(biogenic) needs which are the needs of the bodywhich exist for the maintenance of health and

protection of the body against physical injuries.

These include the need for:
1. food - hunger: the body needs adequate
supply of nutrients to function efficiently. "An empty stomach sometimes drives a person to
steal."
2. air-need of oxygen
3. water-thirst
4. rest-weary bodies needs this.
5. sex-a powerful motivator but unlike food
and water, sex is not vital for survival but
essential to the survival of the species.
6. avoidance of pain - the need to avoid
tissue damage is essential to the survival of the organism. Pain will activate behavior to reduce
discomfort.
7. stimulus seeking curiosity - most people
and animal is motivated to explore the
environment even when the activity satisfies the bodily needs.

FRUSTRATION, CONFLICT and ANXIETY

A. Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that results from the blocking of motive
satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It is the feeling that is experienced
when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations. Frustration occurs
when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of his needs. A person faced with frustration
becomes anxious and restless, and he
tries to seek means of relieving these anxieties. He tries to engage in various forms of activities
that are intended to satisfy his needs and reduce his tensions.

COMMON SOURCES OF FRUSTRATION

1. Physical Obstacles are physical barriers or circumstances that plan or fulfilling his prevent a
person from doing his wishes.

2.Social Circumstances
- are restrictions or circumstances imposed by other people and the customs and laws of social
living.

3. Personal shortcoming - such as being

handicapped by diseases, deafness, paralysis, etc. which serves as a barrier to the things one
ought to do.

4.Conflicts between motives

Reactions to Frustrations - People differ in the way the react to frustrations. An individual's way
of reacting to frustrations is sometimes known as his coping mechanism. Generally, people
faced with
frustration react with it in one of two ways:

a. by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by breaking the obstacles barring him
from his goal, or by getting angry and become aggressive; and/or

b. (by running away (flight) from the problem, by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and by
Biving up without a fight.
These reactions to frustrations are sometimes cayed fight flight reactions.

Frustration - tolerance

Individuals also differ in their capacity to Tolerate unadjusted states, or frustration tolerance.
Some people are able to withstand prolonged Deriods of tension without showing signs of
abnormality. Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert their frustrations into physical
illness, while some act out their frustrations by committing anti-social acts or becoming
alcoholics or drug addicts.

Most normal persons react to frustration in the following ways:

1. direct approach
2. detour
3. substitution
4. withdrawal or retreat
5. developing feelings of inferiority
6. aggression
7. use of defense mechanism

DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to prevent a person's self-image
from being damage. Among the more common defense mechanisms are:

1. Denial of reality protection of one self from unpleasant reality by refusal to perceive or face it.
Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant. Or in denial, the ego shuts itself off from
certain realities.

2. Fantasy-the gratification of frustration desires In Imaginary achievement. Paying attention not

to what is going on around him but rather to what is taking place on his thoughts.

3. Projection-placing blame for difficulties upon others or attributing one's own unethical desires
to others in an effort to prevent ourselves being blamed.
4. Rationalization the use of excuses an individual to him and to others. Attempting to prove that
one's behavior is justifiable and thus worthy of self and social approval. It is also an elaborate