Computer

Architecture
Prof. Dr. Talha Ali Khan

Ali Visifard
Sequential logic circuit
Digital Components
What is Clock Pulse?

• A clock pulse, often simply referred to as a "clock," is a signal used in

digital electronics to synchronize the operations of various
components within a system.
• In fact, a Clock is nothing but a signal that goes from low to high
and high to low and again repeat.
• A clock pulse is a time varying voltage signal applied to control the
operation (triggering) of a flip flop.
What is Clock Pulse?
Transparent
Active High

Transparent
Or Active Low
Time Period
Time Period

• The time period is the duration it takes for one complete cycle of a
periodic waveform to occur. It is the reciprocal of the frequency.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

• The unit of time period is usually seconds.

Frequency
• Frequency refers to the number of cycles of a periodic waveform that
occur in one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). The frequency and
time period are inversely related, and their relationship can be
expressed as:

• The frequency is measured in Hertz.

Duty cycle

• The duty cycle is a measure of the ratio of the duration of the active or
"on" state of a signal to the total period of the signal. It is often
expressed as a percentage. For a periodic waveform, the duty cycle can
be calculated using the following formula:

• The duty cycle is commonly used in the context of square waves,

where it represents the percentage of time the signal is in the high
state (or "on") compared to the total period of the signal.
Binary signals
Binary signals Timing Diagram
Positive-edge Triggered
(Rising-edge)
Negative-edge Triggered
(Rising-edge)
Transparent
Active High
Transparent
Active Low
Example: Timer/ Counter Circuit

Q0

Q1

Q2

Q3
Example
Draw the output pulse for the following circuit:
Assignment
• Design a 3-bit synchronous up counter with T Flip-Flops
IC Packages

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Examples of Integrated Circuits

7408 AND Gate 74138 Line Decoder 7400 NAND Gate

7404 NOT Gate 555 Timer 7432 OR Gate

7408 AND Gate IC
7433 OR Gate IC
7404 NOT Gate IC
74138 Line Decoder IC
74138 Data Sheet
74138 Data Sheet
What Next?

Registers
• A group of flip-flops, with each flip flop capable of storing
one bit of information

• An n-bit register has ‘n’ flip flops

• The register may also contain combinational logic parts

• Registers

• Parallel Registers

• Serial Registers (Shift Registers)

• Memory

• ROM ( Read Only Memory ) - CDROM – FLASH ROM

• RAM ( Random Access Memory )

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