Lesson 9 - Electricity and Magnetism

PART 1:
ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS
ELECTRICITY
DEFINITION
An invisible force that can produce heat, light, motion
and many other physical effects that can be seen in battery,
static charge, lighting, electronics: radio, stereo, television,
computer, telephone and many other applications.
All matters is composed of “atoms” which is made up of
a nucleus and one or more electrons bounded to it. The
nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar
number of neutrons.
ELECTRICITY
BOHR’S ATOMIC THEORY
Based on Bohr’s Atomic Theory:
“An atom is a miniaturized solar system.”
Electrons – negatively charge particle
Protons – positively charge particle
Neutrons – have no electric charge
The charge of one electron is equal to: 1.6×10-19 C
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY
1. STATIC ELECTRICITY
It is the electricity produced when the electrical charges
are at rest. It is produced by rubbing two different materials
resulting to produced friction hence it is called frictional
electricity.
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY
2. DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
It is the electricity produced when the electric charges
are moving or transferring from one atom to another in a
material. It refers to the so-called electric current.
BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
1. CHARGE
❑ Static electricity at rest, without any motion.
❑ Basic unit of charge is Coulomb (C).
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 → 1 Coulomb = 1 Farad-Volt
1 coulomb (1 C) = 6.28x1018 electrons (e)

2. CURRENT
❑ Charge in motion
❑ A continuous flow of free electrons.
❑ Base unit of current is Ampere (A).
𝑄
𝐼= → 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
𝑡
3. VOLTAGE (ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE)
❑ The source of electrons.
❑ The force that causes the motion of electrons.
❑ A potential energy difference that exist across two point
which tend to cause a flow of electrons
𝑊
𝑉= → Volt = 1 Joule/Coulomb
𝑄
4. RESISTANCE
❑ A property of electric circuit, material, and substance that
tend to limit the amount of current that can be produced by
the applied voltage and convert electrical energy to heat
energy.
❑ Base unit of resistance is Ohms (Ω).
4. RESISTANCE
❑ RESISTANCE LAW:
“The resistance of a conducting material is directly
proportional to its length (R ∝ L) and inversely
proportional to its cross-sectional area (R ∝ 1/A).”
𝐿
𝑅= 𝜌
𝐴
4. RESISTANCE
❑ Circular Mil (CM)
A convenient unit of area used with circular wires
because the use of square inches or square feet results in
complicated calculations and inconveniently small number
for ordinary size of wires.
2
𝐴𝐶𝑀 = 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑙
1 mil = 1/1000 in
4. RESISTANCE
❑ TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON RESISTANCE
𝑅2 𝑅1
=
𝑇 + 𝑇2 𝑇 + 𝑇1
T = inferred absolute zero resistance
𝑅 = 𝑅0 1 ± 𝛼0 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇0
5. CONDUCTANCE
❑ The opposite or reciprocal of resistance.
❑ Measures how fast electrons could easily pass through a
material.
❑ Base unit of conductance is Siemens (S).
1
𝐺=
𝑅
6. ELECTRICAL POWER
❑ It is defined as the amount of work done in a circuit per
unit time.
❑ Base unit of electrical power is Watt (W).
𝑊
𝑃= → 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second
𝑡
7. WORK OR ENERGY
❑ The accomplishment of motion against the action of a force
which tends to oppose the motion.
❑ It is performed whenever energy is converted from one
form to another.
❑ Base SI unit of work and energy is Joule (J).
𝐸 = 𝑃 × 𝑡 = 𝑄𝑉 → 1 Joule = 1 Watt-second
8. COULOMB’S LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS
In electrostatics, coulomb’s law is used to calculate the
force of attraction/repulsion between two charges.
❑ COULOMB’S FIRST LAW

“Unlike charges attract each other while like charges
repel each other.”
❑ COULOMB’S SECOND LAW
“The force of attraction or repulsion between charges is
directly proportional to the product of the two charges but
inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r)
between them.”
𝑄1 ∙ 𝑄2
𝐹∝
𝑟2
𝑄1 ∙ 𝑄2
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟2
k = 1/4π𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 ≈ 9x109/𝜀𝑟
𝜀𝑜 = absolute permittivity (8.854x10-12 F/m)
𝜀𝑟 = relative permittivity of material
9 × 109 𝑄1 ∙ 𝑄2
𝐹=
𝜀𝑟 𝑟2
9. ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY
❑ Defined as the electric flux measured in coulombs (thus
Ψ = 𝑄) per unit area (A).
❑ it is also called Charge Density.
𝑄
𝐷= → 1 Coulombs/m2
𝐴
10. ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH/INTENSITY (𝝃)
❑ The force acting on a unit positive charge at that point.
𝑘 𝑄
𝜉= → Volt/meter or N/C
𝜀𝑟 𝑟 2
𝑘 = 9 × 109 ; Q = charge ; r = distance

11. ENERGY STORED IN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
1 𝐷2
𝑊𝑒 = ∙
2 𝜀
→ Joules/m3
D = electric flux density

𝜀 = 𝜀𝑜𝜀𝑟
12. PERMITTIVITY
❑ Measurement of how easily the dielectric will permit
the establishment of flux lines or charge.
❑ The ratio of electric flux density to the electric field
strength.
𝐷
𝜀= = 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 → Farad/meter
𝜉
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
MATERIAL TYPES
❑ CONDUCTORS
Materials through which electron can freely travel.
❑ INSULATORS
Materials that prevents the flow of electricity.
❑ SEMICONDUCTORS
These are materials by which electrical characteristics
fall between that of conductors and insulators.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
QUESTION NO. 1
A 5 μF capacitor is charged so that the p.d. between its
plates is 800 V. Calculate how long the capacitor can provide
an average discharge current of 2 mA.
𝑡 =2𝑠
QUESTION NO. 2
Find the current of a charge 𝑞 = 10 − 10𝑒 −2𝑡 mC after
0.5 s.
𝐼 = 7.358 𝑚𝐴
QUESTION NO. 3
Determine how long a battery will last whose rating is 1000
Ah, 12 volts and will run a 250 W electronics equipment and
25 W light.
𝑡 = 43.636 ℎ𝑟𝑠
QUESTION NO. 4
A particle of charge q1 = +6µC is located on the x-axis at
coordinate x1= 5.1cm. A second particle of charge q2 = –
5µC is placed on the x-axis at x2= –3.4cm. What is the
magnitude and direction of the total electrostatic force acting
on a third particle of charge q3=+2µC placed at the origin
(x=0)?
SOLUTION NO. 4
QUESTION NO. 5
Suppose that three point charges, qa, qb and qc are arranged
at the vertices of a right-angled triangle, as shown in the
diagram. What is the magnitude and direction of the
electrostatic force acting on the third charge qc if qa = –6µC,
qb = +4µC, qc = +2µC, a=4m and b=3m?
QUESTION NO. 5
PART 2:
BASICS OF MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
DEFINITION
❑ MAGNETISM
A natural phenomenon in which some material can be
attracted by a magnet but not other materials.
❑ ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetism produced by an electric current rather than
by a natural magnet, a phenomenon discovered by Hans
Christian Oersted.
MAGNET
DEFINITION
❑ MAGNET
A substance that attracts pieces of iron, steel, nickel,
cobalt.
❑ MAGNETIC FIELD
The region surrounding a magnet represented by
magnetic flux lines, similar to electric flux lines.
MAGNET
TYPES OF MAGNET
❑ NATURAL MAGNET – permanent magnets.
❑ ARTIFICIAL MAGNET – created by electromagnetism, can

be either temporary or permanent magnet.
MAGNET
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
❑ RETENTIVITY – is a property possessed by magnetic
materials by virtue of which residual magnetism is possible.
❑ RESIDUAL MAGNETISM – is the magnetism left after the

removal of the magnetizing force.
❑ COERCIVE FORCE – is required to counter retentivity and

thus eliminating residual magnetism.
BASIC MAGNETIC QUANTITIES
1. MAGNETIC FLUX (Φ)
❑ The total number of magnetic lines of force in a magnetic
field.
❑ Basic unit: Weber (Wb) – mks unit
Maxwell (Mx) – cgs unit
1 Weber = 108 Maxwell

2. MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
❑ Flux per unit area of the magnetic material.
❑ Basic unit: Tesla (T) – mks unit
Gauss (G) – cgs unit
𝛷 𝜇𝑁𝐼
𝐵= = → Tesla (T) = Wb/m2
𝐴 2𝜋𝑟
1 Tesla = 104 Gauss (G) = Mx/cm2 – cgs unit

3. MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF)
❑ Establishes the magnetic flux in a circuit.
𝑚𝑚𝑓 = 𝑁𝐼 → Ampere-turn (At)
1 At = 4π/10 Gilbert (Gb) – cgs unit

4. MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH OR INTENSITY
❑ A region in which magnetic materials is acted upon by a
magnetic force.
❑ Basic unit: At/m – mks unit
Gb/cm (Oersted) – cgs unit
𝑚𝑚𝑓
𝐻= → Ampere-turn/meter (At/m)
𝐿
1 At/m = 4π/1000 Oersted = Gb/cm – cgs unit

5. RELUCTANCE (S)
❑ Opposition to the creation or establishment of the magnetic
flux.
𝑚𝑚𝑓 1 𝐿
𝑆= = ∙ → At/Wb
𝛷 𝜇 𝐴
Where: Φ = magnetic flux L = length

mmf = magnetomotive force A = area
𝜇 = permeability
6. PERMEANCE (Pe or Pm)
❑ A measure of the ability of magnetic circuit to permit
setting up of flux.
❑ The reciprocal of reluctance (S).
1
𝑃𝑒 =
𝑆
7. COULOMB’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
❑ COULOMB’S FIRST LAW
“The force of attraction or repulsion between two
magnetic poles (M) is directly proportional to their
strengths.”
𝐹 ∝ 𝑀1 ∙ 𝑀2
❑ COULOMB’S SECOND LAW
“The force of attraction or repulsion between two poles
is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r)
between them.”
1
𝐹∝ 2
𝑟
❑ COULOMB’S LAW:
𝑀1 ∙ 𝑀2
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟2
k = 1/4π𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟
𝜇𝑜 = absolute permeability (4πx10-7 H/m)
𝜇𝑟 = relative permeability
8. MAGNITUDE OF FORCE
❑ FORCE IN A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → Newton
B = magnetic flux density

I = current in Ampere
L = length of the conductor
θ = angle between the conductor and the field usually 90̊
8. MAGNITUDE OF FORCE
❑ FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CONDUCTORS
−7 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐿
𝐹 =2× 10 → Newton
𝑑
I1 = current in one conductor

I2 = current in the other conductor
L = length of the conductors
d = distance between conductors
9. ENERGY STORED IN MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
❑ FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CONDUCTORS
1 𝐵2
𝑊𝑚 = ∙ → Joules/m3
2 𝜇
Where: B = magnitude flux density

