Hence, its symptoms are related to that of the gastrointestinal tract. : Tissue compatibility tests are important to avoid tissue rejection. Autograft and isograft are genetically similar and therefore has lower percentage of tissue rejection. Severe dehydration is a symptom of cholera. 5 A: Inacardiac cycle, nerve impulse produced from the sinoaral (SA) node causes _ Section B wave of excitation to be produced from the 16 (a) A: Glomerulus atrioventricular (AV) node. This wave of B: Bowman's capsule excitation then stimulates ventricular systole, C: Podocytes which causes the AV valves to close to prevent (>) @) Ultrafiltration backflow of blood. The semilunar valves close (i) Thehydrostaticpressureinthe glomerulus after the blood is pumped out of the ventricles, is high because the diameter of the which is during ventricular diastole, afferent arteriole is bigger than the 6 B: Based on the direction of impulse given, the diameter of the efferent arteriole. stimulus triggers the opening of the sodium This build up of pressure forces water voltage-gated channels at point B. The influx and solutes through the endothelial of sodium ions into the nerve fibre causes pores and basement membrane of the the inside to be more positive, resulting in Bowman's capsule, forming glomerular membrane depolarisation. filtrate (fluid formed as a result of 7 C: Ishows part of the parasympathetic nervous ultrafiltration). Glomerular filtrate enters system while II shows part of the sympathetic the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule.(©) Structure C (podocytes) are the cells that line the inner layer of the Bowman's capsule. surround the glomerular capillaries. ‘These cells have foot-like protrusions (pedicels) to attach to the basement membrane. Podocytes are not tightly fitted as they have spaces between cells to allow water and solutes topass through during ultrafiltration, 17 (a) K: mitochondrion L: synaptic vesicle M: synaptic cleft N: postsynaptic membrane O: presynaptic membrane P: synaptic knob (b) Drug cocaine ‘The neurotransmitter dopamine is reabsorbed by transporter molecules after stimulating the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane. Cocaine binds with these transporter molecules and blocks the reabsorption of dopamine from the synaptic cleft thus stimulating the receptors repeatedly. (©) Drug curare Curare has a similar shape to acetylcholine and therefore competes with acetylcholine to bind with the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. Thus the receptors are not stimulated and no action potentials are initiated in the postsynaptic membrane resulting inacondition called flaccid paralysis. Section © 18 (a) The factors ° Age Middle age and elderly people are more at risk. i) Hypertension Hypertension or high blood pressure isa cardiovascular disease where the systolic blood pressure is constantly above 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg (140/90). The normal systolic blood pressure is 120 mmbHg and the diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg (120/80). Itis caused by the narrowing of arteries due to atheroma and the heart has to pump blood more forcefully to maintain blood flow. This builds up the pressure exerted on arterial walls, resulting in hypertension, The hardening of artery walls, also due to atheroma, causes loss in elasticity resulting in higher blood pressure being exerted on the artery wall. (i) Arteriosclerosis Arteriosclerosis refers to a group of, cardiovascular disorders which causes the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls. It is caused by the deposition of cholesterol beneath the endothelium of arteries, followed by the deposition of fibres and calcium ions in the cholesterol. Later the deposits will calcify and become hard. ‘These are known as atheromatous plaques which cause the narrowing of the arterial lumen. Hypertension, angina pectoris, heart attack and stroke are associated with arteriosclerosis. + Diet High salt intake may lead to hypertension while high intake of cholesterol and saturated fats can lead to arteriosclerosis. Sedentary lifestyle Lack of regular exercise decreases the efficiency of the heart resulting in poor blood circulation. Genetic predisposition Inherited genetic factors may cause some to be more prone to cardiovascular diseases. Obesity The heart will be under greater pressure to pump blood out to all parts of the body and can result in coronary heart disease. Cigarette smoking Smoking constricts the arterioles and increases blood pressure and blood cholesterol. The risk of artheriosclerosis and coronary thrombosis increases. Gender Incidence of cardiovascular diseases is higher in males than females. Women, after ‘menopause have a higher risk. Itis important to prevent the formation of atheroma in the arteries to reduce the risk of developing hypertension and arteriosclerosis. There are a number of things we can do toreduce therisk. + Watch our diet. Bat food that has low saturated fats, cholesterol and salt. Eat lots of fruits and vegetables. + Watch our weight. Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight. Regular exercise also helps to maintain a healthy heart and good blood circulation. + Don’t smoke. Smoking tends to constrict, arterioles and increase blood pressure and blood cholesterol, * Go for regular medical check-ups. If there is a family history of cardiovascular diseases, it is good to keep track of your blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride and sugar levels. + Avoid stress, 19 (a) Cactus is classified as xerophyte while mangrove tree is classified as halophyte.Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to live in hot, dry areas where water is in very short supply. These areas include deserts, sandy shores or semi-desert lands. Halophytes are mainly mangroves plants living in muddy, swampy seaside regions where the concentration of salts is high. The problems faced by halophytes are the absorption of water from the salty water, the high rate of transpiration and the unstable muddy habitat. (b) Morphological adaptations of xerophytes are: ‘Stems and leaves with thick cuticle, This reduces the evaporation of water from their surfaces. Small leaves in the form of needles and scale leaves. ‘This reduces the surface area per volume ratio and thus the loss of water is minimized. Absence of leaves. This reduces the loss of water as there are fewer stomata on the stem. Shallow but extensive root system. To quickly absorb rain water and water from overnight condensation. Deep and extensive root system. The roots grow deep into the ground to absorb water from the water table. Fewer stomata on leaves. Fewer stomata means less water is lost through transpiration. Presence of trichomes or hairs on leaves. This helps to trap atmospheric moisture at the surface of the leaves and thus reduce the rate of transpiration. Rolled leaves. Leaves can roll up to reduce surface area exposed and thus reduce water loss. Rolling of the leaves also helps to trap moisture which reduces the rate of transpiration. Sunken stomata in grooves. ‘The water vapour that diffuses out from the stomata accumulates in the space below (groove) and is not swept away by the wind. This reduces the diffusion gradient and thus the Joss of water from the surface of the leaves. 10 Stem with chlorenchyma. Plants with few or no leaves have stems with chlorenchyma in the outer region of the cortex. Chlorenchyma carries out photosynthesis. Succulent stems and leaves. ‘These plants have large parenchyma cells for storing water. Morphological adaptations of halophytes are: 1 Thick leaves with thick, waxy cuticles. This reduces the loss of water through evaporation from the leaf surface. we = w a a co © 1 ‘stomata. ; This helps to reduce loss of water through transpiration. 3. Presence of pneumatophore. These breathing roots grow upwards and help in the exchange of gases. 4. Extensive system of cable roots and prop roots. These roots help to hold the plants firmly in the unstable muddy habitat. Physiological adaptations of xerophytes are: 1 Closing of stoma during the day. CAM plants close their stomata during the day and open them during the night. This cuts down on water lost through transpiration during the day. 2. High osmotic concentration in cells. ‘The high osmotic concentration in cells can prevent the diffusion of water out of these cells. Physiological adaptations of halophytes are: 1 High osmotic concentration in cells. The mangrove plants actively absorb salt into their root cells creating a high osmotic concentration and low water potential in the cells. This prevents the diffusion of water out of these cells. 2 Presence of salt glands. ‘The salt glands help to regulate the salt content by getting rid of excess salt. 20 (a) Absolute growth curve is the actual growth. rate which is obtained by plotting physical parameters such as length, height or mass of an organism against time. This curve shows the overall growth pattern of the organism. Absolute growth rate curve is obtained by plotting the change in the physical parameter against time. This curve shows the growth rate of the organism against time. (b) The typical growth curve is a sigmoid curve that can be divided into four phases. Lag Phase: Growth rate is slow with little cell division and enlargement. The organism is young or just introduced into a new environment and is adapting to its new condition. Log Phase: This phase is also known as the exponential phase where growth is the fastest. The organism is well adapted to its environment and conditions for growth are optimal. Rate of growth is at its maximum with adequate nutrients and space. The organism is not stressed by overcrowding or accumulation of toxic wastes in its surroundings. Deceleration Phase: Growth rate slows down. as inhibiting factors begin to accumulate. Growth is limited by factors, such as depleting nutrients, limited space or accumulation of toxic wastes.(c) Stationary Phase: This is also known as the plateau phase. Maximum growth has already been achieved and overall growth ceases. The curve levels off and gradually declines, indicating senescence and death. Allometric growth Example: Mammals, humans Different parts of the body grow at different rates compared to the overall rate of the body. This produces a difference in the size and form of different organs, such as the brain which grows at a faster rate than the rest of the body. Isometric growth Example: Fish, insects Growth that occurs where organs grow at the same mean rate compared to the rest of the body. Thus, as growth occurs, there is no difference in shape or form when the size of the organism increases.