Amici PI

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
TECHNIQUES
JOHN REY E CARDENTE
Start by doing what
is necessary, then what is possible,
and suddenly you are doing the
impossible.” ― St. Francis Of Assisi
Forensic Science
It refers to the application of principles of various sciences to
law. It is a course or a group of subjects
which uses principles of various studies that would give light to
certain legal issues.
Criminalistics
a profession or a field of scientific science dealing
with recognition, collection, preservation and
examination of physical evidence for the purpose
of administration of justice.
Question:
The word forensic means ____?
a. Forum
b. Market Place
C. Public Discussion
d. Legal
e. All of these
The word Forensic was derived from the
Latin word “Forum” which means a market
place, a place where people gather for
purposes of public discussion.
● Dactyloscopy = science of fingerprint Identification and
classification.
● Forensic Photography = the application of the principle
of photography in discovering truth.
● Forensic Odontology = the scientific identification by
means of dental record.
● Forensic Ballistics = the science of F/A identification by
means of the ammunition fired from them.
● Forensic Entomology = study of role or importance of
insects in the crime investigation.
• ACE – V
• Analysis- a detailed examination of anything complex in order to
understand its nature or to determine its essential features : a
thorough study
• Comparison - is the act of comparing side by side two or more things
by determining the relevant, comparable characteristics of each thing,
and then determining which characteristics of each are similar.
• evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment or
conclusion of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria
governed by a set of standards.
• verification- the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity
of something by asking for opinion or checking other sources.
Personal Identification
a system of recognizing and identifying a
particular person based on his/her
characteristics as differentiate from
others.
Personal Identification
ACT of identifying something
distinguishable from other person
- Iyong pag kakakilanlan
Points of Identification Applicable to the
Living Only:
a. Characteristics that may easily be changed:
• Growth of hair, beard or mustache;
• Clothing;
• Frequent place of visit;
• Grade of Profession; and
• Body ornament (e.g. earrings, necklace etc.)
QUESTION
The following can be used to identify the remains of
a person in determining its sex. Except?
a. Tibia
b. Femur
c. Pelvis
d. Sternum
How many bones does a child have?
a. 206
b.250
c. 300
d.306
Baby- 300 bones

Adult – 206 bones
Question
The following are methods of approximating
the height of a person, except.
a. two times the length from the vertex of the
skull to the coccyx.
b. Two times the length of one arm plus 12 inches
for the clavicle and 1.5 inches for the sternum
c. The distance between the tips of the middle
fingers of both hands with the arms extended
laterally.
d. None of these
Methods of Approximating the Height of a
Person
a. Measure the distance between the tips of the
middle fingers of both hands with the arms
extended laterally and it will approximately be
equal to the height.
from the clavicle and 1.5 inches from the
sternum is the approximate height.
c. Two times the length from the vertex of the skull
to the pubic symphysis is the height.
Person
e. The distance from the base of the skull to the
coccyx is about 44% of the height.
f. The length of the forearm measured from the tip
of olecranon process to the tip of the middle
finger is 5/19 of the height.
g. Eight times the length of the head is
approximately equal to the height of the
person.
Question
• Determination of the sex of the skeleton
• ✓ The following bones must be studied:
a.Pelvis
b. Skull
c. Sternum
d. Femur
e. Humerous
PELVIS
MALE- Sacrum short and narrow
. Diameter of the true pelvis less.
FEMALE- Sacrum long and wide.

Diameter of the true pelvis greater
SKULL- 22 BONES
MALE- Lower jaw larger and wider
Forehead higher
Face larger in proportion to cranium.
FEMALE- Lower jaw narrower and lighter and chin not projecting.
Forehead less high
sternum
The body of the male sternum is relatively longer and narrower
than the female
femur
Male is larger than female femur
Bicondylar width male- left 80.147 right 79.404 female left
70.123 right 69.886
Humerus
Larger in male smaller in female
Phrenology
Phrenology
Phrenology
physiognomy
craniometry
A system of identification which was
used earlier than the fingerprint
system, made by measuring various
bony structure of human body.
Developed by Alphonse Bertillion.
a. Portrait Parle c. Tattoo
b. Anthropometry d. Photography
Anthropometry
anthropometry-the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.
Process: Name: anthropometry: mug shot
Ratio:
1:4 million -anthropometry
1:64 billion – fingerprint
Anthropometry
• Who is the farther of scientific PERSONAL

IDENTIFICATION
• alphonse bertillion (france) also mugshot
• Bertillonage system- measurement of bone structure for law enforcement
• Portraits parle- speaking picture; photographing a person as well as their
profile. Mug shot- first 1888
• Who is the father of anthropometry

• - alphonse bertillion
Father of DNA fingerprinting-
Alec Jeffreys
Through a genetic dragnet, police found the
perpetrator, Colin Pitchfork, who gave himself away when
he asked a friend for a substitute blood sample.
Father of modern Forensic science: Sir Edmond Locard –
Locard was the first to codify Galton points, which are specific
features used in fingerprint identification.
Exchange Principle-. According to this principle, whenever

two objects come into contact, there is always a transference
of material between them
• Father of Forensic Psychology:
• Hugo Munsterberg- wrote about being a psychologist in police
work court
• Father of Forensic Science: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Father of criminalistics- Hans Gustav Adolf Gross
Hans Gross worked out the term "Criminalistics" using it
for the first time as a subheading in the third edition of his
manual .
• Father of Psychology: Wilhelm Wundt
• Father of Pychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud
• Father of ballistics- Calvin H. Goddard
• Father of fingerprints- francis Galton
• Father of forensic odontology- Dr. Oscar Amoedo
• Pd 1575
• Father of toxicology- matthiu Orfila
• Father of medicine- hippocrattes
• Father of Forensic medicine – Paolo Zacchias
• Characteristics that may not easily be
changed:
• Mental Memory
• Speech
• Gait
• Mannerism
• Gait – It refers to the manner of walking or
moving on foot.
• ➢ Gait Line – The straight line connecting
the center of the succeeding steps
(measured from heel to heel). It is more or
less in zigzag fashion especially when the
legs are far apart while walking.
• ➢ Foot Line – The longitudinal line drawn
on each foot mark.
Kinds of Gait
1.Ataxic Gait – A gait which the foot is raised high, thrown forward and
brought down suddenly. .
2. Cerebellar Gait – A gait associated with staggering movement.
3. Cow`s Gait – A swaying movement due to knock-knee.
4. Paretic Gait – A gait in which the steps are short, the feet dragged, the
legs held more or less widely apart.
5. Spastic Gait – A gait in which the legs are held together and move in stiff
manner and the toes to drag and catch.
6. Waddling Gait – A gait resembling duck.
7. Frog Gait – A hopping gait in infantile paralysis.
• Points of Identification Applicable to
both living and dead before onset of
Decomposition:
• Race – In the living, race may be
presumed on:
• a. Color of the Skin
• ✓ Caucasians – Fair
• ✓ Malayans – Brown
• ✓ Negroes – Black
• b. Feature of Face
✓ Caucasians – Prominent sharp nose
✓ Malayans – Flat nose with round face
✓ Mongolian – Almond eyes and
prominent cheek bone.
✓ Negroes – Thick spreading lips
Question
Question
The following are methods of approximating
the height of a person, except.
a. two times the length from the vertex of the
skull to the coccyx.
for the clavicle and 1.5 inches for the sternum
c. The distance between the tips of the middle
fingers of both hands with the arms extended
laterally.
d. None of these
Person
a. Measure the distance between the tips of the
middle fingers of both hands with the arms
extended laterally and it will approximately be
equal to the height.
from the clavicle and 1.5 inches from the
sternum is the approximate height.
c. Two times the length from the vertex of the skull
to the pubic symphysis is the height.
Person
e. The distance from the base of the skull to the
coccyx is about 44% of the height.
f. The length of the forearm measured from the tip
of olecranon process to the tip of the middle
finger is 5/19 of the height.
g. Eight times the length of the head is
approximately equal to the height of the
person.
Question
Question
Is the distance of recognition in broad daylight of
a person who is almost a stranger.
a. 100 yards c. 16-17 yards
b. 25 yards d. 10-13 yards
100 yards = never seen even once

16 – 17 yards = moonlight
10 -13 yards = starlight.
Tattoo Marks Importance of Tattoo Marks
a. It may help in the identification of the
person
b. b. It may indicate memorable events in his
life
c. c. It may indicate the social stratum to which
the person belongs
d. d. It implies previous commitment in prison
or membership in a gang
Question
Question
What is the best method in removing a
tattoo from a persons body?
a. Excision
b. Dermabrasion
c. Salabration
d. Laser
Methods of Tattoo
Removal
➢ Excision – It involves
an injection of a local
anesthetic to numb
the area after which
the tattoo is removed
surgically. The edges
are then brought
together and sutured.
Dermabrasion A small
portion of the tattoo is
sprayed with a solution
that freezes the area. The
tattoo is then “sanded”
with rotary abrasive
instrument causing the
skin to peel. Because
some bleeding is likely to
occur, a dressing is
immediately applied to
the area.
Salabrasion – A centuries old
procedure using local
anesthetic applied around
the tattoo area after which
a solution of ordinary tap
water dipped in table salt
is applied and an
abrading apparatus such
such as a wooden block
wrapped in gauze.
Laser – Laser surgery is
considered to be one of
the best methods of
tattoo removalIf
necessary, a cream to
numb the skin can be
applied prior to the
treatment. Pulse of light
from the laser is directed
unto the tattoo breaking
up the tattoo pigment.
• Scars – They are composed of fibrous tissues
which take the place of the original tissues
which have been injured or destroyed. They
are devoid of specialized tissue so they do
not contain pigment layers, sweat or
sebaceous glands.
• Scars – They are composed of fibrous tissues
which take the place of the original tissues
which have been injured or destroyed. They
are devoid of specialized tissue so they do
not contain pigment layers, sweat or
sebaceous glands.
• Some Scars May Show Characteristics Appearance
Such As:
• ✓ Surgical Operation – Regular form and location
with stitch marks.
• ✓ Burns and Scalds – Scars are large, irregular in
shape and may be keloid.
• ✓ Gunshot Wounds – Disc like with depressed
center. They may be adherent to the underlying
tissues.
Question
Question
The first conviction in the Philippine Case which
gives recognition to the science of fingerprint?
a. People Vs. Medina
b. Miranda Vs. Arizona
c. People Vs. Jennings
d. West Case
People vs. Jennings (U.S. case)

West case = defeats the Anthropometry System
Question
The first conviction in the Philippine Case which
gives recognition to the science of fingerprint?
a. People Vs. Medina
b. Miranda Vs. Arizona
c. People Vs. Jennings
d. West Case
People vs. Jennings (U.S. case)

West case = defeats the Anthropometry System
PP. Vs medina US vs Jennings
• First case in Philippines, • Thomas Jennings
• Marciano medina • First case in US
• robbery • murder
• 300 pesos • Mr. Clarence B. Hitler
• watch
• Small silver box
• 10 points similarity
• Victim- James Rockwell
• West Case: In 1903, Wil West arrived at the US
penitentiary at the Leavenworth, Kansas. While West
was being processed in through identification, a staff
member said that there was already a photograph and
Bertillon measurement for him on the file. But a
comparison on fingerprints showed that despite
identical appearances and nearly identical Bertillon
measurements, the identification card on file belonged
to a William West, who had been in Leavenworth since
1901
DACTYLOGRAPHY
It is the art and science of recording fingerprint as a
means of identification.
Fingerprints
An impression designed by the last joint of the fingers and thumb on
smooth surface through the media of ink, sweat or any substance
capable of producing visibility.
MOST INFALLIABLE MEANS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION- FINGERPRINT

MOST RELIABLE MEANS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION- DNA
HIGHEST FORM OF EVIDENCE- DIRECT EVIDENCE
CONSIDERED AS BEST EVIDENCE RULE- ORIGINAL EVIDENCE
Latent print(invincible)
Impressed print (use of clay)
Patent print( visible)
DACTYLOGRAPHY
It is the art and science of recording fingerprint as a
means of identification.
Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint:
1. Chiroscopy Is the science which deals
with the study of the prints of the palms of
the hand.
2. Podoscopy Is the science which deals
with the study of the footprints.
3. Poroscopy Is the scientific study of the
arrangement of the sweat pores
A. PHALANGE – It is the skeletal finger covered
with friction skin. It is made up of three bones.
B. • Basal or Proximal Phalange – It is located
at the base of the finger nearest the palm. •
Middle Phalange – The next and above the
basal bone
C. . • Terminal Phalange – The particular bone
covered with friction skin and located at the
tip of the finger.
A. PHALANGE – It is the skeletal finger covered
with friction skin. It is made up of three bones.
B. • Basal or Proximal Phalange – It is located
at the base of the finger nearest the palm. •
Middle Phalange – The next and above the
basal bone
C. . • Terminal Phalange – The particular bone
covered with friction skin and located at the
tip of the finger.
Components of the Friction skin
Ridge surface
a. Ridge – an
elevated or hill like
structure/ the black
lines with tiny white
dots. Black lines – ridge
White lines- -furrows
Ridge surface
Sweat pores – the
tiny openings that
serve as exits of
sweat/ the tiny Oil pores: connected to an oil
white dots. gland.

Sweat pores: sweat pores all over
your entire skin.
Ridge surface
Sweat glands – the
producers of sweat.
Ridge surface
3. Sweat duct – it
serves as the
passage way.
Question
Question
Is the scientific study of the prints of the soles of the feet?
a. Poroscopy c. Podoscopy
b. Chiroscopy d. Dactyloscopy
Chiroscopy – ( Greek word “ Cheir” – a hand, “Skopien” –to
examine) study of the prints of the palms of the hand.
Podoscopy – ( Greek word “Podo” – the foot, and Skopien –
to the study of the footprints.
Poroscopy – (Greek word “poros” – a pare, and “Skopien” –
to examine) study of the arrangement of the sweat pores.
Question
What is considered as the the outermost layer of the
epidermis?
A. dermis B. pores
c. Stratum Corneum d. Stratum mucosum
Dermis – the inner layer

Epidermis – the outermost layer of skin
stratum corneum- outermost layer of Epidermis
Stratum mucosum - Mucous or Malpighian layer of the
skin.
Malpighian layer
(stratum mucosum or stratum
malpighii) of the epidermis, the
outermost layer of the skin, is
generally defined as both
the stratum basale (basal layer)
and the thicker stratum
spinosum (spinous layer/prickle
cell layer) immediately above it
as a single unit.
Ridge Destruction
The destruction of the friction skin can either
be temporary or permanent. Generally
temporary destruction occurs when only
the epidermis layer of the friction skin has
been damaged, while permanent damage
can be injected to the friction skin due to
damage to the dermis layer.
General Rules on Ridge Destruction:
Epidermis – temporary
Dermis – permanent damage
Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute permanent scar,
while less than 1mm is temporary.
Such permanency in the damage may cause scar or termed as
“Sicatriz”.
john Dillinger Known as the U.S. public enemy number one who
attempted to destroy his own prints using corrosive acids.
Robert James Pitts/ Roscoe Pitts Worked on surgery to forge his
own fingerprints and was named “Man without fingerprint”.
History of Fingerprint in US
1903 – The New York State Prison system began
the first systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S.
for criminals.
1907 – US Navy begins using fingerprint
1908 – US Marine Corps started using fingerprint
1924 – An act of Congress established the
Identification Division of the NBI.
1946 – The introduction of Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS) technology begins
due to the massive number of fingerprint cards
manually processed by the FBI.
History of Fingerprint in US
1903 – The New York State Prison system began
the first systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S.
for criminals.
1907 – US Navy begins using fingerprint
1908 – US Marine Corps started using fingerprint
1924 – An act of Congress established the
Identification Division of the NBI.
1946 – The introduction of Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS) technology begins
due to the massive number of fingerprint cards
manually processed by the FBI.
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Mr. Jones – One who first taught fingerprint in the
Philippines
Generoso Reyes – The first Filipino fingerprint technician
employed by Philippine Constabulary (P.C.)
Isabela Bernales – The first Filipina fingerprint technician.
Flaviano Guerrero (FBI Washington) – Gave the first
examination in fingerprint in 1927 and Agustin Patricio
of the Philippines Topped the examination
History and Development of Finger printing
Egypt
The earliest evidence of ridge detail on the
hands and feet of humans was seen in the
4,000 years old mummies of ancient Egypt. The
hands and feet of mummies have been
examined on numerous occasions and they
confirmed the presence of ridge detail on the
mummies’ digits.
China
It was a common practice for the Chinese to use inked
fingerprints on official documents, land scales, contracts,
loans and acknowledgements of debt. The oldest existing
documents so endorsed date from the 3rd century B.C and it
was still an effective practice until recent times. Emperor Ts –
In-She (24 6-210 B.C) is reported as being the first Chinese
Emperor to use clay finger PRINT
Japan
Legal papers were marked in ink using the top of the
thumb and nail. While nail stamping cannot be considered
a method of friction ridge identification. A Japanese
Historian, Kamagusu Minakata further commented about
blood stamping. Apparently, contracts were accompanied
by a written oath confirmed with a blood stamp. The bold
stamp was a print of the ring finger in blood drawn from that
digit.
Babylonia
References by ancient historians have been
found describing how finger seals were used on legal
contracts from 1855-1913 B.C. The finger impressions
of the parties involved in a contract or agreement were
apparently pressed into the clay surface along with the
script. This practice identified the author and protected
against forgery.
Palestine
William Frederick Bade, director of the Palestine
Institute of Archeology, conducted excavations at various
sites in Palestine and at one place found finger imprints
on many pieces of broken pottery. These “identifications”
permitted the confused debris to dated accurately to the
fourth century A.D. Commenting on this case,
Fingerprint magazine (1973) stated that “these
impressions were obviously intentional and no doubt,
represented the workman’s individual trade mark.”
Holland and Ancient China
Identification of individuals were by means of branding,
tattooing, mutilation and also manifested by wearing of
clothes of different designs.
In earlier civilization, branding and even maiming were
used to mark the criminal for what he was. The thief was
deprived of the hand which committed the thievery.
Constantinople
In treaty ratification, the Sultan soaked
his hand in a sheep’s blood and impressed
it on the document as his seal. (The
sheep’s blood is the substitute for printers’
ink).
Sir William J. Herschel
He is credited as being the first European to recognize the value of
friction ridge points and to actually use them for identification purposes.
he entered into a contract on behalf of the Civil Service with a local
native, Radyadhar Konai, to supply road building material. Herschel
had observed a local practice of putting a friction ridge print of the hand
finger beside a signature or mark on contracts. Contracts having
signatures accompanied by a friction ridge print appeared to command
more respect from the locals and disputes were less frequent.
On the back of the road contract, Herschel asked Konai to
apply his right palm print in ink. Later, he claimed to have
been the first to use friction ridge prints for personal
identification purposes. His claim was based on the use
of the palm print on the Konai contract.
Dr. Henry Faulds (1843-1930)
He pointed out the value of fingerprinting as being in
“medico legal studies” and commented that photographs of people
change over the years but rugae (friction ridges) never change.
Faulds also mentioned apprehending criminals by locating
fingerprints at crime scenes.
Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)
He devised the first truly scientific method of
criminal identification in Paris France called
anthropometry or Bertillonage.
He conceived the idea of using anatomical

