ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

PHYSICS MATERIAT

8. ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

Oscillating Electric and Magnetic field vectors propagating in space.

Both E, B to propagation.
Eg.
E= Eosin(kx - ot)
B= BoSin(Kx - ot)
Nomedium is required.
Velocity is free space = C=3 x 10 m/s
Production of E.M wves
Accelerating Charges.
Eg. :An oscillating charge.
When

> only E
(Rest)
q >Current -> B
(Moving)
q >EM WAVES
(Accelerating)
Invented by Henrich Hertz.
equations.
Properties described by Maxwell's
Maxwell's equations
D.dS =-[Gauss Law]
OE.ds O[Gauss Law]
OË.di = do,eFaraday's Law]
dt

O.dl =H(, +4) [Ampere - Maxwel]

ic = conduction current
id = displacement current
Conduction Current
Current due to conducting electrons.
conduction.
Eg. Metallicconduction, lonic
Charge carriers drift through.
Displacement Current
E
Current due to time varying
doE dE
dt

If E is steady ia = 0
 ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
PHYSTCS MATERIAL
Eg. Current between plates of a charging capacitor.
At any instant is= ic for a chargingcapacitor.
Current Density in the capacitor plate =j = ia/A
A = Area of the plate
= 0, id =0.
When the capacitor becomes fully charged => i
At full charge between plates becomes steady.
E= V/d

Nature of EM waves
and vice versa.
produces time varying
When time varying is present in space, it
Transverse Waves
Sinusoidal variations
E= Eo sin (kx - cot)
B= Bo Sin (kx -ot)
[Eis called light vector]
k
k= Magnitude of propagation vector
Speed of propagation= k
1
Speed in vacuum =C=
1 C

In general medium V=J4, ¬, VH S

V« = C

V= frequency
2= wave length
C=3x 10 m/s
Bo =
[Poynting Vector]
Direction of propagationis parallel to (E XB)
Propagation of energy
1
E
Energy density of E=>,2

of B=
1B,
Energy density 2 Ho
1 1 B,
+
Total Energy / Unit volume => U=,E, E, 2 Lo

Cells
Primary Cells: They convert chemical energy into electrical energy. They cannot be
recharged.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
PHYSICSMATERIAL.
stored
yand thenthe
Secondary Cells: Electrical energy is first converted into chemical energy
chemical energy isconverted into electricalenergy due to these cells.
EMF of a cell
defined as
The energy supplied by the battery to drive unit charge around the circuit is
electromotive force of the cell.
terminals ofasource when
EMF is also defined as the absolute potential difference between the
no energy is drawn from it.
EMF of a cell depends on
Metal of Electrodes
Nature of Electrolyte
Temperature
EMF of the Cell is Independent of
Area of plate
Quantity of electrolyte
Distance between plate
Size of the cell

Internal Resistance of a Cell (r)

cell. It depends on
It is the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the
1
H
Ares of the electrodes used A

Nature of electrolyte, concentration

Internal resistance of an ideal cell is zero

Terminal Voltage
When no current flows through the cell, the circuit is said to be an open circuit.

The potential difference (Pa) across the terminals of the cell, called the terminal voltage (V)
will be equal to the Emf (E) of the cell.

R
 ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
PHYSTCS MATERIAL
V E
0=
Ri R+r
iR +ir= E: V+ ir=E
V=E- ir
driving thecr
Lost volt difference of a ccllit is used in
betwcen emfand potential
ltis difference
cell.
between terminals of the

Lost Volt: E- V=ir

iE-V
r

r= E-V

ER
V=iR =
R+r

V R
Fractional Energy useful E R+r

Internal Resistance r=
(E < V)
EMF is less than the terminal voltage
When the cell is charging, the

V= E+ia
is greater than the terminal voltage.
When the cell is discharging, the EMF

Grouping of cells
Electrical Cells in Series
PuYSICSMATERIAL KLECTRO MAGNETICWAVES

w
R
Total EMF of the conbination n:
Ellective lnternal Resistance nr
nE
Current through External Resistance i :
R+mr

IfR<<nZ,then i Current fiom one ccll

R>> nr, then i

R

Two cells of different emf's are in series

E E t E;

E, +E,

TPD across the first cell V E in

TPD across the second cell V: E) ir:
One of the cell is in reverse connection (E> E:)

E, E,

Wrongly conneeted cells

 ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVE
PHYSICSMATERIAL
a. Total emf of thecombination = (n-2m) E
b. Total internal resistance= nr
c. Total resistance =R+ nr
(n-2m)E
d. Current through the circuit i= R+nr
Resistance 'R'
wrongly connected tothe External
By mistake if 'm'cells out of'n' cells are

Cells in parallel

R)

Totalemnf of the combination = E

Effective Internal Resistance = r/n
r
R+
Total resistance in the circuit = n

E nE
Current through the external resistance i= R+
nR +r
n

E
IfR>> n
then i= D =Curent from one cell
r nE
nthen i
IfR<< r

Effective emf E= E, +E

Effective internal resistance ref =

E
i=
Current through the circuit 'efr +R
E, -iR
0, =
i=iiti2 ; i, = E -iR
 PLBCTROA
PHYSICS MATERIAL
V p V
V Ve lo

-iR iR: - iR, E-0

R R, R,
Wheatstone bridge
R
QS a
capacitors to form a D.C. Wheztstone Bridge wn
can use
in planc of resistances we Ca
capacitors of capacitorsCi, Cz C; and

Wheatstone Bridge
It works on the principle of
R_a
When the meter bridge is balanced y , 100-t
>Balancing lenghfron left end

Potentiometer
the pote
When constant current is passed througha wire of uniforn area of croSs section,
poton
drop across 2ny portion of the wire is directly proportional to the length of that

E
Current through the potentiomneter wire is I=
r-R-Ry
bedng Cat

R
Ix
V=Cureot X Reistance of length l of the pocntioneiers wire =
R
PHYSICS MATERIAL ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
- Is = E

r+R+R,L
R
S- =Potential gradicnt
Applicationsof potentiometer
E
Intemal Resistance of aCell :-1=1-1

Comparison of EMF,s of two cells

E,
Heating effect of current
To cells Law
H PRt
H VIt
H v²UR
Electrical power (P)
P W
-I= R = IR

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