VMCB & VPH FINAL

COACHING John Michael G. Bernardo, DVM

TIPS
Tamang
study Inaf sleep
habit
Pud and water Sipag, tyaga, at diskarte
1. Which of the following is not an RNA virus? A.
Canine parvo virus
B. SARS-CoV
C. Feline Calicivirus
D. PRRS
dsDNA • Papovaviridae • Caliciviridae
• Iridoviridae • Astroviridae
• Herpesviridae
• Asfarviridae • Picornaviridae
• Adenoviridae HAAPPI
• Poxviridae
ssDNA • Paramyxoviridae • BR
Rhabdoviridae
• Parvoviridae • • Orthomyxoviridae • Flaviviridae
• Filoviridae
Circoviridae
• Bunyaviridae • Bornaviridae •
PC Arenaviridae • Toroviridade
dsRNA • Togaviridae • Arteriviridae •
• Birnaviridae • Coronaviridae

ssRNA Reoviridae
CAP PROFF BBATTAC
Canine parvo virus
o Believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus
 o Nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus o Young,
unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated dogs are most
susceptible
o At risk are rottweilers, Doberman, pit bull, English spring
spaniels, and German shepherds
o Stress, decreased maternal antibodies, and enteric
pathogen infection may increase severity of the disease
SARS-CoV
o Enveloped, SS, RNA virus
o Influenza-like symptoms plus severe respiratory signs o
Spread via respiratory droplets

Ref: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670115003679

Feline calici virus

o Non-enveloped, SS, RNA virus
o Part of the feline respiratory disease complex o Affects
the lining of the mouth and the lungs leading to pulmonary
edema and pneumonia
o Difficult to distinguish from feline viral rhinotracheitis
(herpesvirus)
o Can also produce “limping syndrome”
1. Which of the following is not an RNA virus? A.
Canine parvo virus
B. SARS-CoV
C. Feline Calicivirus
D. PRRS
2. What is the correct sequence of replication? A.
Attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication B.
Uncoating, penetration, attachment, replication C.
Attachment, replication, uncoating, penetration D.
Penetration, uncoating, attachment, replication
Steps in viral replication
1. Attachment
• Tropism: tissue
or organ
specificity
• Host range:
differences
among
organisms
 Steps in viral replication
2. Entry
• Endocytocis:
engulfment of
naked virus
• Fusion: most
enveloped
virus
Steps in viral replication
3. Uncoating
• Release of
nucleic acid
from
the capsid
• May also
include
the
translocation
 of viral nucleic
acid to the
nucleus
Steps in viral replication
4. Replication (via RNA polymerase)
• DNA viral transcription
o Nuclear dsDNA: cellular DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase (Herpes, Adeno, Papova)
 o Cytoplasmic dsDNA: viral DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase (Asfar, Pox, Irido)
o ssDNA: cellular DNA polymerase (Parvo, circo)
Steps in viral replication
4. Replication (via RNA polymerase)
• RNA viral transcription
o ssRNA (+): Picorna, Corona, Calici, Astro, Flavi, Arteri, Toga
o Segmented dsRNA, ssRNA (-): viral RNA dependent RNA
polymerase or transcriptase
 ▪ Segments: Bunya, orthomyxo, reo, arena, birna

▪ Full length: Rhabdo, borna, paramyxo, filo

o Retroviruses: viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (or
reverse transcriptase
• Translation
o Early gene products (functional)
o Late gene products (structural)

Steps in viral replication

5. Assembly: Formation and organization of
infectious particles
6. Release of the virus
o Non-enveloped: cell lysis
o Enveloped: budding or exocytosis
Steps in viral replication
1. Attachment
2. Entry
3. Uncoating
4. Replication
5. Assembly
6. Release
2. What is the correct
sequence of
replication? A.
Attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication B.
Uncoating, penetration, attachment, replication C.
Attachment, replication, uncoating, penetration D.
Penetration, uncoating, attachment, replication
3. Programmed cell death? A.
Cytolysis
B. Cytopathy
C. Apoptosis
D. Mutation
Ref: https://www.sciencefacts.net/cytolysis.html Ref: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/cytopathic
 Ref: https://www.bmglabtech.com/en/blog/apoptosis

3. Programmed cell
death? A. Cytolysis
B. Cytopathy
 C. Apoptosis
D. Mutation
4. Which of the following is not an arthropod-borne
infection?
A. ASF
B. Vesicular stomatitis viral infection
C. Canine parvo virus
D. Equine infectious anemia
Canine parvo virus
ASF Vesicular stomatitis Equine infectious
 o High case fatality hemorrhage
rate (~100%) viral infections
o Transmission is via
o Can be transmitted o Primarily a disease of
via Ornithodoros horses and cattle
moubata (soft ) ticks, o Transmission is via direct
contact with symptomatic
oronasal route, animals and by biting
ingestion of insects (blackflies,
contaminated waste sandflies, and biting
food midges)
o Ptyalism, ulcers and
o Almost similar erosions of the oral
manifestation with mucosa, sloughing of the
epithelium of the tongue o
CSF
Should be differentiated from
o Febrile disease with swine vesicular
disseminated disease, FMD, and
Vesicular stomatitis viral infections
FMD Swine vesicular
vesicular exanthema severity of the
disease
direct contact with
anemia
the infected feces or o Contact with blood and
respiratory droplets
other body
o Young, unvaccinated or fluids of infected
incompletely horse and via biting
vaccinated dogs are flies (horse flies,
most susceptible deer flies, and
o Stress, decreased
stable flies)
maternal antibodies, and o Targets the blood or MPS
enteric o Infected horses are
pathogen infection considered as
may increase lifelong carriers

diseaseVesicular
o Primarily a disease of
horses and cattle
o Transmission is via direct
contact with symptomatic animals
and by biting
insects (blackflies,
sandflies, and biting
midges)
o Ptyalism, ulcers and
erosions of the oral
mucosa, sloughing of the
epithelium of the tongue o
Should be differentiated from
swine vesicular
disease, FMD, and
vesicular exanthema
hoofed animals
o Transmission is via
contact with infected
animals or their secretion,
aerosol via respiratory
secretions, and sharing of
feed with infected
animals
o Very high morbidity, but rare
fatalities except in young
animals
o Primary site of replication is
the mucosa of the
pharynx
o Primarily affects cloven-
exanthema
o Fever, vesicle on the
tongue, hard palate,
dental pad, etc.
o “Tiger heart” lesion in the
heart
o Transmission is via direct or
indirect contact or via
ingestion of
contaminated feeds
o Only affects swine
o Vesicle on the feet, snout and
in the mouth
o Affected pigs do not lose
condition and lesions
heal rapidly compared to
other vesicular disease
o Clinical signs include
fever, formation of
vesicles on the snout,
oral mucosa, soles of the feet,
coronary bands, and between
the toes
o Transmitted via direct
contact and ingestion of
contaminated feeds
o Can also affect cattle,
primates, marine
mammals, reptiles, and
rabbits
4. Which of the following is not an arthropod-borne
infection?
A. ASF
B. Vesicular stomatitis viral infection
C. Canine parvo virus
D. Equine infectious anemia
6. Which of the following does not produce respiratory
disease?
A. Infectious bronchitis virus
 B. Rotavirus
C. Feline calicivirus
D. Apthovirus
and weight loss complex
Infectious ▪High morbidity o Affects the lining of the mouth
o Targets the villi in the
bronchitis intestinal epithelium and the lungs
▪Coughing, sneezing, leading to epithelial leading to pulmonary
detachment, villus edema and pneumonia o
▪Enveloped, ds, RNA tracheal rales atrophy, and Difficult to distinguish from
malabsorption. feline viral
virus Rotavirus rhinotracheitis
Feline Calicivirus (herpesvirus)
▪Only causes clinical o Can also produce “limping
o Mainly causes GI disease in
cases in chickens mammals and birds o Non-enveloped, SS, RNA syndrome”
o Clinicals signs include virus
▪Shed via respiratory watery diarrhea, o Part of the feline FMD
dehydration, anorexia, respiratory disease
discharges and feces o Primarily affects cloven
 hoofed animals
o Transmission is via
contact with infected
animals or their secretion,
aerosol via respiratory
secretions, and sharing of
feed with infected
animals
o Very high morbidity, but rare
fatalities except in young
animals
o Primary site of replication is
the mucosa of the
pharynx
o Fever, vesicle on the
tongue, hard palate,
dental pad, etc.
o “Tiger heart” lesion in the
heart

