UNIT-II

1) CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

Cloud Computing architecture comprises of many cloud components, which are loosely coupled.
We can broadly divide the cloud architecture into two parts:

 Front End
 Back End

Each of the ends is connected through a network, usually Internet. The following diagram shows
the graphical view of cloud computing architecture:

Front End

The front end refers to the client part of cloud computing system. It consists of interfaces and
applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms, Example - Web Browser.
Back End

The back End refers to the cloud itself. It consists of all the resources required to provide cloud
computing services. It comprises of huge data storage, virtual machines, security mechanism,
services, deployment models, servers, etc.

Note

 It is the responsibility of the back end to provide built-in security mechanism, traffic control
and protocols.
 The server employs certain protocols known as middleware, which help the connected
devices to communicate with each other.

THREE LAYER CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

In the layers architecture of Cloud computing, cloud service providers into three categories:

 Software as a service
 Platform as a service
 Infrastructure as a service

Software as services (SaaS)

Software as a service provides a complete web application offered as a service on demand.

We can access any web applications like that web services, google mapping API, Flickr API

etc.

Platform as a service (PaaS)

To wrapped layers of software and provide services as Platform that can be used to build

higher-level services. There are at least two perspectives on

To depending on the perspective of the producer or consumer of the services:

1. A platform by integrating an OS, middleware, application software, and even a

development environment that is then provided to a customer as a service.
 2. To encapsulated service where applications are developed using a set of programming
languages and tools provider through an API. The customer interacts with the platform
through the API .

Infrastructure as services

Infrastructure as a service to delivers basic storage and standardized services over the network.
Servers, storage systems, switches, route and other systems are pooled and made available to handle
workloads that range from application components to high-performance computing applications.
use the resources to deploy and run their applications. Low level of abstraction that allows users to
access the underlying infrastructure through the use of virtual machines.

Three layer of cloud computing architecture

2) ON-DEMAND PROVISIONING

Cloud provisioning

Cloud provisioning refers to the processes for the deployment and integration of cloud computing
services within an enterprise IT infrastructure. This is a broad term that incorporates the policies,
procedures and an enterprise’s objective in sourcing cloud services and solutions from a cloud
service provider
Cloud provisioning primarily defines how, what and when an organization will provision cloud
services. These services can be internal, public or hybrid cloud products and solutions.

There are three different delivery models:

Dynamic/On-Demand Provisioning: The customer or requesting application is provided with

resources on run time.

User Provisioning: The user/customer adds a cloud device or device themselves.

Post-Sales/Advanced Provisioning: The customer is provided with the resource upon

contract/service signup

3) ELASTICITY IN CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES

 In cloud computing, elasticity is defined as "the degree to which a system is able to adapt to
workload changes by provisioning and de-provisioning resources in an autonomic manner,
such that at each point in time the available resources match the current demand as closely
as possible".
 Elasticity is a defining characteristic that differentiates cloud computing from previously
proposed computing paradigms, such as grid computing.
 The dynamic adaptation of capacity, e.g., by altering the use of computing resources, to
meet a varying workload is called "elastic computing

Example

 Let us illustrate elasticity through a simple example of a service provider who wants to run a
website on an IaaS cloud.
 At moment t0, the website is unpopular and a single machine (most commonly a virtual
machine) is sufficient to serve all web users. At moment t 1, the website suddenly becomes
popular,
 for example, as a result of a flash crowd, and a single machine is no longer sufficient to
serve all users. Based on the number of web users simultaneously accessing the website and
the resource requirements of the web server, it might be that ten machines are needed.
 An elastic system should immediately detect this condition and provision nine additional
machines from the cloud, so as to serve all web users responsively.
  At time t2, the website becomes unpopular again. The ten machines that are currently
allocated to the website are mostly idle and a single machine would be sufficient to serve the
few users who are accessing the website.
 An elastic system should immediately detect this condition and deprovision nine machines
and release them to the cloud.

Purpose

Elasticity aims at matching the amount of resource allocated to a service with the amount of
resource it actually requires, avoiding over- or under-provisioning.

Over-provisioning: allocating more resources than required, should be avoided as the service
provider often has to pay for the resources that are allocated to the service

Under-provisioning: allocating fewer resources than required, must be avoided, otherwise the
service cannot serve its users with a good service

Problems

 Resources provisioning time

 Monitoring elastic applications
 Elasticity requirements
 Multiple levels of control

4) SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SaaS)

Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which a third-party provider hosts
applications and makes them available to customers over the Internet.

SaaS is one of three main categories of cloud computing, alongside infrastructure as a service
(IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS).

SaaS removes the need for organizations to install and run applications on their own computers or
in their own data centers.

This eliminates the expense of hardware acquisition, provisioning and maintenance, as well as
software licensing, installation and support.
SaaS working model

Characteristics of SaaS

 Web access to commercial software

 Software is managed from a central location
 Software delivered in a “one to many” model
 Users not required to handle software upgrades and patches
 Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) allow for integration between
different pieces of software

Benefits of saas

Flexible payments: Rather than purchasing software to install, or additional hardware to support it,
customers subscribe to a SaaS offering. Generally, they pay for this service on a monthly basis
using a pay-as-you-go model.

Scalable usage: Cloud services like SaaS offer high scalability, which gives customers the option
to access more, or fewer, services or features on-demand.
Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers can rely on a SaaS provider
to automatically perform updates and patch management. This further reduces the burden on in-
house IT staff

Accessibility and persistence: Since SaaS applications are delivered over the Internet, users can
access them from any Internet-enabled device and location

The Drawbacks of a SaaS model:

Security concerns: One of the main inhibitors to cloud adoption is access management and the
privacy of sensitive information. However, surveys have shown that these concerns are decreasing
more and more every year.

Compliance: Certain countries and industries have regulation relating to where data is stored.
Businesses need to ensure they comply with this and implement a SaaS model that satisfies these
requirements

Performance: A browser-based application hosted remotely and accessed via an internet

connection is likely to worry some businesses when compared to software running on a local
machine. Obviously some tasks will be better suited to a SaaS model than others, but with the
advancements in technology, internet connections have improved severely over the past few years.

Application of SaaS

 email
 sales management
 customer relationship management (CRM)
 financial management
 human resource management
 billing and collaboration.
 Leading SaaS providers include Salesforce, Oracle, SAP, Intuit and Microsoft.
5) PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PaaS)

 Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model that delivers applications over the
Internet.
 In a PaaS model, a cloud provider delivers hardware and software tools -- usually those
needed for application development -- to its users as a service.
 A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result, PaaS
frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new
application.
 PaaS does not typically replace a business' entire infrastructure. Instead, a business relies on
PaaS providers for key services, such as Java development or application hosting.
 For example, deploying a typical business tool locally might require an IT team to buy and
install hardware, operating systems, middleware (such as databases, Web servers and so on)
the actual application, define user access or security, and then add the application to existing
systems management or application performance monitoring (APM) tools.
 Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App
Engine, Apache Stratos.

There are two prominent types of PaaS:

Public PaaS is delivered by a services provider for building applications. Examples include
Salesforce Heroku, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft Azure, and Engine Yard.

Enterprise PaaS is delivered by central IT within an organization to developers and possibly

partners and business customers
Characteristics of PaaS

 Runtime Framework:
 Abstraction
 Automation:
 Multi-tenant architecture
 Customizable /Programmable User Interface
 Unlimited Database Customizations

Advantages of PaaS

 Each platform component is provided as a service. For ex: middleware –as-a -service ,
platform –as-a -service, messaging –as-a -service, integration –as-a –service,
communication-as-a-service
 Provides services required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering web
applications and services on the internet.
 Provides services to deploy, test, host and maintain application in the same integrated
development environment (IDE).
 Service provisioning includes multiple users concurrently using the same integrated
application development environment
 PaaS reduces TCO (Total Cost of Ownership), there is no need to buy all the system,
software, platforms, tools and kits needed to build, run and deploy the application.
  Users can only rent them for the period for which services will be used. It changes the cost
structure from Capital expense (for an enterprise.
 Built in scalability and elasticity to provide same efficiency and experience irrespective of
load and usage
 With PaaS, operating system features can be changed and upgraded frequently.
Geographically distributed development teams can work together on software development
projects.

Disadvantages of PaaS

Data security: As with other cloud computing solutions, many companies still have low confidence
in the level of data security offered by PaaS

Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions can’t match the flexibility of IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
offerings. Unlike their IaaS counterparts, PaaS customers cannot necessarily create and delete
multiple virtual machines easilyLimited Scalability

Customer captivity: With a limited number of PaaS vendors in the market today, each of which
wants to build a binding relationship through its comprehensive offerings, a vendor lock-in period
is often the norm, which can limit the client’s choices.

Problems of integration with in-house systems and applications: Integration of PaaS services
with the rest of your systems and applications could trigger an increase in complexity.

6) INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IaaS)

o Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the most straightforward of the four models for
delivering cloud services.
o IaaS is the virtual delivery of computing resources in the form of hardware,
networking, and storage services.
o It may also include the delivery of operating systems and virtualization technology
to manage the resources. Rather than buying and installing the required resources in
their own data center, companies rent these resources as needed.
o Many companies with a hybrid environment are likely to include IaaS in some form
because IaaS is a highly practical solution for companies with various IT resource
challenges.
 o Whether a company needs additional resources to support a temporary development
project, an on-going dedicated development testing environment, or disaster
recovery, paying for infrastructure services on a per-use basis can be highly cost-
effective.
 Example: Amazon EC2, Windows Azure, Rackspace, Google Compute Engine

(Fig: IaaS working model)

Characteristics of IaaS

 Resources are provided as a service

 Allows for dynamic scaling and elasticity
 Has a variable cost, usage based pricing model (pay per go and pay per use)
 Has multi-tenet architecture, includes multiple users on a single piece of hardware
 IaaS typically has enterprise grade infrastructure

IaaS Classifications: Private, Public and Hybrid Cloud (Cloud classification is based on the basis
of the resting infrastructure)

Private Cloud – IaaS on a private network dedicated for a company or a group of

companies deployed inside the firewall of them. Analogy of a private cloud is a ‘Company
cab’. Private Cloud is considered as a most secured IaaS offering.
Public Cloud – IaaS service deployed over the internet; for firms to pay and use the service.
Analogy of a public cloud is the utility services such as electricity, gas and water.
Hybrid Cloud – a combination of both – private cloud and public cloud in an organization.
Advantages of Iaas

 Avoid capital expenditure on hardware and human resources;

 reduced ROI(Return on investment) risk;
 low barriers to entry;
 streamlined and automated scaling
 A major advantage of IaaS is the capability to transfer work to the cloud during periods of
peak demand for on-premise systems. That means that organizations will not have to invest
capital resources to cover the cost of additional servers that may be needed only several
times per year. This concept is known as “cloud bursting.”

Disadvantages of Iaas

 Business efficiency and productivity largely depends on the vendor's capabilities

 It is potentially greater long-term cost
 centralization requires new/different security measures

7) Cloud Providers

 A cloud provider is a company that offers some component of cloud computing – typically
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) or Platform as a Service
(PaaS) – to other businesses or individuals.
 Cloud providers are sometimes referred to as cloud service providers or CSPs.
 There are a number of things to think about when you evaluate cloud providers.
 The cost will usually be based on a per-use utility model but there are a number of
variations to consider.
 The physical location of the servers may also be a factor for sensitive data.
 Reliability is crucial if your data must be accessible.
 A typical cloud storage service-level agreement (SLA), for example, specifies precise levels
of service – such as, for example, 99.9% uptime – and the recourse or compensation that the
user is entitled to should the provider fail to provide the service as described.
 However, it’s important to understand the fine print in that agreement because some
providers discount outages of less than ten minutes, which may be too long for some
businesses.
 Security is another important consideration.
  Organizations such as the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) offer certification to cloud
providers that meet their criteria.
 The CSA's Trusted Cloud Initiative program was created to help cloud service providers
develop industry-recommended, secure and interoperable identity, access and compliance
management configurations and practices.

Examples of cloud providers

Amazon,Century link,Google,IBM,Microsoft,Rackspace, Salesforce.com, Verizon Terremark

7) CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS

A cloud deployment model represents a specific type of cloud environment, primarily distinguished
by ownership, size, and access.

There are four common cloud deployment models:

 Public Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud

Public cloud.

 The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public.
 It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government
organization, or some combination of them.
 It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.
 The cloud provider is responsible for the creation and on-going maintenance of the public
cloud and its IT resources.
 Many of the scenarios and architectures explored in upcoming chapters involve public
clouds and the relationship between the providers and consumers of IT resources via public
clouds.
 ( Fig:Public cloud)

Private cloud.

 The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization

comprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units).
 It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or some
combination of them,
 it may exist on or off premises.
 The use of a private cloud can change how organizational and trust boundaries are
defined and applied.
 The actual administration of a private cloud environment may be carried out by internal
or outsourced staff.

fig: private cloud

Community cloud.

 The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of

consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security
requirements, policy, and compliance considerations).
 It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the
community, a third party, or some combination of them,
 it may exist on or off premises.

Hybrid cloud.

The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures

(private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by
standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g.,
cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds).