4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

4.1 NEED FOR REVIEWING LITERATURE

Introduction
Knowledge is growing rapidly. It gets doubled in a very short span of time. Scholars, researchers
and writers go on adding knowledge through their studies and writings. There is a tremendous
increase in the number of publications: books and periodicals in developed and developing countries.
India alone produces annually about 20,000 books.
One who is not fully conversant with what has gone before has little chance of making a
worthwhilecontribution. Therefore a researcher has to survey the available literature relating to his
field of study. He must keep himself update in his field and related areas.
Literature
Literaturein this consists of —
A. Books:
1. Encyclopedias.
—General, e.g., Encyclopedia Britannica.
—Specific, e.g., Encyclopedia of Social Sciences.
2, ,Year Books e.g., Published as supplements to Encyclopedias.
3. Textbooks.
4. Reference Books.
B. Journals: Published Monthly, Quarterly, Half yearly or Annually.

63
 64
Introduction

The

1. 、 C.

Identification 3.6 rhe

l. 、 5.
Purposes
、 Reports:
Steps
0 . E.Newspapers•
Micm
researchable
0
= 0 6
techniques 6
tions.
P
oce 8-0
一 一
enti 0 ons 一
00m
、
0
and
乛 乛 Research
· for how
目
Review

0
l0 iteratu
0 ·
、
030 ·0
「review Others
hypotheses' 丶
ec review 000
on a
一: 一
0
0
「
6 0
冖 0
乛 structured ·
0
00 me
0 00W
一 Video RESEARCH

1.5
1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 in 一 冖
&
Bibl Social
ICSSR discipline.
Textbooks,
Latest
=
一
-0W000 0W0 0 一 their
discipline.
sities
Theses Dissertations
Association
一 e
冖ratu tapes;
Kinds
= 0 0乛
iography to METHODOLOGY
etc.)

in
Sciences,
Survey
publications m =
0
一 the丶
0 Of
reports• Micro
一 Reference
er 一
ow 0 ea 冖
080
0 Reviewed
Literatures

Of

selected
Indian
冖 Of
published
Of
…0 0
= … 00
D86
Research
on
0
·冖
一 冖
Univer-
boo 0 一
the
0 = 0=60
by o
一pe
~ n' 一
0 M
一
一 , =
一 methods'
一 0
冖
乛 0 0
Film•
IS 1.4 1.3 1.2

TO the To doneTo in To To
and
0
丶
080 0
乛
the ~ me
avoid know gain
field.identify backgrou
on
0
一
0 冖 、
field. 0
the up-to-date 0 = Review
芞
duplication• the 、
0 0 、
os 一
research
subject.
=
min 0
冖00 00
WO nd 000000
knowl Of
already knowledge orientation
gaps
edge• = ;
in
0 ~
0 involves
the
乛
l. the
See other ch Drafti collect
Cg420000 proposals• preparation
Opera problem•
冖 The
No 8. 7 6. 5. 2 一
006d
,
Section
,
Preparesubject.
See the Consul
be

a
Consult
including Examine the are

known;
subject.
3
·See Find
SeeConsul
、 l. references. Request

cher•、
a

一 field
above chapters•
ters

and
ion =
00
the 冖 he the ou 0 0
means 0 一
'Note-taking'in 冖 冖 theore
theory data•
0
冖 0 table 乛 ··=
the
'Book-Review' Bibliographic
cardbibliographies
whether learned A 乛 乛 R080 00
reference periodicals, 0 Tools
microfilms steps•
乛
a ( general 0
abstract
for 2 study•shows 00
parts 乛
source ) catalogues 00
Subject
一 for =
loca The
professors'
any 4 0
cited 乛 ept
approach How
this 冖 冖
Journal
ing
exact
·3
or available monographs,
bibliography
index, LITERATURE
cataloguein a
top pages
bibliography) in
additional Of 6 5.2 5. 42 4 3• 2
00nresearcher
sequence
the , 一 ·一 ·
一 the the •
on librarians
REVIEW
if subject Journals,
books theses. Copies
furnished
Same theses. Published Methodology Illustrated Same unpublished
Journals.Previous
theses he
in books
in
一
0
the library any,
suggested
the cards ~
the already 40
subject reports will and
references. has matter. 0 OF
on maintained Textbooks, 4. in published
daily and … SEARCH in
library. 0 、 and
cardi 「 va Reports 8 一 Boo 2 =
d LITERATURE
6 ~
冖 the 一
一
一 Others
the 一 and
s 0
, 一
articles 一 prepared the unpublished
and 8 below: review and ses.
or
newspapers Author
topic
appendix
4.2 research. 一
depending on
for 'Abstracts' 、 on and -
conference
e ela Reference
scales
,
familiar PROCEDURE
each the in the field.
already and the
catalogue
the on d 0
titles
the various
item related m
and library. upon
with
sec located. and subjectis eri 4. 3 4.2 2

0 in
proceedings
6. 5
, 一
乛 cards the 一
Other topics. the
kinds
references on For To For
deciding designs. techniques. knowing To
appropriate
the b ib lio g rap hy.
To techniques. 【 For
subject , 8 knowledge
in Each field
This take 一 develop clarifying
journals• gaining formatting
the if
details available Of and ch orne
the literature techniques
sample measurement
and
journalsbook andre measurement
located)• au of a alternative 1- familiar
suggest
Of and - thorough
Other 一
the ch hypothesis 一
or
the 02 in design.
昬
the knowledge
relating compile process
relating article 一
ogwith
materials boo Of
relevant 80dW0
library. and v )'
etc.
books and
0 and 一
will 「
on
6
 tutions
6 Important
publication
nomic
乛 Bhutan,
一 cations
0
mpo ·一 一 00 Bib lio g rap hies
· 一
3. 4
cumulative
一
0-0 -0m00 0 ,
· Growth, 6
bring
·一 India,
addition, National
Bibliographies centres
com 80 一 bibliographies
n
· institutes ·= 一 0
-Library
一 Books Maldives,
Social index 0 N New
Enterprises me
bibliographies
ns乛 · ero 00000 080 a by

and Science Con 一

·
= 0 Delhi.
丶
000 … the 00m0
0
is = 一 a 一 '
en US
also libraries
一 Nepal,
·Some 0 -0 0
Libraries: 一
-二8B
It 乛 ; 一
Publishers' Library
· 60
一 0 -=…
covers A00
-
Bibliography: available•0 0 onaon 一
0-0
on
publishers A 0 Pakistan

selected ,
乛
000 一
-
= ·
Ph = =
0 一 centre
selective
0 :: 0- 080 Congress
、
… :、
一 一 、
1 0
一
on =This-
e out
Bulletins libraries
publish List,0= 0 =
8 onom
and
0
乛 、
0
subjects. 0
= 一=
一 =
books,reports
0m0
, Mass
Sri
=
= 一 0m8 M
South monthly
-0 一 一
0 0
: 0 =
R08on
Lanka.
0000 」
=
bu 一
- of
in =
0 00 00m0 cen 000
一
0 an some
Asia:0
=
0q0= 0 in
「
氵 annual 一 一-0 =
」 ;0 巨 New 00
periodically,
:==pu 0
and
Universities
0 00 = 乛 0 New 」 一
0
Hyderabad•
一 一 = Delhi
publication- major
0 = 0
er冖 0 00
papers
-0 Delhi•on
」
the 一
0 乛
a 0 rom
:0 目 00
published
= obtained
0 monthly
and 一
§ De 乛 ,00
gua = National0 A
00W0 乛
。 Of other
=0 一
= ghanistan'
:pu the
record 0-0 冖
一
=
= Institute educa
0
乛 in
Library'0
=
= om
乛 B00 English
-=
0 India• =
40 冖
=
0 Bangladesh'
冖
乛 0-0
ional =
Monthly' Of 0
= A Ac Ca
in
in
publi-
insti-
n00 冖
This Asia.
一
0 Ihdia•
0
= ;0
-.
, ·
G.
000Documen and F. Indexes documentskeeping
Research
In
= L
一
b ra、
00 E. Government
一 0 00u Commit
The
Abstracts
I.ICSSR 3. 2. l. Government
5

,
6.Indian
5 4 - ∕ 00The 2 一
· = 0 冖 3 · · ·
Parliament
Government
CaCata Statistical
·Documentation
Documentation
= 0 、
2
, 0
乛
冖
he
Indian Guide Index
sources
冖 = 」 They、 na
冖 in 0
冖 亖 con names Cumu Book
冖
articles received 一
928
also ers),
India), 冖
c.S.Chand
alogue
一 00 一
on 一 一
s ees, members
0 o g
Abstracts
Index 0 give
Re乛 冖 p India: by "Recent
一
0 daily C00 00、 a、0 Of
一 "India
0d00 Review
publishes ts … etc•
Abstracts
0 Reports on
0 0 冖 = 乛 Indian H•W•
- -0 Library by
乛乛 一 0 locating a
0 Government Series:
乛 Governmen English0
一 0 乛 various of Index: 一
This
= 0
= Gu 一
0 00um0 Book
New •, the
India 0 Fortnightly: P CO Indian (O)'
A 乛 , Wilson' Indian
Asia: 、 、 A 0
0 Parliament Periodical
=00m0Bu administra gaon• 一 乛
rac publica The 乛
= 000 government
Inde um Reference subjects
This latest
= : eS' and a 'The
一 0
冖 India.
It
ew 丶
Parliament quarterly B00k1
0 in 冖 Soc It In、 … 0 New
“ 冖
0
= 冖 0
乛 0
乛 000 00V0= In
= index World 乛 publications Book
contain 00m0
冖 an 0 ~ an
一0氵India 冖
India ive 一 This 丶0 00m0 published Library
0 0 丶 Literature:
、 一 York• REVIEW
annual 冖 一 Annual" index
0 0 冖
Sc 0 publications M0k01
Federation
00 一 冖 by reports
Publications,
Civil 一 in 0b0 Boo In
= 乛 List 一 well
dOCUmentation
0 · 0 n02 India•
brought 0 0 -00m0
= 一 0 Mohinder classified ∕ 0
during Of
in
OF
80 、 in
informed 冖
etc. all
racts 08 ReviewS' c一
一
0 Publications
0 Documen In B00 一 This
thcir 0 LITERATURE
乛 n various 、
published articles, 0
一
ent
0 various 0 = the
include:
0 om =
P06 一
0 0 40R weekly
冖 Publishers
Longman),
乛the 80d00Singh),
一 bibliography
by per 一 fortnight.
Of 一
一
98P 00d 0 Journals
冖 published
80乛 departments, 0 the 一
00k. 一 the review current special published
丶
0一 0 冖
sub. 一
on rn in book
0 一 Parliament = 一0 English
9
、ow government 000 centre 00 and "Book
、
2 em 0
、 so
materials write-ups, review
· •w 0 the far.
乛 by Booksellers'
00-00 T = are
一 0 articles a
Selection"
~ =
一 000 0P0 乛 Library 0g00g0一
available ate quarterly
the
columns.
0
=… 0
邕 contained editorials Rajasthan
0 00 一
ysed 、 on Foreign books;
Of =
0一 一 Asia, with Documents. Published 冖
ICSSR. 0 」 Commissions
bringing by Association
Allied
一
00p 一 969 published
om
Periodicals, New in and the University
a
一 一
. v view v pub16h-
letters Indian
Iou
目 4n00 0
0 6 0
、 67
in
 noted
arguments above though make.
should Steps taken Proper Universities. An 一
一 · section 、 Arbor.

In
0
一
0
down decision.
The 1
· 乛
Or Humaniüe):
「
draw To s es
4 on
TO Planning American
Foreign University Michigan-

may planning
22 ICSSR 一 submitted
rig decide d
verbatim,
determine outline
up volumes•
Michigan' 01-
approach d. on 、
a S014
out what
will preliminary involves
But
一
0 Ne
,
、 、 ·
。 Journal
outlined 00 -、 on 0
how change it provides 、 丶
ora 0
, 0
乛 accepocial Research
一Doctoral - Indian
in

ou or
to 6
rm three
done 4.5 一
D
A
In Researchin
冖
、
ra
record as identify
outline edW00 、
一 Universities•

work.
paraphrased?
he …
on
poorly' PLANNING =0 by ~
0 · International:1938
steps: 、 A the 10
gathers
Of the
0
乛ta 00 Indian ~ D
~ Done
RESEARCH
what
useful on= 、
= A Aer 0
the
in when 一 一 s = ,
乛
doctoral
ca Un 0
一0 一 00
New
mo topicormation p = 一冖 邕 、
gathered and it = 00 一 一
o n 0
刁 THE v e on
ideas, information,it
with
一
4 00
乛 Sd00020
0 =
~ · :。 METHODOLOGY

what not = -8 一 乛 0 02 w :
needs REVIEW se= 一 冖 一
0 A Indian乛
Indian 、
reference planned 0
viewpoints, at 一 一
om
0 not 一 :000-0 First一
0 U = i Gc
乛 0 ~ ~ ·
0 一一 =
a the 9 一 一
useful: WO 」
00000 Indian0 0
published properly• ~ ces survey 一 、
on ; iU ve =
serves
冖
0g00
0 byD80m0m0 0
findings the
'K 冖
0
乛 ~
ities
Indian 40
as ch This
obJectives
=
by
X03 00m0
“ 04 = = •
material: a on
decision
∕
American 00 0 0
of guide hand' University
= 一
0 U 三 一 一
冫 ∕
earlier 00 0 = 一
、
0 4 0 冖
Vo ities ero
for 0
乛
The
Cent 一
: 冫
一 = 0 一m0 ∕
Should is = University'
studies study• and 一 eS' oc
making no 冖 ICSSR'
researcher Microfilms'
0 0 ~ ~
冖
easy
Cal 0
ofICSSR•
,」 00m0 00 Sciences
一 Even 一
and 冖 0 一 0
be the = 0 一 N00
冖
0 一
00 = 丶
=
, 0 0
liographic 50W
known andresearcher
outline Intro d uctio n
nexi arranging,
be good
冖 handled recording recording
source 0 二 resulting
eq
on These
The《 how easily 一
0 -=
The Section 冖
一 00G
The Even recording
一
e as The
Of :g i.e• =、 Does
emen
format.recording
Cards recording
、
~ cards, various acquires
the most handled•冖
0 」
一
3 frequently.
· In requirements
、
re-arranging'、
~ in
,All 卩 l. In0 ~
0 permit system•
It required.
in a 冖does
key 4.6.
os the 乛 The To0
cards
冖 、 ormation
particular
an ~ the 一 should 乛
ew
suitable suitable system•
No• no = set
The 、 bits 、 system n00 00
recording
f
elemen noawful 、a
0
乛 system
used 冖
Irther
They
冖 It
冖 、 :
beup一
Of 二 They on
following is
bibliographic permit 、 ~ 刁 00 0- 0
in
wasdoes
ona一 00: are:
used
乛 一 method grouping Of
method Cards 0 : ed 00F
0 n 冖 can 冖 丶
「
involves
0
insight s
a b-t 冖 一 and
、
a
w =
0
regarding 一
09e
e no ~ ng a 乛 乛
notino 「 ma be bounded 0 0 、 00、 0
for 三arrangement 0 、 e se =
m to gemen
e 乛 are
冖、 0n0
do em
moreflexible
、 、
erl
formats
actual 二
on into
0 stored
are 乛
time ~ 000 0
「 sheets
ac ~ 0 一Y 、 、
and tougher
三 partic
no 0 0
… use
bibliographic note recording - 、 40 = 、 、
n
乛 should
his the
no and0 乛0 冖
and er d
一 、
000
of
note-taking.
4 classifying note-book 冖
conveniently
冖 0 provide
e recording
乛 =
一 mu :
g ra
may m subject,
taking, ·6 available
ready= d 、
two topic. 0 energy• 一
0 一 re-arrangement,
00 、 REVIEW
and 、 乛
… be NOTE no rearrangement 乛 00
on 000 handling
notes冖 、 = 0~-g
in as
related. Though very will 冖0 much
ma 一
t一a
0 0、ement
used information, … do It 乛 in ept 、 OF
the ofcards. explained information. on 一
= 00
is TAKING in doe 乛
withstand ormation
in
much one or 、 LITERATURE
… useful flexibility
while 0
-0 ca boxes.
not 、 and om 乛
• 0
the 、 not
ce Place
sati 0 pectwhichlocation 0
One in outline
system.
suitable. one
、 provide drafting 0 ,、00
0 earlier, - information.
in 乛
deciding They handling. ~ 0
and The in 0 0
hasa 111
乛 ~ or
anythe 0
bounded
organizinghg 000-000-
400 the Of may use It promote
topic0 、 em
、
is meetsSheets Of no flexibility matter
0 0 m
一04
c
second thumb 0 乛 、
WhicJ use They 0 C00
一
d undergo Of in 0
the Further,
400 = … on
cards book. O recorded
ofa
Of all will note PO 0 乛rmation.
冖 乛 ed-000
3 maximum
are ma
the
requirementsevery 一
made - : tiformation cards in
x
the book
d ea 、
revision is get compacL
Thus,the
冖 5" information.
:
5 explained requirements
all organizingavailable
page,
in : cards)' and mutilated m· 一
0 desinbk.
the mee 乛
Orm、40 020
flexibility
proper x8
a information
: is when every a, ;
、
、
Of They ~
cards)'
known needed nta 一0 the 一
together.
00it 一 o n ng
bib- in a 乛 ks
the 、
~ 0 when goodem orma- above
time, for system
ve the can when
乛
a in
0
·一
8
乛 0一 d
 of Issues 一 Fo M
corner Note
boxreference
'C'.·一 0 「
tered.
·“
~ 、 die
0 aw- 0
00 The In =
一 The · 80 00One 0
08 . NO" NO" 68k
the 、乛 0
0m suitable 000 PO
,Article
number
0 following
、
=for
ds
same 一 useful date' =
一
eft- 0 、 00 each order
0 一
0
、 International
~ size. 一 」
- pages pages
8 0 0 、 codingonly
0 0
format
on 8 note• 、乛
the
60 each ca the 6 or or

80
corner
may
冖
d s,6 :
·0m0
6 、system400
00m0 一 08
00 om The
、
cher 、
d ma 0-0乛
the 00 the 0 00
8W00一
proposed
adopted
; n00一ted 80
·promotes 、
0 0
th
00 一
000
,000 、
、
80 0 00 一 - 冖 一
」
冖
0
乛
0 冖 、 一
0
一 000'0 一
0 :0
冖 0 0 0 00 0 」
or M
0h0P6 achieving
0000 maximum
-一 丶
、 00目 'J' or
0 000 00 0 、 = = 0-一00
、
冖
0
0-0W0
: 0
目 00 or 冖
00 cd di 冖 'R' OG
which maximum
may fle :、 =
丶 00 = 0 =
一 冖 0
be ~ 0
~ the 0 :
0 W00
000
冖
hemarked' 0
一no
一
冖
= 、 = = "08
=
「
flexibili
0冖 0
冖 00 ·
一
乛 0 一
0 丶
~ 0 「
orma :000 00 =
0
and side 冖
d 一 冖
0 000 ~
冖 冖
y: : 乛
一
on00 0一 冖 =
0 0 Journal,
冖
=
三 ∕
= =
一
t
0 =
a 0
0
related de 0 0 00
righ 乙 一
0 ∕or 冖冖
冖
== ra e a 目 R
冖
-hand= 一
0 = =
may =
0 冖
0
al so =
= - "Repo
00
be冖
used•:0 00 =、 冖
冖
0 00 =
0 冖
)

0
冖 一
冖
乛 一
0 0
冖 -00m0m
Emory, 乛
0 0 0 0 ,0
7
, 0. 5, 3. l. 5
, 一
· l.
冖
w 一
= The ㄛ
Then
erIn 一
Describe
sheets
What Why
HOW HOW What Whatis R Pa Research,
Hall
Komidar,
一
0 Bo 一 B 冖
i 冖
0
冖
ting
e s 6
0 ~
city
= = 970
;100P 0 0 0 0
0 e
William, … shouldcan kinds
0
一 0 0
一
- on
011' 一 000品 the0 = 一 source
and一
刁 can 一 乛 … Chapter 0 ra 0 0 0
= 0 0
the = the
冖一 a
the ~
Harold~ India,
New
Houghton
b00 0 : …
number
=
00 一
= ~ 乛
= 一
researcher

Bus
usec) 0
冖 一
一
a 0
「
need 0h0 0 一
0 0 40m m 0
: 0m0
aking 乛
rom
cards
0 researcher literature
= or
Theses 一冖
:一
~ 0
=
= ra
「 S' =
B
= 989
York 4 0-
and一 冖
=
=
0 0 1000
、
芞 「 一 刁 冖
冖
一 0 0 冖
0 Mifflin and 0 0 = 乛
0 0000 which
冖
a) fo me 刁 「 一 一 乛
「 locate
reviewing、a and… 丶 Chapter
0 5 00 00
Research source一 review
note-taking• 丶 McGraw-Hill
Use = , Gra 0 ~ 一 ma=
should

0 review
、 、
The =
冖 冖
0 40 丶 乛 = a l
the
乛 available
、 0 冖 Company'
Joslyn' 乛
乛
」 00030 =
0 0d0 冖 0 =
cards一 be Use the6. = above
Methods, earlier literature 、 ng000 = 0written•
SUG
20planned? researcher 芅 Library' 乛 name
and 0 Book Richard : will0一
= rom一
0 = R
EVI
literatures 一 F•' G
ate ' 一
de
一 刁 QUESTIONS

London: 974. ESTED

in
0000 一
=
冖 EW
:0
b) -
e
fo
冖
The 一 0 0
ent
乛 、 乛
、
. note system?
ch
review
刁
in Company'
一
0 A• 乛
o r 0 一 the
00000m0 ·= 0C0 OF
cit., Modem 一
0 乛 乛 0 m0
cards studiesrelating
~
bra C00 political = 0
READINGS
8 m0 一 aut has LITERATURE
ch?
George
p• Evaluate and
、 =
0 =
~ the been
raft80
一
93 in
0 一 952一
William Researche 一
0 0
、 0
:
relating for Mineapolis: 0
6
, note-taking• Allen
一
SC
~ the = 0g00m
statement
re 0
一 extracted
his what pp• 、 er 乛
the
topic?
:0
、 冖
000:
e rethe
use 6 and一 R 、 ma
purpose
topic?
Unwin'
•一 and
University
、 ·New
=
000 0 title 丶
0
乛 一
8 、 0
冖
a) … Hatt'ch Yo 一
op 、 、 乛 noted
bounded 一
M 0 00q0 w 、
一
973. Paul·斗 H
0 idea = 0 08M
0 &. on
乛
M 000 040m
一 · ; the
00 一
n
K' ·New 0
left-hand
、
Ota De Brace 一
0 the 0 00m 0
00k' 一
setre maythe
P
冖
一 00
冖 in …
一
一 ·一 ent
Social margin 丶
88 95L …
0 noted
:、
0 the 0