Core Components:

 Storage Engine: Written in C++, responsible for managing data files, persistence,
and data access. Its efficient use of memory and disk I/O contributes to MongoDB's
performance.
 WiredTiger Storage Engine: Optional alternative to the default storage engine, also
written in C++. Offers optimized write performance for specific workloads.
 Query Engine: Primarily implemented in JavaScript, handles parsing and execution
of user queries, aggregation pipelines, and indexing operations.
 Replication: C++ handles data replication for redundancy and failover capabilities.
 Sharding: C++ manages sharding logic to distribute data across multiple servers for
scalability.
 Authentication and Authorization: Built-in user authentication and authorization
mechanisms written in C++.
 Network Communication: C++ manages communication between servers and
clients through various protocols like TCP/IP.

Additional Components:

 MongoDB Shell: JavaScript interpreter provided for interacting with the database and
issuing queries.
 Compass: Graphical user interface for managing and querying MongoDB databases.
Developed using web technologies like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.
 Drivers: Language-specific libraries for interacting with MongoDB from various
programming languages like Python, Java, C#, etc. These drivers are implemented in
different languages depending on the specific language they support.
 Internal Tools and Utilities: Various auxiliary tools and scripts, some written in
Python, for server administration, monitoring, and diagnostics.

Development Stack:

 Operating Systems: Primarily runs on Linux and macOS, although Windows support
is also available.
 Build System: Cmake is used for building the C++ components.
 Testing: Extensive unit and integration tests written in C++ and JavaScript ensure
quality and stability.

Key Technologies:

 B-Tree Indexing: Provides efficient data retrieval based on indexed fields.

 Document Model: Stores data as flexible JSON-like documents, allowing for
schema-less design.
 Sharding: Distributes data across multiple servers for horizontal scalability.
 Replication: Ensures data redundancy and high availability by maintaining copies on
multiple servers.
 Authentication and Authorization: Secures access to the database with user
accounts and permissions.

Evolution:
  MongoDB has been continuously evolving since its inception in 2007.
 New features and performance improvements are added with regular releases.
 The development team actively engages with the community and welcomes feedback.

Future Directions:

 Continued focus on scalability, performance, and security.

 Integration with advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine
learning.
 Expanding functionalities for various use cases and workloads.

Part II

The fundamental concepts:

Key Components:

1. Data File Handling:

 Header: Define a header structure to store metadata like file version, engine type, and
collection names.
 File I/O: Implement functions to open, read, write, and close data files.
 Data Serialization/Deserialization: Write code to convert data between its in-
memory representation and on-disk format (e.g., using a binary format or JSON).

Example Snippet (C++):

C++
#include <fstream>

struct DataFileHeader {
int version;
std::string engineType;
std::vector<std::string> collections;
};

bool openDataFile(const std::string& filename) {

std::fstream file(filename, std::ios::binary | std::ios::in |
std::ios::out);
if (!file.is_open()) {
return false;
}
// Read header and perform checks
return true;
}
Use code with caution. Learn more

2. Data Structures:
  Document Representation: Choose a suitable data structure to model documents in
memory (e.g., trees, hash maps).
 Indexing: Implement data structures for indexes (e.g., B-trees, hash tables).

Example Snippet (C++):

C++
struct Document {
std::string id;
std::map<std::string, std::any> fields;
};

std::map<std::string, std::vector<Document*>> indexByField; // Simple index

example
Use code with caution. Learn more

3. CRUD Operations:

 Create: Write data to files and update indexes.

 Read: Retrieve data from files and apply filters based on indexes.
 Update: Modify existing data and maintain consistency with indexes.
 Delete: Remove data and update indexes accordingly.

Example Snippet (C++):

C++
void createDocument(const Document& doc) {
// Write document to data file
// Update indexes
}

Document* findDocumentById(const std::string& id) {

// Search for document in data files or indexes
}
Use code with caution. Learn more

4. Memory Management:

 Caching: Optimize performance by caching frequently accessed data in memory.

 Buffering: Buffer writes to reduce disk I/O.
 Memory Allocation: Handle memory allocation and deallocation efficiently.