Chapter 7: Muscular System - Arises from mesodermal cells called myoblasts

• Muscle – myo – or mys Organization of Skeletal Muscle

• Sacro – flesh, refer to muscles
1. Skeletal Muscle -organ made up of fascicle that
• Myology – study of muscles
contain muscle fibers, blood vessels and nerves
FUNCTION OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM wrapped in epimysium
• Epimysium – outer layer encircling entire muscle
1. Movement of body
• Muscle Fibers/ Cells – elongated cell which made
2. Maintenance of posture – skeletal muscle
up the skeletal muscle
contraction stabilizes joints
2. Fascicle – bundle of fibers wrapped in perimysium
3. Production of body heat – thermogenesis, heat
• Perimysium – surround muscle fibers
produce by contraction to maintain temperature
3. Muscle fiber - Long cylindrical cell covered by
4. Communication
endomysium and sarcolemma
5. Constriction of organs and vessels – allow storage
• Endomysium – wrap individual muscle fibers
and movement of substance
• Sarcolemma – plasma membrane
6. Contraction of heart – cardiac muscle contraction
• Transverse tubules – invagination action
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE potential travel fast, at each fiber
• Sarcoplasm –cytoplasm of muscle fiber, has
1. Skeletal Muscle – move bones, striated due to
glycogen and myoglobin (red protein that
alternating light and dark protein bands, voluntary
release oxygen for ATP production)
or consciously controlled by neurons of ANS
4. Myofibril - Threadlike contractile elements within
2. Smooth Muscle – walls of hollow internal
sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire
structures, non striated, involuntary
length of fiber; composed of filaments, striated
3. Cardiac Muscle – most of heart wall, striated,
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum –encircle each myofibril
involuntary as it beats in rhythm (autorhythmicity)
• Terminal cisterns – end of sarcoplasmic
PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE reticulum, store calcium ion - its trigger muscle
contraction
1. Electrical Excitability –ability to respond to stimuli
• Triad – transverse tubule and 2 terminal cistern
by producing electric signal called action potentials
5. Myofilaments - Contractile proteins within
2. Contractility – ability to contract / shorten
myofibrils
3. Extensibility – ability to stretch
• Thin filaments –protein actin
4. Elasticity – return to its original length after being
• Thick filaments – protein myosin
stretched
• Sarcomere – basic functional unit of myofibril,
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE compartment
• Z disc – separate sarcomere to other
- Contains connective tissue (epimysium, etc.)
surround them that protects them and separate it • A band – darker, entire length of thick filament
from skin • Zone of overlap – thick and thin filaments lie
- Fascia –sheet that lines, support and surround • I band – lighter, contain rest of thin filaments,
muscles where Z disk passes
- Somatic motor neurons –supply nerve and blood • H zone – center of A band, consist of thick
vessels from brain to different skeletal fibers by an filament
artery and vein. Capillary – bring in oxygen and • M line –center of H zone, middle of sarcomere
nutrient and remove heat that hold thick filaments together
 • Proteins in myofibrils
i. Contractile –generate force during contraction
1. Myosin –motor protein convert ATP to
motion, force
a. Myosin tail – twisted, pointed toward
the M line
b. Myosin head –projection of myosin
molecule, bind to site
2. Actin – join to form actin filament twisted
into helix
a. Myosin binding site –myosin head
attach
ii. Regulatory –switch contraction process on and
off
1. Tropomyosin –when muscle relaxed,
covers myosin binding sites
2. Troponin -moves tropomyosin away
allowing binding and muscle contraction
iii. Structural – alignment, elasticity and
extensibility
1. Titin - connects Z disc to M line of
sarcomere, stabilize thick filament
position, elastic spring back unharmed
2. A-actinin - protein of Z discs that binds to
actin molecules and to titin molecules
3. Myosin -forms M line of sarcomere;
binds to titin molecules, connects
adjacent thick filaments to one another.
4. Nebulin - wraps around entire length of
each thin filament; helps anchor thin fi
laments to Z discs and regulates length
of thin filaments during development.
5. Dystrophin -links thin filaments of
sarcomere to integral membrane
proteins in sarcolemma, help reinforce
sarcolemma and help transmit tension
generated by sarcomeres to tendons.
Contraction and relaxation
o Skeletal muscle shortens during contraction
because the thick and thin filaments slide past
one another
o Sliding filament mechanism – model of process
o Contraction Cycle
▪
Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP and become
reoriented and energized
▪ Myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross-
bridges
▪ Myosin cross-bridges rotate toward center of
sarcomere (power stroke)
▪ As myosin heads bind ATP, the cross-bridges
detach from actin
o Summary of contraction and relaxation
-
- Neuromuscular Junction – where muscle action
potential arises, synapse/communication
▪ Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal of motor
neuron and triggers release of acetylcholine
(Ach-neurotransmitter).
▪ ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to its
receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a
muscle action potential (AP).
▪ Acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft destroys
ACh so another muscle action potential does not
arise unless more ACh is released from motor
neuron.
- Action potential
▪ Muscle AP traveling along transverse tubule
opens Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic
reticulum (SR) membrane, which allows calcium
ions to flood into the sarcoplasm.
▪ Ca2+ binds to troponin on the thin filament,
exposing the binding sites for myosin.
▪ Contraction: power strokes use ATP; myosin
heads bind to actin, swivel, and release; thin
filaments are pulled toward center of sarcomere
▪ Ca2+ release channels in SR close and Ca2+
active transport pumps use ATP to restore low
level of Ca2+ in sarcoplasm.
▪ Troponin–tropomyosin complex slides back into
position where it blocks the myosin binding sites
on actin.
▪ Muscle relaxes
Muscle Metabolism
o ATP – energy source for muscle contraction
o Ways to produce ATP
 ▪ Creatine Phosphate – synthesize when relaxed,
first source of energy as it occurs rapidly,
contraction of 15 seconds
▪ Anaerobic glycosis – break down of glucose
molecule to 2 pyruvic acid then converted to
lactic acid, when oxygen is absent 2 minutes of
minimal muscle activity
▪ Aerobic Respiration –sufficient oxygen, pyruvic
acid undergoes aerobic respiration producing
ATP, carbon dioxide, water and heat.
- Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, electron transport
- Isotonic contraction -tension remains
constant as muscle changes length
• Concentric – muscle shorten
• Eccentric – muscle increases length
- Isometric contraction - tension increases
greatly without a change in muscle
length.
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
- Involuntary

Muscle Tension control

o Motor unit – somatic neuron with many skeletal

muscle fibers
o Muscle Twitch - contraction of all muscle fibers in a
motor unit in response to a single action potential
in its motor neuron
*Contraction depends on strength, speed and
duration of stimulus, weight of load and temperature
*All or none
▪ Stimulus
▪ Latent period –delay for 2 msec., muscle
action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma
and calcium ions are released from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
▪ Contraction period - 10–100 msec., Ca2 binds
to troponin, myosin-binding sites on actin are
exposed, and cross-bridges form.
▪ Relaxation period - 10–100 msec, Ca2 is
actively transported back into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin-binding sites
are covered by tropomyosin, myosin heads
detach from actin, and tension in the muscle
fiber decreases.
* Refractory period–lost excitability temporarily

o Muscle Tone – small or partial contraction of

muscle
▪ Maintain pressure on abdominal contents
▪ Help maintain Blood Pressure
▪ Aids digestion
▪ Types: