EN DIA. A Comprehensive GeographyJOIN OUR SOCIAL NETWORK For Our Latest Updates Hy9* Latest Carer News www .latestcarernews.com 1 INTRODUCTION. India As A Gaographical Unt 1); India’s Fronts (4; Geopoltic ofthe Indian Ocean (21): Routes Into India (25); Land of Diversities (26); Unity in Diversity (27); Land of Potontsites (29|; Inia ané the Oriental Word (28); Stratogic Significance of India (2; Ind’ Plies Dvisoe (2. Tnosicon (40): Goooga! Reon Ia 40; Gaol so fda (47; The ‘rchacan Fick System (47); The Purana Rock System (1400-600 milion years) (42) The Dravidian Rock System (Palaeozoic) (44); The Aryan Rock System (45); The Coastine of Inca (4); t08 ges Ina (5, Invezton (59; Tho Himalayan Mountains (5), Orig of tho Hiralays (55, Pate “Tectonics (67); Delon af tho Himalayas (59};-Regional Division of the Himalayas (63); ‘Syntaxal Sond of tho Himalayas (65); Glacors ofthe Himalayas (67); Main Passes ofthe Himalayas (70); The Signticanceof tho Himalayas (72); The Great Plan of Noth india (7; ‘Origin ol the Pai (74; Geomorphology ofthe Pain (75); Regional Ohsions of the Great Pin ‘of inca (76); Signtloanoe othe Psi (8); Tho Poninsular Patoau (80); The Plateaus ofthe Peninsular india (80); Hil Ranges of tho Peninsular Plateau (83); Significance of the PenineularPiatonu (86); Tho Coastal Piains (66; The West Coastal Plans (66); The East Goastal Plains (27); Signicance of the Coastal Plains (88); The Incln talands (88) Prac aor ond (0 Taduon (ey, Orage Syatens of hl (99; To Hialyan Fer Bysoms 7; Evoltion of the Himalayan Fivers(@7); Mutiple iver Theory (99); The Indus iver ‘Sytem (100); Thé Ganga Fiver System (102); The Brahmapuita River System (105); The Peninsular Drainage (107) Evolon cf the Peninsular Drainage (107); The Peninsular Fiver ‘Systems (107): inland Drainage (112); River Basins of India (149); Flver Regimes (116) sanyet ea iocucton (179); Divers inthe Uriy of Indian Monsoon Chima (119); Fars inuencing ‘he climate of Ica (120); The Monsoon Winds (122); Mechanism of the Monsoons (22(ws) Seasonal Rhythm (182); The Cold Woather Season or Winter Soason (192); The Summer Season (735); The Rainy Season (140); Tho Cool Season (148); Annual Rainfall 152}, Pcutaries and Significance of sian Cimato (5); Climatic Regjons of inca (156; Stamp's Classfication of Climatic Regions (158); Climatic regions of tompscate or continontal India (766); Climatic Regions of Tropic! India (157): Koppen's Ciasafiestion of Climatic, regions {758}; Thornthwite's Ciacsiticalion of Climatic Regions (760); Trowarha’s ‘Csssiieaton of Cenatic Rogions (762); FL. Singhs Cassicaton cf Cimatc Regions (164) | 6, NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE Invoduction (166); Factors Influencing Vegetation (158); Glasslication of Natural ‘Vegetation (789); Geographical Oistbutlon of Forest Area (174); Forest Products (178) Indirect Uses af Forests (180); Probioms of cian Forest (181); Social Forestry (789); Forest Conservation (163; Wilde (185); Preservation of Wife (187); Distibution of National avis, Widile Senciuaries and Blosphore Reserves (197; Bloyhere Reserves (192. |7. sous 197-218 Intoduaton (197; Sal Formation in Inekan Contos (197); Major Sol Groups ona (19 Problems of Incian Sais (209); Sol Erosion (204; Types of Sol Erosion (204); Human Factors ‘f Soil Erosion (208); Extent of Soil Erosion in Inaia (207); Soll Conservation (213); Achivements in Sot Conservation (216) | 8. NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS 219-277 Hazards (219}; Types of Hazards (219; Disaster (220); Vulnerailty (220; Natural Hazards ‘and Disastors In rca (227; Earaquaks (2); Teurar (228; Dreughts (227; Floods (246, Flood Disaster Management (251); Flood Control Programmes and Policy (265};Tropleal CCycione (256): Tropical Cyclones in india (258); Main Miigation Strategies (262; Cyclone Warning (269; Local Severe Storms (263); Landahdos (269); Avalanches (272. | 9. ENVIRONMENT 168-198 278-321 Intiodvtion (278); Environmental Potion in India (278); At Potion {279}; natives for Control of Ar Plution (296); Water Polson (289); Groundwater Quali (914); Sei o Land Potton (315); Noise Pallution (377); Nise Pofuton Ine (319). 10. POPULATION : GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 322-368 Size of Indian Population (822); Census of Population (825); Distribution and Densliy of Population (289); Distribution of Population (347); Density of Population (344); Human ‘evelopment (380). 11. POPULATION COMPOSITION 369-418 Ene Compastion (269); Caste Groups (972); Scheduled Casts (972), Tita Population (S76); Language and Dialect Groups (379}; Religious, Composition (985); Sox CCompostion (995); Litracy (409); Work (417) o |.12. MIGRATION PATTERNS Introduction and dofiiion (418); Types of Migration (421); Out-migralion (421); In. rrigraton (424); Consequences ot Migration (423); Migration Streams (431) Conchasens 459) \ 1, SETTLEMENTS Introduction (436); lasscation of Setlemnts (48; Rural Sotioment Patterns (430); Uban Satents and Trends in Urbanisation (452); Mtropalizstion (or Metropoitarization) (465); Morphology of Incian Cities (467); Functional Clacsiication of Inclan Cities (470): CConubations (474); Town Ptaning (486); Town Planning in Incie (490); Problems of Urbenisatin in inci (482 14. REGIONAL DEVELOF AND PLANNING 50 Development {S00}; Regional Planning in India (510); Planning for Backward Area (622); Damodar Valley Corporation (DVG) (543); Durgapur Barrage (545): National Capital Region (546, 15, WATER RESOURCES 558-500 Inca’s Water Resources (558); Sudace Weter (559); Inielnking the Rivors (559); Netonal Wieter Gd (561); Ground Walor ($65); Hydrological Stuation (577); Water Searcy (579); Wiater Disputes and Conficts (577); Interstate River Water Disputos in India (577), International Cooperation (878); Coneorvation of Water Resourses (579); Rain Water Harvesting (520), 16. IRRIGATION 591-607 ‘Need for Inigaton (591); Geegraphica! Factors Fevourng ligation (582) Types of tigation “Techniques (622); Growth end Utifztion of krgation (585); Sources of Iigation (593); Tanke Ligation (584; Wels and Tubowels (59); testy of tnigation (608) 1.7, MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS Bhakra Nangal Projoct (608); The Damodar Valloy Project (610); The Hirakud Oam Projct (610); The Kos Project (611); The Rinand Valley Project (612); The Chabal Valley Proct (612): Tungbhadra Mulipurpoce Prooct (615); The Gandak Project (673); The Nermads Vely Project (6/4; The Nagejunasagar Projct (616; Teh Dam (616; Tho Baas Prooet (617), 18. BIOTIC AND MARINE