1. Who are the persons that may be liable for Article 134?

a. Those who participate in or support a rebellion or insurrection against the

government, as well as those who organize or lead such movements. This includes
individuals involved in planning, financing, recruiting, or providing aid to rebels or
insurgents. Also, individuals who join or become members of rebel groups with the
intent to overthrow or undermine the authority of the government may also be held
liable under Article 134.

2. Are the objectives of the crime of rebellion the same with insurrection?
a. Although both rebellion and insurrection are crimes meant to subvert the authority
of the government, their precise goals and strategies may differ according on the
situation. While insurrection involves small, unplanned incidents, rebellion entails a
larger, planned effort.

3. Who are deemed considered as Leaders of the Rebellion or insurrection?

a. Those who plan, lead, coordinate, or organize the movement intended to topple or
contest the authority of the government.

4. May persons who were acted as couriers or spies for rebels are guilty of Espionage
under Article 117 of the RPC?
a. Under Article 117 of the Revised Penal Code, people who served as rebels'
messengers or spies in the Philippines are normally not prosecuted for espionage
(RPC). This is because Espionage weakens the Philippines' sovereignty, espionage
entails obtaining, sending, or sharing confidential material with a foreign country.
They might, however, be accountable for additional transgressions, including
insurrection or aiding and abetting it.

5. In the absence of the element of “public uprising” for the crime of rebellion, what
charge can be filed against the perpetrators?
a. Perpetrators of rebellions that are not openly revolting may face other charges such
as inciting others to rebel against the government which is considered sedition and is
punishable by law under Article 139 of the Revised Penal Code. Article 136 charges
conspiracy to commit rebellion, which is the agreement to carry out rebellion even in
the event that it doesn't. Article 142 of the RPC provides for charges related to
inciting to sedition, which occur when someone encourages others to commit acts of
sedition.

6. Albert has providing aid and comfort to those rebels who are intending to overthrow
and supersede the existing government. Is Albert liable under Article 143 of the RPC?
a. Yes, once Albert harbors, conceals, or helps rebels, he will be held accountable under
Article 143 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC). Even though he is not directly
participating in the insurrection, he is disseminating intelligence regarding
government actions or delivering necessary supplies for the uprising.
7. Can the crime of rebellion be complexed with other crime?
a. Under certain circumstances, the crime of rebellion can be complex with other
offenses, according to the Philippines' Revised Penal Code (RPC). Additional offenses
like murder, arson, or theft are absorbed and incorporated in the charge of rebellion,
as per Article 135 of the RPC. The allegation of rebellion itself includes the penalty
for these additional offenses. Crimes that are unrelated are prosecuted differently.

8. Berto, while actively participating as rebel in a movement to overthrow and supersede

the existing government, kills his longtime rival in the heart of Carmen. Is the killing be
absorbed in the crime of rebellion?
a. Under the scenario, Berto's murder of his longstanding rival during a rebellion would
not be considered a rebellion-related crime because it is a separate and distinct
offense from the rebellion. Berto would be subject to different charges and
punishments since the killing would be tried as either murder or homicide.

9. Is the giving of speeches favoring communism will make the speaker guilty of conspiracy
to commit rebellion under Article 136 of the RPC?
a. Giving pro-communist remarks does not always equate to plotting to start an
insurrection, as stated in Article 136 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC). A plan or
agreement between two or more people to commit a crime is necessary for
conspiracy. Charges of conspiracy may arise, nevertheless, if there is proof that the
speeches are a part of a larger scheme to instigate an uprising against the
government.

10. Is a mere membership in Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) constitute a crime?
a. No, but back then there was the Anti-Subversion Act, which was passed in 1957
which made it illegal to be a member of the Communist Party of the Philippines
(CPP) and other groups that supported overthrowing the government. Its goals were
to put an end to the communist uprising and stop the doctrine from spreading.
However, Republic Act 7636 removed it in 1992, resolving human rights issues,
democratizing the country, and ending the illegality of CPP membership.

11. What are the punishable acts under Article 137 or Disloyalty of Public Officers or
Employees?
a. Failing to resist rebellion by all the means in their power; or
b. Continuing to discharge the duties of their offices under the control of rebels; or
c. Accepting appointment to office under rebels.

12. Delfin a public officer who actively took part in a successful rebellion, has accepted the
appointment from rebels to head a government agency under them, is he liable of
Disloyalty of Public Officer or Employees under Article 137 of the RPC?
a. According to Article 137 of the Revised Penal Code, Delfin, a public officer in the
Philippines, may indeed be held accountable for Disloyalty of Public Officers or
 Employees. Partisan political behavior, such as taking nominations from rebel groups
to lead government agencies, is what this penal act entails.

13. What are the elements of the crime of Inciting to rebellion or insurrection?
a. The offender incites others to the execution of any of the acts specified in Article 134
of the RPC;
b. He commits such acts by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems,
banners or other representations tending to the same end; and,
c. He commits them without taking arms or being in open hostility against the
Government

14. What are the five (5) objectives of the crime of sedition under Article 139 of the RPC?

a. To prevent the promulgation or execution of any law or the holding of any popular
election;
b. To prevent the National Government, or any provincial or municipal government or
any public officer thereof from freely exercising its or his functions, or prevent the
execution of any administrative order;
c. To inflict any act of hate or revenge upon the person or property of any public officer
or employee;
d. To commit, for any political or social end, any act of hate or revenge against private
persons or any social class; and
e. To despoil, for any political or social end, any person, municipality or province, or
the National Government (or the Government of the United States), of all its
property or any part thereof. \

15. Is there a crime of conspiracy and proposal to commit sedition under the RPC?
a. Yes
i. Conspiracy to Commit Sedition: Article 141 of the RPC penalizes conspiracy to
commit sedition, ranging from prision correccional to prision mayor and a
fine of up to 2,000 pesos.
ii. Proposal to Commit Sedition: Article 142 of the RPC penalizes individuals who
propose to commit sedition through speeches, proclamations, writings,
emblems, or other representations, resulting in imprisonment and a fine of
2,000 pesos.

16. What are the punishable acts penalized by Article 142 or Inciting to Sedition?
a. Inciting others to the accomplishment of any of the acts which constitute sedition,
by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, etc.
b. Uttering seditious words or speeches which tend to disturb the public peace
 c. Writing, publishing, or circulating scurrilous libels against the Government or any of
the duly constituted authorities thereof, which tend to disturb the public peace
17. What are the two forms of illegal assemblies under Article 146?
a. Any meeting attended by armed persons for the purpose of committing any of the
crimes punishable under the Code
b. Any meeting in which the audience, whether armed or not, is incited to the
commission of the crime of treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition, or assault
upon a person in authority or his agents.

18. What is the legal effect of a person who carries an unlicensed firearm in a meeting?
a. In line with Article 146. If anyone attending the meeting is carrying an unlicensed
firearm, it will be assumed that, as far as he is concerned, the meeting's purpose is
to commit crimes that are punishable by this Code. In this case, he will be regarded
as the meeting's organizer or leader.

19. What are the differences between Illegal Assembly (Article 146) and Illegal Association
(Article 147)?
a. Illegal Association is concerned with the establishment and continuation of criminal
organizations or associations, whereas Illegal Assembly is focused on the disruptive
or violent behavior of a group during a meeting. The goal of both offenses is to stop
and discourage actions that endanger public safety and order, although the extent
and type of behavior that is forbidden varies.

20. Who are the persons in authority?

a. Persons in positions of authority to uphold law and order, defend people' rights, and
maintain order are referred to as persons in authority under Philippine law. They
consist of public servants, judges, correctional personnel, law enforcement officers,
and others. To discourage aggression, offenses against them are punishable by
harsher sanctions.

21. What are the elements of indirect assault?

a. An agent of a person in authority is the victim of any of the forms of direct assault
defined in Art. 148;
b. A person comes to the aid of such authority; and
c. That the offender makes use of force or intimidation upon such person coming to the
aid of the authority or his agent.

22. Is the commission of direct assault a pre-requisite for a crime of direct assault to be
committed?
a. According to Article 148 of the Philippines' Revised Penal Code, direct assault refers
to acts of physical violence or hostility committed by agents of power while they are
performing their official duties. It can happen without reference to any previous
direct assault act; each conduct is regarded as distinct and, if the requirements of
the offense are fulfilled, might result in criminal culpability.
23. What are the two (2) kinds of direct assault?
a. by "any person or persons who, without a public uprising, shall employ force or
intimidation for the attainment of any of the purposes enumerated in defining the
crimes of rebellion and sedition;"
b. by any person or persons who, without a public uprising, "shall attack, employ force,
or seriously intimidate or resist any person in authority or any of his agents, while
engaged in the performance of official duties, or on occasion of such performance."

24. What do you mean by crimes against public order?

Crimes against public order are those that disrupt the peace, safety, and stability of
society; they frequently incite violence or pose a threat to the security of the person and
the community. They can manifest in a number of ways, such as illegal assembly, direct
or indirect attack, inciting to revolt, sedition, rebellion, and inciting to sedition. These
are major crimes with harsh punishments from the law.