TCWD
MIDTERM
Lesson 6: GLOBAL DIVIDES (SOUTH AND
NORTH)
CONFIGURING:
UN's Human Rights Chief Just Went There
on Myanmar 'Seems like a textbook
example of ethnic cleansing' By John Johnson,
Newser Staff Posted Sep 12, 2017 12:10 PM CDT
● (NEWSER) – The top human rights
official for the UN has dropped a
damning charge on Myanmar: "ethnic
cleansing."
Who is Rohingya?
What is Ethnic cleansing?
● The rohingya genocide is a series of
ongoing persecutions by the Myanmar
(formerly Burmese) government
against the muslim rohingya people.
● The genocide has consisted of two
phase to date: the first occurred
from Octber 2016 to January 2017
and the second has been occurring
since August 2017.
● The crisis forced over a million
Rohingya to flee to other countries.
Most fled to Bangladesh while others
escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia,
and other parts of South and
Southeast Asia.
ZEID RA’AD AL HUSSEIN, SERVED AS
UNITED NATIONS HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
FROM 2014 TO 2018
● Addressing the agency's Human
Rights Council, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein
said that Myanmar will not allow
investigators to fully assess what's
happening to the Muslim Rohingya
community,"but the situation seems
like a textbook example of ethnic
cleansing," per France 24.
● He's referring to the bloody
crackdown by government forces
against militants in the western part
of the country.
● More than 310,000 people had fled to
Bangladesh
● Burning village and extrajudicial
killing
● “I call on the government to end its
current cruel military operations, with
accountability for all violation that
have occurred, and to reverse the
pattern of severe and widespread
discrimination against the Rohingya
population. The situation seems a
textbook example of ethnic cleansing”
- Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein
● A study estimated in January 2018
that the military and local Rakhine
Buddist killed at least 24,000
Rohingya people and perpetrated gang
rapes and other form of sexual
violence against 18,000 Rohingya
Muslim women and girls: 116,00
Rohingyawere heaten and 36,000
were thrown into fires.
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, THE FIRST AND
INCUMBENT STATE COUNSELOR (A
POSITION EQUIVALENT TO PRIME
MINISTER) OF MYANMAR
● The government of Aung San Suu Kyi
swears troops are going after only
"terrorist" militants and doing their
best to spare civilians, but members
of the ethnic group fleeing the
country tell a much different story of
scorched villages of mass killings.
● Aung San Suu Kyi - “all communities”
● Failed to mention Rohingya
● “Sadly overlooked by the world”
● As of Tuesday, about 370,000 had
1
 crossed the border into Bangladesh.

GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH

● On Monday, the US joined those
criticizing the military operation. - United States - Africa Latin
"The massive displacement and Canada, Western America
victimization of people ... shows that Europe, Outermost
Burmese security forces are not regions of the
protecting civilians," said White European Union
House press chief Sarah Huckabee
Sanders, per the Washington Times. - Developed parts of - Developing Asia
● Sarah Huckbee Sanders did not Asia, Australia, and including Middle
mention Rohingya by name New Zealand East
● “The United States is deeply troubled
by the ongoing crisis in Burmese - Home to all the
where at least 300,000 people have members of G8 and
fled their homes in the wake of the to four of the five
attack on Burmese security post on permanent members
25 August. We reiterate our of UN Security
condemnation of those attacks and Council
ensuing violence”
● And on Tuesday, Bangladeshi Prime - “First world” - “third world”
Minister Sheikh Hasina visited
refugees in makeshift camps and - Richer and - poor and less
implored Myanmar to allow them to developed region developed
return safely, reports the BBC.
● "Hundreds of years they are staying - 95% has enough - 5% has enough
there," she said. "How they can deny food and shelter food and shelter
that they are not their citizens?"
- Economy: - source for raw
LI KEQIANG, CHINESE PREMIER industries and major material of the
2013-PRESENT businesses, north
commerce and
● Myanmar, however, got an important
finance
note of support from China, which
said it backed the government's
- Textiles, lumber, - cotton production=
moves toward "stability," per Reuters.
clothing, machinery, slave labor
● Meanwhile, more than 400,000 people
leather, and wooden
have signed a petition seeking to have
goods - depended entirely
Suu Kyi's Nobel Peace Prize
on cotton=profitable
withdrawn. (A columnist wrote a
- Railroad King cotton
prescient piece back in 2014.)
construction

2
 cities class
MAJOR DIFFERENCES
Both religion Plantation
GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH and owners and
education their
less population Large population were families
organized Only
High wealth Low wealth There were children of
schools and plantation
High standard of Low standard of churches in owners
living living most towns. received any
education
High industrial Low industrial College was
development development reserved for Small
wealthy business had
Industry Agriculture little or no
education

The culture
NORTH SOUTH of the South
revolved
Political External The internal around
threat - affairs of plantation
widespread the nations - life
of terrorist reasons
activity in (political
During cold war
the struggles
- Primary global divisions was between
worldwide and
corruptions, east and west, and predicted upon
lack of security and power balance.
respect for
a rule of law, After cold war
and
- Many are primary global divisions as
violations of
being between north and south, and
human
rights) predicted upon economic inequality

Economy Manufacturi Agriculture - World within the world

ng - cheap cotton, 1. “First world”
labor tobacco,
Developed, capitalist, industrial countries
rice, sugar
North America, Western Europe, Japan and
cane
Australia
Social Determined Determined 2. “Second World”
by life in the by the upper

3
The former communist-socialst, industrial
states
Russia, Eastern Europe, (e.g Poland) and some
of the Turk States (e.g. Kazakhstan as well as
China
3. “Thirld World”
Developing countries
Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Development Gap
North - south divide
Closing the Gap
Millennial Development Goals
( Education, health care, promoting gender
equality, and ensuring environmental
sustainability)
CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
Major premise
- The underdevelopment of certain
stated/people and their lack of
representations in global political
process is a reality
Prevalent
- Imbalanced of aggregate economics
and political power between states
interstates dimensions
Locating the Global South by Lisandro
Claudio
“The Starbucks and the Shanty”
● There are markers of global
interconnectedness even global
kodenity
● There are Starbucks branches in
Melbourne and Manila, New York, and
New Delhi
● All these branches look more or less
the same
● The sameness represents the cultural
homogenization that many critics have
associated with globalization
● In Manila and New Delhi, there is a
good chance that upon leaving the
coffee shop, you will meet a child
beggar in tattered clothes or walk a
block or two, with your latte still hot,
you will find a shanty town
● Spaces of affluence and wealth in the
developing world may mirror the
global north
● Spaces of underdevelopment in
developed countries may mirror the
poverty of the global south
● There is something more confronting
about poverty in the global south, and
the north/south divide is as visible as
the processes of globalization that
engender it
● The divide reminds us that
globalization creates undersides
MAJOR LENSES: INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
Realism
● States are always in a state of “war”
economically
● The global community is more or less
competitive
● Each state acts in its own best
interest at the expense of other
states
● For example, USA acts for the best
interest of USA
● no one regulates this behavior
● International system is considered be
anarchic
● It is normal to be competitive
4
Liberalism
● States tend cooperate because
anarchy exist
● Arachy has been overcome by
legitimizing power in institutions: ie,
United Nations, International Criminal
Court, World bank, etc.
● Reciprocity: we behave on the basis on
how others behave towards us
● Frequent interactions makes us
interdependent to other countries
Constructivism
● “Anarchy is what states make of it”
● Logic of appropriateness: states try
to do the same thing
● Reality can be change because it is
only constructed
● Example: global capitalism is strong
because it is the global norm,however,
if we decide to change it, we can
change itm it is only true because we
make it true
Marxism
● Class struggle among state
● states are exploited by more powerful
states
● Smaller States provides resources
and man-power to the powerful
countries
● Capitalism = imperialism/colonialism
● Related to World System theory
Other lenses in International Relations
● Globalism (Steger)
- Global economic integration is
not only inevitable given the
rise of new technologies; it is,
more importantly, a normative
international goal. To not
partake to globality is
backward
● Civilization Discourse:
- Dominant ideology of
colonialism and the logic that
shaped the birth of
international order
● Modernisation theory (Rostow)
- Outlined the historical
progression terms of a
society's capacity to produce
and consume material goods
5
 before, and will not succeed now," said
Lesson 7: Asian Regionalism Geng Shuang.
CONFIGURING ● Sources tell the Wall Street Journal
Trade War Looms as China Hits Back at that many of the 106 items on China's
Trump Tariffs list, including sorghum and beef, were
Beijing targets 3 biggest US imports included in an attempt to target
By Rob Quinn, Newser Staff Posted Apr 4, 2018 6:12 AM states that voted for Trump.
CDT Updated Apr 4, 2018 6:44 AM CDT
● But both sides still have a chance to
back down from the brink of trade
● (NEWSER) - China says it doesn't
war. China hasn't said when its tariffs
want a trade war-but it's not going to
will take effect, and the US tariffs
back down if President Trump starts
are not due to take effect until May
one.
11 at the earliest. (China announced
● After the Trump administration
new tariffs on another 128 US
recommended new 25% tariffs on $50
products earlier this week.)
billion in Chinese goods Tuesday.
Beijing hit back within hours with its
What is Regionalism?
own proposed tariffs on 106 American
● Fashioned out of the rationale that
products accounting for around $50
regional organizations are treaty and
billion in trade, raising fears of an
charter based giving them formal
all-out trade war between the world's
status in international law
two biggest economies, the New York
● This status is enhanced critically
Times reports.
through the recognition and status
● The new categories of American
accorded to regional organizations by
goods that would face tariffs under
the United Nations and other
the move include aircraft, soybeans,
multilateral organizations
and cars, which were last year's three
● “Regional organizations also derive
biggest exports from the US to China,
legitimacy through the articulation
reports the Guardian. Other goods
and implementation of distinctive
targeted include whisky, tobacco,
regional norms and practices.”
cotton, wheat, and com.
(Acharya, 2009)

FOREIGN MINISTRY SPOKESMAN

● As Asian markets tumbled, a Foreign
Ministry spokesman in Beijing Regionalism Globalization
slammed Trump's approach to trade
It aims to divide It promotes
issues. a large area into integration of
● "Those who attempt to make China smaller parts economies all
surrender through pressure or around the world
intimidation have never succeeded Regional Guided by

6
 1. ASIA IS NOW THE FOREFRONT OF
cooperation competition and
business REGIONALISM
2. ASIA'S GDP WILL OVERTAKE THE GDP
OF THE REST OF THE WORLD COMBINED
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REGIONALISM
(YENDAMURI, 2009)
AND GLOBALIZATION
3. ASIA REMAINS AS THE FASTEST
1. considered by experts as
REGION IN THE WORLD (IMF, 2019).,
contradicting ideas
ATTRIBUTED TO:
2. Some claim these two
A. Presence of China in Asia.
concepts support each other
B. Presence of young and educated workforce
3. Some view regionalism as an
c. abundance of natural resources
early stage of globalization
d. several Asian states which are leaders in
4. Some view regionalism as a
innovation essential for globalization.
response to globalization
5. Regionalism can help stimulate
AGREEMENTS:
local markets that are
1. ACTFA-ASEAN-China Trade Area
necessary for responding to
2. ASEAN economic Community (AEC)
the needs of globalization


REGIONALISM IN ASIA
CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION AND
● Asia’s region is home to over half the
REGIONALISM IN ASIA
world's population, poduces three
1. Economic growth has mostly benefited the
tenths of global output, and
elite and the middle class.
consistently records the world's
2. Brain drain caused by labor export policies
highest economic growth rates
of countries specifically for those that are
● Asia’s economies are increasingly
classified as Third world countries.
connected through trade, financial
transactions, direct investment m,
C. Some developing countries became reliant
technology, labor and other tourist
on remittances instead of strengthening local
flows, and other economic
employment.
relationships.
d. Negative balance of payments for importing
● The regional order that is present in
countries and neglect domestic production.
the Asian region is spurred by the
e. Massive environmental destruction and
fact that there exists patterns of
massive extraction of resources in the name
similarities too great to escape
of export-oriented extractive industries.
scrutiny
f. free trade usually favors industrialized
● Asia’s strength derives from the
countries at the expense of developing and
openness, diversity, and dynamism of
underdeveloped states.
its interconnected economies



7

Should Asia continue to go on with its
established regional patterns?
Yes. A more dynamic and outward looking
Asian regionalism could bring huge benefits to
Asia, and ultimately, to the world.
It could help:
● sustain the region's growth
● underpin it's stability
● Reduce inequality
● Address the perennial problem of
poverty
ADVANCING
Towards Asian Regionalization
The center of gravity of the global economy
is shifting to Asia. The region’s economy is
already similar in size to those of Europe and
North America, and its influence in the world
continues to increase. In many Asian
countries, the cycle of poverty has been
broken; in others, this historic aim is within
sight. Asia’s extraordinary success has
brought new challenges—while rapid economic
growth remains a priority,
citizens demand that it also be sustainable
and more inclusive. AndAsia is now so
important to the world economy that it must
also play a larger role in global economic
leadership. Regional economic cooperation
is essential for addressing these challenges.
Asia’s economic rise is unprecedented. The
region is home To over half the world’s
population, produces three tenths of global
output (in terms of purchasing power),
and consistently records the world’s highest
economic growth rates. The Asian “miracle”
(World Bank 1993)
did not end with the 1997/98 financial crisis
a decade ago; for some countries, it marked
the beginning of renewed acceleration.
The question is no longer whether Asia will
be central to the 21st century economy, but
rather how it will exercise its prominent role
and how its dependence on the rest of the
world has decreased.
Regionalism is a relatively new aspect of
Asia’s rise.Asia’s economies are increasingly
connected through trade, financial
transactions, direct investment, technology,
labor and tourist flows, and other
economic relationships.
Asian economies are principally connected
through markets— but where markets lead,
governments are following. Asian leaders have
committed to work together more closely and
have already
taken concrete steps in some areas. The
1997/98 financial crisis, in particular, was an
important catalyst for this new regionalism
and gave rise to a range of new initiatives.
These have not sought to replicate the
institutions of the European Union (EU), but
have rather focused on finding new and
flexible forms ofcooperation that reflect the
region’s diversity and pragmatism nor are
Asia’s regional initiatives intended to replace
global relationships, but rather to complement
them. It is not a matter of pulling up the
drawbridge, but of building bridges that
connect Asian economies together as well as
to the rest of the world.
The stakes could not be higher. A dynamic
and outward-looking Asian regionalism could
bring huge benefits not just to Asia, but to
the world. It could help sustain the region’s
growth, underpin its stability,
8
and—with the right policies—reduce How can Asian regionalism benefit the
inequality. And it could help marshal a common world?
response to major ✓ generate productivity gains, new ideas, and
new challenges that often arise suddenly and competition that boost economic growth and
unexpectedly. raise incomes across the world;
✓ contribute to the efficiency and stability
How can regionalism benefit Asia? of global financial markets by making Asian
✓ link the competitive strengths of its capital markets stronger and safer, and by
diverse economies in order to boost their maximizing the productive use of Asian
productivity and sustain the region’s savings;
exceptional growth; ✓ diversify sources of global demand, helping
✓ connect the region’s capital markets to to stabilize the world economy and diminish
enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of the risks posed by global imbalances and
capital, and improve opportunities for sharing downturns in other major economies;
risks; ✓ provide leadership to help sustain open
✓ cooperate in setting exchange rate and global trade and financial systems; and
macroeconomic policies in order to minimize ✓ create regional mechanisms to manage
the effects of global and regional shocks and health, safety, and environmental issues
to facilitate the resolution of global better, and thus contribute to more effective
imbalances; global solutions of these problems.While
✓ pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves Asian regionalism is primarily motivated by
to make more resources available for the desire to advance welfare in the region, it
investment and development; would not do so by detracting from
✓ exercise leadership in global decision development elsewhere. On the contrary,
making to sustain the open global trade and Asian regionalism can help to sustain global
financial systems that have supported a half economic progress at a time when other major
century of unparalleled economic regions are reaching economic maturity.
development;
✓ build connected infrastructure and
collaborate on inclusive development to Lesson 8: GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
reduce inequalities within and across MEDIA & GLOBALIZATION
economies and thus to strengthen support for ● Media - the main means of
pro-growth policies; and communication
✓ create regional mechanisms to manage ● “Globalization and media have created
cross-border health, safety, and the conditions thought which many
environmental issues better. people can now imagine themselves as
part of one world”.³
● Globalization - a set of multiple,
uneven and sometimes overlapping
historical processes, including

9
 economics, politics, and culture, that - It transformed social institutions
have combines with the evolution of such as schools, churches,
media technology to create the governments and more
conditions under which the globe - Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) surveyed
itself can now be understood as “an the influences of the printing press
imagined community”. 1. It changed the nature of
knowledge. It preserved and
Evolution of Media and Globalization standardized knowledge
● To understand further study of 2. It encourage the challenge of
globalization and media, it is political and religious
important to appreciate five periods authority because of its
of the evolution of media and ability to circulate competing
globalization. views

Oral communication Electronic Media

- Language allowed human to cooperate The vast reach of these media continues to
- It allowed sharing of information open up new vistas in the economic, political,
- Language became the most important and cultural processes of globalization
tool as human being explored the
world and experience different Radio - quickly became a global medium,
cultures reaching distant regions.
- It helped them move and settle down Television - considered as the most powerful
- It led to markets, trade and and pervasive mass medium. It brought
cross-continental trade together the visual and aural power of the
film with the accessibility of radio.
Script
- Language was important but Digital media
imperfect, distance became a strain - Are often electronic Media that tely
for oral communication on digital code
- Script allowed human to communicate - Many of our earlier media such as
over a larger space and much longer phones and TV's are now considered
times digital media
- It allowed for the written and - In the realm of politic computer
permanent codification of economic, allowed citizens to access information
cultural, religious, and political from around the world
practice
“Is it possible for globalization to occur
How the printing press changed the world? without the media?”
- It started the “information
revolution” THE IMAGINARY VILLAGE

10
Global imaginary and global village cultures. What is the role of media in
● Media have linked the globe with the blending or mixture of culture?
stories, images, myths, and metaphors
● Global imaginary - the glove itself as EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
imagined community popular music and globalization
● Global village - Technologies of transport, if
- Marshall McLuhan information and mediation, including
- Media have connected the social media platforms have made
world in ways that create a possible of the circulation of cultural
global village commodities such as music
- As McLuhan predicted media - Circulation of cultural commodities
and globalization have are consumed to gain cultural capital
connected the world. However, and social status
the “global village have - Good and commodities became a
brought no collective harmony catalyst that set globalization
or peace. Why do think so?
GLOBALIZARION AND MERIA: CULTURAL
Media and economic globalization IMPERIALISM AND THE FOOBAL MEDIA
DEBATE
Media and political globalization
Though media corporation are themselves CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THEORY
powerful politics actors, individuals - That audiences across the globe are
journalists are subject to intimidations as heavily affected by media messaged
more actors content for power emanating from the western
industrialized countries
In the age of political globalization:
governments shape and manipulate the news. 2 TYPES OF IMPERIALISM
Is this also true for the Philippines? - Firmly rooted in a political - economy
perspective on international
Media complicates politics… how? communication
- Political economy focuses on material
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AND issues such as capital, infrastructure,
GLOBALIZATION and political control as key
- Media on one level are the carries of determinants of international
cultures communication processes and effects
- It generates numerous and on-going
interactions In the early stage of cultural imperialism,
- Globalization will bring about the researchers focused their efforts mostly on
increasing blending or mixture of nation- states as primary actors in
international relations. They imputed rich,

11
industrialized, and western nation-states with ● New World Information and
intentions and actions by which they export Communication Order (NWICO)
their cultural products and impose their debate
sociocultural values on poorer and weaker - Include all international media
nations in the developing world.
This argument was supported by a number of
Early stages, Nation states, Media flow studies demonstrating that the flow of news
Biased news and entertainment = Developing and entertainment was biased in favor of
nations industrialized countries

EARLY STAGES OF CULTURAL This bias was clear both in terms of quantity,
IMPERIALISM because most media flows were exported by
● Media has power to influence people Western countries and imported by
● With established and strong media developing nations, and in terms of quality,
flows, north influences south because developing nations received scant and
● Though media corporations are prejudicial coverage in Western media
themselves powerful political actors,
individuals journalists are subject to New World Information Order Debate
intimidations as more actors contend (NWIO) 1973
for power Western industrial - free flow of information
● Early stage is focused on Developing nations - free and balanced flow
nation-states as primary actors in
international relations ● The global media debate was launched
● Flow of news and entertainment was during the 1973 General Conference
biased in favor of industrialized of the United Nations Educational,
countries Scientific, and Cultural Organization
- In terms of quantity: most (UNESCO) in Nairobi, Kenya. As a
media flows were exported by specialized agency of the United
western countries and Nations, the mission of UNESCO
imported by developing nations includes issues of communication and
- In terms of quality: developing culture. During the conference, strong
nations received scant and differences arose between Western
prejudicial coverage in industrialized nations and developing
western media countries
● New World Information Order ● These concerns led to the rise of the
(NWIO) debate New World Information Order
- Concerned with news flows (NWIO) debate, later known as the
between the north and the New World Information and
south Communication Order (NWICO)
debate

12
 ● The debate at first was concerned has been associated with calls to
with news flows between the north revive the New World Information
and the south, it soon evolved to and Communication Order debate.
include all international media flows What differentiates this line of
This is due to the fact that inequality research from earlier cultural
existed in news and entertainment imperialism formulations is its
programs alike, and to the advent of emphasis on the commercialization of
then-new media technologies such as the sphere of culture
communication satellites, which made
the international media landscape ● Research into this area had been a
more complex and therefore widened hallmark of cultural imperialism
the scope of the debate about research, but now there is a
international flows. deliberate focus on transnational
corporations as actors, as opposed to
Media Debate nation- states, and on transnational
● 1" group, United States, insisted on capital flows, as opposed to image
the "free flow of information" flows
doctrine, advocating "free trade" in
information and media programs ● it is hard to separate the power of
without any restrictions transnational corporations from that
of nation- states, and it is difficult to
distinguish clearly between capital
● 2nd group, concerned by the lack of flows and media flows. Therefore, the
balance in international media flows, evolution of the debate is mainly a
accused Western countries of redirection of emphasis rather than a
invoking the free flow of information paradigm shift.
ideology to justify their economic and
cultural domination Second stage/ transnational corporations =
● They argued instead for a "free and transnational capital flows
balanced flow" of information. The
chasm between the two groups was “Commercialization of the sphere culture”
too wide to be reconciled. This there is criticism of cultural imperialism being
eventually was one of the major monolithic But it is agreed that
reasons given for withdrawal from "International communication flows,
UNESCO by the United States and processes, and effects ore permeated by
the United Kingdom-which resulted in power"
the de facto fall of the global media
debate. ● Culture is not a zero-sum game, so the
- A second stage of research greater reach of one culture does not
identified with cultural imperialism necessarily mean diminished stature

13
 for others. In the broad sweep of ● The end of the cold war as a global
history. many different traditions framework for ideological,
have grown together and flourished. Geopolitical, and Economic competition
American popular culture will continue calls for a rethinking of the analytical
to make money, but the 21st century categories and paradigms of thought.
will bring a broad melange of ● The nation state is no longer the sale
influences, with no clear world cultural or anger the sa sale or dominant
leader. Tyler cowen player since transnational transactions
occur on sub national national, and
● Capital flows refer to the movement supranational levels
of money for the purpose of ● According to John Tomlinson (1991)
investment, trade or business Globalization replaced cultural
production, including the flow of imperialism because it conveys a
capital within corporations in the form process with less coherence and
of investment capital, capital spending direction, which will weaken the
on operations and research and cultural unity of all nation-states Not
development (R&D) On a larger scale, only those in the developing world
a government directs capital flows ● Globalization has emerged as a key
from tax receipts into programs and perspective across the humanities and
operations and through trade with social sciences, a current undoubtedly
other nations and currencies. affecting the discipline of
Individual investors direct savings and communication
investment capital into securities such ● Globalization of culture has become a
as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds conceptual magnet attracting
research and theorizing efforts from
● Media floves is very much a one way a variety of disciplines and
flow, since only about 2% of US TV interdisciplinary formations such as
programmes are foreign imports anthropology, comparative literature,
compared to about a third in most cultural studies, communication and
countries Such flows are often more media studies, geography, and
regionalized, based on shared sociology
language and cultural affinity,
Governments often to control media Did the mass media trigger and create
flows as a way of protecting national globalization of culture?
culture but online media have OR
undermined this cultural gatekeeper Is globalization of culture an old phenomenon
role. that has only been intensified and made more
obvious with the advent of transnational
MEDIA, GLOBALIZATION, AND media technologies?
HYBRIDIZATION

14
FIRST PERSPECTIVE
Homogenization of cultural differences
across the planet
Perspectives in Globalization of Culture
● somewhat reminiscent of cultural
imperialism in terms of the nature of
the effect of media in culture, but
somewhat different in
conceptualization of the issue is the
view that the media contribute to the
homogenization of cultural
differences across the planet
● One of the Proponent Benjamin R.
Barber (August 2, 1939-April 24,
2017) American political theorist and
author, Known for his book, Jihad vs.
McWorld (1995) and for 2013's If
Mayors Ruled the World as well as the
classic of democratic theory, 1984
Strong Democracy (revised in 2004)
He became a top-level international
consultant on participatory democracy
as well as an adviser to Bill Clinton,
Howard Dean, and Muammar Gaddafi
FABRICATING TRANSNATIONAL
CAPITALISM
● Barber rightly points to transnational
capitalism as the driving engine that
brings Jihad and McWorld in contact
and motivates their action, his model
has two limitations:
● It is based on a binary opposition
between Jihad, what he refers to as
ethnic and religious tribalism, and
McWorld, the capital-driven West.
● it privileges the global over the local,
because, according to him,
globalization rules via transnational
capitalism.
● To think that globalization and
indigenization are entirely coequal
forces that put Jihad and McWorld
on an equal footing is to vastly
underestimate the force of the new
planetary markets. It would be naive
to argue that the local defeats the
global, Barber's argument does not
take into account the dynamic and
resilient nature of cultures and their
ability to negotiate foreign imports
SECOND PERSPECTIVE
Cultural Hybridity or Hybridization
Globalization and localization
● Another perspective on globalization
is cultural hybridity or hybridization.
● This view privileges an understanding
of the interface of globalization and
localization as a dynamic process and
hybrid product of mixed traditions
and cultural forms.
● Hybridization means blending of
elements from different cultures
● It advocates the emphasis on the
processes of mediations that it views
as central to cultural globalization
● Proponents of Hybridization Nestor
Garcia Canclini (born in 1993)
Argentinian Mexican Critic tic known
for his ok "Hybrid Cultures" (1995)
book
● Advocates a theoretical
understanding of Latin American
nations as hybrid cultures His analysis
is both Inward and i cowing a variety
of cultural process
15
 argument was supported by a number of
Garcia-Candini studies demonstrating that the flow of news
1. Mixing of previously separate cultures and entertainment was biased in favor of
2. Deterioration of cultural processes from industrialized countries. This bias was clear
their original physical environment both in terms of quantity, because most
3. Cultural hybridity-impure cultural genres media flows were exported by Western
countries and imported by developing nations,
and in terms of quality, because developing
ADVANCING nations received scant and prejudicial
Globalization and Media coverage in Western media.
Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media These concerns led to the rise of the New
Debate World Information Order (NWIO) debate,
In international communication theory and later known as the New World Information
research, cultural imperialism theory argued and Communication Order (NWICO) debate.
that audiences across the globe are heavily Although the debate at first was concerned
affected by media messages emanating from with news flows between the north and the
the Western industrialized countries. south, it soon evolved to include all
Although there are minor differences international media flows. This was due to the
between "media imperialism" and "cultural fact that inequality existed in news and
imperialism," most of the literature in entertainment programs alike, and to the
international communication treats the advent of then-new media technologies such
former as a category of the latter. Grounded as communication satellites, which made the
in an understanding of media as cultural international media landscape more complex
industries, cultural imperialism is firmly and therefore widened the scope of the
rooted in a political-economy perspective on debate about international flows.
international communication. As a school of
thought, political economy focuses on material The global media debate was launched during
issues such as capital, infrastructure, and the 1973 General Conference of the United
political control as key determinants of Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
international communication processes and Organization (UNESCO) in Nairobi, Kenya. As
effects. a specialized agency of the United Nations,
In the early stage of cultural imperialism, the mission of UNESCO includes issues of
researchers focused their efforts mostly on communication and culture. During the
nation-states as primary actors in conference, strong differences arose
international relations. They imputed rich, between Western industrialized nations and
industrialized, and Western nation-states developing countries. Led by the United
with intentions and actions by which they States, the first group insisted on the "free
export their cultural products and impose flow of information" doctrine, advocating
their sociocultural values on poorer and "free
weaker nations in the developing world. This

16
trade" in information and media programs
without any restrictions. The second group,
concerned by the lack of balance
international media flows, accused Western
countries of invoking the free flow of
information ideology to justify their economic
and cultural domination. They argued instead
·for a "free and balanced flow"
information. The chasm between the two
groups was too wide to be reconciled. This
eventually was one of the major reasons given
for withdrawal from UNESCO by the United
States and the United Kingdom-which
resulted in the de facto fall of the global
media debate.
A second stage of research identified with
cultural imperialism has been associated with
calls to revive the New World Information
and Communication Order debate. What
differentiates this line of research from
earlier cultural imperialism formulations is its
emphasis on the commercialization of the
sphere of culture. Research into this area had
been a hallmark of cultural imperialism
research, but now there is a deliberate focus
on transnational corporations as actors, as
opposed to nation-states, and on
transnational capital flows, as opposed to
image flows. Obviously, it is hard to separate
the power of transnational corporations from
that of nation-states, and it is difficult to
distinguish clearly between capital flows and
media flows. Therefore, the evolution of the
debate is mainly a redirection of emphasis
rather than a paradigm shift.
It has become fashionable in some
international communication circles to dismiss
cultural imperialism as a monolithic theory
that is lacking subtlety and increasingly
questioned by empirical
research. Cultural imperialism does have some
weaknesses, but it also continues to be useful.
in Perhaps
the most important contribution of cultural
imperialism is the argument that international
communication
flows, processes, and effects are permeated
of by power. Nevertheless, it seems that the
concept of
globalization has in some ways replaced
cultural imperialism as the main conceptual
umbrella under which
much research and theorizing in international
communication have been conducted.
Media, Globalization, and Hybridization
Several reasons explain the analytical shift
from cultural imperialism to globalization.
First, the end of the Cold War as a global
framework for ideological, geopolitical, and
economic competition calls for a
rethinking of the analytical categories and
paradigms of thought. By giving rise to the
United States as sole superpower and at the
same time making the world more fragmented,
the end of the Cold War ushered in
an era of complexity between global forces of
cohesion and local reactions of dispersal. In
this complex era, the nation-state is no longer
the sale or dominant player, since
transnational transactions occur on sub
national, national, and supranational levels.
Conceptually, globalization appears to capture
this complexity better than cultural
imperialism. Second, according to John
Tomlinson (1991), globalization replaced
cultural imperialism because it conveys a
process with less coherence and direction,
which will weaken the cultural unity of all
17
nation-states, not only those in the developing
world. Finally, globalization has emerged as a
key perspective across the humanities and
social sciences, a current undoubtedly
affecting the discipline of communication.
In fact, the globalization of culture has
become a conceptual magnet attracting
research and theorizing efforts from a
variety of disciplines and interdisciplinary
formations such as anthropology, comparative
literature, cultural studies, communication
and media studies, geography, and sociology.
International communication has been an
active interlocutor in this debate because
media and information technologies play an
important role in the process of globalization.
Although the media are undeniably one of the
engines of cultural globalization, the size and
intensity of the effect of the media on the
globalization of culture is a contested issue
revolving around the following question: Did
the mass media trigger and create the
globalization of culture? Or is the
globalization of culture an old phenomenon
that has only been intensified and made more
obvious with the advent of transnational
media technologies? Like the age-old question
about whether the egg came before the
chicken or vice versa, the question about the
relationship between media and the
globalization of culture is difficult to answer.
One perspective on the globalization of
culture, somewhat reminiscent of cultural
imperialism in terms of the nature of the
effect of media on culture, but somewhat
different in its conceptualization of the
issue, is the view that the media contribute to
the homogenization of cultural differences
across the planet. This view dominates
conventional wisdom perspectives on cultural
globalization conjuring up images of
Planet Hollywood and the MTV generation.
One of the most visible proponents of this
perspective is political scientist Benjamin
Barber, who formulated his theory about the
globalization of culture in the book Jihad
vs. McWorld (1996). The subtitle, "How
Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the
World," betrays Barber's reliance on a binary
opposition between the forces of modernity
and liberal democracy with tradition and
autocracy.
Although Barber rightly points to
transnational capitalism as the driving engine
that brings Jihad and McWorld in contact and
motivates their action, his model has two
limitations. First, it is based on a binary
opposition between Jihad, what he refers to
as ethnic and religious tribalism, and
McWorld, the capital-driven West. Barber
(1996, p. 157) seemingly attempts to go
beyond this binary opposition in a chapter
titled “Jihad Via McWorld," in which he
argues that Jihad stands in "less of a stark
opposition than a subtle counterpoint."
However, the evidence offered in most of the
book supports an oppositional rather than a
contrapuntal perspective on the globalization
of culture. The second limitation of Barber's
book is that he privileges the global over the
local, because, according to him, globalization
rules via transnational capitalism. "[T]o think
that globalization and indigenization are
entirely coequal forces that put Jihad and
McWorld on an equal footing is to vastly
underestimate the force of the new planetary
markets .... It's no contest" (p. 12). Although
it would be naive to argue that the local
defeats the global, Barber's argument does
18
not take into account the dynamic and separate cultural systems, such as mixing the
resilient nature of cultures and their ability elite art of opera with popular music. The
to negotiate foreign imports. second feature of hybridity is the
Another perspective on globalization is deterritorialization of cultural processes
cultural hybridity or hybridization. This view from their original physical environment to
privileges an understanding of the interface new and foreign contexts. Third, cultural
of globalization and localization as a dynamic hybridity entails impure cultural genres that
process and hybrid product of mixed are formed out of the mixture of several
traditions and cultural forms. As such, this cultural domains. An example of these impure
perspective does not give prominence to genres is when artisans in rural Mexico weave
globalization asa homogenizing force, nor does tapestries of masterpieces of European
it believe in localization as a resistive process painters such as Joan Mira and Henri Matisse,
opposed to globalization. Rather, mixing high art and folk artisanship into an
hybridization advocates an emphasis on impure genre.
processes of mediation that it views as In media and communication research, the
central to cultural globalization. The concept main question is "Have transnational media
of hybridization is the product of made cultures across the globe hybrid by
interdisciplinary work mostly based in bringing into their midst foreign cultural
intellectual projects such as post colonialism, elements, or have cultures always been to
cultural studies, and performance studies. some extent hybrid, meaning that
Hybridization has been used in communication transnational mass media only strengthened
and media studies and appears to be a an already-existing condition?" There is no
productive theoretical orientation as obvious or final answer to that question,
researchers in international media studies because there is not enough empirical
attempt to grasp the complex subtleties of research about media and hybridity and
the globalization of culture. because of the theoretical complexity of the
One of the most influential voices in the issue. What does exist in terms of theoretical
debate about cultural hybridity is understanding and research results points to
Argentinean Mexican cultural critic Nestor a middle ground? This position acknowledges
Garcia-Candini. In his book Hybrid Cultures that cultures have been in contact for a long
(1995), Garcia-Candini advocates a theoretical time through warfare, trade, migration, and
understanding of Latin American nations as slavery.
hybrid cultures. His analysis is both broad and Therefore, a degree of hybridization in all
incisive, covering a variety of cultural cultures can be assumed. At the same time,
processes and institutions such as museums, this middle ground also recognizes that global
television, film, universities, political media and information technologies have
cartoons, graffiti, and visual arts. According substantially increased contacts between
to Garcia-Candini, there are three main cultures, both in terms of intensity and of
features of cultural hybridity. The first the speed with which these contacts occur.
feature consists of mixing previously Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that

19
transnational mass media intensify the ✓ the only sphere of influence that religion
hybridity that is retains in advanced societies is the family
already in existence in cultures across the ✓ it is no longer the primary cohesive force
globe. Consequently, the globalization of in societies, having been replaced by
culture through themedia is not a process of nationalism and other secular and political
complete homogenization, but rather one ideologies
where cohesion and fragmentation ✓ “the process whereby religious thinking,
coexist. practices and institutions lose significance”
✓ Secularization debates have been
Source: Kraidy, M. (2002). Globalization of reframed.
culture through the media. In J. R. Schement ✓ Secularization is understood as a shift in
(Ed.),Encyclopedia of communication and the overall frameworks of human condition; it
information (Vol. 2, pp. 359-363). makes it possible for people to have a choice
New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA. between belief and non-belief in a manner
Retrieved from hitherto unknown.
http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/325.
Transnational Religion and Multiple
Glocalizations
✓ Migration of faiths across the globe has
Lesson 9: GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION been a major feature of the world throughout
Beyond the Secularization Debate the 20thcentury.
✓ There is a discontinuity between research ✓ Transnational religion emerged through the
agenda that focus on secularization and post-World War II.
globalization. ✓ Two distinct blends of religious
✓ Social Scientists have debated the scope, universalism and local particularism.
nature, extent and parameters of ✓ It is possible for religious universalism to
secularization in an gain the upper hand, whereby religion
effort to unveil the overall patterns and/or becomes the central
trajectories of the modern world. reference for immigrants. Religion
✓ Initially, secularization had a strong transnationalism- “religion going global”.
following but eventually it was superseded by ✓ It is possible for local ethnic or national
re-evaluation. particularism to gain or maintain the most
✓ Various debates lead to re-appraisal. important place for local immigrant
communities.
The Secularization of Culture
✓ sociologist use the term socularization of
culture to refer to a culture that, one heavily
influenced by religion, has lost musmch of its Religion in Global Conflict
religious influence ✓ Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites
relate to deep issues of existence; it should

20
not be surprising when religion enters the
picture in times of crisis.
✓ The ere of globalization brought with it
three (3) enormous problems, namely:
• Identity
• Accountability
• Security
Religion provides answer to these concerns:
✓ It provides a sense of identity
✓ Traditional religious leadership provides a
sense of accountability
✓ Religion offers a sense of security
ADVANCING
Religion in the New Global War
Mark Juergensmeyer
When Mohammed Atta boarded the airline on
September 11, 2001 that soon thereafter
slammed into the World Trade Center towers,
he left behind a manual of instruction.
Apparently prepared by his colleagues in the
al Qaeda network, it instructed him and his
fellow activists how to behave and what to do
in preparation for their fateful act. What is
interesting about this document is not only
the text, but the subtext. Lying beneath the
pious rhetoric of the manual and its eerie ties
to the World Trade Center tragedy are hints
about the perplexing issue of the role of
religion in the contemporary world, and
answers to the persistent question, how could
religion be related to such vicious acts of
political violence?
The common sense way of putting this
question about the September 11 attack and
all of the other recent acts of religious
terrorism is “what’s religion got to do with
it?”
The common sense answers to this question
are varied, and they are contradictory. On
the one
hand some political leaders—along with many
scholars of comparative religion—have
assured us that religion has had nothing to do
with these vicious acts, and that religion’s
innocent images have been used in perverse
ways by evil and essentially irreligious political
actors. On the other hand there are the radio
talk show hosts and even a few social
scientists who affirm that religion, especially
Islam, has had everything to do with it—and
not just ordinary religion, but a perverse
strain of fundamentalism that has infected
normal religion and caused it to go bad.
The Role of Religion
What is odd about this new global war is not
only the difficulty in defining it and the
nonstate, transnational character of the
opposition, but also the opponents' ascription
to ideologies based on religion. The tradition
of secular politics from the time of the
Enlightenment has comfortably ignored
religion, marginalized its role in public life,
and frequently co-opted it for its own civil
religion of public religiosity.
● No one in the secular world could have
predicted that the first
confrontations of the 21st century
would involve, of all things,
religion--secularism's old, long
banished foe.
Religious activists are puzzling anomalies in
the secular world. Most religious people and
their organizations are either firmly
supportive of the secular state or quiescently
uninterested in it. Osama bin Laden's alQaeda
network, like most of the new religious
21
activists, comprise a small group at the religious terrorism around the world I
extreme end of a hostile subculture that have found a strikingly familiar
itself is a small minority within the larger pattern. In all of these cases,
world of their religious cultures. Osama bin concepts of cosmic war are
Laden is no more representative of Islam than accompanied by strong claims of moral
Timothy McVeigh is of Christianity, or justification and an enduring
Japan's Shoko Asahara is of Buddhism. absolutism that transforms worldly
struggles into sacred battles.
● Still one cannot deny that the ideals ● It is not so much that religion has
and ideas of activists like bin Laden become politicized, but that politics
are authentically and thoroughly have become “religionized”. Worldly
religious and could conceivably become struggles have been lifted into the
popular among their religious high proscenium of sacred battle.
compatriates.
● The authority of religion has given bin Global War
Laden's cadres the moral legitimacy ● The September 11 attack and many
of employing violence in their assault other recent acts of religious
on the very symbol of global economic terrorism are skirmishes in what their
power. perpetrators conceive to be a “global
● It has also provided the metaphor of war”.
cosmic war, an image of spiritual ● This battle is global in three senses.
struggle that every religion has within The choices of targets
its repository of symbols--the fight have often been transnational.
between good and bad, - The World Trade Center employees
truth and evil. In this sense, then, the attack killed in the September 11 assault
on the World Trade Center was very religious. were citizens of 86 nations.
It was meant to be catastrophic, an act of
biblical proportions. ● The network of perpetrators was also
● Though the World Trade Center transnational:
assault and many other recent acts of - the al Qaeda network that was
religious terrorism have no obvious implicated in the
military goal, they are meant to make attack--though consisting
a powerful impact on the public mostly of Saudis--is also
consciousness. These are acts meant actively supported by
for television. They are a kind of Pakistanis, Egyptians,
perverse performance of power meant Palestinians, Sudanese,
to ennoble the perpetrators' views of Algerians, Indonesians,
the world and to draw us into their Malaysians, Filipinos, and a
notions of cosmic war. In my smattering of British, French,
comparative study of cases of

