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• Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

if u is a function o𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑑𝑥
co𝑠 𝑢 = −sin 𝑢 .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. tan 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
4. 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 . tan 𝑢.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
5. cot 𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
6. 𝑑𝑥
csc 𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 . cot 𝑢.
𝑑𝑥

Example 16 find the derivative of: 𝑑𝑦 𝑥. cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 4. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + cos 𝑥
Sol: 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 5𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 → 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 5 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

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6. 𝑦=
cos 𝑥 7. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 5𝑥
1−sin 𝑥

Sol: 𝑑𝑦
= 2 sec 5𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝑥 . tan 5𝑥. 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (1 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
= = 10 sec 2 5𝑥 . tan 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
8. 𝑦 = (5𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 )7
𝑑𝑦 (1 − sin 𝑥) (−sin 𝑥) − (cos 𝑥)(− cos 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥)2
= 7 5𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 6 . (15𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −sin 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 1 − sin 𝑥 1
= →
𝑑𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥)2 (1 − sin 𝑥)

Sol:
Example 17 An object moves along the x-axis so that its
1. 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 . cos 𝑥
position at any time 𝑡 ≥ 0 is given by 𝑥 𝑡 = cos(𝑡 2 +
1). Find the velocity of the object as a function of t.
Sol:
2. 𝑦 = (1 − 2𝑥)−3
The velocity is 𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = −3 1 − 2𝑥 −4 . −2

𝑑 𝑑 2 −4
𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 = cos 𝑡 2 + 1 . 𝑡 +1 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 6 1 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 2 + 1 . 2𝑡 6
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 4
1 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 = − 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 2 + 1

Example 18 Find the slope of the line tangent to the

curve:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
1
2. 𝑦 = (1−2𝑥)3

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• Parametric Equations

Instead of describing a curve by expressing the y-coordinate of a point P(x, y) on the curve as a function of x, it is
sometimes more convenient to describe the curve by expressing both coordinates as functions of a third variable t.
If 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are given as functions 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡
over an interval of t-values, then the set of points 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑔 𝑡 ) defined by these equations is a parametric
curve. The equations are parametric equations for the curve.
𝑑𝑥
If all three derivatives exist and ≠0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 Τ𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 Τ𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡

Example 19 find the value of derivative of 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 at t=6 if 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 − 1

Sol:
𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 = 2, 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡

𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑡 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = = =𝑡=6
𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 2
Notice that we are also able to find the derivative 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 as a function of x.
𝑥−3
From 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 3 → 2𝑡 = 𝑥 − 3 → 𝑡 =
2 We can use Chain Rule also
𝑥−3
𝑥−3 𝑡=
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 = 2
2 𝑥−3 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9
𝑦 = 𝑡 2 − 1 → ( )2 −1 → −1
2 4
1 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 − 6) →
4 2

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Example 20 find the value of derivative of 𝑑2 𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2 as a function of t, if 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 3

Sol:
i. Find 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑡 1 − 3𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 1 − 2𝑡
ii. Differentiate 𝑦 ′ with respect to t

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 1 − 3𝑡 2 1 − 2𝑡 . 1 − 3𝑡 2 − 1 − 3𝑡 2 . 1 − 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦 ′ Τ𝑑𝑡 = = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 2

1 − 2𝑡 . −6𝑡 − 1 − 3𝑡 2 . −2
𝑑𝑦 ′ Τ𝑑𝑡 =
1 − 2𝑡 2

−6𝑡 + 12𝑡 2 + 2 − 6𝑡 2 6𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 2
𝑑𝑦 ′ Τ𝑑𝑡 = 2 → 𝑑𝑦 ′ Τ𝑑𝑡 =
1 − 2𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 2

6𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 2
𝑑𝑦 ′ Τ𝑑𝑡 =
1 − 2𝑡 2
iii. Divide 𝑑𝑦 ′ Τ𝑑𝑡 by 𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡

6𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ′ Τ𝑑𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 2 6𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 2
2 = = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 3

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• Implicit Differentiation

When we cannot put an equation F x, y = 0 in the form y = 𝑓 𝑥 , to differentiate it in the usual way, we may still be
able 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 to find by implicit differentiation.

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x, treating y as a differentiable function of x.

2. Collect the terms with 𝑑𝑦 Τ𝑑𝑥 on one side of the equation.

3. Solve for 𝑑𝑦 Τ𝑑𝑥.

Example 21 find the slope of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (3, −4)

Sol:
𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
3 3
The slope at (3,-4) =− =
−4 4

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𝑑𝑦
Example 22 find if 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + sin 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Sol:
𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑦 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑦 . (𝑦 + 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