CSC211 Material

ajayiprogrammer@gmail.
com
SCIENTIFIC
PROGRAMMING
(using FORTRAN)
AJAYI Olusola Olajide, PhD

OND, B.SC., M.SC., PhD
MACM, MIEEE, MPSF, MCSTA, MIACSIT, MMCS
(Lecturer, CSC Dept., AAUA)
olusola.ajayi@aaua.edu.ng
ajayicomputer@gmail.com
ajayiprogrammer@gmail.com
Scientific programming (fortran) 1

COURSE OUTLINE
Chapter One: Programming Paradigms
Programming and Programming Languages
Programming Paradigms
Prerequisites to Programming: Pseudocode & Algorithm
Chapter Two: Programming in Fortran: The Basis
Variables
Data Types
Declarations and Commenting
Expressions and Statements (Arithmetic, Logical Statements etc.)
Chapter Three: The coding points
Simple I/O Statements in Fortran
Formatted I/O Statements in Fortran
Chapter Four: Control Structure
Introduction / Definitions
Types
Programming in Structured Form in Fortran
Chapter Five: Array Structure
Introduction / Definitions
Types
Array programming in Fortran

CHAPTER ONE
PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS
Programming Paradigms
 Programming and Programming Languages
 Programming Paradigms
 Prerequisites to Programming: Pseudocode & Algorithm
1.1 Programming & Programming Languages
1.1.1 What is Programming?
Programming can be viewed as an act of coding solution for a problem. It can also be defined as
an act of giving instruction to the computer to carry out a task.
It simply implies the ability of a programmer to communicate with the computer system in a
particular programming language.
It is a transformational act that brings about changes in the status of task – e.g. manual task to
computational one.
- Related Concepts to Programming
PROGRAM: This implies the written instruction, which the computer takes in and act upon. It
has the synonyms CODE.
PROGRAMMER: This is a person that indulges in coding for solutions. He is regarded as an
expert in writing computer codes. His major responsible is to write programs that performs a
given or specified function.
1.1.2 Programming Languages

These indicate the language of choice for which the programmer communicates with the
computer machine.
In other words, programming language refers to the language with which a programmer codes.
Programming Languages - Types
We have 3 types:
 Machine Language
 Low-Level Language
 High Level Language
Machine Language (ML)
This refers to the language which the computer understands. It is a language in which all
codes/instructions are represented in the form of 0s and 1s.
Low-Level Language (LLL)
This language is very much close to machine language. It needs little translator to real machine
language. It is regarded as SYMBOLIC Language. A good and common example is the
ASSEMBLY Language.
High-Level Language (HLL)
This is a language that is close to normal human English Language. It isn’t a languages the
computer understands, rather it needs the help of an interpreter or a compiler before computer
could understand it. Examples here includes QBasic (Quick – Beginners’ All Purpose Symbolic
and Instruction Code), Fortran (FORmulaTRANslator), Pascal (Delphi), Java, C, C++, C#,
Python, Ada, Eiffel, PHP (Hypertext PreProcessor), COBOL etc.

1.2 Programming Paradigms
Programming Paradigms imply trend & evolution of programming languages.
Early Program Development => Machine Language
1st Program Developed => Assembly Language
Real Program Developed => Fortran (1954) John Backus & IBM Team.
Subsequent Breakthru => Algol60 (1960)
Programming Paradigms can be captured under the following under-listed programming
paradigms
IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING
This is the type of programming that deals with scientific computation i.e. It is found useful in
handling mathematical computation. In this programming language, assignment, sequence and
control statement are very important.
Examples of this programming paradigm are: FORTRAN, COBOL ,C / C++ and PASCAL
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)
This is a type of programming in which object interact by sending messages that change their
state. In this programming type, inheritance, polymorphism and object modeling are essential
element.
Examples of programming languages in this paradigm include: C++, JAVA, SMALLTALK,
EIFFEL, PHP & VISUAL BASIC.NET
FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING
This programming paradigms deals with mathematical functions in which the domain serves as
the input and the range serves as the output.

