It takes/took (sb) + time + to do something (Ai đó dành/mất bao nhiêu thời gian để làm việc gì)

S + spend + time/money + V-ing. ( Dành bao nhiêu thời gian/tiền bạc vào việc gì.)

S + spend + time/money + on + N.

How long + does + it + take + (pro) noun + toinfinitive …?

1. He spent lots of time doing this experiment

It took him lots of time to do this experiment.

2. Anna spent three days visiting VN.

It took Anna three days to visit VietNam.

3. Last week , she spent 2 days tidying her room.

It took her two days to tidy her room.

4. They used to go to school in half an hour.

It took them half an hour to go to school.

5. I walk to school in 20 minutes everyday.

It takes me 20 minutes to walk to school every day

6. It takes Jess 30 minutes to remove her makeup everyday.

Jess spends 30 minutes removing her makeup everyday

7. Son Naeun spent 5 days visiting Danang.

It took Son Naeun 5 days to visiting Danang

8. She spends 20 minutes washing her dog every week.

It takes her 20 minutes to wash her dog every week

9. It took him twelve hours to fly from Hanoi to London.

He spent twelve hours flying from Hanoi to London

10. We often spend 30 minutes reviewing our lesson before class.

It takes us 30 minutes to review our lesson before class

11. It takes me (30 minutes) to go to school. (Make question)

How long does it take you to go to school ?

12. It took me two hours to get to vinh city by car

I spent two hours getting to Vinh city by car

13. I had to spend the whole evening finishing my work

It took me the whole evening to finish my work

S + understand + clause

S + tobe aware of + clause

1. Do you understand the grammar structure ?

-> Are you aware of the grammar structure ?

2. I understand what you said

-> I am aware of what you said

Like = tobe interested in = enjoy = tobe keen on = tobe fond of + N/Ving: thích, đam mê cái gì

1. She likes politics

-> She is interested in politics

2. I am fond of watching football

-> I am keen on watching football

Chỉ sự nhượng bộ :

Mệnh đề: S + V + O although/even though/though (mặc dù) + S + V + O

Cụm từ: S + V + O in spite of/ despite Ving/ N/ N phrase.

Chỉ nguyên nhân:

Mệnh đề: S + V + O because (bởi vì) + S + V + O.

Cụm từ: S + V + O because of Ving/N/ N phrase.

1) Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề là giống nhau: Bỏ chủ ngữ đi, biến đổi động từ về dạng Ving.

Ex: Although Hai is handsome, he has got no girlfriend yet.

–> In spite of being handsome, Hai has got no girlfriend yet.
2) Mệnh đề có cấu trúc Although/though/even though + N (danh từ) + be + adj, S + V + O: bỏ
be, đảo adj nên trước N

Ex: Although the rain was heavy, Ngoc Sang still came to see Cuc.

–> Despite the heavy rain, Ngoc Sang still came to see Cuc.

3) Mệnh đề có cấu trúc Although S (đại từ) + be + adj, S + V + O: đổi đại từ về dạng sở hữu, bỏ
be, đổi tính từ về danh từ.

Ex: Although Quynh is charming, Hai still ignores her to come to Luyen

–> In spite of Quynh’s charm, Hai still ignores her to come to Luyen

4) Mệnh đề có dạng Although + S + V + adv: đổi S thành sở hữu, chuyển adv thành adj, đổi V
thành N.

Ex: Though Quyet behaved badly, Mr. CVA did not take it into his mind.

–> In spite of Quyet’s bad behavior, Mr. CVA did not take it into his mind

5) Mệnh đề có dạng Although there be N, S + V + O : bỏ “there be” đi.

Ex: Although there was an accident, the traffic went smoothly.

–> In spite of an accident, the traffic went smoothly.

6) Mẹo: thêm “the fact that S + V + O” vào sau In spite of/Despite/Because of. (cái này không
khuyến khích nhé)

Ex: Although I admire her achievements, I do not like her

–> In spite of the fact that I admire her achievement, I do not like her.

7) Khi sử dụng để chỉ thời tiết Although it be adj: bỏ “it be”, đổi adj thành “the N”

Ex: Although it was rainy, we still went out for a picnic.

–> In spite of the rain, we still went out for a picnic

8) Phía sau although là bị động –> chuyển thành cấu trúc “the + N + of + N”

Ex: Though the book is edited, it has so many mistakes

–> In spite of the edition of the book, it has so many mistakes.

9. Nếu thấy có sở hữu lẫn nhau => Dùng danh từ dạng sở hữu
Ví dụ: Because I was sad, .... => Because of my sadness, ...

Ví dụ: Because he acted badly, ... => Because of his bad action, ... (trạng từ đổi thành tính từ)

1. Although Nam is not an intelligent student, he can learn very fast.

=> Despite / In spite of not being an intelligent student, he can learn very fast
2. Because Hoa was rich, she could buy that house.
=> Because of Hoa’s richness, she could buy that house
3. Because the rain was so heavy, I couldn't go to school.
=> Because of the heavy rain, I couldn’t go to school
4. His father asked him to go stay at home because he was sick.
=> Because of his sickness, his father asked him to go to stay at home
5. Because there was an accident, I was late.
=> Because of an accident, I was late
6. She failed the University entrance exam because her grades were bad.
=> Because of her bad grades, she failed the University entrance exam
7. Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful business man.
=> Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful business man
8. Because of the cheap price, my wife insists on buying the Tivi.
=> Because the price is cheap, my wife insists on buying the Tivi
9. Although it was raining heavily, we still went to school.
=> Despite / In spite of heavy rain, we still went to school
10. Because I studied hard, I passed the exam.
=> Because of studying hard, I passed the exam
11. Because it is rain, we stopped the match
-> because of the rain, we stopped the match