5. Which of the following does not produce respiratory

disease?
A. Infectious bronchitis virus
B. Rotavirus
C. Feline calicivirus
D. Apthovirus
 6. Which of the following is transmitted via semen? A.
Bovine leukosis virus
B. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
C. Ebola virus
D. All of the above
Bovine leukosis virus blood or blood products Infectious bovine
▪Bodily fluids may also serve as rhinotracheitis
▪retroviridae
sources of infection o Caused by bovine herpes virus
▪Causes enzootic ▪Presence of 1
bovine leukosis o May cause respiratory and
lymphosarcoma on the skin or reproductive
▪Infection is mainly thru transfer of thymus signs.
o More severe in young calves o Filoviridae infected animals and with body
o Transmitted via o Affects humans and nonhuman fluids,
contact with fluids and artificial primates contaminated
insemination o Transmitted via contact with objects.
Ebola virus
6. Which of the following is transmitted via semen? A.
Bovine leukosis virus
B. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
C. Ebola virus
D. All of the above
7. The characteristics of the host to succumb to infection?
A. Virulence
B. Resistance
C. Susceptibility
D. Pathogenicity
8. Sow with porcine parvovirus may be manifested by? A.
Embryonic death
B. Infertility
C. Stillbirths
D. All of the above
Porcine parvovirus
o Enveloped, dsDNA
o Primarily infects naïve gilts or with high passive antibody
titers
o S(stillbirth), M (mummification), ED (embryonic death),
and I (infertility)
8. Sow with porcine parvovirus may be manifested by? A.
Embryonic death
B. Infertility
C. Stillbirths
D. All of the above
9. Which of the following is true?
A. Chicken anemia virus is under the family anelloviridae
B. Mink enteritis virus and canine parvo virus do not cause
similar signs
C. Fowlpox virus is a herpes virus
D. None of the above
Chicken anemia virus ▪ Nonenveloped, ss, DNA virus ▪ Anemia, decreased weight gain,
 immunosuppression in young
birds.
▪ Feco-oral,
respiratory droplets, and through
feather follicle epithelium
▪ Atrophy of the
thymus, spleen, and bursa of
Fabricius
Mink enteritis virus
9. Which of the following is true?
A. Chicken anemia virus is under the family anelloviridae
o Causes Aleutian disease or with blood, saliva, and feces)
mink Fowlpox virus
plasmacytosis
o Parvoviridae
o Clinical signs include poor o Transmitted via contact with
reproductive skin
performance, abrasions or lesions, mechanical
foetoxicity, renail vectors
failure and uremia, such as mosquito
oral and GI bleeding, diarrhea and biting insects,
o Vertical and horizontal transmission and aerosol.
(direct contact and contact o Nodular lesions on the unfeathered
skin
B. Mink enteritis virus and canine parvo virus do not cause
similar signs
C. Fowlpox virus is a herpes virus
D. None of the above
10. Porcine epidemic diarrhea in under which family? A.
Parvoviridae
B. Retroviridae
C. Coronaviridae
D. Reoviridae
Porcine epidemic diarrhea
o Family Coronaviridae together with transmissible
gastroenteritis virus
o Transmitted via direct contact or via fomites o Destroys
the villus enterocytes of the jejunum and ileum resulting to
villous atrophy, malabsorption, and osmotic diarrhea
10. Porcine epidemic diarrhea in under which family? A.
Parvoviridae
B. Retroviridae
C. Coronaviridae
D. Reoviridae
11. Candida albicans is a yeast that?
A. Can grow on some bacteriological media and can cause
opportunistic infections
B. Found only in the gastrointestinal tract C.
Does not produce germ tubes
D. Is encapsulated
 Candidiasis
• Aka moniliasis, thrush, candidomycosis
• Most common opportunistic fungal infection
• caused by Candida albicans resulting to localized mucocutaneous or
disseminated disease
• The agent normally lives on the skin, in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina.
• Constitutes about 80.4% of
fungal infections in the Philippines
in 2016 (Juayang et al., 2019)
• Other species: C. glabrata, C.
 parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and
C. krusei
Source: annarborholistichealth.com