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟
10. HYSTERESIS LOSS (STEINMETZ’S FORMULA)
❑ The heat loss caused by magnetic hysteresis in magnetic
circuits.
𝑊 = 𝜂𝑓𝐵1.6 → Joule/m3
η = hysteresis coefficient
f = frequency
B = magnetic flux density
11. PERMEABILITY (µ)
❑ A figure indicating the ability of a material to permit the
setting of flux.
❑ The ratio of the flux density with respect to the field
intensity.
𝐵
𝜇 = = 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟
𝐻
TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
MATERIAL TYPES
❑ FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Substances that are very strongly attracted by magnets
or magnetic field. (r >>> 1)
❑ PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Substances where an intense magnetic fields have
only a very mild barely detectable attractive effect. (r
slightly greater than 1)
TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
MATERIAL TYPES
❑ DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Substances where an intense magnetic fields have a
scarcely perceptible repellent effect. (r slightly less
than 1)
❑ NON-MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Materials that no effect with magnet such as air. (r = 1)
QUESTION NO. 6
A magnetizing force of 8 kA/m is applied to a circular
magnetic circuit of mean diameter 30 cm by passing a current
through a coil wound on the circuit. If the coil is uniformly
wound around the circuit and has 750 turns, find the current in
the coil.
QUESTION NO. 7
A coil of 300 turns is wound uniformly on a ring of non-
magnetic material. The ring has a mean circumference of 40
cm and a uniform cross-sectional area of 4 cm2. If the current
in the coil is 5 A, calculate (a) the magnetic field strength, (b)
the flux density and (c) the total magnetic flux in the ring.
QUESTION NO. 8
A mild steel ring has a radius of 50 mm and a cross-sectional
area of 400 mm2. A current of 0.5 A flows in a coil wound
uniformly around the ring and the flux produced is 0.1 mWb.
If the relative permeability at this value of current is 200 find
(a) the reluctance of the mild steel and (b) the number of turns
on the coil.
QUESTION NO. 9
A conductor 350 mm long carries a current of 10 A and is at
right-angles to a magnetic field lying between two circular
pole faces each of radius 60 mm. If the total flux between
the pole faces is 0.5 mWb, calculate the magnitude of the
force exerted on the conductor.
QUESTION NO. 10
An electron in a television tube has a charge of 1.6x10-19
coulombs and travels at 3x107 m/s perpendicular to a field
of flux density 18.5 μT. Determine the force exerted on the
electron in the field.
PART 3:
CAPACITOR AND INDUCTOR
CAPACITORS
DEFINITION
Two parallel plates (conductors) separated by an
insulating material (dielectric).
❑ CAPACITANCE
Measure of capacitor’s ability to store charge on its
plates. Basic unit of capacitance is Farad (F).
CAPACITORS
CAPACITANCE FORMULAS
❑ MULTIPLE PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
𝜀𝐴
𝐶= (𝑛 − 1)
𝑑
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 =permittivity
A = area of the plates
d = distance between plates
n = number of plates
CAPACITORS
❑ COMPOSITE MEDIUM PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
𝜀𝑜 𝐴
𝐶=
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑𝑛
+ +⋯
𝜀𝑟1 𝜀𝑟2 𝜀𝑟𝑛
CAPACITORS
❑ SPHERICAL CAPACITOR
𝐶 = 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝑅
R = radius of the spherical capacitor

CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR NETWORK
SERIES CAPACITORS PARALLEL CAPACITORS
1 1 1 1
= + +⋯ 𝐶𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑛
𝐶𝑇 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = ⋯ 𝑄𝑛 𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + ⋯ 𝑄𝑛
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑐1 + 𝑉𝑐2 + ⋯ 𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑐1 = 𝑉𝑐2 = ⋯ 𝑉𝑐𝑛
CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
1 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑐 = න 𝐼𝑐 𝑑𝑡 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐶
𝐶 𝑑𝑡
C = capacitance
IC = current flowing through the capacitor
VC = voltage stored in the capacitor
CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR STORED ENERGY
1 2
𝑊 = 𝐶𝑉
2
W = Stored energy (in Joules)

C = capacitance
V = applied voltage
INDUCTORS
DEFINITION
Made up of numerous turns of wire around a
ferromagnetic or air core.
❑ INDUCTANCE
Measure of ability to store energy in the form of
magnetic field, the region surrounding the coil. Base unit of
inductance is Henry (H).
INDUCTORS
INDUCTANCE FORMULAS
❑ IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS
𝑁2 ∙ 𝐴
𝐿=𝜇
𝑙
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 permeability
N = number of turns
A = area of the core (m2)
𝑙 = mean length of the core
INDUCTORS
INDUCTANCE FORMULAS
❑ IN TERMS OF ELECTRICAL DEFINITION
𝑁𝛷
𝐿=
𝐼
N = number of turns
Φ = magnetic flux
I = current
INDUCTORS
INDUCTANCE FORMULAS
❑ MUTUAL INDUCTANCE (M)
The measure of the amount of inductive coupling that
exist between the two coils.
𝑀 = 𝑘 𝐿1 ∙ 𝐿2
k = coupling coefficient
L1, L2 = inductance of two coils
INDUCTORS
INDUCTANCE FORMULAS
✓ k = 0 means that the coils are not coupled.
✓ k = 1 means that the coils are perfectly coupled.
✓ k <0.5 means that the coils are loosely coupled.
✓ k >0.5 means that the coils are tightly coupled.
INDUCTORS
INDUCTOR NETWORK
TWO INDUCTORS IN SERIES TWO INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL
W/ MUTUAL INDUCTANCE W/ MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 2𝑀 𝐿1 × 𝐿2 − 𝑀2
(𝑎𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝐿𝑇 = (𝑎𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 2𝑀
𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 2𝑀 𝐿1 × 𝐿2 − 𝑀2
𝐿𝑇 =
(𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 2𝑀
(𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔)
INDUCTORS
INDUCTANCE
AIDING:
OPPOSING:
INDUCTORS
INDUCTANCE
AIDING OPPOSING
INDUCTORS
INDUCTOR NETWORK
SERIES INDUCTORS PARALLEL INDUCTORS
1 1 1 1
𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + ⋯ 𝐿𝑛 = + +⋯
𝐿 𝑇 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿𝑛
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = ⋯ 𝐼𝑛 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ 𝐼𝑛
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐿1 + 𝑉𝐿2 + ⋯ 𝑉𝐿𝑛 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐿1 = 𝑉𝐿2 = ⋯ 𝑉𝐿𝑛
INDUCTORS
INDUCTOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
1 𝑑𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐿 = න 𝑉𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝐿 𝑑𝑡
L = inductance
IL = current stored in the inductor
VL = voltage in the inductor
INDUCTORS
INDUCTOR STORED ENERGY
1 2
𝑊 = 𝐿𝐼
2
W = Stored energy (in Joules)

L = inductance
I = supply current
QUESTION NO. 11
A parallel plate capacitor has nineteen interleaved plates
each 75 mm by 75 mm separated by mica sheets 0.2 mm
thick. Assuming the relative permittivity of the mica is 5,
calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
QUESTION NO. 12
A flux of 25 mWb links with a 1500 turn coil when a current
of 3 A passes through the coil. Calculate (a) the inductance of
the coil and (b) the energy stored in the magnetic field.
QUESTION NO. 13
Find the total capacitance and total charge of the given
network below.
QUESTION NO. 14
Find the current through a 0.01 μF capacitor at t = 0 if the
−107 𝑡
voltage across is −2𝑒 V.
QUESTION NO. 15
Find the voltage across a 0.01 μF capacitor at t = 0.25μs if
V(0) = 0.6 V and the current through it is 0.2 A.
THANK YOU!

Lesson 9 - Electricity and Magnetism

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Lesson 9 - Electricity and Magnetism

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PART 1:

1 coulomb (1 C) = 6.28x1018 electrons (e)

T = inferred absolute zero resistance

❑ COULOMB’S FIRST LAW

𝑘 = 9 × 109 ; Q = charge ; r = distance

D = electric flux density

❑ ARTIFICIAL MAGNET – created by electromagnetism, can

❑ RESIDUAL MAGNETISM – is the magnetism left after the

❑ COERCIVE FORCE – is required to counter retentivity and

1 Weber = 108 Maxwell

1 Tesla = 104 Gauss (G) = Mx/cm2 – cgs unit

𝑚𝑚𝑓 = 𝑁𝐼 → Ampere-turn (At)

1 At = 4π/10 Gilbert (Gb) – cgs unit

1 At/m = 4π/1000 Oersted = Gb/cm – cgs unit

Where: Φ = magnetic flux L = length

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → Newton

B = magnetic flux density

I1 = current in one conductor

Where: B = magnitude flux density

R = radius of the spherical capacitor

SERIES CAPACITORS PARALLEL CAPACITORS

W = Stored energy (in Joules)

SERIES INDUCTORS PARALLEL INDUCTORS

W = Stored energy (in Joules)

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