12. Because Tom was ill, he is absent today

-> because of his illness, he is absent today

13. Because she is kind, everyone loves her

-> because of her kindness, everyone loves her

14. Because I was too tired, I will have a long trip

-> because my tiredness, I will have a long trip

15. Because he passed the exam, his parent very proud of him
-> because his exam passing, his parent very proud of him

16. The house is dirty so I can’t feel comfortable

-> because of the house’s dirt, I can’t feel comfortable

17. She is a beautiful girl so her husband very loves her

-> because of her beautiful, her husband very loves her
18. It’s hot so we will travel to the beach this weekend
-> because of hot, we will travel to the beach this weekend

19. This problem is difficult so I can’t understand

-> because of the problem’s difficult, I can’t understand

20. I got mark 10 in Math exam so I am very happy today

-> because of the Math exam 10 mark, I am very happy today

1. Although he has a very important job, he isn’t particularly well-paid.

-> In spite of having a very important job, he isn’t particularly well-paid

2. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph.
-> Despite having never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph

3. She wasn’t wearing the coat although it was quite cold.

In spite of the cold weather, she wasn’t wearing the coat

4. We thought we’d better invite them to the party although we don’t like them very much.
Despite not liking them very much, we thought we’d …..

5. Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to make myself understand.

In spite of not speaking the language, I managed to ……

6. Although the heat was on, the room wasn’t warm.

Despite the heat, the room wasn’t warm

7. I didn’t recognize her although I’d met her twice before.

In spite of having met her twice before, I didn’t …….

8. We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time.
Despite having known each other a long time, we’re not very ……

9. Although Minh was ill, he still came to the meeting.

In spite of Minh’s illness, he still came to the meeting

10. Although he promised that he wouldn’t be late, he didn’t arrive until 9 o’clock.
Despite promising that he wouldn’t be late, he didn’t arrive …..

11. Although the salary was low, he accepted the job.

Despite the low salary, he ………

12. In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends.

Though they often quarrel, they remain ………..

13. In spite of the bad weather, they went out for dinner.
Although the weather was bad, they went …….

14. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.

Even though he is old, he still ……………
15. In spite of his hard work, he failed his exam.
Though Ba worked hard, he failed his exam

16. In spite of the heavy rain, we decided to go to see the match.

Although it rained heavy, wa decided …………

17. Although they lost, the home team played very well.
Despite their losing, the home ……..

18. Even though it was raining, I still went to school on time.

In spite of the rain, I rain, I still ……………..

19. Although she isn’t brilliant, she studies quite well.

Despite not? being brilliant, she ………

20. She isn’t brilliant but she studies quite well.

Despite not being brilliant, she studies quite well

Succeed in doing sth = manage to do sth: thành công trong lĩnh vực nào đó

1. We succeed in digging the Panama cannel

-> we manage to dig the Panama cannel

2. I succeed in learning in Enghlish

-> I manage to learn in Enghlish

S + tobe/V + too + adj/adv ( for Sb ) to do sth

-> quá … để làm
S+ tobe + adj + enough + ( for O ) + to_V
-> He isn’t tall enough to play basketball
S + V + adv + enough + ( for O ) + to V
-> They spoke slowly enough for me to understand
S + V + enough + N + ( for O ) + to V
-> I have enough time to do this exercise
S + tobe/V + so + adj/adv + that Clause = S + V + such (a/an) + adj + N + that + Clause
-> quá đến nỗi mà
S + V + so + adv + that + Clause ( S + V )

1. she is too young to get maried

-> she is not old enough to get married
2. she is so beautiful that everybody loves her
-> she is such a beautiful that everybody loves her
1. It was such an expensive house that nobody can buy it.
→ The house was so expensive that nobody can buy it
2. The food was so good that we ate all of it.
→ It was such good food that we ate all of it

3. The patient was too weak to get up.

→ The patient was so weak that he couldn’t get up

4. This room is too dark for me to study.

→ This room is so dark that I can’t study

5. This room is too small for us to take the meeting

→ This room isn’t large enough for us to take the meeting

6. The test was so difficult that we couldn’t do it.

→ The test was not easy enough for us to do.

7. The map is so old that I couldn’t read it.

→ The map is too old to read it.

8. He spoke so fast that we couldn’t hear him well

→ He didn’t speak slowly enough for us to hear well

1. He is too old to wear this colored shirt.

-> he isn’t young enough to wear this colored shirt

2. She is too weak to carry this box.

-> She isn’t strong enough to carry this box

3. This pen is too expensive for me to buy.

-> This pen isn’t cheap enough for me to buy

4. Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said.

-> Bill was’t intelligent enough to understand what I had said

5. This bag is too heavy for her to carry.

-> This bag isn’t light enough for her to carry

1. The bag was very heavy. She couldn't carry it.

-> The bag was too heavy for her to carry.

2. He is very old. He can't run.

-> He is too old to run

3. She is very young. She can't go to school

-> she is young to go to school
4. It's very late. We can't go to the movies.
-> It’s too late for us to go to the movies

6. Those lessons are very difficult. He can't understand them.

-> those lessons are so difficult that he can’t understand

7. She was very busy. She couldn't do the housework.

-> she was so busy that she couldn’t do the housework

8. The climate was very bad. All the plants couldn't grow well.
-> The climat was so bad that all the plants couldn’t grow well

4. It was a long walk. The children got tired.

-> It was such a long walk that the children got tired

5. He told interesting stories. They all like him.

-> he told such interesting stories that they all like him

6. The boy made rapid progress. It surprised everybody.

-> the boy made such rapid progress that it surprised everybody

Prefer (sb) to do sth = S1 + would rather + S2 + (not ) + V sth: thích, muốn ai đó làm gì

Would + S + rather + (S2) + V

I prefer you (not) to smoke here

I prefer to smoke here

I would rather you (not) smoke here

Prefer doing sth to doing sth = Would rather (not) + N/V than do sth =

Like sth/doing sth better than sth/doing sth: thích làm gì hơn làm gì

She prefer staying at home to going out

She’d rather stay at home than go out

1. We would like you to do the work yourself.

-> we would rather you did the work yourself

Can = tobe able to = tobe possible

S + can + V = S + to be +able to + V = S + to be + capable of + V-ing

(Ai đó có thể làm gì)
S + had + hardly + V2 when/before + S + Vpast = S + had + no sooner + V2 + than + S + past

Đảo ngữ:

Hardly + had + S + V2 when + S + Vpast = No sooner + had + S + V2 than S + Vpast

ngay sau khi ……. Thì ……..

1. Hardly had I left the house when he appeared

-> No sooner had I left the house than he appeared

2. No sooner had he left the library than the phone rang

-> Hardly had he left the library when the phone rang

3. I had only just put the book down when Linda came
-> Hardly had I just put the book down when Linda came

4. No sooner had Bill and his parents came back than it started raining.
-> Hardly had Bill and his parents came back when it started raining

Câu điều kiện loại 1 dùng để diễn tả những sự việc có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
và kết quả của nó

If + S + V, S + will/ moder verbs + V

-> If you don’t hurry, you will miss the bus.

Câu điều kiện loại 2 được sử dụng để diễn tả những tình huống không có thật, không thể xảy ra
trong tương lai và giả định kết quả nếu nó có thể xảy ra.

If + S + V2, S + would + V
-> If the weather wasn’t so bad, we could go to the park
-> If I was the Queen of England, I might give everyone a chicken.
-> I would be working in Italy if I spoke Italian.

Câu điều kiện loại 3 được sử dụng để diễn tả những sự việc không xảy ra trong quá khứ và xác định
kết quả nếu nó đã xảy ra. Cấu trúc câu này thường ám chỉ sự tiếc nuối hoặc lời trách móc.

If + S + had + V3, S + would + have + V3

-> If I had worked harder I could have passed the exam

-> If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake
Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp diễn tả những sự việc trái ngược với sự thật đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và
giả định kết quả nếu những điều này thực sự đã xảy ra. Những kết quả này sẽ trái với sự thật ở
hiện tại.

If + S + had + V3, S + would + V

-> If I had studied I would have my driving license.

-> I could be a millionaire now if I had taken that job.

Trong câu điều kiện có mệnh đề phụ ở dạng phủ định, chúng ta có thể dùng “unless” thay cho
“if not…”

I will buy you a new laptop if you don’t let me down.

-> I will buy you a new laptop unless you let me down

I will go to Cao Bang tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.

-> I will go to Cao Bang tomorrow unless it rain

If he wasn't very ill, he would be at work.

-> He would be at work unless he was very ill

She would not be late for the bus if she didn’t forget his luggage
-> She would not be late for the bus unless she forgot his luggage.

They would have shot her if she hadn't given them the money.
-> they would have shot her unless she’d given them the money

1. Stop talking or you will wake the children up.

→ If you keep talking, you will wake the children up

2. I lost her number, so I didn’t ring her up.

→If I hadn’t lost her number, I would have rung her up

3. Mary got lost because she didn’t have a map.

→ If she had had a map, Mary would haven’t got lost

4. Linda felt sick because she ate lots of cakes.

→ If she hadn’t eaten lots of cakes, Linda would have felt sick

5. June is so fat because of his eating so many chips.

→ If his didn’t eat so many chips, June wouldn’t be fat

6. If Peter didn’t study hard, he could not get good marks.

-> Unless Peter studied hard, he could not get good marks

7. If you don’t return this book to the library today, you’ll have to pay a fine.
-> Unless you return this book to the library to day, you’ll have to pay a fine
Mệnh đề quan hệ

trường hợp không dùng that:

- trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định

- sau giới từ

Ex: Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam, has been developing rapidly in recent years

1. He worked for a woman. She used to be an artist

-> he worked for a woman who used to be an artist

2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby

-> they called a doctor who lived nearby

3. The man is in the class. He is wearing a blue hat

-> the man who is wearing a blut hat is in the class

4. The man is her father. You met him last week

-> the man whom you met last week is her father

5. In this house, his wife died in 1752. Her name was Elizabeth Porter
-> in this house, his wife whose name was Elizabeth Porter, died in 1752

6. That’s the man. His car is a Ferrari

-> that’s the man whose car is a Ferrari

7. The man is a director. His dog is sick

-> the man whose dog is sick, is a director

8. In 1737, Johnson moved to London. There he wrote poetry, essays and biographies.
-> in 1737, Jonson moved to London where he worte ………..

CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT

This – that

These – those

Here – there

Now – then / at the time

Today – that day

Yesterday – that day before / that previous day

The day before yesterday – two days before

Tomorrow – the next day / the following day

Ago – before

This week – that week

Last week – the week before

Next week – the following week – the next week

1. My mother said: “You are a kind and polite girl.”

-> my mother said that I was a kind and polite girl

2. He said to me: “I very love my girlfriend.”

-> he told me that he very loved his girlfriend

3. Rose said: “When do you visit my hometown again?”

-> Rose wanted to known when I visited her hometown again

4. Tom said "Where can I find Lisa?’’

-> Tom asked where he could find Lisa

5. Lisa said to Ben "Did you see Tom this morning?"

-> Lisa asked Ben If he had seen Tom that morning

6. Will Jen come to the party next week?

-> He asked If Jen would come to the party the following week

7. Have you done your homework?

-> My mother asked me whether I had done my homework

8. “ Please cook a meal for me, Mary.” Mary’s boyfriend said

-> Mary’s boyfriend told her to cook a meal for him

9. “Don’t open the window in my room.” Jack said

-> Jack told me to not open the window im his room

10. She said: “If I can study in this school, I will be become a good student.”
-> She said that If she could study in that school, she would be become a good student

11. “ If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.” My friend said

-> My friend said If he was me, he wouldn’t do that

12. She said: “I’ll take you to school tomorrow, Jack”

-> She told Jack that she would take him to school the next day.

13. “How long are you planning to study in Australia?” my roommate asked
-> My roomamate asked me how long I was planning to study in Australia
14. “Don’t turn on the indoor heater when nobody is there.” March’s mother said
-> March’s mother told him to turn on the indoor heater when nobody was there

It’s + (not)+ ADJ (for someone) + “to V_infi + (O)”

= S + find it + (not) + ADJ + “to V_infi + (O)”

1. It’s very important for players to follow the rules.

-> Players find it very important to follow the rules

2. It’s necessary for us to learn English nowadays.

-> we find it necessary to learn E nowadays

3. It’s not easy for me to understand one person.

-> I find it not easy ( uneasy ) to understand one person

4. It’s wrong to talk back to your parents

-> I find it wrong to talk back to your parents

5. It’s very interesting for us to watch this film

-> I find it very interesting to watch this film

Unless + S + be +…. + clause 2

= If + S + be + not + …, clause 2
Unless + S + V +…. + clause 2
= If + S + do/did + not + V_infi +.., clause 2

6. Unless you are over 15 you can’t see this film.

If you aren’t over15, you can’t see this film

7. Unless you drive fast you will be really late.

If you don’t drive fast, you will …….

8. We usually go for a walk after supper unless there’s a good film on TV.
We usually go for a walk after supper, there isn’t a good film on TV

9. You can’t go abroad unless you have a passport.

You can’t go abroad, you don’t have a passport

10. Unless she comes tonight I don’t see her until after my holiday.
If she doesn’t come tonight, I don’t see ………..

S + have/has + not + V_ed/c3 + O + before.

= This is the first time + S + have/has + V_ed/c3 + O.

1. We haven’t tried this seafood before.

This is the first time we have tried this seafood
2. She hasn’t visited an Internet café before.
This is the first time she has visited an Internet café
 S + have/has + never + V_ed/c3 + “…” before.
= This is the first time + S + have/has + V_ed/c3 + “...” .

3. They have never been to the Caribbean islands before.

This is the first time they have been to the Caribbean islands

4. He have never seen a science fiction film before.

This is the first time he has seen a science fiction film

Despite/Inspite of + Noun/ Noun phrase, “clause”.

= Although/Though + clause, “clause”. (chia theo thì của “clause”)
= “clause” + although/though + clause (chia theo thì của “clause”)

6. Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

Although it rained, we enjoyed ........

7. Despite his English name, he is in fact German.

Though he has English name, he is ….....

8. Despite her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village.

Though she had an injured foot, she managed ……….
= Though her foot was injured, she managed ………..

9. We lost the match despite being the better team.

We lost the match though / although we were the better team.

10. Despite of the wind, our boat came to the shore safely.
Although the wind was strong, our boat came to the shore safely.
= Although it was windy, our boat came to the shore safely.

S + (will) +V + O ……

= S + (will) + be + V_ed/cột 3 ….. by O (“be” theo thì)

1. They will finish the new road in July.

The new road will be finished in July

2. My friend Andrew took photographs of animals and birds.

Photographs of animals and birds were taken by my friend Andrew.

3. People mainly speak English in Australia.

English is mainly spoken in Australia.

4. Ann was driving much too fast, and the police stopped her.
Ann was driving much too fast, and she was stopped by the police

5. A tall woman in a uniform took our passports.

Our passports were taken by a tall woman in a uniform.
6. People never invite me to parties
I am never invited to paries

7. How do they make butter ?

How is butter made ?

8. They didn’t invite me to the party

I wasn’t invited to the party

9. When did they build these houses ?

When were these houses built ?

10. They are building some new houses near the river
Some new houses are being built near the river

11. When I was here a few years ago, they were building a new airport
When I was here a few years ago, a new airport was being built

12. Look ! They have painted the door

Look! The door has been painted

13. Tina said that somebody had stolen her car

Tina said that her car had been stolen

14. They are going to build a new airport

A new airport is going to be built

15. They had to take the injured man to hospital

The injured man had to be taken to hospital

16. Somebody has to wash these clothes

These clothes have to be washed

S1 + be not + as ADJ as + S2
= S2 + be + Short ADJ- “er” + than S1
= S2 + be + more + long ADJ + than S1

6. My sweater isn’t as expensive as your shoes.

Your shoes are more expensive than mysweater.

7. Dogs are not as sensitive as cats.

Cats are sensitive dogs.

Nobody/ Nothing/ No “Noun” (…)+ is better/ short ADJ-“er”… than O

= S + be + the best/ the short ADJ-“est” + Noun (…)

8. Nobody in our class is better at English than him.

He is the best student at English in our class.
9. No car is faster than this one.
This is the fastest car

Nobody/ Nothing/ No “Noun” (…)+ is as long ADJ as + O

= S + be + the sw + long ADJ (…)

10. No means of transport is as comfortable as the train.

The train is the most comfortable means of transport.

S + told/ advised/ asked + me/ her/ him/ them/ us/ you +(not) to V_infi …

1. You don’t have to work so hard.

Mary’s mother told her not to work so hard

2. You should give up smoking.

The doctor advised me to give up smoking.

3. You’d better wear a coat.

He advised me to wear a coat

4. Please keep silent in the classroom!

The teacher told us to keep silent in the classroom.

5. Sue, please give me your phone number!

Eric asked Sue to him her phone number

* “Clause”, S said/ “asked her/him/them/me/you”

= S said (that) “Clause (lùi 1 thì)”
= S + asked her/him/them/me/you “Clause (lùi 1 thì)”
= S + asked her/him/them/me/you if/wether she/he/they/I/you …

6. ‘I hardly ever go out these days’, Charlie said

Charlie said that he hardly ever went out these days

7. ‘We have been married for 20 years’, they said

They said that they had been married for 20 years

8. ‘Where do you live?’ the policeman asked her

The policeman asked her where she lived

9. ‘Do you have a driving license?’ the policeman asked her

The policeman asked her if she had a driving license

10. ‘Can you speak any foreign languages?’ the taxi-driver asked me
The taxi-driver asked me if I could speak any foreign languages
 “Clause” + because + S + V + (O)
= “Clause” + because of + {my/his/her/its/ their/ your/our + ADJ + N/ V_ing}
= “Clause” + because of + N/ N phrase)

1. Paul had a terrible accident because he was driving too fast.

Paul had a terrible accident because of his fast driving

2. He couldn’t follow us because he was very old.

He couldn’t follow us because of his old age

3. The match was postponed because it rained heavily.

The match was postponed because of the heavy rain

4. Their new product didn’t sell well because it had poor quality.
Their new product didn’t sell well because of its poor quality.

5. I couldn’t attend the meeting because I was ill.

I couldn’t attend the meeting because of my illness.

S + be + too ADJ1 + “to V_infi + ADV”.

= “S + be” + not ADJ2 + enough + “to V_infi + ADV”.

6. My daughter is too young to live alone.

My daughter is not old enough to live alone.

7. The woman was too old to run fast.

The woman was not young enough to run fast.

8. I’m too poor to help you with the money.

I’m not rich enough to help you with money.

9. The room is too small for three people to live in.

The room is not big enough for three people to live in.

10. My grandmother is too old to travel by herself.

My grandmother is not young enough to travel by herself

“clause 1” + so + “clause 2”.

= “Clause 2” + because + “clause 1”.

1. It was too dark to go on so we camped there.

We camped there because it was too dark to go on.

2. We were too late for the lesson so our teacher was very angry.
Our teacher was very angry because we were too late for the lesson.
3. It is too hot in the room so I open all the windows.
I open all the windows because it is too hot in the room.

4. The wind was very strong so some trees in my garden were uprooted.
Some trees in my garden were uprooted because the wind was very strong.

5. It started to rain so we stopped playing football.

We stopped playing football because it started to rain.

S + be + (not) + interested in + O (Noun/ V_ing).

= S + (don’t/ doesn’t) + like/enjoy + V_ing + O (Noun/ V_ing)
= S + be + (not) + keen on/ fond of + O (Noun/ V_ing)

6. He’s interested in collecting coins.

He’s keen on collecting coins

7. They are interested in talking about politics.

They enjoy talking about politics.

8. She isn’t interested in History.

She doesn’t enjoy History.

9. My son is interested in playing volleyball.

My son is fond of playing volleyball.

10. I’m interested in reading detective stories.

I like reading detective stories.

S + V_ed/c2 + (O) + “....” ago

= S + have/ has + not + V_ed/c3 + (O) + for “…”

S + started/ begun + V_ing + O + time + ago

= S + has/have + V3 + O + for + time

1. I last saw him five years ago.

I haven’t seen him for five years

2. The last time she went out with him was two years ago.
She hasn’t gone out with him for two years

3. The last time he met me was five months ago.

He hasn’t met me for five months

4. I began working here ten years ago.

I have worked/ been working here for ten years
5. It started raining an hour ago.
It has been raining for an hour.

I/ he/ she/ they/ we/ S + enjoy + V_ing + …

= V_ing + …+ give/ gives + me/ him/ her/ them/ us/ S + great pleasure
= It gives me/ him/ her/ them/ us/ S + great pleasure + to V_infi + …

6. They didn’t enjoy visiting the museum.

Visiting the museum didn’t give them great pleasure
= It didn’t give them great pleasure to visit the museum.

7. I enjoy going out at the weekends.

Going out at the weekends gives me great pleasure
= It gives me great pleasure to go out at the weekend.

8. Women enjoy watching Korean films.

Watching Korean films gives women great pleasure
= It gives women great pleasure to watch Korean films.

9. My children enjoy playing computer games.

Playing computer games gives my children great pleasure
= It gives my children great pleasure to play computer.

10. Young people enjoy surfing the Internet.

Surfing the Internet gives young peole great pleasure
= It gives young people great pleasure to surf the Internet

It’s necessary (for s.o) + to V-infi + ……

= S + need/ needs + to V-infi + ……. (giữ nguyên)

1. It isn’t necessary for you to take an umbrella. It is not going to rain.

You don’t need to take an umbrella. It is not going to rain.

2. It’s necessary to repaint your house. The walls are too dirty.
You need to repaint your house . The walls are too dirty.

3. It’s necessary to have a dictionary if you want to learn English better.

You need to have a dictionary if you want to learn English better.

4. It’s necessary for me to get up early every morning.

I need to get up early every morning.

5. It’s necessary to refresh my laptop. It’s too slow.

My laptop needs to be refreshed. It’s too slow.
 People believe that + Clause(mệnh đề/ câu)
= It is believed that + Clause (giữ nguyên mệnh đề phía sau)

6. People believe that there isn’t water in other planets.

It is believed that there isn’t water in other planets.

7. People believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.

8. People believe that many local residents are homeless after the flood.
It is believed that many local residents are homeless after the flood.

9. People believe that there will be more natural disasters in the near future.
It is believed that there will be more natural disasters in the near future.

10. People believe that the wanted man is living in New York.
It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.

1. If John had much money, he could buy that car.

John can’t buy that car because he doesn’t have much money.

2. If I had time, I could learn to play the guitar.

I can’t learn to play the guitar because I don’t have time.

3. We weren’t afraid of the test if we knew much about history.

We are afraid of the test because we don’t know much about history

4. If she had cash, she wouldn’t pay a credit card.

She pays a credit card because she doesn’t have cash.

5. The rice crop could grow if it rained a lot.

The rice crop cannot grow because it doesn’t rain a lot.

6. If he didn’t eat so many chips, he wouldn’t be fat.

He is fat because he eats so many chips.

7. If you got enough fresh air, you wouldn’t be feeling tired.

You are feelingtired because you don’t get enough fresh air.

8. If he liked your friends, he would come to your party.

He won’t come to your party because he doesn’t like your friends.

9. If I had the money, I could buy a new computer.

I can’t buy a new computer because I don’t have the money.
10. If we had tickets, we would go to the concert.
We won’t go to the concert because we have no tickets.

to be good at/ bad at + N/ V-ing: giỏi về.../ kém về...

S + can + V + very well = S + is/am/are + good at + V_ing

1. He can speak Japanese very well.

He is good at speaking Japanses

2. She can remember people’s phone numbers very well.

She is good at remembering people’s phone number

3. I can’t play tennis very well.

I’m not very good at playing tennis

4. My brother can swim very fast.

My brother is good at swimming

5. He can listen to English songs very well.

He is very good at listening to E songs

Make + it + Adj + to V : nghĩa là “làm cho việc gì đó trở nên có tính chất nào đó”

6. Driving in the wet weather is very dangerous.

The wet weather makes it dangerous to drive

7. We were unable to have a picnic because of the heavy rain.

The heavy rain made it impossible for us to have a picnic

8. I was ill so I couldn’t come to your party.

The illness made it impossible for me to come to your party

9. It was very windy so we couldn’t drive faster.

The strong wind made it difficult for us to drive faster

10. It’s difficult for a student to live in a strange city without relatives.
Having no relatives makes it difficult for a student to live in a strange city

V1_ing + O1 + tobe + more Adj than + V2_ing + O2

= V2_ing + O2 + tobe + LESS + Adj than + V1_ing + O1
1. Watching films online is more popular than going to the cinema
-> Going to the cinema is less popular than watching films online

1. I asked “ Where have you first met your boyfriends, Daisy ?’’
-> I asked Daisy Where she had first met her boyfriends.

2. The shirt was too expensive for him to buy

-> The shirt was not cheap enough for him to buy

3 If you don’t water these flowers, they will die

-> Unless you water these flowers, they will die

It + tobe + a/an + N/adj + to + V + O

= V_ing + O + tobe + a/an + N/adj

1. It’s a difficulty to get into work this morning

-> Getting into work this morning was a difficulty

1. Student needs to finish his homework before class

-> It’s necessary for student to finish his homework before class

2. Many students are keen on working in groups

-> Many students are interested in working in groups

3. He said “ I have never been to America ”

-> He said that he had never been to America

4. Travelling by plane is more expensive than travelling by train

-> Travelling by train isn’t as expensive as travelling by plane

5. It isn’t very difficult to get a visa

-> Getting a visa isn’t very difficult

6. The hotel gave us a room with a beautiful view

-> We were given a room with a beautiful view

7. My friends said “ If I were you, I would travel by train”

-> My friends said If he was me, he would travel by train

8. I am not you, so I will not learn a musical instrument

-> If I were you, I would learn a musical instrument
9. You won’t improve if you don’t practice the piano every day
-> You won’t improve unless you practice the piano every day

10. This room isn’t big enough for us to play music in

-> This room is too small for us to play music in

11. It isn’t very easy to get a job where I live

-> Getting a job where I live isn’t very easy

12. It is too cold to surf there with a wetsuit

-> It isn’t warm enough to surf there with a wetsuit

13. Rick surfed at Woolacombe Bay two weeks ago

-> Rick hasn’t surfed at Woolacombe Bay for two weeks.

14. Rick said “I will invite you next time”

-> Rick said that he would invite me the following time
15. My mother will take care of the baby
-> The baby will be taken care of by my mother

16. No one is taller than my sister

-> My sister is the tallest student in the class

17. He asked me “Where are you going”

-> He asked me Where I was going

18. Listening to music all day is wonderful

-> It’s wonderful to listening to music all day

19. You don’t need to write this poem

-> you aren’t necessary to write this poem

20. The secretary said “the Andrew will leave early today”
-> The secretary said the Andrew would leave early that day

21. It’s easier to work in a relaxed office than to work in a stressfull one
-> Working in a relaxed office is easier than to work in a stressfull one

22. My grandfather hasn’t been in hospital before

-> This is the first time my grandfather has been in hospital

23. Although we live in the same street, we hardly ever see each other
-> Despite living in the same street, we hardly ……..

24. Joh’s family started living in this house ten year ago
-> Joh’s family has lived in tthis house for ten years.

It + tobe + adj + to + V + O
= to + V + O + tobe + Adj

1. It is difficult to speak E fluently

-> To speak E fluently is very difficult
S + like/likes + A + better than B
= S + prefer(s) + A to B

1. John likes sports better than Music

-> John prefers sports to Music

S + have/has + not + V3 + O + for a long time

= It’s + a long time + since + S + V2 + O

1. I haven’t attended a concert for a long time

-> It’s a long time since I attended a oncert

The last time, S + V2 + O1 + was + time (in February)

= S + have/has + not + V3 + O1 + since + February

1. The last time, I had a business meeting with him was in February
-> I haven’t had a business meeting with him since February

A lot of = many

There are’t a lot of concerts this month

-> There aren’t many concerts this month

In the period of + time = During + time

1. I might get a job in the period of summer holiday

-> I might get a job during the summer holiday

Near = not far from

1. Rick usually surfs at Woolacombe Bay, which is near his home

-> Rick ……………, which is not far from his home

Few= not many

1. There are few good jobs in this city

-> There are not many good jobs in this city

Don’t + V = you are not allowed to + V

1. Don’t play games on your computer while at work

-> you are not allowed to play games on your computer while at work
V_ing + O + last(ed) + time
= It take ( took ) + O1 + time + to + V + O

1. Flying to Hanoi lasted 45 minutes

-> It took me 45 minutes to fly to Hanoi

Would you like to + V = Shall we + V

1. Would you like to go into town this afternoon ?

-> Shall we go into town this afternoon ?

A + tobe + behind + B
B + tobe + in front of + B

1. The house is behind a little garden

-> A little garden is in front of the house

The last time + S + V2 + … + was + time

= It is/has been + time + since S + last + V2 ……

1. The last time I went to Ho Chi Minh City was ten years ago.
It is/has been ten years since I last went to HCM City.

Adj + as + S + tobe

2. Although he was very tired, he tried to help me with my homework.

Tired as he was, he tired to help me with my homework

It + is/was + such + a/an + adj + N + that + Clause

3. The car is too expensive. I can’t afford it.

It was such an expensive car that I couldn’t afford it

4. It's the first time I've been to New York.

I haven’t been to New York before

Accuse sb of st : buộc tội ai về việc gì

5. “ You damaged my camera", said Hung to his sister.
Hung accused his sister of damaged his camera

It was not until … that + Clause: mãi cho đến khi ….. thì

6. We didn't have any holidays until this summer.

It was not until this summer that we had some holidays

Cấu trúc đảo ngữ câu đk loại 3:

Had + S + (not) + V3………, S + would have + V3 ……..

7. If you hadn’t studied hard, you would have failed the exam.
Had you not studied hard, you would have failed the exam

So sánh hơn với cụm từ “of the two + N”:

S + be + the + hình thức so sánh hơn + of the two + N(s)

8. Lan is pretty but Mai is prettier.

Mai is the prettier of the two girls

9. This is the best film I’ve ever seen.

I’ve never seen a better film than this film or I’ve never seen such a good film
There + is/are + so luong + N

10. My school has over 800 students.

There are over 800 students in my school

11. People say that that plane crashed into the mountains.
That plane is said to have crashed into the mountains

with a view to + Ving: nhằm làm gì, với ý định làm gì, với hi vọng làm gì

12. She tries to learn English well so as to communicate with foreigners.

She tries to learn English well with a view to communicating with foreigners

13. I started teaching English three years ago.

I have taught/ have been teaching E for three years

So sánh nhất với tính từ ngắn: the + adj + EST... So sánh nhất với tính từ dài: the + most
+ adj....

14. No one in my class is more intelligent than Lan.

Lan is the most intelligent in my class
Cấu trúc so...that...(quá...đến nỗi mà....): S + V + so + adj/ adv + that + mệnh đề

15.This exercise was very difficult. We couldn’t do it.

This exercise was so difficult that we couldn’t do it

But for + N ……: Nếu không có …….. thì ..

16. But for your help, I couldn’t have passed the exam.
Had you have not helped me, I couldn’t have passed the exam

17. “When will you come back, Nga?”

I asked Nga When she would come back

18. No one has bought this house.

This house hasn’t been bought

19. She didn't take an umbrella so she got wet.

She wouldn't have got wet if she had taken an umbrella

Cấu trúc: should have + PP :lẽ ra đã nên => shouldn’t have PP: lẽ ra đã không nên

20. It was a mistake for him to buy that house.

He shouldn’t have bought that house

Cấu trúc: Although + mệnh đề 1, mệnh đề 2 : mặc dù......nhưng.......

=> However +adj/ adv + S + V, mệnh đề

21. Although Nam was very tired, he tried to finish his work.
However tired Nam was, he tired to finish his work

Cấu trúc: because of + N/ Ving

Prevent sb from doing sth: ngăn cản/ ngăn chặn ai làm gì

22. We couldn't go camping because of the storm.

The storm prevented us from going camping
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành: S + have/ has + PP
For ages ~ For a long time: đã lâu rồi

23. It's ages since I last talked to him.

I have not talked to him for ages

S + be + so + adj + that + mệnh đề (quá....đến nỗi mà....)

=> It + be + such + (a/an) + adj + N + that + mệnh đề

24. The book was so interesting that we couldn’t put it down.

It was such an interesting book that we couldn’t put it down

25. He said to me “ Don’t stay up late. ”

He told me not to stay up late

Đảo ngữ với such:

Such + to be + N + that + mệnh đề

26. The damage was so great that it would cost millions of dollars to repair.
Such was damage that it would cost millions of dollars to repair

It + is/ was + not until + trạng ngữ thời gian/ mệnh đề + that + mệnh đề (mãi cho đến
khi...thì ...)

27. She didn’t graduate from university until 1980.

It was not until 1980 that she graduated from university

Fall short of : thất bại, không đạt được (mục đích gì..)
To fall short of sb’s expectations ~ not come up to sb’s expectations: không được tốt đẹp
như ai mong đợi/ không được như ai mong đợi

28. The hotel didn’t come up to our expectations.

The hotel fell short of our expectations

The + adj ngắn + EST/ The + most + adj dài

29. Mr Hung is the most intelligent person I’ve ever known.

I have never known the most intelligent person than Mr Hung
Cấu trúc đảo ngữ với Only by:
Only by + Ving + ...+ trợ động từ/ to be + S +........

30.The only way you can become a good English speaker is by practising English every
day.
Only by practicing E every day can you become a good E speaker

Deny + Ving: phủ nhận làm gì đó

31. “It certainly wasn’t me who stole your bag! “ said Lan
Lan denied stealing my bag

Cấu trúc câu ước ở quá khứ: S + wish + S + had + PP...

32. I’m sorry that I didn’t come there yesterday.

I wish I had come there yesterday

33. If I am not busy, I will do some shopping with you.

Unless I am busy, I will do some shopping with you

Advise sb (not) to do sth: khuyên ai (không) làm gì đó

34. ”If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.” He said

He advised me not to do that

offer to V: đề nghị làm gì đó

35. “Shall I carry your suitcase, Lan?”said Nam.

Nam offered to carry Lan’s suitcase

agree to V: đồng ý làm gì

36. ”Yes, all right, I’ll share the food with you, Quang ”
Nga agreed to share the food with Quang
Remind sb to do sth: nhắc nhở ai làm gì

37. “Can you remember to buy some vegetables, Mary?”

Peter reminded Mary to buy some vegetables

Order sb (not) to do sth: ra lệnh ai (không) làm gì

38. “Don’t stand there, the man said to his son.

The man ordered his son not to stand there

Apologize (to sb) for sth: xin lỗi ai về việc gì

39. “ I’m sorry I’m late, said Ha

Ha apologized for being late

Suggest + Ving: gợi ý/ đề nghị làm gì

40. "Shall we go somewhere for a cup of coffee?" Mary said.

Mary suggested going somewhere for a cup of coffee

S + suggest (that) + S + (should) V nguyên thể.....

41. Hung said to Nga, "Why don't you take an umbrella?”

Hung suggested that Nga should take an umbrella

Invite sb to do sth: mời ai đó làm gì

42. "Would you like another cup of tea?" the lady said to the guest.
The lady invited the guest to have another cup of tea

43. Lan said to her brother, "I didn't use your phone."
Lan denied using her brother’s phone

Congratulate sb on sth: chúc mừng ai về việc gì

E.g: The authors are to be congratulated on producing such a clear and authoritative
work.

44. “ You won the first prize. Congratulations!” Mai told me.
Mai congratulated me on winning the first prize

Accuse sb of sth: buộc tội, kết tội ai về việc gì

45. “You cheated in the final exam.” said The teacher to Trang.
The teacher accused Trang of cheating in the final exam

Thank sb for sth/ doing sth: cảm ơn ai về việc gì đó/vì đã làm gì đó

46. “ It was kind of you to help me with my homework” Lan said to Hoa.
Lan thanked Hoa for helping her with her homewrk

Sentence (v): tuyên án, kết án => sentence (n)

47. She was sentenced to six months in prison for her part in the robbery.
She received a six – month sentence for her part in the robbery

48. He is too short to play basketball.

He is not tall enough to play basketball

49. If you want my advice, I would sell this house.

If I were you, I would sell this house

would prefer sb to do sth: muốn ai đó làm gì

S1 + would rather (that) + S2 + V2/ed....(muốn ai đó làm gì ở hiện tại)

50. I would prefer you to do your homework.

I would rather you did your homework