Example of this programming paradigm includes: LISP, SCHEME, HASKEL, MIRANDA,
MAPLE, MATHEMATICA and MATLAB.
LOGIC / DECLARATIVE PROGRAMMING
This programming paradigms deal with collection of logical declaration about what outcome a
function should accomplish.
Example of this paradigm includes: PROLOG, SEQUEL, SQL and RPG
EVENT-DRIVEN PROGRAMMING
This programming paradigms deals with design of program that respond to unpredictable events.
These event are normally generated from users’ actions e.g. mouse click, key press.
Example of this paradigm includes: VISUAL BASIC, VISUAL BASIC.NET, VISUAL C++,
VISUAL C#, & JAVA
CONCURRENT PROGRAMMING
This programming paradigm deals with collection of cooperating process by sharing resources
(information) but operating asynchronously.
Example of programming languages in this group include: LINDA, CONCURRENT PASCAL
(DELPHI), HIGH PERFORMANCE FORTRAN and JAVA
1.3 Programming Language Application Domains
These include:
• Scientific Programming (SP)
• Management information system (MIS)
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• System Programming (SP)
• Web-centric Programming (WP)
Programming Language Application Domains…
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING: This is programming language that is used for handling
complex computations. They are also very useful for teaching and learning. Example of this
programming language includes: FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C and BASIC
NOTE: Scientific programming falls under imperative programming paradigm
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM: This are program that are used for handling
organization information system e.g. payroll system, accounting system, inventory system,
online sale and marketing system. Example of this programming language includes: SQL,
COBOL and RPG.
NOTE: MIS falls under logic / declarative programming paradigm
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: This are programming types that are used to develop
software that model after human intelligent behavior e.g. robot. Example of this programming
language includes: LISP, PROLOG, MATLAB and SCHEME.
NOTE: AI falls under programming language paradigm of functional and logic programming
language.
SYSTEM PROGRAMMING: This is a programming type which assist in the design and
development of software on which other software runs i.e. system programming deals with
developing software that act as platform on which other programs runs.
Examples are OS SOFTWARE, NETWORK SOFTWARE, INTERPRETER AND COMPILER.
A Common example of programming language use is C.
NOTE: SP falls under imperative programming language paradigm.

WEB-CENTRIC: This programming type involves developing programs that run on the
internet. Web-centric programming is like a two-edged sword, as it derives from both OOP and
Event-driven programming paradigm.
Programming languages used include: JAVA, VISUAL BASIC, VISUAL BASIC.NET, PHP,
HTML, JAVASCRIPT and C++ etc.
Web-Centric falls under OOP and Event-Driven Paradigms
1.4 Programming Languages and their Inventors
ADA: It was invented in 1982 by CHARLES BABBAGE but was named after a woman called
ADA
ALGOL: (Algorithmitic language) It was design by a committee in 1960.
APL: (A programming language) It was design to handle matrix calculation and the designer is
named KENNETH IVERSON in the early 1960s.
LISP: (List processing) it was invented in 1960 by JOHN McCARTHY
1.5 Pre-requisite to Programming
PSEUDOCODE
Pseudocode does the same function as Algorithm but the language of expression differs. While in
algorithm, more technical terms are used, raw English-like statements are used in Pseudocode.
While algorithm expressions are formal that of Pseudocode sounds informal.

PSEUDOCODE - ILLUSTRATION
1) Literally, take for instance if you are hungry and intend ‘executing’ a rice – what are the
psudocode steps/procedures for ensuring this? (varied depending on how you want to
program to flow and be implemented).
2) Design a pseudocode that solves the need to compute for the scores of ten (10) students in
CSC101, MAT101 and PHY101, computing their average scores.
SOLUTION I
i. Clean up / Prepare the utensils for the cooking
ii. Lit the stove/cooker
iii. Put water in the pot and place on the cooker
iv. Wash the rice in a basin and put unto the water-pot
v. Depending on the type of rice been cooked, put salt or any other ingredient.
vi. Cook to taste
vii. When done, Stop/End Cooking
SOLUTION II
i. Get the scores in the 3courses
ii. Carry out their calculations – their sum
iii. From there, compute their average
iv. Continue this steps until there is no more student to input for
v. Output the result
vi. Stop the process

ALGORITHM
Algorithms are sequence of steps taken in solving a problem. It involves highlighting intended
action(s) for executing a task.
In programming context, an algorithm can be described as a guide to logical coding that yields
the intended implementation.
PSEUDOCODE - ILLUSTRATION
Literally, take for instance if you are hungry and intend ‘executing’ a rice – what are the
algorithmic steps/procedures for ensuring this? (varied depending on how u want to program to
flow and be implemented).
Design an algorithm that solves the need to compute for the scores of ten (10) students in
CSC101, MAT101 and PHY101, computing their average scores.
SOLUTION I
Set utensils = Available
Set stove/cooker ON
Cooker = Water-Pot + Water
Water-Pot = Rice
If Rice requires Salt, Then Insert
Else Put/Insert other Ingredients
Set Cooking = Max Level/Time
If Cooking = ‘DONE’ Then STOP/END Cooking
Else CONTINUE Cooking

SOLUTION II
Enter/Input Value for CSC101, MAT101 and PHY101 scores
Set Sum = CSC101 + MAT101 + PHY101
Set Average = Sum/3
Loop Until Student>10
Output to the screen
Stop
Converting Pseudocode/Algorithm to Program Solution
SOLUTION II – using QBasic
5 CLS
10 REM
12 LET N = 0
15 INPUT “Enter Value for CSC101”, csc
20 INPUT “Enter Value for MAT101”, mat
25 INPUT “Enter Value for PHY101”, phy
30 LET SUM = csc+mat+phy
35 LET AVG = SUM/3
40 PRINT “The sum of the 3courses is: ” SUM
45 PRINT “The average of the 3courses is: ” AVG
46 N = N + 1
47 IF N<=10 GOTO 15
50 END

Under Chapter Exercise (UCE) I
Student’s Name: _________________________________________________________
Dept.: __________________________ Level: ________ M_No: IPTP2019/CSC/____
Instruction #1: Fill in the spaces left above, use the information to submit your assignment,
especially the M_No (meaning Material No)
Instruction #2: Solve in a sheet of paper and submit with the requested info in Instruction #1
Instruction #3: Submit in a week’s time
Questions
(1) Write a Pseudocode and Algorithm to solve:
x2 + y3 – (z * w/2)
(2) Write a Pseudocode and Algorithm to compute a candidate’s age given the birthyear and
specifying the current year.
(3) Write a Pseudocode and Algorithm to accepts the UTME and PUTME scores of candidates,
screen out and compute as appropriate where:
(i) UTME must be >=180
(ii) PUTME must be >=40
(4) Convert 1, 2 and 3 to programming solution using QBasic.

CHAPTER TWO
PROGRAMMING IN FORTRAN: THE BASIS
 Variables
 Data Types
 Declarations and Commenting
 Expressions and Statements (Arithmetic, Logical Statements etc.)
2.1 VARIABLES
Variables are regarded as named storage locations that hold values.
The type/nature of data a variable holds depends on the data type description specified for the
variable.
The acceptability of a variable depends on its conformity to the rules that pertain to forming
variables.
So as we considered VARIABLE, we’ll be looking into:
 Character Sets
 Rules for forming Variable Names
2.1.1 Character Sets
These are sets of alphanumeric strings that are acceptable for use in coding/programming.
The underlisted are acceptable in FORTRAN:
Alphanumeric: Here we have:
Numbers: 0-9
Alphabetic: a-z or A-Z (not case sensitive, so, a-z is the same as A-Z)
Underscore: _ is also allowed
For instance: aj_file, shoprog1 etc.

2.1.1 Character Sets…
Symbols: Here we have special xters such as:
Arithmetic symbols: =, ., (, ), +, - /, %, * etc.
Logical Symbols: >, <, ! etc
Special Symbols: $, ?, “, :, ‘, etc
2.1.2 Rules for VN Formation
The followings are rules that govern the formation of Variable Names (VN):
• VN must start with letter; it cannot start with numeric/digit or underscore e.g. 7up, _myname
are not an acceptable variable names. But, up7, my_name & myname_ are all acceptable
• VN cannot be longer than 31xters.
• VN must be distinct within the program.
2.2 DATA TYPES
Data Types described the nature of data that would be stored in a variable. Specifying a particular
data type for a particular variable indicates the type of data permissible to be captured for that
variable during data entering.
In FORTRAN, we have the following data types:
 INTEGER: For specifying ‘pure’ numeric values/data.
 REAL: For specifying decimal values/data.
 COMPLEX: For specifying complex ‘scientific’ values/data.
 CHARACTER: For specifying single ‘string’/’letter’ value/data.

 CHARACTER (LEN): For specifying ‘string’/ ‘alphanumeric’ data with specified number
of expected characters.
 LOGICAL: For specifying ‘Boolean’/ ‘logical’ values/data.
2.3 DECLARATION AND COMMENTING
i. INTEGER:
e.g. INTEGER :: myscore (i.e. 68)
ii. REAL:
e.g. REAL :: water_volume (i.e. 7.5 in litres)
iii. COMPLEX:
e.g. COMPLEX :: x + 2.5y
iv. CHARACTER:
e.g. CHARACTER :: sex (i.e. ‘M’ or ‘F’)
v. CHARACTER (LEN):
e.g. CHARACTER (LEN= 30) :: stud_name (i.e. ARABANIBABAENIABALABANIBABA)
vi. LOGICAL:
e.g. LOGICAL :: power_on (i.e. expecting a TRUE/FALSE response)
2.3 DECLARATION AND COMMENTING
While DECLARING however:
(i) It should be noted that, first, your PROGRAM is first declared
e.g. PROGRAM name of program
i.e. PROGRAM myfirstFORTRAN

(ii) Declaring VARIABLEs in FORTRAN is expected to be explicit and therefore requires that
all VARIABLEs to be used must be declared. To indicate compliance with this, the FORTRAN
Compiler expects issuance of a command called IMPLICIT and it been set to NONE.
e.g IMPLICIT NONE
After these, the variables can now be declared.
However, for VARIABLES that are not explicitly defined, FORTRAN takes over the
responsibility of deciding their DATA TYPES (to know the type of data expected to be stored in
them). This, the compiler will do using this model:
• Variable names that start with the lettering I, J, K, L, M, N are auto-ascribed INTEGER
as the DATA TYPE.
• While variable names starting with other lettering (in the letter of alphabets) are taken
as REAL
So, decide/define it yourself, else FORTRAN does it for you!
COMMENTING
The REMARK/COMMENT sign in FORTRAN is: !
The format takes the shape:
! This is the comment/remark style in FORTRAN
! Whenever you see me, know that, am not executable
! Use me to enhance readability of your program
! Never ignore me, I can be a ‘torch’ to your program
2.4 EXPRESSION AND STATEMENT

Expression forms Statement.
Expressions are toward the right-hand side of our equation (without the identifier). They are
operands that are usually joined with/by operators
X + Y is an expression
We have:
• Arithmetic Expression
• Logical Expression
• Relational Expression
…bringing them together
Bringing the sections discussed so far together, we can have:
PROGRAM myfirstFORTRAN
! This is my first trial in FORTRAN programming
! Let me start with simple program of W = X/Y
IMPLICIT NONE
INTEGER :: X, Y !You can have them both in one
line, separated by comma
REAL :: W
! How do I now capture values for X & Y? Be patient till the next lecture/chapter.
CHAPTER THREE
THE CODING POINTS

 Simple I/O Statements in Fortran
 Formatted I/O Statements in Fortran
…promised earlier made (previous lecture)!
Bringing the sections discussed so far together, we can have:
PROGRAM myfirstFORTRAN
! This is my first trial in FORTRAN programming
! Let me start with simple program of W = X/Y
IMPLICIT NONE
INTEGER :: X, Y !You can have them both in one
line, separated by comma
REAL :: W
! How do I now capture values for X & Y? Be patient till the next lecture
SIMPLE I/O STATEMENT
OUTPUT STATEMENT
 The major output statement in Fortran are:
 Print, and
 Write Statements
While PRINT is used for achieving simple output statement, WRITE is more suitable for
formatted statement.
A Fortran program to illustrate simple use of PRINT and WRITE Statements (will be
done/shown on the board)

INPUT STATEMENT
 The major input statement in Fortran is:
 Read Statement (for capturing data)
Others will be discussed later under related chapter/topic.
Self-Programming Exercise (…in class/at home: be faithful and do it)
1) A Fortran program to calculate the area of a triangle.
2) A Fortran program to illustrate the use of the three (3) discussed commands, viz:
Read, Write and Print.
NB: Make your inputting interactive.
FORMATTED I/O STATEMENT
At our last lecture/session, we dwelt so much on Simple I/O Statements in FORTRAN, where we
demonstrated the use of READ, WRITE & PRINT.
FORMATTED I/O STATEMENT…illustration
To illustrate, let’s consider the equation and solve using FORTRAN:
Z = (((P + Q)/2) – ((R2 / S)/3))/5
Solution
program illustration
implicit none
integer::p,q,r,s
real::z
write(*,*) "Enter value for P: "
read (*, *) p
write (*,*) "Enter value for Q: "
read (*,*) q
write (*,*) "Enter value for R: "
read (*,*) r
write (*,*) "Enter value for S: "
read (*,*) s

z = ((((p+q)/2)-((r**2)/(s))/3))/5
print *,"The value of z is: ", z
end program illustration
FORMATTED I/O STATEMENT…illustration (d output)
FORMATTED I/O STATEMENT…Evaluation
As you examined the last output, you will observed that the output was without ‘control’. The
decimal placement was not taken care of by us but by the compiler.
To format output, we use the format specifier ‘f’ with appropriate specification as it relates to the
data type in use.
REAL FORMAT SPECIFIER
As stated earlier, the format specifier is ‘f’ specified alongside the data type. For REAL data
type, the specification is given as: fw.d OR rfw.d
Where:
f is the formatter; w is the total no of digit expected; and d is the no of decimal to the right;
where applicable, r implies no of repeat count
To modify the earlier program illustrated with:

Z = (((P + Q)/2) – ((R2 / S)/3))/5
The codes should look thus:
implicit none
integer::p,q,r,s
real::z
read (*, *) p
read (*,*) q
read (*,*) r
read (*,*) s
z = ((((p+q)/2)-((r**2)/(s))/3))/5
! little modification using write formatted statement
write(*,'(f6.2)') "The value of Z is: ", z
INTEGER FORMAT SPECIFIER
For INTEGER data type, the specification is given as:
fw OR rfw
Where:
f is the formatter; w is the total no of digit expected; where applicable, r implies no of
repeat count
To modify the earlier program illustrated with:
Z = (((P + Q)/2) – ((R2 / S)/3))/5
The codes should look thus:
implicit none
integer::p,q,r,s
real::z


read (*, *) p
read (*,*) q
read (*,*) r
read (*,*) s
z = ((((p+q)/2)-((r**2)/(s))/3))/5
! The modifications are here:
write (*,*) "The data inputted are:"

write (*,*)
write (*,'(4i3)') p,q,r,s
write (*,*)
write(*,'(f6.2)') "The value of Z is: ", z
WAITING FOR YOUR OUTPUT…!
Under Chapter Exercise (UCE) II
Student’s Name: _________________________________________________________

Instruction #2: Solve using the system, print out and submit with the requested info in #1
Instruction #3: Submit in two weeks’ time
Questions
Q1
Given three numbers, num1, num2 & num3. Captures values for them in an interactive way and
then compute: (i) their summation (ii) their product (iii) their average
Q2
On your own, input values for two variables X and Y. Find (i) their Division value (ii) the
summation of their squares (iii) their differences
Q3
‘Bring down’ your brain, device a mathematical problem on your own/by yourself, solve using
READ, WRITE & PRINT Statements.
Q4
Modify Q1 & Q2 above using FORMATTED STYLE.
CHAPTER FOUR
CONTROL STRUCTURE
 Introduction / Definitions

 Types
 Programming in Structured Form in Fortran
INTRO / DEF
Control Structure can be defined as statements that caused diversion in the normal flow of
program execution. They can be seen or described as program constructs that change or obstruct
the original intended pattern of program flow.
TYPES
According to the Control Structured Theorem, we have two types:
 Selection/Branching Control Statement
 Iterative/Repetitive Control Statement
Illustrating a program without control construct (sequential program)
A fortran program to calculate the sum of squares and sum of roots of two variables X and Y.
…illustrating the codes
program loop_prog1
implicit none
real::x,y,sumsquare,sumroot
write(*,*) "Enter value for X: "
read(*,*)x
write(*,*) "Enter value for Y: "
read(*,*)y
sumsquare = (x**2)+(y**2)
sumroot = sqrt(x)+sqrt(y)
write (*,*) "The sum of square of the two variables is: ",sumsquare
write (*,*)
write (*,*) "The sum of roots of the two variables is: ", sumroot
end program loop_prog1
…the output

TYPES…
Selection C. S.
These are control statements that bring about changes in the normal flow of program execution
based on the truthfulness of falsity of the condition specified.
They caused branching depending on the outcome of the evaluation of the condition specified.
TYPES…Selection C. S.
We have:
i. IF – THEN Selection C. S.
ii. IF – THEN – ELSE Selection C. S.
iii. IF – THEN – ELSEIF Selection C. S.
iv. SELECT-CASE Selection C. S.
IF-THEN

This is a mono-directional selection control statement in which only an option is presented for
execution and it is executed iff the evaluation of the condition specified is TRUE, else no
execution is carried out.
Format:
IF-THEN format
If (condition) Then
program statement
End If
Program Illustration
IF-THEN program illustration
A fortran program to compute the value of z based on the magnitude comparison
of x and y
…d codes
PROGRAM controlprog1
implicit none
integer::x,y,z
write(*,*) "Enter 1st value: "
read (*,*)x
write(*,*) "Enter 2nd value: "
read (*,*)y
if (x .gt. y) then
z=x+y
end if
write(*,*) "The value of z is: ", z
end program controlprog1
…d output!

IF-THEN-ELSE
This is a bi-directional selection control statement in which two options are presented but only
one can be executed at a time based on the result of the condition specified.
Format:
IF-THEN-ELSE format
If (condition) Then
program statement 1
Else
program statement 2
End If
IF-THEN-ELSE program illustration
An enhancement to the program in slide 14
…d codes

implicit none
integer::x,y,z
read (*,*)x
read (*,*)y
if (x .gt. y) then
z=x+y
else
z=x-y
end if
…d output!
IF-THEN-ELSEIF
This is a multi-directional selection control statement in which many options are presented but
only one can be executed at a time based on the result of the condition specified.
Format:

IF-THEN-ELSEIF format
If (condition) Then
program statement 1
Elseif (condition) Then
program statement 2
Elseif (condition) Then
program statement 3
Else
program statement n
End If
IF-THEN-ELSEIF program illustration
An enhancement to the previous program
…d codes
implicit none
integer::x,y,z
read (*,*)x
read (*,*)y
if (x .gt. y) then
z=x+y
elseif (x .lt. y) then
z=x-y
else
z=x
end if
…d output