RESOURCES t Intecucion (619; Livastock (619) Livestock Products (626); Fishers (694; Programa for Development of Fisheris (630); Aquaculture (639,1.9. LAND UTILIZATION 644-650 Intoduton (644; Not sown area (844; Area oan more than once (645); Forest Area (646); Land not avalale for cutvaton (246); Permanent pastures and other grazing lands (647); Land under miscetaneous tree orope and groves (646); Cultrable waste (649); Falow lands (646, 20. AGRICULTURE 651-730 Invocucton (651); Salient Features of Indian Agicuture (852; Problems of Indian Aqewture and ther Salton {659}; Determinants f Agriculture (659);Producton ingot and Consurtion of Feriizers (690); Cropping Pattern (695); Agreulural Productivity (94); Azricltural Intensity of ttersty of Coping (705); Cop Combination (705); Land Canabilty (740) ry Farming (771; Aqiclurl Regionalcalon (718); Agro-Cimatie Regions (715. Invoduoton (731); tensive Agree Development Programme (ADP) {732}; Components ‘of the Green Revolution (732); Impact of Green Revolution (796); Demerts or Problems of “Green Revolaton (739); Esolagcal Implications of Green Revollion (742); Second Green evolution (749. Food Crops (748); Fie (748): Wheat (758); sae (789); Millets (700); Jower (Sorgeur) (761); ‘Bj (Bul Rush Rilet (789): Rag (764): Bary (762); Puss (765; Gram (765); Tu o Arbor (Pigeon Pea or Red Gram) (767): Cash Crops {768}; Cotton (768); Jute (79; ‘Sugareane (775); Tabeoco (780); Cseeds (785); Groundout (704); Sesamum (Ti) {786}; Rapeseed and Mustard (786); Linseed (788); Castor Seed (768); Plantation Crops (789); “Tea (789); Cotte (799), Rubber (795);, Sploes (787): Pepper (797); Cardamom (796); Horticature (207); Cashownut (801); Mango (0h; Apple (800; Banana (905); Orange 223}, (Grape (04); Peach (604; Pear (804; Apict (804); Strambery (604); Vegetables (804). [23 ‘Ninerals and Mining (807); Mineral Weath of nda (807); Disirbuton of Minerals ad Mineral Bots (@08}; Types of Minerals (808); Metalic Minerals (809); Iron Ore (810): Manganese (814), Chronite (816); Copper (816): Nekel (817%; Lead and Zine (818); “Funston (876) Bete (8) Pyrtes (1); Gold (2; Ali Gold (622 iver (82) Non- Metal Minerale (222); Mica 29}; Resares (829); Linestone (828); Ootomito (827) ‘Asbestos (828); Magneeite (628); Kyante (829); Siimanite (629); Gypsum (630); ‘iamonds (6); Atomic Mineral (831; Tim (855; Sal (834; Conservation of Mineral Rosouoos (234 : [24 ENERGY | : comertonel Source of Ey (6; Petooa Min Ol (45; tin Notas (eb Onshore Ol Pade af Wanton Indo, West coat OlShore con Ont (849); Paroleum Retiring (850); Proolines (852); Imports (855); Natural Gas (850) lectiy (659); Hydroolecticty (859); Thermal Elect (868); Nuclegr Energy (867), Nan ‘Conventional Energy Soutees (871); Solar Enargy (674); Wind Energy (877. | 25. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Indusils (684); Classification of Industries (887) sty (689); Jute Textiles (805); Woolen Texties (908); Sik industry (977); Metalurgicet Indus (974); Engineering Industias (929; Industial Maonienry Manufacturing (929): Machine Tools (891); Transport Equipment Industry (982); Rallway Equipment (932 ‘Automobile Industy (993); Ship Bullding Industry (986); Air Craft Inoustry (828); ioytes (998; Light Mechanizal Engineering Goods (889); Electic Machinery and Equipment aking Industry (239); Chemical anc Aled Industes (844); Heavy Inorgaric Chemicals (244), savy Organic Chemicals (945); Fertlzers (946); Cement Industry (951); Rubber Goods Industry (957); Leather and Leather Goods (267); Plases (988); Orugs and Pharmaceuticals (950); Destts (860); Soaps and Detergents (961); Glass Industry (951; Ceramics industry (962); Forest Based industries (863); Paper Industy (963); Match Industry (965; Lac Industry (870); Sports goods (979; Food and Aled Industies (970): Sugar Indus (@70); Vegetable Ol Industry (976): Industrial Rags (276); Industral Houses In Ingia (987); Industrial Policy (988); Multinational Companies (MNCs) (892; eration (984; Special Econom Zone (SEZ) (296); IndustiaVEcanomic Coridors (998) 26. TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION AND SPACE 1004-1061 Invoduction (1004); always (1004); Rl Trac (1010; Maro Rall (1014; Roadways (107 ‘ir Transport (1031); Wator Transport (1036); Shipping (1096); Ports (1039); Ram Setu or ‘Sehusamctam (1044); Compettive and Complementary Character of Means of “Transportation in Ina (1047); Communication (1049); dian Space Programme (1065), 27, FOREIGN TRADE 1062-1069 “Trends in India’s foreign trade (1062); Composition of Export Trade of Inca (1064); ‘Gompostion of knpot Trade of Inia (1066); Direction of Inc's Foreign Trade (166; Sant Features of Foreign Tredoof tia 1068). 28, TOURISM 1070-1086 Iirducon and Definition (1070); Places of Tourt intrest (1080) Problems and Prospects ( 1063}.List of Tables Tue ‘rea of seven largest counvies of thawed Lath of Ida's Border withthe Neighbouring Countes Pola Divisions of Inia (2011) Division of Shivale Strata ‘Same important Peaks and the Hah of Important Glocies ofthe Himalayan Mountains “The Indus Drainage System “The Ganga Drainage Systm Major Rivers ofthe Peninsular Indie ‘Surface Flow in Major River Basins of India ‘Southesn Ostilaton Indo (S01) and astoated weather phenomena Hours of dense foo (vsbity below 200 metres) | Distibuton of Raita Ind: Aces under Forests nda: Forest Cover Estimates (59 kn) Tia: Statewise Area under Forest (sq kin 2005 85._| Frequency of droughts la India 6.4, | Geographical Disrbuton of Forestsin India 18. | 65. | India: Number of gers in 2006 and 2010 = 19. | 66. | Proposed new toe reserves ae 20; | 7.4. [Area Under Ravines Inte (Lakh Hectares) 21, | 7.2. | Salty aftecten Areas nine 7 22, | 7.3._| Area under Aid and Semirard condos in Inala 7 | 23. |” 8.2. | Resion-wise Earthquake (6 > 5.0) Occurrence in Inca (1697-2014) 26, | 8.2. numberof Pessons kil by Tanaris 25. | 6:3._| estimates of Francia Losses in tla caused by Tsuna ‘84, | Rainfall Vagaries and Brought Conltons, inos) Tie | Page ae Tite = [2 | Rancal Nverage Food Damages (based on deta fom 1953 oonarés) 2. | Ranking of States and rion Terris by ae | age (a [Dseuion of atic cod to eplatin cr \ ae Ten dts wth ighest ety pers, kn 2001 and 2 repey = us ISS echo nines doy efoto ea a | | et rg neo sensed Fea Gi 62. | 1046, [Hunger eves i seven major ‘ates of Ind slong with thar neret ward | equivalr G_| 1007 | nambw aa sage oak 65_[ 1048 | ue eect teh by ser, a 65038 | nao cr Br ate on Gude ea Rate €7_| 40.20 preaches Hunan Coleprent 68._| 10.21, | Human Development Categories, Criteria and Countries 9. | 1022 Human Gevpnen, instr Gmparsn [aa | Const of Resa i Toe Sow f soe Polen nt nile Crerton of Gets ots Acad er es ee teas of A elias on Veptson National Aint ust taerds NAA) He Emissions from Vehiles at Varied Spaeds (grVkr) i 70, | 10.23. | indies Global Postion in Human Development 2017 E aly Potted Areas 71. | 1024 | sae eve pte of Han Development Index (00 2 Water Rls Diseases and Causative Fees 72_| “14 [caste Goups eee Sewage generation and Treatment capacity in Genga (2012) 73. | 11.2. | Total Popwiation and Percentage of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe :2011| 374 Difarence between sewage generation estimates Census uanananea tEinted Poko Lond Gerrobon alg the Yaaro air | 74 Gow of Shae Te da = Composion of NP in diferent Farmyard Nenure and Campos 35 Ts. ‘Schedule Languages n Descending Order of Speakers Suength20o1 14, | Tntersity of Various Sounds x8 7. Linguistic Reglons and Languages PEE 4._| Population of ten most populated countries othe world Bz mh Ppulaton by Regus Conmuntis and Soy Ine, 1961-2001 [Decadal Growth ates in india, 1901-2011 35.| 2 Proportion of Population by Regios Communities, India, 1961-2001 inko~-Chuiog ith Rates, Desh ats and Natura Inease, 19112008 m8 a ee a ye decadal ‘average annul exponential grv 7 jon of Retigious Communities to total Population, 2001 (India, States an si [166 [opin prs el yeh an eae ai i ot] bron Rig Pop ide Bas el 52. | 105. | Sates and union Tetons aranged in descending order of growth rate or! 333 a. | Religion wise Popuston in tna, 2001 a population 9932001 t 20017012 | 2 Secronoaee ioniont TRB. | none of a nd uo rns y age pce etl oth | 4 | 11 | Sox Rot eras pr 000 males) 18052011 2} {soot ae amos #4 [138 | ssa of Sateen Terese oan ida 3138 len ca a one OT] oi TS =] va ec ais, 191-01 and 200-11 and ten) 306 ff faa ds Te ee oe aes skies 86. | 15 | Sex Roto of Gis Population othe Age Grup 08 NEB 105 | naa Chi Population nthe age group 0-6 203) zi m7 7, | 116 | Number of tert and trates among poplin agod 7 yea eed above 10.10, | Ranking of States and Union Territories by Population 2001 and 2021 343 se Sian ¢ 2a at o a 8, | 1807.[ tery Rte in nd 951-2011 8, | 1041. | Dene of Popo, Ica 1901-2018 34 Eeeea) ei ig Tile Page ep! d Tio Page 7 Taare Rat i ny Sex: 1905 201 406, EE ceo epee epee ee epee eo [ so, "1.19, | Rang of sates and Terres by Reray rte 2014 x 119. | 15.7. | Access to Safe Drinking Weter in Households in Inia in 2014 (per cet) 5 +£1.20. | Literacy Rates and Male-Female Gap in Literacy a 120. |-_15.8._| Number of Water Deficient Households 576 ‘working Fore i ne, 2012 = “aL. | 158, | Demand, Supey and Dtceneyof Water in Sested Ces of Iain Won Uves| 578 Participation Rate in India, States and Union Territories (2011) ao ‘per Day (MLD) Tmvgrnts by st eidence fom nlghtouring aunts by al duration in ina, | 425 ia | Fie [aan a ss rg dT a Wael sg fee zien = 123.) 18.1. | Phenomena nase n Mik Pdton i ea (185051 t 2011-2) 7 95. | 12 | Se of etme teres ag oe bon peo ena, 124,| 182. | Production of Winter tonnes (2012-19) 0 2001) i 125, | 18.3. | Distibution of meat production in India (2012-13) 30 Interstate migration trends (2004) 428 1. Distribution of Wool Production in India in thousand kgs (2012-13) 631 “Sexcwise distribution of migrants according to reason of migration in percentages} 429. ‘W27. Production of eggs in India 633 (2001) 128, Distribution of Gas in India (2012-13) 3 {nd : viloges, 38 | 129. |" 18.2. | Production of Figh in India (000 tonnes) 634 Sn ib or Rin 1 Gs lar | Tee loose te 3 [00/8 Hoes pen ig ete ee Bt 9. [peo and Uso mt 8 Tiere neo a OS (OC 355 132,| 19.2. | Pate of and teat nn (1955-2000) a8 ‘Ubarztion in Tea, 1902-2001 r 38, "70." | Corda temper pes fr Sete ops C) seo See ee naan rr 154. | 202. | Sutably of ree ss fet os 2 ‘Statewise distribution of 2001 and 2011 censuses, new towns of 2011 census and] 463 4135. | 20.3. | Number and Ara of Operational Holdings by Sze Group 663 denetes/ dees towns 2011 136 | 204 | sverge Sze of Holdings by Se Grup, 2010-1 (Hectares) 70s, [ 7.8, [Urban agglomerations having Population of moe than a Mile, 1804-2004 F357. | 205, | Calg ov tnd Hots oa [ 106. | 13.9. | Number and Town and Howsehokis—2014, 138, | "20.6. [Achievements under Land cling lone (lakh eres) cr 107. | 18:10, | Comparison of sume and ron-um househokds wth respect to base amenities 9 139, | 207. | Anda ition Potential rated and Ue, Panis i ‘smal selected ces of India @2011) 140. | 20.8 | trigation investment as percentage of state outiay 5 Houstholsby Nene of Owen Roos, “at | 209. [trated arn under aeren cops 6 re “14, | 2020. | Consumption of Elecricty for Agrcuturel Purposes: 76 | Sel Features fino Gandhi oral Poet 149, | 20.1, | stete-nee Consumption of Eecicy for Arie purpose in 009-0, a7 Population of Bei ban Area 44 | 20:12 | Disb of san Crea Cards according to ctegries of banks up 3st] 681 “aa | Popaton of Tb n Aron od Necbar sands Beit 13, | 15.41. | Bert’s Water Resources: 145. | 20.13, | Procurement of miajor crops in India according to Marketing year 683, a4, | 152, | Use ot Water 446, | 20.14, [Loss oF foodgrains in storage ard vansit | a5, | 15,3. | Surface Water Resouces in Mor River Basin of Ino 147, | 20.5, | Preduetion of Breeder and Foundation Seeds and Dicribuon/Caied Seeds 5 [i [eine cette) i [it |p en aon ws Nr) 188 Sop! sss Ma 205 kan arent dt 449, | 20.7. [Preucten npr and consumption of Friars 9(oxi) ow) ae te Tile Page No oe - Tue Page 150, | 2030, | nonin Zone Comunpton of frtrs aI (D112) 20 184 | 22.23 | Distribution of te and Mesin nai (201213) 7 151. | 20.9, [Retitzers Consumption of Arable Land and Land under permanent crops in|” 683" 406. | 22.26, Indi: Inert of Ratu and Expos of ute Hes 78 sect counties in 2010 186. |"2.25. | ate, Prosuction and Ved of Sugsrcanein nda 76 182, |" 20.20, | Unbalanced use of fetlzers 8 187. | 22.26. | Distribution of Sugarcane in Inla (2012-13) 78 [iss | a0at,[ eter Quay Gonel abr ia oe ert nd Yi f Cte Tn 7a 154, | 20,22. | Change in cropping pattem of india 695 Precution of Tobacco in India (2011-12) 783 | 155, | 20.23, | cross Cropped ven Percentage Distribution 6 ale of Tabacro Expos (@ re) 768 156. | 2024. [Temporal Change in Cropping inst in India 78 191, re, Produc and Viet of Ne Oseeds in Inia 755 157. | 2025, | Stat evel variations in Cropang testy in Ind 704 182, | 2231, | Distribution ofnneoseods in nda (2012-13) iz 788 158 | 2026, | zonal Ghractestis os Tpobaies a7 [iss te, Production and Vist of round in India 785 [iss | 2027 | Zonvs Agecnati/Gcopaghcal cand 78 154 | 2233. | lation of Gowan Tce (201213) 786 160 | 2028. | croing speciation nthe anes = 195. | 22.4, | Area, Producti and Vet of Rapeseed and Mustard nina 787 161. | 21. [Proton of ie in seven easter dates under BGREL (Lakh ones) 76 196, | 22.36, | Distibaton of Rapesced and Musto in nda (201213) 787 162, | 22.1. | Rice roping Seasons in india 750 197 ‘rea, Prcction and it of Tea in Inia 730 163, | 222. | area Production ae Yeld of Ree Tha sao 0 36, Ditton often in Toda (205-06) z 750 164, | 223, | statewise Aree, Production and Viel of Rice in India (2012-13) 7st 399, Exports of Tea from india 722 | 165. | "224. | Espo of Rie fom India Te 20. Imports of Te by iia 7 466. | 225. | Ava, Prediction and Yield of When nda 756 26 Production of Cates in iia - 734 | 167. | 22.6. | Are, Prouction and veld of wheat in Inca (2012-13) 71 22. I. [ iport of Coffee fram tneia 735.