measurements to distinguish one criminal from another.
He decided to use various body measurements such as
head length, head breadth, length of left middle finger,
length of the left cubit (forearm)/ length of left foot, body
height, face breadth, face height and other descriptions
including features such as scars and hair and eye color
to distinguish criminals.
The Bertillon system was generally accepted for thirty years but it
never recovered from the events of 1903, when a man named Will
West was sentenced to the U.S. Penitentiary at Leavenworth,
Kansas. There was already a prisoner at the penitentiary at the
time, whose Bertillon measurements were nearly exact, and his
name was William West.
Upon investigation, there were indeed two men. They looked
exactly alike, but were allegedly not related. Their names were Will
and William West respectively. Their Bertillon measurements were
close enough to identify them as the same person. However, a
fingerprint comparison quickly and correctly identified them as two
different people. The West were apparently identical twin brothers
per indications in later discovered prison records citing
correspondence from the same immediate family relatives.
JCA MAYER
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY
RINCIPLE OF VARIATION(NBI)
NO TWO PERSON HAVE THE SAME FINGERPRINT
ACCORDING TO STATISTIC
-SUPPORTED BY FRANCIS GALT
ON STATISTICS
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton was of the opinion that fingerprinting might be a better method of
identification. He added fingerprinting to his presentation of Bertillonage and
entitled the lecture “Personal Identification and Description”
After extensive inquiries, including testimony and demonstration by Galton,
the committee decided that fingerprints should be added to the files at
Scotland Yard but Anthropmetry would remain as the primary method of
identification. In 1901, as the result of another committee, anthropometry
was abandoned and fingerprinting was published as the primary means of
identification.
GALTON-DEVELOVED ARC LOOP WHORL
60-65 PERCENT WHORL
30-35 PERCENT LOOP
ARC-5 PERCENT
STATED THAT 1:64 BILLLION RATIO HAVING SAME
FINGERPRINT
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
SUPPORTED JCA MEYER
JOHANNES EVANGELISTA PURKINJE
FIRST IDENTIFIED THE PATTERN
NEVER ASSOCIATED TO CRIME
9 PATTERNS BUT NOT RECOGNIZED
NAUNAHAN NI GALTON SA PAG PUBLISH
9 PATTERNS WAS PUBLISHED BY GALTON
Juan (Ivan) Vucetich (1855-1925)
The fast pace of the advancement of fingerprinting in
England was due to the ingenuity of Juan Vucetich, who was
employed as a statistician with the Central Police Department at
La Plata, Argentina. In July 1891, the Chief of Police assigned
Vucetich to set up a bureau of Anthropometric Identification.
He started experimenting with fingerprints and set up his
own equipment for taking criminal’s prints.
DEVELOPED OWN CLASSIFICATION
FRANCISCA ROXAS
FATHER OF FEINGERPRINT IN SPANISH SPEAKING
COUNTRIES
FIRST NAPAKULONG- FRANCISCA ROXAS
PINATAY ANAK PARA PAKASALAN
FOUND HER FINGERPRINT IN BEDROOM DOOR
ALVAREZ- SIDEKICK NI VUCETICH
DISCOVERED THAT ROXAS HAS A SUS BOYFRINED
Rojas Murders
June 19, 1892, two children were murdered on
the outskirts of the town of Necochea on the coast of
Argentina. The victims were illegitimate children of a
26-year-old woman named Francisca Rojas. Rojas
blamed Velasquez, an older man who worked at
nearby ranch. However, Velasquez claimed his
innocence. On July 8, 1892, the report reached La
Plata. Police Inspector Alvarez of the Central Police
was sent to Necochea to assist the local police with
the investigation.
Alvarez examined the scene and he noticed a brown
stain on the bedroom door. Careful examination
revealed that it was a fingerprint. Alvarez had received
basic training in fingerprint identification from Vucetich.
Remembering what he had been taught, he cut out the
piece of the door with fingerprint on it. He returned to
Necochea and requested that Rojas be fingerprinted.
Sir Edward Henry (1850 - 1931)
At the same time that Vucetich was experimenting with
fingerprinting in Argentina, another classification system
was being developed in India. This system was called “The
Henry Classification System.”
In 1891, he was appointed Inspector General of Police
for Bengal Province. Upon taking his new post, Henry found
the anthropometric system was being used to identify
criminals. He developed some doubts about the accuracy of
the anthropometric measurements that were being stored in
the files. He also found that close supervision during the
collection of data was very difficult.
Fingerprinting in North America (1877 -1900)
Gilbert Thompson (1882)
He used his thumbprint to ensure that the
amounts were not changed or altered on payroll
cheques. When issuing a payroll cheque, he would
put an inked thumbprint over the amount. This is to
prevent fraudulent cheque alternations.
Mark Twain (1894)
An American author and lecturer. Twain enhanced the
position of fingerprints when he included their use in the plot of
a novel entitled Pudd’n head Wilson. In the novel, a bloody
fingerprint is found on the murder weapon and Pudd’n Head,
the defense attorney, has the whole town fingerprinted. He
lectures the court and jury on the basics of fingerprinting, how
fingerprints are immutable, and that two fingerprints will never
be found to be the same. He also commented on how identical
twins can be indistinguishable in appearance, at times even by
their parents, but their fingerprints will always be different.
Edward Foster (1863 - 1956)
During 1911 the Chicago Police Department arrested a man named Thomas
Jennings for murder. Jennings had murdered a man when he had been
caught attacking the man’s daughter. The evidence against Jennings was slim
except for fingerprint evidence. The prosecution wanted to ensure the
fingerprint evidence would be admitted before the Illinois Supreme Court,
which had not previously ruled on the issue. To strengthen its case, the
prosecution called several recognized fingerprint experts as witnesses,
including Edward Foster.
During the cross examination, Foster was asked by the defense if he
could raise fingerprints on various surfaces. He took the paper and developed
a fingerprint on it. The Jennings trial is considered a “landmark case” in the
courts. Jennings was convicted and sentenced to hang on Dec. 22, 1911.
PP. Vs medina US vs Jennings
• First case in Philippines, • Thomas Jennings
• Marciano medina • First case in US
• robbery • murder
• 300 pesos • Mr. Clarence B. Hitler
• watch
• Small silver box
• 10 points similarity
• Victim- James Rockwell
Lucila Lalu
The first Filipina Chop-Chop lady who was

identified through fingerprint.
The first conviction in Canada based on
fingerprint evidence took place in 1914
Peter Caracatch and Gregory Parachique
broke into the CPR Station in Petawawa,
Ontario. They left fingerprints on glass at
the point of entry. Edward Foster gave
expert evidence at their trial.
Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694)
A professor in 1685 at the University of Bologna,
Italy, published the results of his examination of the
friction skin with the newly invented microscope. He
has been credited with being the first to use a
microscope in medical studies
He was known as the “Grandfather of Dactyloscopy”
according to Dr. Edmond Locard, the “Father of
Poroscopy.” He originated the terms “loops and
spirals.”
Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
In 1912, Locard established poroscopy. Due to his
other writings, his ideas about the unintentional transfer
of different minute materials between objects, became
known as Locard’s Exchange Principle which states that
when any two objects come into contact, there is always
transference of material from each object onto the other
Robert J. Pitts (Known as Roscoe Pitts)
A career criminal noted for altering his
fingerprints in 1941. He had a doctor remove
the skin from his first joints and replace it
with skin from his chest.
State of Ohio vs. Betts (1917)
The Betts case may have been the first
conviction based solely on palm prints. In 1917,
Betts was arrested and charged with burglary
based on the fact that his palm print was found
on a windowpane.
Philippine Setting
Mr. Jones was the first to teach fingerprints in the Philippine constabulary
sometime in the year 1900.
The Bureau of Prisons, in the year 1918, records show that fingerprints
already existed in the “carpetas” (commitment and conviction records).
L. Asa N. Darby, under his management during the re-occupation of the Phils.
by the American Forces, a modern and complete Fingerprint Files has been
established in the Philippine Commonwealth
Mr. Generoso Reyes was the first Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by
the Phil. Constabulary.
1937 Capt. Thomas Dugan of New York Police
Department and Mr. Flaviano G. Guerrero of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Washington, gave the first examinations for
Fingerprint .
Plaridel Educational Institute (PEI), now

PCCr, Manila is the first governmental
recognized school to teach the science of
fingerprints and other police sciences
Question
Question
Case in Philippines where a fingerprint expert and
constabulary sergeant testified and successfully defended
fingerprint evidence based on eight identical ridge points.
a. bilangawa vs. amador . C. Philippines VS. Medina
c. People vs. Jennings d. Will- west case

Will-west- discredited anthropometry
People vs Jennings- first admissibility of fingerprint
evidence in US
Philippines VS. Medina – First conviction PH
Question
He attempted to erase his fingerprints by burning them
with acid but as time went by the ridges were again
restored to their "natural" feature.
a. John Dellinger
b. Pitts, Robert J.
c. Locard and Witkowsji of Lyons
d. Generoso Reyes
John dellinger- a career criminal noted for altering his fingerprints in 1941
Locard and Witkowsji of Lyons- boiling water, hot oil and hot metal
First conviction based on fingerprint and leading case
decision in the Philippine Jurisprudence.
People of the Philippines VS. Medina –
The first Filipina Chop-Chop lady who was identified

through fingerprint.
Lucila Lalu
a fingerprint expert and constabulary sergeant testified

and successfully defended fingerprint evidence based
on eight identical ride points.
BILANGAWA Vs. AMADOR
The first State Supreme Court case to uphold the admissibility of fingerprint
evidence.established the value of fingerprint identification in the United
States of America.
People vs. Jennings (Illinois, 1911)
Case-established the value of fingerprint identification in the United States of

America.
Will West Case
a career criminal noted for altering his fingerprints in 1941. He had a doctor
remove the skin from his first joints and replace it with skin from his chest.
Roscoe Pitts
Kinds of Ridges
Basic and composite ridge characteristics (minutiae)
A bifurcation is where the ridge path divides forming a Y shape with
legs having the same length.
A ridge dot, one ridge unit, is the shortest
of all island and the building block of the
friction ridge.
A lake (enclosure) is a bifurcation which does not
remain open but which the legs of the bifurcation
after running along side for a short distance
come together to form a single ridge once more.
A spur is where the ridge path divides
and one branch comes to an end (leg is
shorter).
An incipient ridge is an unusual type of ridge found
in small percentage of patterns. They are short,
narrow and badly formed ridges found between two
well- formed and full-bodied ridges which is
frequently interrupted.
A ridge bridge (cross) is a
connecting ridge between two
ridges.
A double bifurcation is a bifurcation
where one of the ridge path
bifurcates.
A trifurcation is a when two bifurcations
develop next to each other on the same
ridge, a unique formation.
Diverging ridge - Is the spreading
of two ridges that are flowing side
by side and suddenly separating or
spreading a part.
Bifurcation - A single ridge that

divides itself into two branches. It is
sometimes called as “fork”
Converging ridge
- Is a ridge formation characterized
by a close angular end and serves
as a point of convergence; or it is
the meeting of two ridges that were
previously running side by side.
Two ridge that meet at a center
point.
Diverging ridge
- Is the spreading of two ridges that
are flowing side by side and
suddenly separating or spreading a
part.
1. SPUR OR HOOK – a bifurcation
with one short ridge branching
off a longer ridge.
2. SHORT RIDGE – It is a ridge that

is not too long or not too short.
Limited length
3. RIDGE DOT – A ridge formation

in a form of a dot or period.
1. CROSSOVER – a connecting
friction ridge between parallel
running ridges, generally right
angles
2. ISLAND RIDGE OR EYELET

ENCLOSURE - A ridge that divides
into two branches and meets to
form the original ridge.
3. INTERSECTING RIDGE – refers

to two ridges which cross each
other
The Two Fingerprint Terminus
(Focal Points)
• 1. The Delta (also called the outer terminus) is a point
along a ridge formation found at the center or near the
center of the diverging type lines.
• 2. The Core (also known as the heart or the inner terminus)

usually found at the center or innermost recurve of the type
lines.
The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal Points)
• 1. The Delta (also called the outer
terminus) is a point along a ridge
formation found at the center or near
the center of the diverging type lines.
• 2. The Core (also known as the heart or

the inner terminus) usually found at
the center or innermost recurve of the
type lines.
Rules on Selecting Delta
• 1. Delta must be located midway between the diverging
type lines at or just in front or where they diverge.
• 2. In order for a bifurcation to be selected it should open
towards the core.
• 3. When there is a bifurcation and other type possible delta
the bifurcation is selected.
• 4. If there are two or more possible deltas none is
bifurcation, the one nearest the core should be chosen.
Rules for choosing core in the loop
fingerprint patterns.
Rules in Selecting Core
1. The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern it

is usually found inside the innermost sufficient
recurve in a loop or at the center of the circuiting
ridge.
2. In case that the innermost recurve contains an

appendage, the core is located on the next
innermost recurve without appendage.
Rule 1
• Core is Placed on Innermost

Recurve
• The innermost ridges of recurve
in loop fingerprint pattern
should be chosen as the core.
• NOTE: The core is also helpful

in calculating ridge counting for
loops.
Rule 2
• Core is placed inside the

shoulder of a recurve
• The shoulder of a loop is
the point at which they turn
to join the straight line.
Rule 4
• If the shoulder area of the
loop doesn’t contain any
ending ridges (read rule 5),
the core is placed farthest
from the delta within the
shoulder area of the loop.
Images show how the core
should be chosen in
accordance with the delta.
Rule 3
• Draw an imaginary line
between two shoulder points,
if the line is equidistant to the
delta, the core should be
placed at center point of the
recurve of the loop.
• The following images show a

delta point that is equidistant
from the delta.
Rule 5
• Rule 5: Single Ridge Within
Recurve Shoulder
• if there is an ending ridge

inside the shoulder of the
innermost recurve, the core
is placed at the top of that
ridge.
Rule 6
• Rules 6: Two Ridge Endings
Within Loop Shoulder
• Presence of two ridges that
rise above the shoulder of the
loop. In that case, the farthest
ridge from the delta is
considered as the core.
Rule 6
• Rules 6: Two Ridge Endings
Within Loop Shoulder
• Presence of two ridges that
rise above the shoulder of the
loop. In that case, the farthest
ridge from the delta is
considered as the core.
Rule 7
• Rule 7: Three Ridge Endings Within Loop
Shoulder Recurve
• If a fingerprint pattern has a three

ridge (or rod) within the shoulder of
the loop, the center one is picked as
the core of the fingerprint. This is
also true for the odd number of
ridges that terminate inside the
recurve of the shoulder, or the point
where the recurve begins.
Rule 7
• Rule 7: Three Ridge Endings Within Loop
Shoulder Recurve
• If a fingerprint pattern has a three

ridge (or rod) within the shoulder of
the loop, the center one is picked as
the core of the fingerprint. This is
also true for the odd number of
ridges that terminate inside the
recurve of the shoulder, or the point
where the recurve begins.
Rule 8
• Rule 8: Even Numbered
Ridges Ending Inside the
Shoulder of Loop
• Any even numbered ridges

other than two, the center
ridge pair is treated as the
core. And of course, it should
be inside the shoulder of the
loop.
Rule 7
• Rule 8: Even Numbered
Ridges Ending Inside the
Shoulder of Loop
• Any even numbered ridges

other than two, the center
ridge pair is treated as the
core. And of course, it should
be inside the shoulder of the
loop.
Rule 9
• Rule 9: Inner Recurve Must have No
Appendage Abutting
• The inner loop must have a clean,
smooth recurve, with no appended
abutting (touched or lean on) right
angles (90°) ridges between shoulders. If
it does, that inner recurve is omitted to
qualify as the core. This is usually called a
spoil loop fingerprint pattern.
• The very next loop outside that recurve
is considered as the core and all the
above rules are followed accordingly.
Rule 9
Appendage Abutting
Rule 9
Appendage Abutting
Rule 10
• Rules 10: Choosing Core
in Interlocking Loop
Pattern
• In case two loop patterns
cross each other (which is
extremely rare), their center
point of meeting is
considered the core.
Rule 10
• Rules 10: Choosing Core
in Interlocking Loop
Pattern
• In case two loop patterns
cross each other (which is
extremely rare), their center
point of meeting is
considered the core.
Rules For Choosing and Identifying
Delta in Loop Fingerprint Pattern
Rules on Selecting Delta
1. Delta must be located midway between the
diverging type lines at or just in front or where
they diverge.
2. In order for a bifurcation to be selected it should
open towards the core.
3. When there is a bifurcation and other type
possible delta the bifurcation is selected.
4. If there are two or more possible deltas none is
bifurcation, the one nearest the core should be
chosen.
Rules For Choosing and Identifying Delta in Loop
Fingerprint Pattern
Rule 1: Delta Must be Inside the Type Line of Loop Fingerprints
• Typelines are the region of
fingerprint that incorporates both
core and delta between the utmost
possible ridge
• Delta (also called the outer

terminus) is a point along a ridge
formation found at the center or
near the center of the diverging
type lines.
Delta is a triangular area at the
edges of a fingerprint governed by
the divergence of type lines.
Delta is not on the ridge itself but at
a point nearest to the divergent
type lines.
1.IN loops, identify first the core,

the next step is to locate its delta.
Type Line and Pattern Area
Type lines or skeleton of pattern are two innermost
ridges which start parallel, diverge, and surround or
tend to surround the pattern area. They serve as basic
boundaries of a fingerprint pattern.
The pattern area is the part of a
fingerprint pattern in which the core, delta
and ridges appear enclosed by the type
lines.
Forms of deltas
1. dot
2. bifurcation
3. ending ridge
4. meeting of two ridges
Rules in Selecting Core
1. The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern it

is usually found inside the innermost sufficient
recurve in a loop or at the center of the circuiting
ridge.
2. In case that the innermost recurve contains an

appendage, the core is located on the next
innermost recurve without appendage.
Question
• I. Types of Pattern and Their Interpretation General Types of
Fingerprint Pattern
• WHORLS (35%)
• I. Plain Whorl – W
• II. Central Pocket Loop – C
• III. Double Loop – D
• WHORLS (35%)
• I. Plain Whorl – W
• is a pattern consisting of two
deltas and which at least
one ridge makes a turn
through one complete
circuit. And if an imaginary
line was drawn between two
deltas, it must touch or
cross any circuiting ridge.
• WHORLS (35%)
• It is a pattern consisting of two

deltas,
• with one or more recurving ridges
with an obstruction at right angle
to the inner line of flow, and when
an imaginary line was drawn
between two deltas, it should not
touch or cross any circuiting
ridge.
• WHORLS (35%)

deltas,
ridge.
• II. Double Loop – D
. Double loop – this pattern consists of
two separate and distinct loop
formations, with sets of shoulders and
two deltas.
Elements:
a. Two separate loop formations
b. Two separate and distinct sets of
shoulder
c. Two deltas
two deltas.
Elements:
shoulder
c. Two deltas
• Accidental whorl – X
• this is a pattern consisting of
a combination of two
different types of pattern
• but it cannot be a
combination of a plain arch
with any pattern. It can have
two or more deltas.
Loops
a. There must be a delta

b. A sufficient re-curving ridge passing or
touching an imaginary
Basic Elements of Loop
1. A Core
2. A Delta
3. A Sufficient Recurve
4. At least One Ridge Count
1. Ulnar Loop (RH=\ LH=/) – Downward slant are from

the thumb towards the little finger or ulna bone.
2. Radial Loop (RH=/ LH=\) – Downward slant are from

the little finger toward the thumb or radius bone
ULNAR LOOP ULNAR RADIAL LOOP
The above pattern show the direction ridges flow if located in the right hand
Fingerprint Pattern
ARCHES (5%)
Plain Arch (A) – A type of fingerprint in
which ridges flow from one side to the
other with a slight raise in the center.
The Plain arch is the simplest of all

fingerprint patterns, and it is easily
distinguished.
Tended Arch (T) – It is a type of

pattern having an angle of 90 degrees Tented Arch – T Plain Arch – A
or less, an up thrust, and approaching
the loop type (there is no ridge count.
Analyze the pattern of the
following illustrations
A.PLAIN WHORL A. CENTRAL POCKET A. CENTRAL POCKET
B. TENTED ARC B. ACCIDENTALS B. ACCIDENTALS
C. CENTRAL POCKET C. PLAIN WHORL C. PLAIN WHORL
A.PLAIN WHORL A.CENTRAL POCKET A. CENTRAL POCKET
B.DOUBLE LOOP B. LOOP B. ULNAR LOOP
C.CENTRAL POCKET C. ARCH C. DOUBLE LOOP
C.CENTRAL POCKET C. PLAIN WHORL C. DOUBLE LOOP
Fingerprint Pattern
ARCHES (5%)
LOOPS VII.
Radial Loop – R
A type of fingerprint in which
ridges flow from one side to the
other with a slight raise in the
center.
.Ulnar Loop – U
– It is a type of pattern having an
angle of 90 degrees or less, an
up thrust, and approaching the
loop type (there is no ridge
count.
Question
IN RECORDING Partially Scarred Finger The partially
scarred finger is note in its respective block on the
fingerprint card as?
A. TEMP AMP
B. AMP
C. TIP AMP
D. NONE OF THIS
Collection of scarred pattern
Examples of scarred pattern
RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION:
1. Totally Scarred: When an

impression is totally or so
the impression receives
badly scarred that neither the
both the general type
general type of pattern nor the
value and the sub
ridge count or tracing. Can be
classification value of the
determined with reasonable
corresponding finger of
accuracy, the impression
the other hand.
receives both the general type
value and the sub classification
value of the corresponding
finger of the other hand.
Examples of scarred pattern
RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION:
Partially Scarred: Type Can Be

Determined: When an
impression partially scarred
and the general type can be Recording Partially Scarred
determíned with reasonable Finger: The partially scarred
accuracy, but the ridges finger is note in its respective
cannot be traced or counted block on the fingerprint card
for the proper sub-secondary as "PARTIALLY AMP" or "TIP
classification, the impression AMP."
receives the ridge count or
tracing value of the
corresponding finger of the
opposite hand if the
corresponding finger is of the
same general type
PROPER NOTATION OF DEFORMITIES FINGER
Taking and Recording Deformities Finger Recording

Amputations
- It is imperative that amputations be recorded on the card in the
allotted square of the rolled impressions and in the vacant space in
the plain impressions.
Injured Finger, Unbandaged-

An injured finger bearing a sore, a bruise, or an open cut MUST
NOT BE PRINTED, as infection from the ink or cleaning fluid may
result. USE of a magnifying glass, it must be noted on the card in
its respective space and square.
Skin Disease
- It is preferable not to print hands with a skin disease until after the
hands have healed.
Extra Fingers: Recording and Classifying –
Occasionally a subject appears who has more than ten fingers,
generally two little fingers or two thumbs on one hand.
AT THE BACK OF THE CARD, and a notation on the front of the card is made,
such as "extra thumb on the right hand," or "extra little finger on left hand."
Extra Finger on One of Middle Finger –

On extremely rare occasions on extra fingertip may be evident on one
of the other fingers.
AT THE BACK OF THE CARD, The most logical procedure to follow is to roll the fingers
as accurately as possible and to obtain the print of the best formed finger.
Webbed or Joined Fingers –
Occasionally a subject bears two webbed or joined fingers which have grown
together
ON THE BACK OF THE CARD. - It is usually impossible to roll such fingers
on the inside. therefore they are rolled as completely as possible and a
notation is made
Split Thumb - If the thumb is split, having two nail joints, what to do?
the joint on the outside of the hand is ignored and only the inner joint is
considered for pattern and classification
Aged or Infant Subjects - what to do?

A thin coating of oil or vaseline may assist in obtaining better prints.
The utmost care is necessary in fingerprinting the aged, for their ridges are usually
faint and ill-defined from wear. (Equally difficult are the hands of infants and
children whose ridges are very fine, faint, close together, and not fully defined.)
Dry Skin - Excessive dry skin may cause poor impressions. What to do?
This can be remedied by gently rubbing oil or Vaseline on The fingers, removing
the excess substance, then inking and printing in the normal manner.
Question
Question
Prints made by blood, dust or dirt or other coloring
substances:
a. visible prints c. invisible prints
b. chance prints d. fragmentary prints
Chance Prints/impression – Prints left on a place

unconsciously or accidentally.
Question
✓ Other Types of Latent Prints
a.Smudge Prints – Prints created due to the sliding motion of the
finger.
b.Fragment Prints – Prints that show incomplete ridges. (Partial
Print Impressions)
c.Chance Prints/impression – Prints left on a place unconsciously
or accidentally.
d. Real impression- Impression of the finger bulbs with the use of printing
INK.
e. Plastic Print- Impression made by chance on paraffin , cellophane etc.
f. Latent print- Print which are invincible but made visible by the addition
of some substance.
Types of Latent Prints
➢ Visible Prints - are those prints which are readily visible to the
naked eye such as blood, dirt, ink, paint, or any colored surface
transferred from a finger to a surface. It can either be: Molded Prints
or Prints made by contamination with colored substance.
➢ Semi-Visible Prints – Are prints found on clay, dust, muds and

another sticky surface.
➢ Invisible Prints - prints that are generally made by sweat or

perspiration that require developing for visibility. It is the common
type observed in the crime scene.
Question
Question
What method of developing latent prints in paper is best
to be used being easy to apply and less destructive to
the paper.
a. iodine fuming c. ninhydrin method
b. silver nitrate method d. dusting method
Dusting = traditional/simplest method of developing

prints in the crime scene.
Question
1.Dusting Method - considered as the simplest and
traditional methods used in developing latent prints at
the scene of the crime. By using black powder, the
powder will adhere on the moisture left on the surface.
Rolling Method - basically used in developing prints in
paper done by simply rolling the paper with powder
spreading in its surface.
3. Chemical Fuming Method - done by using chemical
fumes such as Iodine and Ammonium Fumes.
Question
4. Cyanoacrylate Fuming Method – It is used for the
development of latent prints on surfaces made of plastic,
adhesive tapes, aluminum foils, and rubber bands.
5. Iodine Dusting Method – Same procedure as that of a

dusting method but uses an iodine powder and absorbs
the fingerprint which gives yellowish brown prints as a
result of development.
6. Silver Nitrate method – done by spraying a 5 percent

solution of silver nitrate to the surface of the paper.
Question
7. Ninhydrin Method - is considered as one of the best
methods used in developing prints in paper.
8. Iodine Silver Plate Transfer Method – A practical

technique used in developing latent print on human
skin. It is done by spraying an iodine fume into the area of
the skin. Once the latent print is developed, it will be
transferred to a silver plate then exposed to strong light
for evaluation.
9. Laser Method - is a modern method of tracing and
developing latent prints.
Question
Question
Which is not a process of developing
using the ninhydrin method?
a. immersion b. spraying
c. dusting d. brushing
Dusting Method - considered as the simplest and
traditional methods used in developing latent prints
at the scene of the crime. By using black powder, the
powder will adhere on the moisture left on the
surface.
Regular Powders
Luminescent Powder
Metallic Powder
Thermoplastic
Regular Powders Luminescent Powder
Ridge counting and Ridge tracing
Ridge Counting = It refers to the process of
counting the ridges that touch or cross an
imaginary line drawn between the core and the
delta. How many Ridge count?
12 counts
The classification formula and its extension
The classification of fingerprints into distinct groups based on general similarities
allows the fingerprint examiner to search for an unidentified fingerprint within the specific
section of the fingerprint file rather than having to search the whole file. There are
numerous classification systems in use throughout the world today. These systems are all
based on the Purkinje, Galton, Vucetich and Henry System. However, the adopted
classification system is the Basic Henry System with Modifications and Extension by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Classification refers to the formula derived for the complete set of ten
fingerprint patterns or the arrangement of fingerprint records into groups or
subgroups for filing purposes.
The classification formula is composed of the following
divisions:
blocking
1.Primary classification = PC
2.Secondary classification = SC
3.Sub-secondary classification = SSC
4.Final classification = FC
5.Major classification = MC
6.Key classification = KC
Blocking – Is the process of writing
below each pattern the corresponding
symbols of the fingerprints in the
space provided for each pattern.
SYMBOLS TO PLACE IN BLOCKING
PUT “W” for all families of whorl pattern
PUT “A” for Archs
PUT “T” for Tented Arches
PUT ‘’/’’ for radial pattern in right hand
PUT “/ for radial patterns appearing in left hand
PUT ‘’\’’ for ulnar patterns appearing in right hand
PUT’’\’’ for ulnar patterns appearing in left hand
BLOCKING EXAMPLE 1
ULNAR LOOP TENTED ARC PLAIN WHORL ACCIDENTAL PLAIN ARC

WHORL
\ T W W A
RADIAL LOOP DOUBLE LOOP CENTRAL PLAIN WHORL ULNAR LOOP

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /
BLOCKING EXAMPLE 2
RADIAL LOOP PLAIN ARC PLAIN WHORL ULNAR LOOP DOUBLE LOOP
/ A W \ D
RADIAL LOOP PLAIN WHORL TENTED ARC PLAIN ARC RADIAL LOOP
\ D T A \
BLOCKING EXAMPLE 3
RADIAL LOOP ULNAR LOOP PLAIN WHORL CENTRAL ULNAR LOOP

POCKET LOOP
WHORL
/ \ W W \
RADIAL LOOP ULNAR LOOP TENTED ARC PLAIN ARC LATERAL POCKET
LOOP WHORL
\ / T A W
The Primary Classification
For the purpose of obtaining the primary classification, numerical values are
assigned to each of the ten finger spaces whenever a whorl appears, it assumes
the value of the space in which it is found. Spaces in which types of patterns other
than whorls are present are disregarded in computing the primary
The values are assigned as follows:
Fingers no.1 and no.2 = 16
Whorls in the primary are also known as numerical
patterns, while loops and arches are the non – numerical
patterns.
The fingers in a set of print are numbered in its
natural sequence, beginning with the thumb of the right
hand as number 1 and with the little finger as number 10.
The fingers are grouped into two: the denominator
and numerator as follows:
Numerator – Right index finger (2)
Right ring finger (4)
Left thumb (6)
Left middle finger (8)
Left little finger (10)
Denominator – Right thumb (1)
Right middle finger (3)
Right little finger (5)
Left index finger (7)
Left ring finger (9)
FINGER 9 FINGER 8 FINGER 7 FINGER 2 FINGER 3 FINGER 4
FINGER 10 FINGER 6 FINGER 1 FINGER 5

Pair 3
Pair 5 Pair 4 Pair 1 Pair 2

• First pair –--------- If whorl appears , the value is ------------16
• Second pair-------if whorl appears, the value is -------------8
• Third pair ---------if whorl appears, the value is --------------4
• Fourth pair--------if whorl appears, the value is --------------2
• Fifth pair-----------if whorl appears, the value is --------------1
✓ EVEN numbers NUMERATOR
• Right Hand: ODD numbers DENOMINATOR
• 1.Thumb= radial loop
0/0
• 2.Index = ulnar loop
• 3.middle= double loop whorl
• 4.Ring = tented arch
0/8
• 5.Pinkie = central pocket loop whorl
4/4
• Left Hand:
• 6.Thumb= plain whorl (PLUS 1/1)
• 7.Index = plain whorl
2/2
• 8.middle= accidental
• 9.Ring = ulnar loop
• 10.Pinkie = plain arch
0/0
PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION – 7/15

• Right Hand:
• 1.Thumb= plain whorl
0/16
• 2.Index = tented arch
• 4.Ring = accidental
8/8
0/4
• Left Hand:
• 6.Thumb= tented arch (PLUS 1/1)
• 7.Index = amp
0/0
• 8.middle= plain arch
• 9.Ring = plain whorl
• 10.Pinkie = tented arch
1/1

• Right Hand:
• 1.Thumb = central pocket loop whorl
0/16
8/8
• 5.Pinkie = accidental whorl
4/4
• Left Hand:
2/2
0/0

Ulnar loop Double loop whorl Tented arch
Ulnar loop Accidental whorl Plain whorl
Central pocket
Plain Arch Plain whorl Radial loop loop whorl
FINGER 5
FINGER 10 FINGER 6 FINGER 1
Even- 2,4,6,8,10
Odd- 1,3,5,7,9
Pair 1- 16
Pair 2- 8
Pair 3- 4
Pair 4- 2
Pair-5 1

ODD numbers DENOMINATOR
NEVER FORGET THAT ONLY
WHORL FAMILY CAN BE GIVEN
VALUE DURING PRIMARY
CLASSIFICATION
NEVER FORGET THAT ODD
NUMBERS ARE DENOMINATOR
WHILE EVEN NUMBERS ARE
NUMERATORS IN PRIMARY
CLASSIFICATION
0/0
0/8
4/4
• Left Hand:
2/2
0/0

Secondary Division
• This division is obtaining by writing the Capital

letter symbols (taken from the index fingers) and
the small letters (from thumb, middle, ring and
little finger.
• A. By capital letters – all letters appearing at the index finger
which can be (A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X)
• B. Small letters- derived from the thumb, middle, ring and

little fingers.
• It only includes radial loop (r), plain arch (a) and tented arch (t).
(r.a.t
• right as the numerator

• left index denominator
• A. By capital letters – all letters appearing at the index finger which
can be (A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X)
• B. Small letters- derived from the thumb, middle, ring and little
fingers.
(r.a.t)
• PUT DASH (-) if the finger pattern is in between fingers
• Don’t put dash if rat is absent in thumb or pinkie

Secondary division example 1
0 0 8 8 0
WHORL
\ T W W A
0 2 2 1 0
WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /

WHORL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
Small letters Capital letter Small letters Small letters Small letters
thumb index middle ring little
ULNAR TENTED PLAIN ACCIDENT PLAIN ARC

LOOP ARC WHORL AL
WHORL
T a
r D
RADIAL DOUBLE CENTRAL PLAIN ULNAR
By capital letters LOOP LOOP POCKET WHORL LOOP
(A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X) WHORL LOOP
WHORL
Small letters- R.A.T

(Radial, plain arch,
tented arch)

LOOP ARC WHORL AL
WHORL
Ta
rD

WHORL

tented arch)
Ta
rD
Ta
rD
0 0 8 8 0
ULNAR LOOP ULNAR LOOP RADIAL LOOP TENTED ARCH PLAIN ARC
\ T W W A
0 2 2 1 0
PLAIN ARCH ACCIDENTAL PLAIN ARCH PLAIN WHORL ULNAR LOOP
WHORL
A X / W /

WHORL
ULNAR ULNAR RADIAL TENTED PLAIN ARC

LOOP LOOP LOOP ARCH
r- t a
U
a Xa
PLAIN ACCIDENT PLAIN PLAIN ULNAR
By capital letters ARCH AL WHORL ARCH LOOP
WHORL
(A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X)

tented arch)

LOOP LOOP LOOP ARCH
r -t a
U
a Xa
WHORL
(A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X)

tented arch)
U r - ta
aX a
Sub-secondary division
• This is done by ridge counting of loops

and ridge tracing of whorls appearing
in the index, middle, and ring fingers of
both right and left hands.
REMEMBER IF THERE IS THE
APPEARANCE OF PLAIN ARCH
OR TENTED ARCH IN SUB
SECODARY AUTOMATICALLY
PLACE A DASH (-)
ONLY LOOPS AND WHORLS ARE FOCUS ON SUB SECONDARY
• a. Ridge Counting of Loop
Index = 1-9 Ridge Counts (INNER)
= 10 or more Ridge Counts (OUTER)
Middle = 1-10 Ridge Counts (INNER)

Ring = 1-13 Ridge Counts (INNER)

Sub-secondary
Ridge Tracing of Whorl
division
INNER (I) – 3 or more Intervening Ridges “INSIDE” or
“ABOVE” the Right Delta.
OUTER (O) - 3 or more Intervening Ridges “OUTSIDE” or

“BELOW” the Right Delta.
Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening Ridges either “ABOVE” or

Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented with a dash ( -).
Sub Secondary division example 1
0 0 8 8 0
WHORL
\ T W W A
0 2 2 1 0
WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /

WHORL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
FOR WHORL PATTERN INDEX MIDDLE RING
INNER (I) – 3 or more “ABOVE”
OUTER (O) - 3 or more “BELOW”
Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening
Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW ULNAR TENTED PLAIN ACCIDENTAL PLAIN ARC
LOOP ARC WHORL WHORL
(With 5 (With 1
Intervening Intervening
Ridge Below
- I
Ridges
M Above the the Right
Right Delta) Delta)
O M I
FOR LOOP PATTERNS
INDEX- 1-9 =INNER LOOP POCKET LOOP
LOOP WHORL LOOP
10 OR ABOVE =OUTER WHORL WHORL
(With 2
(With 4
(With 8
MIDDLE- 1- 10 =INNER Intervening Intervening
Intervening
Ridges Above
Ridges Above
11 OR ABOVE =OUTER Ridges Below
the Right Delta) the right Delta)
the right Delta)
RING- 1-11 =INNER

12 OR ABOVE =OUTER
Sub Secondary division
example 1
- I M
OM I
INDEX MIDDLE RING
Note: only use this table if whorl
ULNAR RADIAL ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ARC
Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW
LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP
10 ridge 11 ridge 17 ridge
count delta count delta count delta
O O O to core to core to core
M - I
Note: only use this table if loop
INDEX- 9 below (inner) RADIAL ACCIDENT PLAIN DOUBLE ULNAR
above (outer) LOOP AL WHORL ARCH LOOP LOOP
WHORL
(With 1 (With 7
MIDDLE- 10 below (inner) Intervening Intervening
above (outer) Ridges above Ridges Above
delta) the right Delta
RING - 13 below (inner)

above (outer)
OOO
M - I
Major Division
This is similar to Sub-Secondary

division though it is applying to the
thumb only and ridge counting has
been modified.
Major classification is confusing
because its almost like sub secondary
and it has 2 tables to be followed
NOTE:
In major classification always start at

the left finger. Then follow the table.
• Note:
• First Get the ridge count of Left Thumb
• ii. If the ridge count of left thumb is 16 or less Table 1
would apply.
• iii. If the ridge count of left thumb is 17 or more use

table 2 for the ridge counting of right thumb.
• Note:
would apply.

Table 1 Table 2
Ridge count Symbol Ridge Count Symbol
1-11 Small (S) 1-17 Small (S)
12-16 Medium (M) 18-22 Medium (M)
17 or more Large (L) 23 or more Large (L)

Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
Ridge Symbol Ridge Symbol
ULNAR RADIAL ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ARC count Count
LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP 1-11 Small 1-17 Small
With 6
(S) (S)
Intervening
Ridge Below 12-16 Medium 18-22 Medium
the Right (M) (M)
Delta)
17 or Large 23 or Large
more (L) more (L)
Use this for whorls

RADIAL ACCIDENT PLAIN DOUBLE ULNAR OUTER (O) - 3 or more “BELOW”
LOOP AL WHORL ARCH LOOP LOOP Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening
With 15 Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW
WHORL
Ridge
Counts) O
M
ALWAYS SOLVE THE LEFT (denominator) FIRST
Left hand ONLY USE TABLE 2 for right hand IF 17 or more is on left thumb
AT ALL TIMES, LEFT thumb (DENOMINATOR) will use table 1 strictly always
Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
With 8 (S) (S)
Ridge 12-16 Medium 18-22 Medium
Counts) (M) (M)
more (L) more (L)
Use this for whorls

ULNAR ACCIDENT PLAIN DOUBLE ULNAR INNER (I) – 3 or more “ABOVE”
LOOP AL WHORL ARCH LOOP LOOP OUTER (O) - 3 or more “BELOW”
With 19 WHORL Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening
Ridge Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW
Counts)
S

L
Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
ULNAR RADIAL ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ARC Ridge Symbol Ridge Symbol
LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP count Count
With 19 1-11 Small 1-17 Small
Ridge (S) (S)
Counts) 12-16 Medium 18-22 Medium
(M) (M)
more (L) more (L)
ULNAR ACCIDENT PLAIN DOUBLE ULNAR Use this for whorls

LOOP AL WHORL ARCH LOOP LOOP INNER (I) – 3 or more “ABOVE”
With 22 WHORL OUTER (O) - 3 or more “BELOW”
Ridge Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening
Counts) Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW
M
Left hand ALWAYS SOLVE THE LEFT (denominator) FIRST L
ONLY USE TABLE 2 for right hand IF 17 or more is on left thumb
Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
PLAIN RADIAL ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ARC Ridge Symbol Ridge Symbol
ARCH LOOP LOOP LOOP count Count
1-11 Small 1-17 Small
(S) (S)
12-16 Medium 18-22 Medium
(M) (M)
more (L) more (L)
-
. Final Division
• This is done by ridge counting of loops and

whorls from the two little fingers.
• In this division whorls are ridge counted not to

be ridge traced.
. Final Division
• 1. Loops –ridge counted in its conventional way;
• 2. Whorls:
• a. Plain whorl and central pocket loop whorl shall be treated as ulnar loop
from the hand of origin;
• b. A double loop is ridge counted to an upright loop or the ridge count
of the top loop; and
• c. An accidental whorl be ridge counted in all but the least ridge count
will be used.
• d. Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented with
a dash (-).
WHORL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
(16 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
-
LOOP ARC WHORL AL
WHORL
16 RADIAL
LOOP
DOUBLE
LOOP
CENTRAL
POCKET
PLAIN
WHORL
ULNAR
LOOP
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
(16 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
ULNAR TENTED PLAIN ACCIDENT PLAIN
LOOP ARC WHORL AL WHORL
WHORL (24 RIDGE
COUNT)
24
22
RADIAL DOUBLE CENTRAL PLAIN RADIAL
LOOP LOOP POCKET WHORL LOOP
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
(22 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
ULNAR TENTED PLAIN ACCIDENT RADIAL
LOOP ARC WHORL AL LOOP
WHORL (12 RIDGE
COUNT)
12
18
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
(18 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
WHORL (12 RIDGE
COUNT)
12
18
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
. Key Division
• This division is derived by getting the ridge count of

the first loop formation appearing in the ten fingers
except the two little fingers. In case of absence of a
loop, the first whorl will be ridge counted following
the rules of ridge counting a whorl under final division.
KEY EXAMPLE 1

WHORL
25 WITH 25
COUNTS
\ T W W A

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /
KEY EXAMPLE 1
TENTED ARCH TENTED ARCH PLAIN WHORL ACCIDENTAL PLAIN ARCH

WHORL
19 19 ridge count
T T W W A
PLAIN WHORL DOUBLE LOOP CENTRAL PLAIN WHORL ACCIDENTAL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
W D W W W
test
Primary review
solve for the primary
• Right Hand:
• Left Hand:

Pair 3
Pair 5 Pair 4 Pair 1 Pair 2

• First pair –--------- If whorl appears , the value is ------------16
• Second pair-------if whorl appears, the value is -------------8
• Third pair ---------if whorl appears, the value is --------------4
• Fourth pair--------if whorl appears, the value is --------------2
• Fifth pair-----------if whorl appears, the value is --------------1
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
0/0
0/8
4/4
• Left Hand:
2/2
0/0

• Right Hand:
0/16
• 4.Ring = accidental
8/8
0/4
• Left Hand:
• 6.Thumb= tented arch (PLUS 1/1)
• 7.Index = amp
0/0
• 8.middle= plain arch
• 10.Pinkie = tented arch
1/1

• Right Hand:
• 1.Thumb = central pocket loop whorl
0/16
8/8
• 5.Pinkie = accidental whorl
4/4
• Left Hand:
2/2
0/0

CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
0/0
0/8
4/4
• Left Hand:
2/2
0/0

Secondary review
Secondary division
0 0 8 8 0
WHORL
\ T W W A
0 2 2 1 0
WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /
Secondary Division
• This division is obtaining by writing the Capital

letter symbols (taken from the index fingers) and
the small letters (from thumb, middle, ring and
little finger.
• A. By capital letters – all letters appearing at the index finger which
can be (A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X)
• B. Small letters- derived from the thumb, middle, ring and little
fingers.
(r.a.t)
• PUT DASH (-) if the finger pattern is in between fingers
• Don’t put dash if rat is absent in thumb or pinkie

0 0 8 8 0
WHORL
\ T W W A
0 2 2 1 0
WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /

WHORL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL

LOOP ARC WHORL AL
WHORL
T a
r D
WHORL

tented arch)

LOOP ARC WHORL AL
WHORL
Ta
rD

WHORL

tented arch)
Ta
rD
Ta
rD
0 0 8 8 0
\ T W W A
0 2 2 1 0
WHORL
A X / W /

WHORL

LOOP LOOP LOOP ARCH
r- t a
U
a Xa
WHORL
(A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X)

tented arch)

LOOP LOOP LOOP ARCH
r -t a
U
a Xa
WHORL
(A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or X)

tented arch)
U r - ta
aX a
Sub secondary review

WHORL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
• This is done by ridge counting of loops

and ridge tracing of whorls appearing
in the index, middle, and ring fingers of
both right and left hands.
REMEMBER IF THERE IS THE
APPEARANCE OF PLAIN ARCH
OR TENTED ARCH IN SUB
SECODARY AUTOMATICALLY
PLACE A DASH (-)
ONLY LOOPS AND WHORLS ARE FOCUS ON SUB SECONDARY
• a. Ridge Counting of Loop
Index = 1-9 Ridge Counts (INNER)
Middle = 1-10 Ridge Counts (INNER)

Ring = 1-13 Ridge Counts (INNER)

Sub-secondary
Ridge Tracing of Whorl
division
INNER (I) – 3 or more Intervening Ridges “INSIDE” or
“ABOVE” the Right Delta.
OUTER (O) - 3 or more Intervening Ridges “OUTSIDE” or

Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening Ridges either “ABOVE” or

Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented with a dash ( -).

WHORL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
FOR WHORL PATTERN INDEX MIDDLE RING
Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW ULNAR TENTED PLAIN ACCIDENTAL PLAIN ARC
LOOP ARC WHORL WHORL
(With 5 (With 1
Intervening Intervening
Ridge Below
- I
Ridges
M Above the the Right
Right Delta) Delta)
O M I
FOR LOOP PATTERNS
INDEX- 1-9 =INNER LOOP POCKET LOOP
LOOP WHORL LOOP
10 OR ABOVE =OUTER WHORL WHORL
(With 2
(With 4
(With 8
MIDDLE- 1- 10 =INNER Intervening Intervening
Intervening
Ridges Above
Ridges Above
11 OR ABOVE =OUTER Ridges Below
the Right Delta) the right Delta)
the right Delta)
RING- 1-11 =INNER

12 OR ABOVE =OUTER
example 1
- I M
OM I
INDEX MIDDLE RING
Note: only use this table if whorl
ULNAR RADIAL ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ARC
Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW
LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP
10 ridge 11 ridge 17 ridge
count delta count delta count delta
O O O to core to core to core
M - I
Note: only use this table if loop
INDEX- 9 below (inner) RADIAL ACCIDENT PLAIN DOUBLE ULNAR
above (outer) LOOP AL WHORL ARCH LOOP LOOP
WHORL
(With 1 (With 7
MIDDLE- 10 below (inner) Intervening Intervening
above (outer) Ridges above Ridges Above
delta) the right Delta
RING - 13 below (inner)

above (outer)
OOO
M - I
MAJOR
Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
With 6
(S) (S)
Intervening
the Right (M) (M)
Delta)
more (L) more (L)
Use this for whorls

WHORL
Ridge
Counts)

Major Division
This is similar to Sub-Secondary

division though it is applying to the
thumb only and ridge counting has
been modified.
Major classification is confusing
because its almost like sub secondary
and it has 2 tables to be followed
NOTE:
In major classification always start at

the left finger. Then follow the table.
• Note:
would apply.

• Note:
would apply.

Table 1 Table 2
Ridge count Symbol Ridge Count Symbol
1-11 Small (S) 1-17 Small (S)
12-16 Medium (M) 18-22 Medium (M)
17 or more Large (L) 23 or more Large (L)

Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
With 6
(S) (S)
Intervening
the Right (M) (M)
Delta)
more (L) more (L)
Use this for whorls

WHORL
Ridge
Counts) O
M
Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
With 8 (S) (S)
Ridge 12-16 Medium 18-22 Medium
Counts) (M) (M)
more (L) more (L)
Use this for whorls

ULNAR ACCIDENT PLAIN DOUBLE ULNAR INNER (I) – 3 or more “ABOVE”
LOOP AL WHORL ARCH LOOP LOOP OUTER (O) - 3 or more “BELOW”
With 19 WHORL Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening
Ridge Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW
Counts)
S

L
Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
ULNAR RADIAL ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ARC Ridge Symbol Ridge Symbol
LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP count Count
With 19 1-11 Small 1-17 Small
Ridge (S) (S)
Counts) 12-16 Medium 18-22 Medium
(M) (M)
more (L) more (L)

M
Use this for loops
Right hand
Table 1 Table 2
PLAIN RADIAL ULNAR RADIAL PLAIN ARC Ridge Symbol Ridge Symbol
ARCH LOOP LOOP LOOP count Count
1-11 Small 1-17 Small
(S) (S)
12-16 Medium 18-22 Medium
(M) (M)
more (L) more (L)
-
FINAL
• Solve for the final
Final Division
LOOP ARC WHORL AL
WHORL

WHORL LOOP
WHORL
(16 RIDGE
COUNT)
. Final Division
• This is done by ridge counting of loops and

whorls from the two little fingers.
• In this division whorls are ridge counted not to

be ridge traced.
. Final Division
• 1. Loops –ridge counted in its conventional way;
• 2. Whorls:
• a. Plain whorl and central pocket loop whorl shall be treated as ulnar loop
from the hand of origin;
• b. A double loop is ridge counted to an upright loop or the ridge count
of the top loop; and
• c. An accidental whorl be ridge counted in all but the least ridge count
will be used.
• d. Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented with
a dash (-).
WHORL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
(16 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
-
LOOP ARC WHORL AL
WHORL
16 RADIAL
LOOP
DOUBLE
LOOP
CENTRAL
POCKET
PLAIN
WHORL
ULNAR
LOOP
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
(16 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
ULNAR TENTED PLAIN ACCIDENT PLAIN
LOOP ARC WHORL AL WHORL
WHORL (24 RIDGE
COUNT)
24
22
RADIAL DOUBLE CENTRAL PLAIN RADIAL
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
(22 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
WHORL (12 RIDGE
COUNT)
12
18
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
(18 RIDGE
COUNT)
Final Division
WHORL (12 RIDGE
COUNT)
12
18
WHORL LOOP
WHORL
KEY
Solve for the key

WHORL
WITH 25
COUNTS
\ T W W A

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /
. Key Division
• This division is derived by getting the ridge count of

the first loop formation appearing in the ten fingers
except the two little fingers. In case of absence of a
loop, the first whorl will be ridge counted following
the rules of ridge counting a whorl under final division.
KEY EXAMPLE 1

WHORL
25 WITH 25
COUNTS
\ T W W A

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
\ D W W /
KEY EXAMPLE 1
TENTED ARCH TENTED ARCH PLAIN WHORL ACCIDENTAL PLAIN ARCH

WHORL
19 19 ridge count
T T W W A
PLAIN WHORL DOUBLE LOOP CENTRAL PLAIN WHORL ACCIDENTAL

WHORL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
W D W W W
Identify the patterns
A.PLAIN WHORL A. CENTRAL POCKET A. CENTRAL POCKET
B. TENTED ARC B. ACCIDENTALS B. ACCIDENTALS
C. CENTRAL POCKET C. PLAIN WHORL C. PLAIN WHORL
C.CENTRAL POCKET C. ARCH C. DOUBLE LOOP
• WHORLS (35%)
• What pattern appears in the image ?
• A. plain whorl
• B. ulnar loop
• C. central pocket loop whorl
• D. tented arch
• WHORLS (35%)

deltas,
ridge.
• What pattern appears in the image ?
• A. accidental
• B. ulnar loop
• C. central pocket loop whorl
• D. double loop whorl
two deltas.
Elements:
shoulder
c. Two deltas
two deltas.
Elements:
shoulder
c. Two deltas
What fingerprint pattern are
shown below?
Tented Arch Plain Arch

Identify the core
Identify the core
Question
IN RECORDING Partially Scarred Finger The partially
scarred finger is note in its respective block on the
fingerprint card as?
A. TEMP AMP
B. AMP
C. TIP AMP
D. NONE OF THIS
END OF LECTURE

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PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

Baby- 300 bones

FEMALE- Sacrum long and wide.

• Who is the farther of scientific PERSONAL

• Who is the father of anthropometry

Exchange Principle-. According to this principle, whenever

100 yards = never seen even once

People vs. Jennings (U.S. case)

People vs. Jennings (U.S. case)

MOST INFALLIABLE MEANS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION- FINGERPRINT

white dots. gland.

Dermis – the inner layer

He conceived the idea of using anatomical

The first Filipina Chop-Chop lady who was

Plaridel Educational Institute (PEI), now

c. People vs. Jennings d. Will- west case

The first Filipina Chop-Chop lady who was identified

a fingerprint expert and constabulary sergeant testified

Case-established the value of fingerprint identification in the United States of

Bifurcation - A single ridge that

2. SHORT RIDGE – It is a ridge that

3. RIDGE DOT – A ridge formation

2. ISLAND RIDGE OR EYELET

3. INTERSECTING RIDGE – refers

• 2. The Core (also known as the heart or the inner terminus)

• 2. The Core (also known as the heart or

1. The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern it

2. In case that the innermost recurve contains an

• Core is Placed on Innermost

• NOTE: The core is also helpful

• Core is placed inside the

• The following images show a

• if there is an ending ridge

• If a fingerprint pattern has a three

• If a fingerprint pattern has a three

• Any even numbered ridges

• Any even numbered ridges

• Delta (also called the outer

1.IN loops, identify first the core,

1. The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern it

2. In case that the innermost recurve contains an

• It is a pattern consisting of two

• It is a pattern consisting of two

a. There must be a delta

1. Ulnar Loop (RH=\ LH=/) – Downward slant are from

2. Radial Loop (RH=/ LH=\) – Downward slant are from

The Plain arch is the simplest of all

Tended Arch (T) – It is a type of

1. Totally Scarred: When an

Partially Scarred: Type Can Be

Taking and Recording Deformities Finger Recording

Injured Finger, Unbandaged-

Extra Finger on One of Middle Finger –

Aged or Infant Subjects - what to do?

Chance Prints/impression – Prints left on a place

➢ Semi-Visible Prints – Are prints found on clay, dust, muds and

➢ Invisible Prints - prints that are generally made by sweat or

Dusting = traditional/simplest method of developing