22
 Germans, Spanish and performance of violence--as a social
Americans. event that has both real and symbolic
aspects. As the late French
● The incident was global in its impact, sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has
in large part because of the worldwide observed, our public life is shaped by
and instantaneous coverage of symbols as much as by institutions.
transnational news media. This has For this reason, symbolic acts--the
been terrorism meant not only for "rites of institution"--help to
television but for global news demarcate public space and indicate
networks such as CNN--and especially what is meaningful in the social
for al Jazeera, the Qatarbased news world.In a striking imitation of such
channel that beams its talk-show rites, terrorism has provided its own
format throughout the Middle East. dramatic events.
Increasingly terrorism has been ● These rites of violence have signaled
performed for a televised audience alternative views of public reality: not
around the world. just a single society in transition, but
● In that sense it has been as real a a world challenged by strident
global event as the transnational religious visions of transforming
activities of the global economy and change.
as vivid as the globalized forms of
entertainment and information that Empowering Religion
crowd satellite television channels and Such religious warfare not only gives
the internet. individuals who have engaged in it the illusion
● Ironically, terrorism has become a of empowerment, it also gives religious
more efficient global force than the organizations and ideas a public attention and
organized political efforts to control importance that they have not enjoyed for
and contain it. No single entity, including the many years. In modern America and Europe,
United Nations, possesses the military the warfare has given religion a prominence in
capability and intelligence-gathering public life that it has not held since before
capacities to deal with worldwide terrorism. the Enlightenment, more than two centuries
Instead, consortia of nations have been ago. Although each of the violent religious
formed to handle the information-sharing and movements around the world has its own
joint operations required to deal with forces distinctive culture and history, I have found
of violence on aninternational scale. that they have three things in common
regarding their attitudes towards religion
● This global dimension of terrorism's in society.
organization and audience, and the
transnational responses to it, gives Commonality of violent religious movements
special significance to the ● First, they reject the compromises
understanding of terrorism as a public with liberal values and secular

23
 institutions that most mainstream Laden's endorsement as the leader of
religion has made, be it Christian, Al-Qaeda's franchise in Iraq.
Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Sikh or ● AQI faded into obscurity for several
Buddhist. years after the surge of U.S. troops
● Second, radical religious movements to Iraq in 2007. But it began to
refuse to observe the boundaries that reemerge in 2011.
secular society has set around ● In 2013, AQI reemerged as ISIS
religion--keeping it private rather and conducted approximately 40
than allowing it to intrude into public suicide bombings per month in
spaces. Iraq-achieving the highest civilian
● third, these movements try to create death toll since 2008
a new form of religiosity that rejects ● On June 29, 2014 ISIS leader Abu
what they regard as weak modern Bakr al Baghdadi announced the
substitutes for the more vibrant and formation of a caliphate (muslim ruler
demanding forms of religion that they or chief) stretching from Aleppo in
imagine to be essential to their Syria to Diyala in Iraq, and renamed
religion's origins. the group the Islamic State.
(Retrieved from: ● A U.S.-led coalition began airstrikes
http://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/61 against ISIS in Iraq on August 7,
4_juergensmeyer.pdf.) 2014, and expanded the campaign to
Syria the following month.
CONFIGURING ● On October 15, the United States
Timeline: the rise, spread and fall of the named the campaign "Operation
islamic state by Cameron Glenn Jul 5, 2018 Inherent Resolve." Over the next
year, the United States conducted
ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA more than 8,000 airstrikes in Iraq and
(ISIS) Syria.
● The Islamic state - also known as ● ISIS suffered key losses along
ISIS, ISIP (ISLAMIC STATE IN Syria's border with Turkey, and by
IRAQ AND LEVANI) OR DAESH the end of 2015, Iraqi forces had
● Started as an al Qaeda splinter group, made progress in recapturing Ramadi.
form the remnants if al Qaede in Iraq ● But in Syria, ISIS made gains near
(AQI), a local offshoot of al Qaeda Aleppo, and still firmly held Raqqa and
● Al-Qaeda in Iraq first appeared in other strongholds.
2004 when Abū Muş'ab al-Zarqāwī, a ● In 2015, ISIS expanded into a
Jordanian-born militant already network of affiliates in at least eight
leading insurgent attacks in Iraq, other countries.
formed an alliance with al-Qaeda, ● Its branches, supporters, and
pledging his group's allegiance to affiliates increasingly carried out
Osama Bin Laden in return for Bin

24
 attacks beyond the borders of its so- ✓ The global flows of people, capital and
called caliphate (Muslim ruled). ideas are woven into the daily lived
● In October, 2015 ISIS's Egypt experiences of its
affiliate bombed a Russian airplane, residents
killing 224 people. ✓ It means power, sophistication, wealth, and
● On November 13, 2015 130 people influence.
were killed and more than 300 injured ✓ The ideas and values of the metropolis
in a series of coordinated attacks in shape the world.
Paris. ✓ Embodies both the good and the bad
● And in June 2016, a gunman who effects of globalization.
pledged support to ISIS killed at ✓ The global city transcends boundaries of
least four dozen people at a GAY nation-states
nightclub in Orlando, Florida. ✓ According to Sassen (1991), global cities
● By December 2017, the ISIS are characterized by occupational and income
caliphate had lost 95 percent of its polarization, with the highly paid professional
territory, including its two biggest class on the one end and providers of low-paid
properties, Mosul, Iraq's second services on the other.
largest city, and the northern Syrian ✓ The lifestyle and needs of the well-off
city of Raqqa, its nominal capital. professional classes bring into the global city
● The Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al an army of low-
Abadi declared victory over the paid workers who deliver personal and
Islamic State in Iraq on December 9, labor-intensive services like cleaning,
2017. child-care, delivery,
● But ISIS was still inspiring and restaurants and eateries, catering,
carrying out attacks all over the maintenance, transport, hotels, domestic help
world, including New York City. and retail.
✓ Historical precedents;
LESSON 10: GLOBAL CITIES - “Imperial” cities - seats of imperial
ADVANCING power
What is a Global City? - “Free” cities - links in ancient trade
Global City routes
✓ The idea emerged in the social science - “World city”
literature in the 1980’s, shortly after the ✓ Perspective matters:
concept of - The globe as the unit of analysis
globalization. - The global city transcends boundaries
✓ It has a central place in understanding of nation states
contemporary spatial patterns of globalization ✓ Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as
✓ It is the main physical and geographic global command centers of the world
playground of the globalizing forces economy.

25
✓ new global cities have since arisen not only
as financial centers but also a producers of Cosmopolitanism
services that are global in score ✓ It is the phenomenon most readily
✓ global cities are post- industrial associated with the global city. Large, diverse
- Manufacturing had been scattered cities attract people, material and cultural
across national and global networks products from all over the world.
- Turn from “landscapes of production” ✓ The idea of cosmopolitanism invokes
to “landscaped of consumption” pleasant images of travel, exploration, and
✓ apart form being financial centers, global ‘worldly’ pursuits enjoyed by those who have
cities are: benefited from globalization
- Geopolitical power centers
- CULTURAL and trendsetting ✓ Everyday life is significantly shaped by
powerhouses commercial culture, retail and shopping as well
- Higher education hubs as cross cultural variety of food, fashion,
- Creative industries entertainment and various other consumables
✓ nature of activities generates a specific and artifacts.
labor demand:
- A professional class of knowledge Cosmopolitanism
workers ● Diversity of people, goods, ideas, and
- Highly mobile, career minded not cultures
necessarily elites ● Context points to a cosmopolitan
- Drives “gentrification” of cities but commerical consumption
also polarization ● Consumption is costly in resources
✓ occupational and income polarization
- Highly paid professional class vs Perpetuation in the Internet Age
providers of low paid services ● Networks and groups on geographic
- Polarization of housing markets proximity
- Mitigated by state action in certain
areas Downsides
✓ global cities are “brain hubs” and centers ● High Cost, alienation, impersonality,
of a “knowledge economy” social isolation
✓ economies of scale and concentration ● Discrimination against migrants if
necessary despite the proliferation of certain kinds
communications technology Key issues;
✓ network economies and spillover effects ● Diversity and community
include “thick labor markets” in knowledge ● Mobility and community
workers
✓ polarization extends to differentiation by Defining global city
human capital (skills and formal education) Global Cities are livable cities because:

26
• They provide jobs that pay an adequate Development, Cultural Interaction, Livability,
wage Environment, and Accessibility), and five
• They provide basic services, including safe global actors who lead the urban activities in
water and adequate sanitation their cities (Manager, Researcher, Artist,
• They are void of discriminatory practices Visitor, and Resident), thus providing an
• People have access to educational all-encompassing view of the cities.
opportunities and health care
• People are not at risk of forced eviction 3.The GPCI reveals the strengths and
• People enjoy security of tenure in weaknesses of each city and at the same time
affordable housing uncovers problems that need to be overcome.
• People live in communities that are safe and
environment that are clean 4.This ranking has been produced with the
• The cities are governed through inclusive involvement of the late Sir Peter Hall, a
local democratic processes global authority in urban studies, as well as
other academics in this field. It has been
Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global Power peer reviewed by third parties, all
City Index international experts from both the public
It measures the global power of cities using and private sectors.
the combination of six (6) criteria: ● The global power city index (GPCI)
✓ Economy evaluates and ranks the major cities
✓ Research and Development of the world according to their
✓ Cultural Interaction “magnetism”
✓ Livability ● Comprehensive power to attract
✓ Environment creative people and business
✓ Accessibility enterprises from around the world
● The comprehensive power sought by
Features of The Global Power City Index each city fluctuates in accordance
(GPCI) with economic and social changes
1. As opposed to limiting the ranking to
particular areas of research such as “Finance” FACTORS
and “Livability,” the ● the advancement of women in society
GPCI focuses on a wide variety of functions in ● ICT (INFORMATION,
order to assess and rank the global potential COMMUNICATION, TECHNOLOGY)
and comprehensive power of a city. INFRASTRATURE
● and risk to mental health
2. 44 of the world’s leading cities were ● Financial crises, a large scale natural
selected and their global comprehensive disasters, a growing population that
power evaluated based on the following now exceeds seven billion, and
viewpoints: six main functions representing technological advancements
city strength (Economy, Research and

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 ● The research results of the past 10
years should serve as valuable data to
help us understand the challenges
faced by cities around the world, as
well as what makes them appealing
● Hoping that the GPCI can assist many
people in the formulation of urban
policies and corporate strategies
Key Findings of the GPCI-2017GPCI-2017
Characteristics
✓ In the GPCI-2017 comprehensive ranking,
the top five cities of London (No. 1), New
York (No. 2),
Tokyo (No. 3), Paris (No. 4), and Singapore
(No. 5) all maintain their respective positions
from last
year. These cities have remained in the top 5
for nine consecutive years.
✓ Sydney (No. 10) climbs four spots this year
to edge its way into the top 10 for the first
time in seven
years. Cities such as Los Angeles (No. 11),
Beijing (No. 13), and San Francisco (No. 17)
also
largely improve their rankings from last year.
✓ By region, the European cities on the whole
score highly in Livability and Environment. The
cities of Asia, which rank highly overall, earn
strong scores in Economy.
Trends for the Top 3 Cities
✓ London, the No. 1 city in the comprehensive
ranking for the sixth year in a row, further
extends its lead over the competition by
improving its scores for such indicators as
GDP Growth Rate and Level of Political,
Economic and Business Risk in Economy, and
for Attractiveness of Dining Options and
Number of Visitors from Abroad in Cultural
Interaction.
✓ New York (No. 2) increases its scores for
the Economy indicators of Nominal GDP and
GDP Growth Rate, but fails to make any
significant headway in comprehensive score,
having returned weaker scores this year in
Cultural Interaction indicators such as
Number of World-Class Cultural Events Held
and Livability indicators like Variety of Retail
Shops .
✓ Tokyo claimed the No. 3 ranking for the
first time last year and closes the gap on New
York (No. 2) this year. This is a result of the
American city’s score stalling while Tokyo
continues to improve every year in the
Cultural Interaction indicator of Number of
Visitors from Abroad . However, Japan’s
capital city slips from No. 1 to No. 4 in
Economy due to weaker scores in “Market
Size” and “Market Attractiveness.”
Results for New Cities in GPCI-2017
✓ Dubai and Buenos Aires make their
first-ever appearances in the GPCI in 2017
with respective
comprehensive rankings of No. 23 and No. 40.
✓ Dubai boasts strengths in Cultural
Interaction (No. 9) and Economy (No. 11)
mainly thanks to strong
evaluations for Corporate Tax Rate in
Economy, and Number of Luxury Hotel Guest
Rooms in Cultural Interaction.
(Source: Global Power City Index 2017.
Retrieved from: http://mori-m-
foundation.or.jp/pdf/GPCI2017_en.pdf.)
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