| 468, | 22:7. | ares, Production a Vid of Nos in India 760 203. |" 2.42 | Preaueton of rubber a naa 786 4168. 28, | Distbiton of Arb, Producten ad Vi f Nain naa (012-3) 760 308, | 2242 | reduction of Pepper tna 7 787 470. | 223, | Production, aca and Vie of Jona nda 782 105 reduction of Cardemam in India 756 471, | 22:40. | istbution’ofJowar in indie (20123) 762 265, Preducton of Ci in Inca 799 4, | zat. | area, Production and Velde in nia 763 207. Production of Ginger in Tela Hl | 799 173, | 2212. seu of aa nnd 0123) 74 “49,234. |Podcton ofrn es inna on ome) “a | 174, | 22.13 [ re, Production and Vid of Roo n nda 74 209.7232. | Praduction of ron Orin tna 2011-12) 175. | 22.14 [0e, Production and Viel of rem in nla 766 230, | 233. | Bxpars of on Oe fom ina 176 | 22:8. | Distibton of Gram nine 200213) _ 766 | 211, | 234, | reduction of Manganese Ore nnd 177,| 22.16 | re, Production and Vid of Tur oa 787 212, | 23.5, | Distibuton of Nengonese in Tie 201112 17, | 22.17, | Production of Trin Indio (2012-13) 767 213. 23.6_| Production of Copper concerts in Inala 179. | 22.18. | Area, Production and Vied of Cotton In Indie a 244, | 23.7. | Preduction of Lead and Zine Concentrates in India 318 4. | 22.19, | area under Botton ual 215. | 238, | paducton of austen Inala oo isi, |"2220,| Sots Dbton ofGote n 20129) 7 zit. | 28 | Devesteet uae nin 9 a | 282: 222. | na: Impois end experts of Coton, Raw including weste af ZB 217. | 23.40 | Praducton of God na 7 am 185, | 22.22. [Al Indl, Aree, Production ad Fel of te and Mesin 7 Hu ie(eit 2 : a 2 Site $ Page Export of Mia from Inia 252, | 25.1. | Industrial Growth in In (1937 = 100) 91 Production of Limestone in India abe 253. | _25.2._| Consequences of Partition (1947) Sot Distribution of Limestone in India 2011-12 Z F254. | 25.3. | index of Industial Production (HP) Growth Rates (Base : 2004-05) 294 i. | Distribution of Limestone in India 2011-12 255. | 25.4. | Requirement of Water in Industry = 2 Distribution of Magnisite in India 2011-12 256. | 255. | Progress of Cotton Textile Industry in india 900 | Production of Gypsum in India = 257.| 2506. | Mega Chster 308. Distribution of Uranium reserves (2041-12) 258, | 25.7. | Value of Cotton Textile Exports : |_905 Disibuton of Coal Reserves in ina as on 1 January 2008 255. 25... | Exports of Jute Products 508. 226. Production of Coal (incueing ligt) in Inala in mio tonnes 260. | 259, | Production of Man-made Fbre end Yarn 14 222. Production of Coal India 2044-12 261. | 25:10, | Proaiess of ron and Steel Industry in teio 1s ‘Distribution of Lgnite In India 2011-12 262. |_25.11. | Imports of ron and Steel ca Production of Petroleum (Crude) in ina Walon foanes) 263, | 25:2, | Sectoral Consumption of Alsinium in 2003 925. 230. | 24.6, | Production of Petrotours (crude) in India 2011-12 | 264, | 25.13. | production of Aluminium (Virgin Metal) in India _|_ 6 231. | 247. | Detais of incan Refineries —_ 265, Production of Sister Copper (Wn Metal) A 1.8._| Imports of Petroleum, Oi and Lubricants ‘5 266. | 25.15. | Production of motor vehicles in India (Thousands) 935 Production of Natural Gs in Inds (2014-12) “a7 | [ 257. |"25.16. | producon of Sele Peto Chemica’ of (thousand metic tones) S46. 2. | 2420, | rote of sates Capac of Becrcty co 268, | 2517 | pots of Frets and Frier Nenad i nda i | 235. | "24.11. | india: Basin-nise Estimated Potental of Hysropaner 0 269. |- 25:18, | Tetalled capacity of Projection (in mifon tonnes) 953 226: | 24.12. | Progress of Electricty Generated (Utlties and Non-uinis) Wallon kwh Pi 270. | 25.19. | Production of Cement in Inia (Mision tonnes). 953, 237, | 24.13. | important Hycroeleetric Plants: Different States of India ‘8 ‘BHi. | 2520, | Produclon of tyres in Tndia (in milions) 952, 236, | "24.18 | Major Thermal Power Stations in Inala 867 ‘272, | 25:24, | Performance of Pape Industry in Inde (2012-13) 363 239, | 24.15; | Details of hucese poner plants in india cm 69. 273, | 25.22. Production of paper in ina Ea 240.| 24.16. | Dependence i nuclear Power ‘ert 274, | 25.23, | Import of Paper, Paper Board ane Rare Materials 268, 241. | 24.7, [Pate of Eley Conungin (UERG) Fp Ga ai 278. | 2524 | Production of Satin Inia (sand oones) m” 242, | 24.18. | Details of estimated renewal ‘and’ cumulative achievements: ur Se Seat cme eral eg ant conve shone une ma 276. | 25:25. | radon of Vaaspat me % 27. | 7526. | import oF te ois | Sor ntl capac in Indl & 8 5 fa 5 Goverment Enders [986 Sawehoral Nets Natonl Solar Hiion ze 273, | 2527. | Groth of imessene Cea | Sr rts opaty of sare morta ates op anmay 33014 | are 2a. [2528 | ibid eae Sear ployment ei) | Sates and Years Ved Power Ile Capac OP) a 280, | 2529, |Top Ten Matnatoal Compares india tate: wise Comulative Wind Generation Bitoni a Bi, | 2530. | Number of Spec Economie Zvesin nda (8 of June, 2312) 248. || 24.24. | Biomass potenti and installed cepacty in India (2014) 383 262 26.1..| Progress of Revays in India 1005 249, | 24.25 | Cagenoaton Potential Estimates by TERE ee Pegg, 763. |_26.2, | India: Raiiway Zones and their Headquarters 1908 250, | 24.26, | Energy from waste 886 | 284. | 263. | Gaugenise Route Length of Railway fn India _{|_ 300s | [ 251. ['24.27. [Power demand supply Gap : ‘aE. 8. Operations of Indian Raiways sontcenit Te te re 4 286, | 26.5. | Metro Rail in India fe 1015 e e wee 2876 [Red ator apr aoe fake List of Figures’ _ 28. | "26.7 | Overal Poms of NDP as on ist Noy, 2011 1020 : 289. | _26.8._| Length of Various Sections of the Golden Quadrilateral 1024 © a8 fs eae 250. | "269. | nda: Some important NateralHahways 1021 2st, | 26.0, | Usto Stte-wsenatonal Highway in nda 1024 282. | 26.1, | State-nise Road Density per 100 sak (2013) 1028 | Page 293, | 26.12 | Number of Registered Velden india 1020 Title No. 2, | 263, |The markt sere of major anes 1051 aid iene Sg 2 295. | 26.14. | Growth of Cia Aviation in India 1082 ‘Seven largest counties of the wortd 7 286, | 2615, | Dtrbution of rerene Arpaia nd cn Rare 3, Sola 1038 pai Loni oe 5 297, | 26.16. | National Waterways of tndia 1036 Tela : Soundaries with China, Nepal and Bhutan a 298. |” 26.17. | Traffic handled in indian Ports 1038) i construction of 28 Tibetan dams which wil put| 9 288 | 26.18 | convibuton of moor pots 1081 Ina ao grentr Fa eee fo of he Gatapua ver wae Me 300. 26.19. | Saving of dstance through Sethusemundram Project (SSP) route in nautical mies | 1006 contre by Ginn it 301. | 26.20 | Telephone Connectors & Tee density 1052) S| 46.__| china ineresig neers nthe inden Gorin 2 32. | 274, |’ Foon Te 1053 2A Fal 1" | £8 | Jonna and Kashi 303. | 27.2 [Drection of ici’ Foreign Trade (201213) 1068 9. | 19. | The Sachin Gai: The Highest Sattetld in the world 16 410. |-1.10. | Sir Creek. we i1..| 1.11. | India-Bangladesh Boundary a 12, | 1.12. | Myanmar : India's Gateway to East. ae 413, | 1.13. | India-Sri Lanka Boundary ba a4. [na [indian Goean oo 2 nde fon Oesen in he Oriental Wore on we [om [oe i 16. | 1.16. | India : Administrative Division, 1941 3, 27. | 4.47, | Tia: Adminisratve Dison, 1951 2 8 | 1.18 | tna: Admbisrate Dn, 196, 3 19, | 1.19, | India : Political Divisions at Present a 20, | 1.20, | Demand for New States: ES 2a, | “2.1. india: Geology #2 22,_| 2.2. | India : Distribution of Archaéon Rocks: Ba! 23, | 2.3. _| India : Distribution of Dharwar Rocks * 24, | 2.4. | India : Distribution of Cuddapah Rocks Mt(xxx) (ai) fe. |e i Mies Une Sc I eco x y 25. | 25. ind: Dirbution of Vndhyan Rods 4 “The charset ar creeton over southern and easter Aan winter wz 26. | 26. | india: Distribution of Gondwana Rocks : a7 ‘The characteristic air droulation over. southern and eastern Asia In summer: 128. 2 | 27, | India: Deccan Trap a EI Nino, Walker Crealation and Southem Osellaton 129 28. | 28. | India: Distribution of Tertiary Rocks. a "EL Nino and monsoon rainfall in india (Based-on data from IMD) 131 2, |" 29. [ids Restoene and Recent Rods a Maid at are ORDA, | 3 | 30,_| 3.4. | nda: PyslograpicDisions 4 ‘rela Pressure, Preveing Winds end Cyconesinianwaty | 3 [32 | nda: Rees = 5 eee feadeaes 136 | 33, | orga of he rimalayad =| GT ain tiem Teraaeees : ar, |'33. | 34. | the Northerly Dito han Pte ads Colson with Adon Paks 5 TEE Tp ena cae Fe) Fat 35 Rae Tes an tno te Haas 2 66 | S16... Detrbuen of rainfall A) i 35. | 30, | Me amaayes a ia 36. | 32. Regonal Oso Be ines 2 a 67, | 317 | ven Farnese OO) . 37. | 3.8._| Longitudinal cross section of th Himalayas showing important peaks 65 | o6_| ste. | resus, Peeing We ond cers Cul) 144 3 | a | Sinead bras ofthe cya. 7 9, | 5:18, [Noxmel does of onset outh-nest Mansons Ht 382 | 310, | laters ofthe Karakeram 7 6 70. | 520: | Rarl GUN) im 40. | 3.11. | India’: Main pass of the Himalayas mm Th: | 5.21 | Normal’dates of withdrawal of Monsoon | | ‘41, | 3.12..| Deposition of alinium in the Indo-Gangete rough and formation oF the Indo! 75 72: | $.22._| Mean Température (October) Se baad aie Pair, Ta. 5.23, | Pressure, Winds anid Cyclones (October) tay 42; | 333, | Regional Dicons ofthe great Pan of Noth do z SATE RE | ico (SS Bf i til Pens Bock ae 95, | 525 | Aveige Ana Rall 44, | 3.15. | Andaman and Nicobar Iends and Latchagween | = s | SRS Phlgrphic Dons a 7: | $22. | Gimatic Regions of india (after Stamp) 80: <6. | 4: The supostt couse ofthe Ino Brahm ivr (Acardg te Poze) a ede Gacy cae lajen 1 21S eecenne - es 49,_| 44.” india : Drainage Basins na | 80. | 5.30,_ } Climatic Regions of India (after Trewartha) z 50._| 45, _| River Regimes a7 531._| India’s imac Regions after RL. Singh 51. [84 _| Summer and Winter Monsoon 7 rr 1. | Ind tua Negstaton a7 52 | 5.2. | Northward shilling of ITC and the wind system in summer Season of northern | 124 6.2... | Indha : Area under Forests a “hemisphere. 63, | dla Major Ter Reseves ae 58, [ 33. [ezand SW, Wonsoon wns a Gi. _| The Concept of Biosphere Reserv x 1 54. |5a,_[ et Stream (ater Pedelaborde) 25 '5._ | Location of same national pars in india se 55. | 55, | Monsoon as Thermal Engine (After P. Koteswaramn) 126 6.6. | Location of some iif sanctuaries in India 193 ‘56, | 5.6 | Adds of the Easterly and Westery Jat steam at 12 km (after Kotesnaram) Jet vis | 126 6.7. _| Biosphere Reserves oe L are shown by tex broken ines * | Fe trata ieee age | mae [ oN i; So Erion - | | m.| 33. | INGes eaten pay pone 308 Tela aves | F rane 208 a ius pend for a poli Cara Rar Tis India; Salle and Akane Lands a & at 324, | 9:40." | The Yamuna end the polluting towns along Ws stretch 30, Ta: Waterogged Sols _ 24 4125. | 9.4%. | Levels oF Common Nisa 318 Strip farrning following the contour pattern 215 26. | Inia. in. word popilation ay _ 3a: Contour Poughing _ 215, 10.2," | We : Decadal Gowth of Population 18012017 = 325, 96, | 78 | Two ways of teracing step il Sapes to prevent sl ron dnd produce fat | 216 103, | in’ Preantage Oocadal Gronth Fats of Popation 1901-2081 326 |__| re conn arty HE 10 |e Poder Gow ovis aa 2. ae - 23 405. | Pontin Govt ate of Ten most plied curries ofthe ors (2002010) 39 $8. | sare 224 | “Trends in population growth fn Indi and China fea 0 20 anc UN 3, $8, Tigerng oF una a Ey «| Department at Economies arid Sock Aas [ 100. Origin and Propagation of Tsunamis = 230 India! Percentage decade growth of Population (20013 2013) ER 101. __| Plate Tectonics, Earthquake and Tsunami of 25th December, 2008 me 108, ; oy 102. India and Sei Lanka : fect ofTeunamis _| a3 | See - 2 103. [7 | Sui of movers of sams on ein wr he pee boa nig) 35 ee ee ee 28 — == 10: | ie Osbintion epopiaton 2010 z we 406 |. 8.8, | Indi Tsunami warring system sheet 26 “10.11. | Population Share of States end Union Teriione, Indi, ai 2 He 103.1 a9. | na i pouhePone eas 2 1038, [nd oc ef ponisbon (gohan 36 | 106. ["80, [ina : lod Hazard Zones feat 26 43, | fea: Gers of Population 2010 ar 107-| 8.1.” Food Pro Areas in nda (90) 27 Q 2st tos. [8:12 [ indian: Gaal Lakes inthe Hiralayas =, 108: | 8.13, | Ind: Heavily Ebanks Areas 100 [ia [ind Sem Surge Hes Map 121, | 9.15. naa: Tropical cycone Hazara Map eh 122, | 0.16. Average Annual Frequency of Trundestoons es Hee ace 309 | 113, |"817. | Lands: Elements a isk ey = 0 1s, | .18, | ini: Landstde Hazard Zones a pee eal oes ‘ a 415. | 9.1. | Yearly Trends of Sulphur Dioxide in locations (Residendajindustriayuraljother | 260 ee meee) 147: Thea + 56 Rato, 2004 BS 3 116, | 9.2. _| Yestly trends of NO, Concentration inthe ar fom 200% to 2010 281 [ 448, “Child sex rata and overdl sex rato in india 3961-2011 ee ae. 417,93, [Percentage of locatons with low, moderate high and ericl concentrabon of PHiy| 282 | 149, ‘cia: Qld Sex Ratio (204) f 02 Som 2001 t0 2010 — 150. ‘Share’of iterates and alterates.n India accotding to Cenous 2003 end 2011, 404 India: Clay Pole weas Ey i - 119. | _9.5._| vote of wastaweter generated from diferent industries in India | or] it. Lise) rte in ae 320. "96. | compro of len nd gererten om domes and inl sacs} Ts i a cin ine : = 12. |97._| eda Water Quy Sts 6 3 | Tia: Overl eectveiteraty rate (2011) aoeoon = Rite zi =a Tae Wa ie ie 2a = [| FNo 154, | 11.14, | India: effective male Mteracy rate (2011). 168, | 13.25. | Kolkata Conurbetion 2 ai er ie Oh | | BS ec [ee en eye te | 22s | pomete ne 156 | 16 | nae Potcae e t 46 10. [ | ne mop ee : oan ate i 2 5712, [ein ton as anny asst 1, aan ser re me a isa inn [nd 2 nes he age popair gre @ iss [22 ptr ond Sart on esa 2 392 | 1 a Sun 8 153123 | Inmipsior inde = [193."aan, [sum rpasion 208 =| 1 a {eon = eis [ Gabe S c : aadGand ost 16 25a esas pn o 1s [fi finances ~ 71 T2|ise igton yk ot ee ngin sens | a [2 ee ete ena | 0: | | een alps tena an npg sae LA se | a er i set | Greet eaietonic [ate = 1 | s. |Gneena sone = SS iatiedaa = _ it siographic Divisions ae ee “0 mae lea : : [em begs a. a, — ae 202.) 14.7. | Bastar Economie Minerals and Rocke 7 = ae ‘ai 14 [ tar: Devon topo 991 = 18, Starke Pattern PE = rt me | see ‘cern — 170. ‘Trlanguiar pattern: 441 208 - a 2 etal : ci ae rare PCE PEPE liz. 7 3 We Dams and Irrigated Area ra 8 [ertcadn eg = a ss [Aleta ee ef 173. | 130. | aon Pate ; ae zu. 2 [rer er: } 474. | 33.41. | Nebular Pattern: re A Faas 208, | 114.13. pao I oe) 475. | 132. | Teraced Pater ; =o aa| a . [orpe coment cnt ; See ee 3 410-9 een er ni i God CaS [177 | 33.4. | tn: Generel Zanes of Rival Setarees : we 285. |e: Gana es 178, | 13:5, | ine: Deny of Vilages 2511) ts 212, | 154 [ind round Water Deseloprent eee i gest 213 | 185s GW Powrenes RS) 17 1316 | Mow) on gay atone ts Do ta | home te Poe 380, | 43:7, | Wypchetcal Soco-SpatialSiicture of aural Satenent ‘at 214, 156._| ie Dect : = 5 [157 | to oir even oud ene sc] tit | 1310 | Uta nd Ru opin ns G00 ‘= =| Tie [ ISR | ti wr tet Cranes be =| sm | 130, [Poceog ef on pion To pa a 3 Te 217. | 15.9._| Roof top rain water harvesting through existing tubewells 583 ie rosea 15.10, | Rair ‘harvesting through gully plug and contour bund [ss 184. India : Level of Urbanisation (2011) 218, 7 ey 3 7 a oaann = Slam [bee 2 | 1:1, [ Ran wharves rou en == Ts 186 [15 | Maho of aid Tan reg rg Pr - ie7 1524 | Onin ans Gh of run . Heaor | RT : z | : = 222. | 15.14. | Rain weter harvesting through recharge shaft 587 693 223, 1515, | ain weterhaesting trough uma recarge st 27. Ina: oping Intensty (2005-40) 705 224. | 15.16. | Rain ater harvesting through ground water dams or subraurtae dykes 588 258. ‘india : Dry Farming Areas 712 225, 16s. | Inia igaion Ea 259, Ted Are-dmatc Regions 718 226, 16.2. | Net areas iigated in india by source Ea 260. Ind: Aaro-Ecological Region 76 [227.|163._[ inc Dibuton of Terk Be 2. ha Geen Revolution ard aifion ote etoton Ta 728. |" 164. | Ines: Disb of Wels and Tubewal see | 26 Tn Green Revaluation and difuion af whoa culvaon as 723. 365. | Ince: Carat Iegaton 6 263. eee: most benefited rom the Grn Reelin a= 7a 220. | 16.6. | Canals of Ute Prades oo 264. Ia ies onped aes 221, | 16.7.| Punjab = Canals me bt 265. ‘India: Wheat cropped area 16.8. | Haryana : Canals ate 26 Inia ite Crops (Coton Joe) 169. | intesty of rigoton ee | 267. Ine: Sugercane Growing reas 17. | nea : Nlipurpoce Projects 266 Indio Tobacco oa EEE Eee} 17.2. | Bhakra Nangal Project [ 258. Tia: Beverage Crops (Tea and Coffee) 7m 173,_| Firghud Dom Poke 5 70, Pantaton and Garden Cops in Sout ia : 736 17.4. | Kos Project i | ar, a. Ted: Gozo Fats 302 175. | The Bihan Valey rojct iz | wt. Ida: Minera ts 809 47.6. |The Chambal Vay Project 7 ia 7. 1nd: Neale Niels 810 17.7. | Tungobhadra Project 63 [274 Ind: ron Oe st 178. | The Gandok Project ea 5, ‘India : Manganese 815 3753.. | The Narmada Vale Project. a5] 26. | nei Gatite roducing Areas 820 17.10, | Nagerjunasagar Dem Project : is m7. Inia : Nor Hetale Minerls 4 17.11. | Tehi Dan 7 278. nda: Ura a2 245, | 18.1, | india: Composition of Livestock 2, 29. | Consttients of cifferent types of coal 836 246, |” 18.2. [india Distitation of Cate : ea 230. | shackhand Major coal elas 540 2e7.| 183. [nl btn of Bis Fas 281 tei: oa Fels en 248. | 184. | ina aor Feheres ote: a5 2a2, | 244. |india: Niet OF 846 249. | 18.5. | india: Important Fishing Centres a7 283. | 24.5._| India : Major Oil and Gas feds SEES 280, | 394, | Ina Land we 195051 and 201041 7 6 284, | 246. | india Ol Refineries ast 251, | 192, | Jada: Land ve | 235. | 247. | india Ppl 854 252. | 20.1 | Alttudinal agrocimatic zones in the Western Himalayas (after Dhillon) es | 286. [toda : Major Hydel Power Stations a 64 [asa | ana.” Inia Se ofan orgs (210) 6 a7, | 249, | Thermal one Pate = 4 ‘6 254, | 203. | Cosungton of eet frit apo 0-10) a 2s 24.0, | na scar Pver Pans & i : it 289. Inca ; Annual mean daly gicbal solar elec conversion potent (n MW) end | 255.] 204. | india Gonsumoton of fertizersinKlgras per hectare (@0EE-12) i | sour Eoeyy ees(vxis) (weet) = rae Te Pape | Fae 2 Title Page 290, | 24.12. | ina: Wind Resource in 10 states at 50 m above Ground a7 3%. | 26.11, | Proposed Ship Canal Routes 1048 | | 291, | 24.25. | Wind Potential in deren states (upto December, 2033) a8 325, | 26.12. Competition betven road, rll and water anspor. ae 202, | 24.24. | Geowth of wind paver Ea 326. | 26.13. | Crndayan ss. 293, | 24.15. | Ini : Smal Hyceo Plants SHPs (2014) ca 327. | 26.14 | Mangan’ Sourey to Mere ne, 204, | 24.16. | Growth in SHP instaled capacy and number of projects 2006 to 2012 84. 328. | 28.1. | Types of Tourism sar 295, | 24.17. | Majer states with potntil and instal capacity of SHP ey 323. |_28.2._| Popuar Mountains Peaks, Hi Resorts end Beaches anna 236, | 25:1. | ins: Cotton Texte Industry oat '330, | 28.3. | Number of foreign tours to Inca (Based on Statistical Yesr Book Indi, 2033) | 1076 7_| 252. | trie Teeny 7 331. | 28.4, | Percentage dtrbuton of foreign towists coming to India by nationality (2030) | 4077, [a9a, | 253.” ini woolen industry 310 332, |, 285, | Gronth in number of hotels and hotel rooms in India 1078) 209, | 25. | ina = sik and Synthetic Fibres Industry 33 333, | 286. | tr; lees of Towle interest at 300. | 25.5. | India: ron and Stee ncusty 920 | 202. |”25.6._| Locational factors of major ron and steel pants in Inia 22 302, | 25:7. | india: Metaurgical Industries (unum, Copper, Lead and Zine) 928 28. | 258, | nga: expecta Its (Heme mene, emu i mci | 5 304, | 25.9. | india : Engineering Industy (Transport Equipments) 937, 305, | 25.10. | india : Incrmation Teennoogy industry (Software and Hordvare) 948, 306, | 25.11. | ind: Petrochemical Induces (Polymers and Sythe Fibres) 7 207, | 25.12. | id : Fertile Industry 950, 308, | 25.13. | india: Cemet Indistry cS | 309. | "25.14. [inca : Peper Industry 966, 310, | 25.15. | ind: Disoibution of Sugar Industy om 31 | 25.18, [india dustrial Regions 7 312. | 25.17, | india: Industrial Gordo : : 998 313 | 25.18. | Dahislumba industval Condor 1000 3r4.| 261, | india: Ratays 1006 315. | 26.2. | Dedicated Freight Coridors 1012 316. | 263, | Metro Ral Status (as on January 15,2013) 1036 ‘317. | 26. | ind : National Highways Development Project 1023 318, | 265. | inca : National Higiays 1025) 266. | ind : Road Deny (2013), 102s 262. | India ar Routes 1034) 26.8. | India : Major Inland and Coastal Waterways 1037, 22, | 269, | India Major Sea Ports 1040 303,| 2630. | The Ram Sets Project 1045,India is @ country of great geographical extent. I sprawls from the sn0y ranges of the Himalayas in the north tothe shores of the Indian Ooean in the south. Itbelongs to Asia which the largest continent of the world. It forms a part of south Asia and is separated by the Himalayas from the rest of the continent. It encompasses vast areas of diverse Jandzasses. In the noth are the Tofty Himalayas, pars of which are permanently ice-coveredTo the south of Himalayas i the Great Indo-Cangetc Pain Which is wel-known for its fertile soils. The western art ofthis vast plain isthe Thar Desert. South of this plain i the Peninsular Indis comprising of the uneven plateau which is surcounded by Eastern Coastal Plain inthe eat and Western Coastal Plain in the west Indian landmass gets an abundance of sunehine from the topical sun and splashing cans from the monsoons, These are two most important climatic factors for the Indian people. Due to its vastness and diversities, India is considered to be 2 subcontinent sit possesses all the characteristics of continent. India extonds from 8° 4” north to 37° 6 nosth latitude and 68° 7' east to 97° 25° east longitude. ‘Thus, its latitudinal and longitudinal extent is about thiy dogros. Away fom the msinlnd of Indi, the southernmost point ofthe country in the Andaman snd Nicobar Islands, the Pygmalion Point or India Point is located at 6° 45° north latinde. Its north south extent from Indica Col in Keshmir to ‘Kanniyalamar is 3,214 km while its east-west widlt ftom the Raan of Kachachh to Arurachel Praded 2933 km (Fig 1.4). The latitudinal extent of Inia is about one-third-the angular distance between the [Bguztor and the Noh pole and its longitudinal extent is about one-tvelith of the circumference of the Equator. The longitudinal difference between ‘Saurashtea in the west and Arunachal Pradesh in tho ‘east is about 30°. The eazth moves sround its ax through 360° in 24 hours. Thus, 2 diffeenes of 1 Tongitude will make a difference of 4 minates in time. ‘Therefore the difference of local time between Saurashtea and Arunachal Pradesh is 30 x 4 = 129 minutes or 2 hours. Since Arunachal Pradesh is towards the eas, it wil have sure aboat two hours before the sunrise at Saorashira. Thus, the sun is quite2 INDIA~A COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY high inthe sky in Arunachal Podesh while Saurashra and vegetation vary with latitude, The difference still waits forthe first ray of the sun. Latitudinal between the iongest and the shortest day in Kerla is extent also hes its own impect, Rainfll,empersture hardly 45 minutes whereas this difference may be as omrseRuhost Lamune 7s INDIA. LOCATIONAL SETTING } ee i oN coe ea aye FG. 1.1. nde: Leoatinal Sting INTRODUCTION 3 lavge as 4 hours in Leh and Ladekh-The difference Detweon the longest and the shortest day inreases wth acide ‘With an atea of 32,87,263 59 kom, Indi i the seventh largest county ofthe word, Table 1.1 and Fig. 12) ‘TABLE 1.1. Area of seven largest countries of ‘the world “Naine ofthe country ‘Area in 5a Russian Feeertion| 17975200 Canad 9984.60 USA 9526001 ‘china 195969650 Brit 7 8511965 ‘tlio 7596880 Ina 3287259" Source: Ding ripdray Won Als, 2010, pp T98206, "Data for Inca has bean taken from Statics Abvor, I, 207, 98. Inuge te ares under ‘lawful cesuption of Patan and China. Tes e1oa eludes 78,114 5 kn under Regal ocapeion of Pakistan, £510 9 lm Hopaly handed avr by Pats Chins end 5,858 oq im under egaloexupation of Cra, India accounts for about 24 per cet ofthe total surface area of the world, India is neatly 13 times as lange as Great Britain, the country which ruled over us for about two centuries. Many ofthe Indian states ae larger than several counses ofthe wat, ‘The peninsular tablland juts into the Indian (Ocean fora distance of about 1,500 kn sion Feseration canada “The Tropic of Cancer pases through the mile ofthe couniry dividing it into two latitudinal halves ‘being about 15° from either end. But the northern portion is very broad and tho area to the aorth of "Tropic of Cancer is nearly twioe the ara whic ies to the suth of i, The enormous width of Indias often ‘forgot, being overshadowed by the more popular fact of is Feng. We ar habitual of expressing the dimension of the country as ‘from Kashmir to Kayniyakumar and not from *Rann of Kechckh to Arunachal Pradesh’. The east-west extent of India is ‘almost equal 1 the combined longitudinal extent of ‘Spain, France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands ‘and Poland. Sout of 22° nor latitude, the country Tapers off over 800 km ino the Indian Ooean as & Peninsula and divides this ocean into two arms—the ‘eabian Sea in he west andthe Bay of Bengal inthe cis tual co look upon Inia as being divided Jo norkem teperct and southern topical lands by the Tropic of Cancer. Thus the temperate pat ofthe country sould be ewice 25 much sits tropical part. But Incia has always been ueated as a tropic ‘county for two widely ciffeent reasons. The reasons are those of physical and cultural geography. The ‘county i separatd from the rest of Asia by a ‘mountain wall forming an insulted compartent. Is imate is dominated by the wopicel monsoons and the temperate air masses are restricted by the ‘mountain chain. Farther, although the night temperatues in January at several places in Punjab ‘may come dowa tothe level of those prevaling in temperate lands, yet clear skies and intense insolation rice the day temperatzes to tropical level, so that the entire ares south of the Himalaya is essentially HG, 1.2. Seen larga counts fhe wold4 INDIA~A COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY tropical fom climatic point of view. Outside the ‘Himalayas, almost eveeywbere agrcaltue is topical in type. As per cultaral goography, the cultre of India i totally different from that of the temperate counties ofthe western civilisation Girdled by the rampart of the young folded ‘mountains in north-west, north and north-east and Washed by the Indian Ocean in the south nds along ‘ith ite neighbouring countries, isa well defined geographical unit South of the mcuntain chai, Inia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan form efnite realm of South Asia which soften eferrod to 8 the Indian subcontinent. India alone accounts for about three-fourths of the total area of the subcontinent. According to Prof, Chisholm, there is no part ofthe word better demareted by nature a8 8 region by itself than the Indian subcontinent’ G.B, Cressey strongly advocated that India may be fermed 45 subcontinent because it is @ distinct ‘geographical unit with many physial and cultral ‘nits, But some Indian geographers are ofthe view that the use ofthe term subcontinent for India is & misnomer and is «legacy of the British eule which tended to divide the area on the basis of region and religion. These geographers contend that this expression hes nover been used for much vaste and more diverse geographical units like China and assis. Is worth mentioning that the subcontinental theory ofthe Brishers worked vecy well in dividing the aca into diferent nations giving credibility to their basi policy of ‘divide and rule”. Total are of the county before partion was 4227.378 sq km. The pasttion of the country on 15th August, 1947 gave birt toa new country of Pakistan. This led t loss ‘of 7.96.95 aq km area of West Pakistan (now called Pakistan) and 144,020 sq km of East Pakistan (he present Bangladesh) Thus the present extent of the county is reduced to about three-fourths of its original size. Consequently, some scholars tend to replace the term Indian subcontinent by South Asia which includes, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, ‘Bhutan, Sri Lanka and sometimes even Afghanistan, Nomenctature of the Country ‘This couniy has been variously named as India, Hindustan, Bharat sed Aryavarta, The wotd India ha its origin in the Greek titrate meaning the lend of ‘Indot", the people living near the Indos (atin Indus). Persiens and Grecks extended the name Sindhu —‘the vives’ from the Indus. Tas it was called Yindustu~the land of Hindus in Petsian and other West Asian languages. The term Hindu is derived fom Sina. The Persians pronounce ‘S" at Hand thas they called Sindoa as Hindu. ‘The land to the east ofthe Sindhu was called Hincusta. In the ing titertur the subcontinent at whole i styled 88 Bharat Bharat-Vorsh, te laud ofthe legendary King Bharata who visualised the furdamental nity of the country. However, some scholars belive that the rae has been derived from the Bharath tribe, who among others inhabited the area. Inthe European languages itis popularly known s¢ India. The name Aryavara refers to the land of the Aryan race, At present only India and Bharat ate officially recognised, although Hindustan is eso in common Encompasted between the Himalayas inthe noth, oathwes ad noth, the Taian Ocean inthe soath and marshy Rann of Kscets, vast desert of Rajasthan and fertile plain of Punjab inthe west, Indias bot land end water fons, Land Frontiers India shares her 15,200 long land frontier with Pakistan, in the west and north-west, Afghanistan in the nonth-vest, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the not, tnd Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east India's longest border is with Bangladech wile the shortest Dordes is with Afghanistan ais indicated in Table 12. Figure 12 shows land frontirs of India, 1. Border with China India shares 3917 kom long border with China hich is over one-fourth ofthe total land border of the couniry. This is the second longest border of Indi, ext only to its border with Banglsdesh, Five Indian states, namely Jammu and Kashi, Himachal Pradesh, Utarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh {ouch the Indian boundary with China. This border is the product of Manchu policy, Chinese Republican policy and the British poliey. I is difficult to demarcate this boundary 0a the ground due to mugged terrain ard harsh enviconment. Thesefore, it was svrnopveniox uO, INDIA LAND FRONTIERS FG. 1.3 india: delimited on the maps in a rather imprecise form, between British Inia and independent Tibet. China never acepted this boundary legally but ignored the issue doring the British rule in India. Since Independence of Inia on August 15, 1947 and the ‘Communist ekeover of China on October f, 1949, a ‘goodwill gesture developed between these 1w0 ‘countries and in 1954 a general serecment containing the piucple Panch Shee! was announced. These five principles were (2) mutual respect for each others ‘extol integrity and sovereignty, (7) matasl non- aggression, (lf) mutual non-interference in each others intemal affairs, (i) equality and. mutual ‘benefit and (1) peaceful co-existence. In the same year, Ina recognised the Chinese sovereignty over “Tibet and it was brought under the direct contol of ‘China, Thus, the buffer character of Tibet ceased to function and arazr-thi boundary between Tndia. and ‘China became operative. However, China atacied Inia jn 1962 to take revenge ofthe 80 called Indian inecferenee in Tibetan affair. ‘The Sino-ian border is generally divided into three sectors namely: () the Wester sector, (the ‘Midale sector, and (i) te Easter sector. lone Fron ( The Western Sector. This 2,152 km long _sectr ofthe Sino-ndian border sepactes Jemma and Kashmir sate of India fom the Sinkiang province of China. The frontier between Sinkiang aed Pakistan cocugied Kashmir (PoK) is about 480 km long. The rest is boundary between Ladakh and Tibet. The boundary in the western sector runs along the ‘Muctaghata Range and the Aghil Mountain scrors the ‘TABLE 1.2. Length of India's Bordor with the 2595 397 | 77 3300 28 1482 as 7 tase [958 587 385 ® os 1500 100.00