SELECT CASE
This is also a multi-directional selection control statement in which many options are presented
but only one can be executed at a time based on the result of the condition specified.
SELECT CASE format
Select Case (case variable)

Case (Case no e.g. 1)
program statement 1
Case (Case no e.g. 2)
program statement 2
…
…
Case (Case no e.g. n)
program statement n
Case Default
//in case no valid no was selected/chosen, specify the action to be taken
End Select

SELECT CASE program illustration
A fortran program to implement a computing service operation, which allows users to specify
their desired/choice operations in the list of operations.
TYPES…Selection C. S. (d codes)
implicit none
integer::x,y, opcode
real::z
write(*,*) "Enter opcode: 1 for ADD, 2 for SUB, 3 for PROD, 4 for DIV"
read (*,*)opcode
read (*,*)x
read (*,*)y
…d codes…
select case (opcode)

case (1)
z = x+y
write(*,*) "The sum is: ", z
case (2)
z = x-y
write(*,*) "The difference is: ", z
case (3)
z = x*y
write(*,*) "The product is: ", z
case (4)
z = x/y
write(*,*) "The division is: ", z
case default
write(*,*) "Sorry, u selected wrong opcode, pls redo!"
end select
…d output!

Iterative C. S.
These are control statements that are used for repetitive execution of program statements. They
are otherwise called Repetitive Control Statement.
We have:
 Do…Counter Statement
 Do…Conditional Statement
Do…Counter Statement
As the name suggests, counter variable is used alongside the DO Statement specification.
The format is:
Do (counter variable) = initial value, final value, incremental value
….code goes here
End do
Illustration
Write a fortran program to compute the sum of the first five (5) even integers.
…d codes!

program do_counter_pro
implicit none
integer::count_var,sumeven=0
write (*,*) "The even numbers are: "
do count_var = 2,10,2
sumeven = sumeven + count_var
write (*,*)
write (*,*)count_var
end do
write(*,*)
write (*,*) "Their sum is: ", sumeven
end program do_counter_pro
…d output!
Do-Counter (Complementary Commands)
IF-EXIT: This is used to break/terminate a Do-Counter Loop. Execution got terminated
on reach of the If specification.
IF-CYCLE: This is used to skip/jump a Do-Counter Loop. Execution got skipped at the
true evaluation of the If specification and continues.
IF-EXIT: (format)

do counter = ..., ..., ...
if (condition) exit
end do
IF-CYCLE: (format)
do counter = …, …, …
if (condition) cycle
end do
IF-EXIT: (Illustration)
A fortran program to select the first five (5) students
IF-EXIT: d codes…
program if_exit_pro
implicit none
integer::matno
write (*,*) "The First Five are: "
do matno = 160404001,160404020
if(matno>160404005)exit
write (*,*)"No.", matno - 160404000, " ", matno
end do
end program if_exit_pro
IF-EXIT: d output!
IF-CYCLE: (Illustration)

A fortran program to expunge certain students: e.g 160404004, 160404008, 160404016,

140404020
IF-CYCLE: d codes!
program if_cycle_pro
implicit none
integer::matno
write (*,*) "The Eligible Students are: "
do matno = 160404001,160404020
if(matno==160404004 .or. matno==160404008 .or. matno==160404016 .or.
matno ==160404020)cycle
write (*,*)matno
end do
end program if_cycle_pro
IF-CYCLE: d output!
Do…Conditional Statement
As the name sounds, a condition is attached alongside the DO Statement specification.
Specifically, we make use of the WHILE Statement.
The format is:
Do while (condition)
….code goes here
End do
Do…Conditional Statement (do it as class/home exercises and be faithful to it)

i. Converts all the class illustration programs (using Do-Counter) to Do-Conditional
programs.
ii. Converts all the Do_Counter Supplementary Commands (if-exit and if-cycle)
program illustrations to Do-Conditional (if-exit and if-cycle) programs.
Note: In using If-exit and if-cycle under Do-Conditional, the while statement will not be used.
e.g.
do
program statement
if(condition) if-exit or if-cycle
end do
Under Chapter Exercise (UCE) III

Student’s Name: _________________________________________________________
Instruction #3: Submit in three weeks’ time
Questions
Q1
Write a fortran program to compute the sum of the first ten (10) odd integers.
Q2
Write a fortran program to compute the sum of the first ten (10) integers.
Q3
Modify the program in page 35 such that it outputs only the expunge students and title the
heading as appropriate.
Q4
Given the table below, code in Fortran to output candidates based on company policies
that absorbed Male and Female that are less than 30years and of High Experience.
CHAPTER FIVE

ARRAY STRUCTURE
 Introduction / Definitions
 Types
 Array Programming in Fortran
DEFINITIONS
An array is a collection of data element, captured with the same name (storage location name)
and having the same data type.
The nature of data stored in an array depicts the type of array been created (i.e. numeric array,
string array etc.)
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION
TYPES
We have two divisions of array:
One Dimensional Array OR Linear Array
Multidimensional Array OR Matrix
LINEAR ARRAY
An array that consist of a one-columnar set of data.
DECLARING AN ARRAY
Declaration with Initialization
data type, DIMENSION (size of the array)::array_name=(/values/)
e.g.
integer, dimension (4):: mydata = (/6, 9, 4, 13/)
Declaration with Initialization…Element Specification/Accessing

Array_name(m:n) – means from element m to element n
Array_name(m:n:2) – means from element m to element n step2
Array_name(:) – means all elements
Array_name(::3) – means all elements step3
ILLUSTRATION I
PROGRAM array_pro2
implicit none
INTEGER, DIMENSION (6):: my_elements=(/4,6,2,8,9,34/)
write (*,*) "The whole elements are (all elements): ", my_elements(:)
write (*,*) "Sub-section of the array (from d 2nd to d 5th step1): ", my_elements(2:5:1)
write (*,*) "Sub-section of the array (from d 1st element to d last step2): ", my_elements(::2)
end program array_pro2
…output
Declaration without Initialization
data type, DIMENSION (size of the array)::array_name

e.g.
integer, dimension (4):: mydata
NB: Unlike in most other programming languages, To capture data into array, ARRAY INDEX
starts from 1 and not 0.
Declaration without Initialization … Illustrating (Codes)

…d codes…
PROGRAM array_pro3
implicit none
INTEGER, DIMENSION (5):: my_array
INTEGER :: i
write(*,*) "Capturing Data into the Array"
write(*,*)
do i = 1,5
write (*,*) "Element ", i, " : "
read (*,*)my_array(i)
end do
..d output…
SPECIFIC ARRAY OPERATIONS
Some of the array operations that can be performed on ARRAY include but not limited to:
MAXVAL: Highest element in the array
MINVAL: opposite of MAXVAL
SUMVAL: Sum total of the elements of the array
SPECIFIC ARRAY OPERATIONS…code illustration I

PROGRAM array_pro1
implicit none
INTEGER, DIMENSION (5):: my_array
INTEGER :: i
write(*,*) "Capturing Data into the Array"
write(*,*)
SPECIFIC ARRAY OPERATIONS…code illustration
do i = 1,5
write (*,*) "Element ", i, " : "
read (*,*)my_array(i)
end do
write (*,*) "The highest element in the array is: ", MAXVAL(my_array)
write (*,*) "The lowest element in the array is: ", MINVAL (my_array)
write (*,*) "The sum of the elements in the array is: ", SUMVAL(my_array)
write (*,*) "The whole array elements are: ", my_array
NB: Run the program and show the output to the next person close to you!
ARITHEMETIC AND LOGICAL OPERATIONS ON ARRAY
Some of the arithmetic operations that can be performed on ARRAY include but not limited to:
 Summation
 Multiplication
 Comparison
ARITHEMETIC AND LOGICAL OPERATIONS ON ARRAY…code illustration II
program array_pro4
implicit none
integer, dimension(4)::mydata,yourdata, sum_all_data, product_both_data
integer::i
do i = 1,4
write (*,*) "Enter value for array mydata element ", i, " : "
read (*,*) mydata(i)
write (*,*) "Enter value for array yourdata element ", i, " : "
read (*,*) yourdata(i)
sum_all_data(i)= mydata(i) + yourdata(i)
product_both_data(i) = mydata(i) * yourdata(i)
end do
…output!
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
An array that consist of rows and columns of data. It is also called MATRIX.
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY - DECLARATION

data type, dimension(row_size, column_size)::matrix_name
e.g.
3 5 6 7
6 3 2 1
9 18 10 5
integer, dimension(2,4)::my_matrix
integer, dimension(2,5)::my_matrix1, my_matrix2
integer, dimension(2,3)::my_matrix1
integer, dimension(2,7)::my_matrix2
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY – code illustration I

program matrix_pro
implicit none
integer, dimension(2,3)::mytable
integer i,j
write (*,*) "Capturing data into matrix"
do i=1,2
do j=1,3
write (*,*) "Enter data for Row ", i, " Column ", j
read (*,*) mytable(i,j)
write(*,*)
end do
end do
end program matrix_pro
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY – output
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY – code illustration I

program matrix_pro2
implicit none
integer, dimension(2,3)::mytable1
integer, dimension (3,5)::mytable2
Integer:: i,j
write (*,*) "Capturing data into matrix MYTABLE 1"
do i=1,2
do j=1,3
read (*,*) mytable1(i,j)
write(*,*)
end do
end do
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY – code illustration

write (*,*) "Capturing data into matrix MYTABLE 2"

do i=1,3
do j=1,5
read (*,*) mytable2(i,j)
write(*,*)
end do
end do
end program matrix_pro2
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY – output
Under Chapter Exercise (UCE) IV

Student’s Name: _________________________________________________________
Instruction #3: Submit before the exam
Questions
Q1
Modify the program in page 43 (Code Illustration I) such that:
 It computes the sum of the matrix mytable1

 It computes the average value of the matrix mytable2
 It computes the row-sum of the matrix mytable1
 It computes the column-sum of the matrix mytable2
 It transposes the elements of the two matrices mytable1 & mytable2
Q2
Assuming with me is N54,890. out of this, my intention is to have 2/3 of it to take care of my
domestic expenses, 35% for academic expenses, 65.7% for religious commitment, 2.3% for
electrical & utility bills, and 18.4% for miscellaneous expenses. Help FORTRAN-code my left-
over or deficit as the case may be. Your code must be such that logically detect if the expenses
resulted into left-over of deficit before executing the computation.
Q3
Quadratic equation is not a mathematical problem strange to you. Using FORTRAN, fully code
its implementation assuming values for the various variables it presents.
Q4

Coding/programming/developing software most times also require the need to search and acquire
generic or a particular domain knowledge before a particular task can be successfully
implemented. Weather forecasting is such a domain where u may need to do some searching to
know how the prediction is done. So, while preparing to code, pause a little, browse how weather
are been forecasted. From your search, code in FORTRAN to implement a generic weather
forecasting program.
Q5
Modify the program in page 41 (Code Illustration II) to output the values of sum_all_data and
product_both_data.
Extend the program such that it outputs:
 All elements in the mydata array
 All elements in the yourdata array
 The biggest element in the sum_all_data
 The smallest element in the product_both_data

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AJAYI Olusola Olajide, PhD

Scientific programming (fortran) 1

Chapter One: Programming Paradigms

Programming and Programming Languages

Prerequisites to Programming: Pseudocode & Algorithm

Chapter Two: Programming in Fortran: The Basis

Declarations and Commenting

Expressions and Statements (Arithmetic, Logical Statements etc.)

Chapter Three: The coding points

Simple I/O Statements in Fortran

Formatted I/O Statements in Fortran

Chapter Four: Control Structure

Programming in Structured Form in Fortran

Chapter Five: Array Structure

Array programming in Fortran

Scientific programming (fortran) 2

 Programming and Programming Languages

 Prerequisites to Programming: Pseudocode & Algorithm

1.1 Programming & Programming Languages

1.1.1 What is Programming?

an act of giving instruction to the computer to carry out a task.

particular programming language.

- Related Concepts to Programming

has the synonyms CODE.

PROGRAMMER: This is a person that indulges in coding for solutions. He is regarded as an

given or specified function.

1.1.2 Programming Languages

Scientific programming (fortran) 3

Programming Languages - Types

 High Level Language

Machine Language (ML)

codes/instructions are represented in the form of 0s and 1s.

Low-Level Language (LLL)

language. It is regarded as SYMBOLIC Language. A good and common example is the

High-Level Language (HLL)

Python, Ada, Eiffel, PHP (Hypertext PreProcessor), COBOL etc.

Scientific programming (fortran) 4

1.2 Programming Paradigms

Programming Paradigms imply trend & evolution of programming languages.

Early Program Development => Machine Language

1st Program Developed => Assembly Language

Subsequent Breakthru => Algol60 (1960)

Programming Paradigms can be captured under the following under-listed programming

handling mathematical computation. In this programming language, assignment, sequence and

control statement are very important.

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

Examples of programming languages in this paradigm include: C++, JAVA, SMALLTALK,

EIFFEL, PHP & VISUAL BASIC.NET

the input and the range serves as the output.

Scientific programming (fortran) 5

Example of this programming paradigm includes: LISP, SCHEME, HASKEL, MIRANDA,

MAPLE, MATHEMATICA and MATLAB.

LOGIC / DECLARATIVE PROGRAMMING

function should accomplish.

Example of this paradigm includes: PROLOG, SEQUEL, SQL and RPG

VISUAL C#, & JAVA

(information) but operating asynchronously.

Example of programming languages in this group include: LINDA, CONCURRENT PASCAL

(DELPHI), HIGH PERFORMANCE FORTRAN and JAVA

1.3 Programming Language Application Domains

• Scientific Programming (SP)

• Management information system (MIS)

Dept.: __________________ Level: M_No: IPTP2019/CSC/____