Disease in Humans
Oral thrush or Oropharyngeal candidiasis •
Common in babies and those with dentures
• Symptoms:
o White patches on the inner cheeks,
tongue, roof of the mouth, and
throat
 o Soreness
o Loss of taste o Pain while swallowing
CDC, 2021

Disease in Humans
Vaginal candidiasis
• Aka vaginal yeast infection,
vulvovaginal candidiasis, or candida
vaginitis
• Symptoms:
 o Itchiness
o Pain when urinating
o Abnormal vaginal discharge
CDC, 2021

Disease in Humans
Invasive candidiasis
• Serious infection
• Affects the blood, heart, brain, eyes, and
bones
• Usually a secondary disease
• Symptoms:
o Fever
o Chills o Related to affected organ
CDC, 2021

Disease
in
Animals
Poultry
 • Aka crop mycosis or sour crop
• Most commonly affected
animal
• Targets the oral mucosa,
esophagus, and crop
• Listless and reduced feed
intake and growth rate circular ulcers in
• Presence of a the mucosa
CDC, 2021
pseudomembrane or white,
Source: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/poultry/candidiasis/candidiasis-in-poultry
 Disease in Animals
Dogs Fungemia and peritonitis
Cats Rare, pyothorax, ocular lesions, intestinal disease, urocystitis,
oral and upper respiratory disease
Horses Arthritis
Cattle Mastitis and abortion
Pigs Infection of the mucosa of the intestine
Diagnosis
• Microscopic examination of
stained (Gram staining or
Calcofluor white) specimens
from mucocutaneous lesions
• Immunodiffusion test
• PCR
• ELISA
Source: annarborholistichealth.com
-

Treatment
Humans Echinocandin (IV), fluconazole, amphotericin B
Animals Nystatin (110mg/kg in feed), copper sulphate (1:2000 in drinking
water), amphotericin B, 1% iodine solution,
fluconazole, itraconazole
 Prevention and Control
• Isolate and treat infected animals
• Quarantine new stocks
• Wear appropriate PPE
• Personal hygiene
• Improve sanitation and disinfection programs o
Sodium hypochlorite
o Benzalconium chloride
11. Candida albicans is a yeast that?
A. Can grow on some bacteriological media and can cause
 opportunistic infections
B. Found only in the gastrointestinal tract C.
Does not produce germ tubes
D. Is encapsulated
12. Antitoxin and antiserum vaccines? A.
Stimulate the body to create antibodies B. Last
at least 1 year
C. Create passive immunity
D. Should not be given to pregnant animals
 Passive vs. active immunization
o Passive
▪ Immediate,
but
temporary
immunity
o Active
▪ May be slow,
but long
 lasting immunity

Ref: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-11-animal-physiology/111-antibod
production-and/types-of-immunity.html
53

Live vs. killed vaccine

54
Ref: https://basicmedicalkey.com/viral-vaccines/
Modern vaccine technology
Category Definition
I Contains inactivated recombinant organisms or purified antigens from
recombinant organisms
II Contains live organisms that contain gene deletions or heterologous
marker genes
III Contain live expression vectors expressing heterologous genes for
immunizing antigens or other stimulants
IV Polynucleotide vaccines
 55

Category I Category II
 56
Ref: Tizard, I. 2013. Veterinary Immunology. 9th ed. USA: Elsevier, Inc.

Category III Category IV

 57
Ref: Tizard, I. 2013. Veterinary Immunology. 9th ed. USA: Elsevier, Inc.

12. Antitoxin and antiserum vaccines? A.

Stimulate the body to create antibodies B. Last
at least 1 year
C. Create passive immunity
D. Should not be given to pregnant animals
13. Which antibody class is produced during the secondary
immune response?
A. IgM
B. IgG
C. IgA
D. IgE
Antibodies
o Secreted by B cells
and plasma cells to
rapidly destroy
antigens
o Hypervariable region:
forms
antigen binding site
o Hinge region: flexibility of Ab
molecule
Antibodies
1. IgG
o Has the highest
concentration in blood;
smallest size
o Binds to specific antigens
causing clumping and
opsonization
o May activate the classical
complement pathway
Antibodies
2. IgM
o Has the second highest
concentration in blood;
largest size
o Major Ig in primary
immune response
o More efficient than IgG at
complement activation,
opsonization, virus
neutralization, and
agglutination
Antibodies
3. IgA
o S component protects
IgA from intestinal
proteases o Major Ig in
the external secretions of
nonruminants o Cannot
activate the classical
complement pathway or
act in opsonization
o Capable of agglutination,
virus neutralization, and
preventing microbial
invasion
Antibodies
4. IgE
o Present in extremely low
concentration in serum
o Triggers acute inflammation by
 binding to receptors on mast
cells and basophils
o Mediates type 1 hypersensitivity
and immune response against
parasitic infection
o Shortest half-life

Antibodies
5. IgD
o Documented in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, rodents, and
bony fish
 o Usually attached in
B cells
o High structural
variations
o Highly susceptible
to mild heat
treatment and
proteases
13. Which antibody
class is produced during the secondary immune response?
A. IgM
B. IgG
C. IgA
D. IgE
14. Viruses are?
A. The smallest form of life B. Never
found outside of the host C. Obligate
intracellular parasites D. Always
difficult to disinfect
 What are viruses?
• Obligate intracellular
parasites
• Do not possess
standard cellular
organelles
• Lack all metabolic
capabilities for
reproduction
• Virion: complete virus existing • Prions: proteinaceous infectious
in the extracellular space particles about 27-30kDa
14. Viruses are?
A. The smallest form of life B. Never
found outside of the host C. Obligate
intracellular parasites D. Always
difficult to disinfect
15. Why is a second vaccine administered to elicit a
secondary immune response in a patient?
A. To stimulate production of more phagocytes B. To
stimulate the production of an increased IgM antibody titer
C. To cause the patient to produce acquired artificial passive
immunity
D. To result in a stronger, faster immunity by causing a
secondary immune response
16. All of the following are zoonotic except? A.
Orf
B. Blue tongue
 C. Leptospirosis
D. Erysipelas
Transmission

Sour

ce: sciencedirect.com Source: sciclub.yenepoya.res.in

60 days

• Mode of transmission:
contact with urine, water, soil,
and food • Bacteria enter through
skin, wound, or mucous
membranes
Transmission
of
 Airborne

ngest o
I i n

Direct
contact

Orf virus
o Parapoxvirus from poxviridae
o Primarily infects sheep and goats, but can also infect
humans
o Causes sore mouth, scabby mouth, or contagious ecthyma
o Lesions are scabby sores around the lips, muzzle, and in
the mouth
o Transmitted via direct contact and fomites
Bluetongue
o Non-contagious viral disease (reoviridae) of ruminants
that is transmitted via biting midges o Higher infection rate
in cattle than sheep o Minor routes of transmission include
semen and vertical transmission
o Not zoonotic
o CS: fever, hemorrhage and ulceration of the oral and nasal
tissue, ptyalism, profuse diarrhea, vomiting, abortion
16. All of the following are zoonotic except? A.
Orf
B. Blue tongue
C. Leptospirosis
D. Erysipelas
17. Leptospirosis is mainly passed through contact with?
A. Skin of infected animal
B. Infective urine
C. Aerosolized discharges
D. Fomites
18. Campylobacter spp. are bacteria that? A. Do not grow
well on usual microbiology media B. Can be presumptively
identified on gram stain by their shape
C. Are anaerobic
D. Both a and b
 Gram-negative
Bacterial Pathogen
1. Campylobacteriosis
oCommonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni
subsp. jejuni and C. coli which may cause
self-limiting disease
oCommon in younger individuals
oAsymptomatic carrier is possible
oSources: poultry and red meat, raw milk,
 seafood, and drinking water
oCharacteristics of the agent:
1. T: 37-45°C 2. O: microaerophilic
3. pH: 6.5-7.5 4. Salt-sensitive
Gram-negative Bacterial Pathogen
1. Campylobacteriosis
oOther sequelae: reactive arthritis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, hemolytic
uremic syndrome
oPrevention and control: