INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS-PPT - DL - pptx.pdf-1687309099.INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS-PPT - DL

PERSONAL
SURVIVAL
TECHNIQUES
Section A-VI/1, Table A-VI/1-1 of the 1995 STCW Code.
IMO Model Course 1.19

COURSE INTRODUCTION
Standard of Training Certification and Watchkeeping
(STCW) Personal Survival Techniques (PST) a
course aims to meet the mandatory minimum standards
of competence for safety familiarization, basic training
and instruction in personal survival techniques in
accordance with Section A-VI/1, and as set out in Table
A-VI/1-1 of the STCW Code.
Standard Training Certification and Watchkeeping 1978

Convention, STCW 1995 Code, as amended in 2010
Manila amended, Regulation VI/1 and Section A-VI/1;
Table A-VI/1-1.
instruction, safety and survival 2
COMPETENCE
1. Survive at sea in the event of abandonment

OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE
To meet the minimum standard of competence for all
trainees assigned to shipboard duties as required in
Section A-VI/1 of the STCW Code as amended, this
course is designed to enable the trainees to
successfully demonstrate the competence on
Personal Survival Techniques.
Specifically, at the end of the course the trainees must

be able to survive at sea in the event of ship
abandonment.
Covers the requirements of the 1978 STCW
Convention, as amended and is based on the
provisions of Reg. VI/1 paragraph 1 & Section
A-VI/1 paragraph 2.1.1 Table A-VI/1-1 of the
1995 STCW Code.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, the trainees
should be able to:
1. Identify the types of emergency situations that may
occur onboard ship
2. Explain the common causes of each type of emergency
situation
3. Explain the contents of the muster list
4. Identify the types of life-saving appliances normally
carried on ships

5. Explain SOLAS requirements on each type of
life-saving appliance
6. Identify the various equipment in survival craft
7. Explain the use of each equipment in survival craft
8. Explain the various personal life saving appliances
and it’s uses
9. Identify the location of each personal life saving
appliances

10. Explain the value of training and drills
11. Explain the requirements for conducting drills onboard
ships
12. Explain the importance of being prepared to any
emergency situation
13. Explain the actions to be taken when called to survival
craft stations
14. Carry out the appropriate actions when called to
survival craft stations based on SMS Manual
8
15. Explain the precautions to be observed in jumping
from a height into the water
16. Explain the proper way of keeping afloat without a

lifejacket
17. Explain the proper technique in swimming while

wearing a lifejacket
18. Explain the procedure in righting an inverted liferaft

while wearing a Lifejacket

19. Explain actions on boarding survival craft to enhance
chance of survival based on SMS manual
20. Explain the proper way of streaming a drogue or

sea-anchor
21. Explain the procedure in operating survival craft

equipment based on SMS manual

22. Explain the procedures in operating equipment
23. Identify dangers that survivors may experience
24. Explain the measures to be taken to prevent

exposure to danger

1. TYPES OF EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
A. FIRES
B. FOUNDERING / FLOODING
C. COLLISION / ALLISION
D. STEERING FAILURE
E. MAIN ENGINE FAILURE
F. GROUNDING / STRANDING
G. MAN OVERBOARD
H. PIRACY AND ARM ROBBERY
I. OTHERS
EMERGENCY - Sudden, unexpected, or impending
situation that may cause injury, loss of life, damage
to the property, and/or interference with the normal
activities of a person or firm and which, therefore,
requires immediate attention and remedial action.
The cause may be due to forces of nature or human

error or omission.
FIRE
FOUNDERING
1.1. Types of emergency situations that
may occur onboard ship
Emergencies leading to FIRES or the FOUNDERING of ships:
1. Collision
2. Stranding
3. Adverse reaction of dangerous goods or
hazardous bulk materials
4. Shifting of cargo
5. Engine-room explosion or fire
6. Hull failure
7. Others
16
1.2 Common Causes of each Type of Emergency situation;
A. FIRE - There are a number of ways that a fire might start

aboard a ship. Faulty electrical wiring is one. A short in the
electrical system can easily start a fire. An overheating
engine or motor may also start a fire, and a fuel leak can
either start a fire or make a fire much worse. Fires may
also begin in the galley with the stove or other cooking
equipment. The most common cause of shipboard
fires is related to equipment malfunction of some kind and
a fire is most likely to start in the engine room.
B. FOUNDERING- Is the adverse effect on the Vessel’s
buoyancy due to the ingress of water resulting in sinking
could be the end result of; Collision, Water ingress,
Leaks or hull damage.
If a Ship sinks after capsizing, or as a consequence of a

leak in the hull or other water ingress, it is often
described as having Foundered or Foundering.
1. COLLISION - The sudden, forceful coming together in
direct contact of two bodies or objects.
(ALLISION - One Vessel runs into another or into an
object that is NOT in motion.)
“Common Causes of Maritime Collisions”
Human Error: Carelessness or simply errors on the part

of crewmembers can quickly lead to collisions at sea.
Also, confusion stemming from differences in maritime
traffic schemes across different regions, akin to driving on
the wrong side of the road while visiting another country.
Human error is the most common cause of maritime
collisions.
“Common Causes of Maritime Collisions”
Weather: Next to human error, Weather conditions have the

biggest impact on maritime accidents. Fog obstructing
vision, high winds exerting force on vessels, ice flows
colliding with vessels all fall under this category.
In many cases, weather is only a contributing factor in a
collision. After a thorough investigation of a
weather-related collision, it’s often discovered
that negligence also played a significant role in the
accident.
Equipment Failure: When an engine fails,

maneuvering capabilities are lost, or other equipment
essential to the operation of the ship malfunctions.
Infrastructure Problems: If something on land is out of
position, such as a draw bridge dropping prematurely, it
can cause collisions. This is the rarest cause of
maritime accidents, but it does occur.
2. STRANDING - means when a vessel has run aground
(Grounding), it is accidental. This is physically the same
action as beaching, but with the significant difference that
beaching the vessel is an intentional action and under
comparatively controlled conditions, whereas stranding is
accidental. In consequence, the double bottom area of
the vessel will probably suffer considerable damage,
especially if the ground is rocky.
Stranding can occur for a number of reasons: Bad
navigation, Faulty navigation instruments, Bad weather,
Engine breakdown, etc.
STRANDING
3. ADVERSE REACTION OF DANGEROUS GOODS
OR HAZARDOUS BULK MATERIALS – certain
cargoes are liable to oxidation, which in turn may result
in oxygen reduction, emission of toxic fumes and self
heating. Some cargo when wetted are corrosive to skin
or ship structures.
4. SHIFTING OF CARGO – is a commonly dangerous
situation for ships carrying solid cargo, bulk cargo
ships and containerships. This may cause the ship
listing or capsizing and or structural damage. Causes
includes shifting of improperly secured cargo, crew
member fatigue, cargo that exceeds the ship’s holding
capacity, poorly trained forklift and crane operators,
lack of proper training and equipment for heavy lifting,
faulty or leaking cargo containers, etc.
SHIFTING OF CARGO
ADVERSE REACTION OF
DANGEROUS GOODS OR
HAZARDOUS BULK
MATERIALS
5. ENGINE ROOM EXPLOSION – Most fires starts in
the engine room and are in 7 out of 10 cases caused by
fuel oil leakage or short circuit of electrical equipment.
6. HULL FAILURE - is a failure in the main body of the

vessel which protect her inside from water ingress or
structural damage. A loss of hull’s integrity may be
caused by corrosion of vessel’s hull, or by fracture due
to overload or as a result of an accident such as
collision, contact or grounding.
30
ENGINE ROOM EXPLOSION
HULL FAILURE
31
MUSTER LIST
The Muster List consists of duties and responsibilities
in case of such mishaps, designated and assigned to
each person on the ship; in other words, it is a list of
the functions each member of a ship crew is required
to perform in case of emergency.

1.3 Contents of the MUSTER LIST
(1) The instructions for operating the general emergency,
alarm system and public address system;
(2) The emergency signals;
(3) The actions to be taken by the persons on board when
each signal is sounded;
(4) How the order to abandon the vessel will be given.
(5) The officers that are assigned to make sure that
lifesaving and Firefighting appliances are maintained in
good condition and ready for immediate use.
33
(6) The duties assigned to the different members of
the crew. Duties to be specified include -
(i) Closing the watertight doors, fire doors, valves,

scuppers, side scuttles, skylights, portholes, and other
similar openings in the vessel's hull;
(ii) Equipping the survival craft and other lifesaving
appliances;
(iii) Preparing and launching the survival craft;
(iv) Preparing other lifesaving appliances;
(v) Mustering the passengers and other persons on board;
(vi) Using communication equipment;
(vii) Manning the emergency squad assigned to deal with
fires and other emergencies; and
(viii) Using firefighting equipment and installations.
(7) The duties assigned to members of the crew in
relation to passengers and other persons on board in
case of an emergency. Assigned duties to be
specified include -
(i) Warning the passengers and other persons on board;
(ii) Seeing that passengers and other persons on board
are suitably dressed and have donned
their lifejackets or immersion suits correctly;
(iii) Assembling passengers and other persons on board
at muster stations;
(iv) Keeping order in the passageways and on the
stairways and generally controlling the movements of
the passengers and other persons on board; and
(v) Making sure that a supply of blankets is taken to
the survival craft.
8) The substitutes for key persons if they are disabled,
taking into account that different emergencies require
different actions.
(c) Emergency instructions. Illustrations and instructions
in English, and any other appropriate language, must
be posted in each passenger cabin and in spaces
occupied by persons other than crew, and must be
conspicuously displayed at each muster station. The
illustrations and instructions must include information on -
(1) The fire and emergency signal;
(2) Their muster station;
(3) The essential actions they must take in an emergency;
(4) The location of lifejackets, including child-size lifejackets;
(5) The method of donning lifejackets
7 or more short blasts on the ship's whistle and General Alarm
bell followed by one prolonged blast then followed by
announcement on P.A. system by the Master of the vessel
3 prolonged blasts on the ship's whistle and General Alarm bell
Dismissal 3 short blasts on the ship's whistle and General Alarm bell
from Drill
Muster List
✔Clearly identifies who is to muster at which Muster Station

✔Provide the opportunity for all the passengers and crew to
learn what the emergency signals mean
✔Provides each passenger with the details of actions they
must take in an emergency
✔Provides each crew member with the details of the
actions they must take in each type of emergency
42
Emergency Signals
✔Alert passengers and crew to the existence of an

emergency
✔Signal the crew to their particular duties depending

upon the type of emergency
43
Emergency Drills
✔Teach the passengers what to do in an emergency

and this helps to minimize panic
✔Teach the crew what to do in an emergency
✔Provide the crew with the opportunity to gain

familiarization with the emergency equipment and
to check the condition of the equipment
44
2. TYPES OF LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
NORMALLY CARRIED ON SHIPS
SURVIVAL CRAFTS:
1.LIFEBOATS
-Open type
✔Partially enclosed lifeboats
✔Totally enclosed lifeboats
✔Totally enclosed Lifeboats with a self-contained air
✔ support system
✔Fire-protected lifeboats
2. TYPES OF LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
NORMALLY CARRIED ON SHIPS
2.LIFERAFTS
✔Inflatable Liferafts
✔Rigid Liferafts
Partially enclosed lifeboat
Open type lifeboat
Totally enclosed lifeboats Totally enclosed Lifeboats with a

self-contained air support system
and Fire-protected lifeboats
Inflatable liferafts
Rigid Liferafts
AUTOMATIC RELEASE
SINGLE ARM DAVIT RELEASE
MANUAL RELEASE
3.RESCUE BOATS
✔ Lifeboat assigned as a rescue boat
✔ Fast Rescue Boats ( Rigid or Inflated )
PERSONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
✔LIFEBUOYS
✔LIFEJACKETS
✔IMMERSION SUITS
✔ANTI-EXPOSURE SUIT
✔THERMAL PROTECTIVE AIDS
2. 2 SOLAS requirements on each TYPES OF
LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
LIFEBOATS
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

All lifeboats shall be properly constructed and shall be of such
form and proportions that they have ample stability in a
seaway and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full
complement of persons and equipment. All lifeboats shall
have rigid hulls and shall be capable of maintaining positive
stability when in an upright position in calm water and loaded
with their full complement of persons and equipment and
holed in any one location below the waterline, assuming no
loss of buoyancy material and no other damage.
2. 2 SOLAS requirements on each TYPES OF
LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
Each lifeboat shall be fitted with a certificate of approval,

endorsed by the Administration, containing at least the
following items:
•manufacturer's name and address;

•lifeboat model and serial number;
•month and year of manufacture;
•number of persons the lifeboat is approved to carry; and
•with approval information including the Administration which
approved it, and any operational restrictions.
LIFEBOATS
The Certifying Organization shall provide the lifeboat with

a certificate of approval which, in addition to the above
items, specifies:
•number of the certificate of approval;

•material of hull construction, in such detail as to ensure
that compatibility problems in repair should not occur;
•total mass fully equipped and fully manned;
•statement of approval.
LIFEBOATS
All lifeboats shall be of sufficient strength to:
•enable them to be safely launched into the water when

loaded with their full complement of persons and
equipment;
•be capable of being launched and towed when the ship is
making headway at a speed of 5 knots in calm water.
Hulls and rigid covers shall be fire-retardant or

non-combustible.
LIFEBOATS
Seating shall be provided on thwarts, benches or fixed chairs

which are constructed so as to be capable of supporting:
•a static load equivalent to the number of persons each

weighing 100 kg for which spaces are provided in compliance
with the seating requirements.
•a load of 100 kg in any single seat location when a lifeboat to
be launched by falls is dropped into the water from a height of
at least 3 m;
•a load of 100 kg in any single seat location when a free-fall
lifeboat is launched from a height of at least 1.3 times its
free-fall certification height.
LIFEBOATS
Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by

falls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a load, without
residual deflection on removal of that load:
•in the case of boats with metal hulls, 1.25 times the total
mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of
persons and equipment; or
•in the case of other boats, twice the total mass of the lifeboat
when loaded with its full complement of persons and
equipment.
LIFEBOATS
Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by

falls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand, when loaded
with its full complement of persons and equipment and with,
where applicable, skates or fenders in position, a lateral
impact against the ship's side at an impact velocity of at least
3.5 m/s and also a drop into the water from a height of at
least 3 m.
LIFEBOATS
The vertical distance between the floor surface and the

interior of the enclosure or canopy over 50% of the floor area
shall be:
•not less than 1.3 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate

nine persons or less;
•not less than 1.7 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate
24 persons or more; and
•not less than the distance as determined by linear
interpolation between 1.3 m and 1.7 m for a lifeboat permitted
to accommodate between nine and 24 persons.
LIFEBOATS
No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more than

150 persons.
The number of persons which a lifeboat to be launched by

falls shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to
the lesser of:
LIFEBOATS
•the number of persons having an average mass of 100 kg,

all wearing lifejackets, that can be seated in a normal
position without interfering with the means of propulsion or
the operation of any of the lifeboat's equipment; or
•the number of spaces that can be provided on the seating

arrangements in accordance with figure 1. The shapes may
be overlapped as shown, provided footrests are fitted and
there is sufficient room for legs and the vertical separation
between the upper and lower seat is not less than 350 mm.
Each seating position shall be clearly
indicated in the lifeboat.
ACCESS INTO LIFEBOATS
•Every passenger ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it

can be rapidly boarded by its full complement of persons.
Rapid disembarkation shall also be possible.
•Every cargo ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it can

be boarded by its full complement of persons in not more
than 3 min from the time the instruction to board is given.
Rapid disembarkation shall also be possible.
ACCESS INTO LIFEBOATS
•Lifeboats shall have a boarding ladder that can be used at

any boarding entrance of the lifeboat to enable persons in
the water to board the lifeboat. The lowest step of the
ladder shall be not less than 0.4 m below the lifeboat's
light waterline.
•The lifeboat shall be so arranged that helpless people can
be brought on board either from the sea or on stretchers.
•All surfaces on which persons might walk shall have a
non-skid finish.
LIFEBOAT BUOYANCY
All lifeboats shall have inherent buoyancy or shall be fitted
with inherently buoyant material which shall not be
adversely affected by seawater, oil or oil products,
sufficient to float the lifeboat with all its equipment on
board when flooded and open to the sea. Additional
inherently buoyant material, equal to 280 N of buoyant
force per person shall be provided for the number of
persons the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate.
Buoyant material, unless in addition to that required
above, shall not be installed external to the hull of the
lifeboat.
LIFEBOAT FREEBOARD AND STABILITY
All lifeboats shall be stable and have a positive GM

value when loaded with 50% of the number of persons
the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate in their
normal positions to one side of the centerline.
Under the condition of loading described above:
•each lifeboat with side openings near the gunwale

shall have a freeboard, measured from the waterline to
the lowest opening through which the lifeboat may
become flooded, of at least 1.5% of the lifeboat's
length or 100 mm, whichever is the greater;
LIFEBOAT FREEBOARD AND STABILITY
•each lifeboat without side openings near the gunwale

shall not exceed an angle of heel of 20° and shall
have a freeboard, measured from the waterline to the
lowest opening through which the lifeboat may become
flooded, of at least 1.5% of the lifeboat's length or
100 mm, whichever is the greater.
LIFEBOAT PROPULSION
Every lifeboat shall be powered by a compression ignition

engine. No engine shall be used for any lifeboat if its fuel
has a flashpoint of 43°C or less (closed cup test).
The engine shall be provided with either a manual starting
system, or a power starting system with two independent
rechargeable energy sources. Any necessary starting aids
shall also be provided. The engine starting systems and
starting aids shall start the engine at an ambient
temperature of -15°C within 2 min of commencing the start
procedure unless, in the opinion of the Administration having
regard to the particular voyages in which the ship carrying
the lifeboat is constantly engaged, a different temperature is
appropriate. The starting systems shall not be impeded by
the engine casing, seating or other obstructions.
The speed of a lifeboat when proceeding ahead in calm
water, when loaded with its full complement of persons and
equipment and with all engine powered auxiliary equipment
in operation, shall be at least 6 knots and at least 2 knots
when towing a 25-person life-raft loaded with its full
complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent.
Sufficient fuel, suitable for use throughout the temperature
range expected in the area in which the ship operates, shall
be provided to run the fully loaded lifeboat at 6 knots for a
period of not less than 24 h.
Water-resistant instructions for starting and operating the

engine shall be provided and mounted in a conspicuous
place near the engine starting controls.
LIFEBOAT FITTINGS
All Lifeboats except free-fall lifeboats shall be provided with at
least one drain valve fitted near the lowest point in the hull, which
shall automatically open to drain water from the hull when the
lifeboat is not waterborne and shall automatically close to prevent
entry of water when the lifeboat is waterborne. Each drain valve
shall be provided with a cap or plug to close the valve, which shall
be attached to the lifeboat by a lanyard, a chain, or other suitable
means. Drain valves shall be readily accessible from inside the
lifeboat and their position shall be clearly indicated.
All lifeboats shall be provided with a rudder and tiller. The rudder
shall be permanently attached to the lifeboat.
All lifeboats shall be fitted with sufficient watertight lockers or

compartments to provide for the storage of the small items of
equipment, water and provisions.
Every lifeboat to be launched by a fall or falls, except a
free-fall lifeboat, shall be fitted with a release mechanism,
which shall be so arranged that all hooks are released
simultaneously and release control shall be clearly marked
in a color that contrasts with its surroundings.
Every lifeboat shall be fitted with a device to secure a painter

near its bow. The device shall be such that the lifeboat does
not exhibit unsafe or unstable characteristics when being
towed by the ship making headway at speeds up to 5 knots
in calm water.
Except for free-fall lifeboats, the painter securing device
shall include a release device to enable the painter to be
released from inside the lifeboat, with the ship making
headway at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water.
Every lifeboat shall be so arranged that an adequate view

forward, aft and to both sides is provided from the control
and steering position for safe launching and maneuvering.
LIFEBOAT MARKINGS
•The number of persons for which the lifeboat is

approved shall be clearly marked on it in clear
permanent characters.
•The name and port of registry of the ship to which the

lifeboat belongs shall be marked on each side of the
lifeboat's bow in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.
•Means of identifying the ship to which the lifeboat

belongs and the number of the lifeboat shall be marked
in such a way that they are visible from above
LIFEBOAT MARKINGS

FREE-FALL LIFEBOATS
Shall comply with the requirements of totally enclosed
lifeboats described.
The carrying capacity of a free-fall lifeboat is the number of
persons that can be provided with a seat without interfering
with the means of propulsion or the operation of any of the
lifeboat's equipment. The width of the seat shall be at least
430 mm. Free clearance in front of the backrest shall be at
least 635 mm. The backrest shall extend at least 1,000 mm
above the seat pan.
Each free-fall lifeboat shall make positive headway
immediately after water entry and shall not come into
contact with the ship after a free-fall launching against a
trim of up to 10° and a either way from the certification
height when fully equipped list of up to 20°and loaded
with:
FREE-FALL LIFEBOATS
•its full complement of persons;

•occupants so as to cause the center of gravity to be in the
most forward position;
•occupants so as to cause the center of gravity to be in the
most aft position;
•its operating crew only.
Each free-fall lifeboat shall be of sufficient strength to

withstand, when loaded with its full complement of persons
and equipment, a free-fall launch from a height of at least
1.3 times the free-fall certification height.
FREE-FALL
LIFEBOATS
Each free-fall lifeboat shall be fitted with a release system
which shall:
• have two independent activation systems for the release

mechanisms which may only be operated from inside the
lifeboat and be marked in a color that contrasts with its
surroundings;
•be so arranged as to release the boat under any condition
of loading from no load up to at least 200% of the normal
load caused by the fully equipped lifeboat when loaded with
the number of persons for which it is to be approved;
• be adequately protected against accidental or premature
use;
• be designed to test the release system without launching
the lifeboat;
be designed with a factor of safety of 6 based on the
ultimate strength of the materials used.
In addition to the requirements for fully enclosed lifeboat

certificate of approval for a free-fall lifeboat shall also state:
•free-fall certification height;

•required launching ramp length; and
•launching ramp angle for the free-fall certification height.
LIFERAFTS
Every liferaft shall be so constructed as to be capable of

withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea
conditions.
The liferaft shall be so constructed that when it is dropped

into the water from a height of 18 m, the liferaft and its
equipment will operate satisfactorily. If the liferaft is to be
stowed at a height of more than 18 m above the waterline
in the lightest seagoing condition, it shall be of a type which
has been satisfactorily drop-tested from at least that height.
The floating liferaft shall be capable of withstanding
repeated jumps on to it from a height of at least 4.5 m
above its floor both with and without the canopy
erected.
The liferaft and its fittings shall be so constructed as to

enable it to be towed at a speed of 3 knots in calm
water when loaded with its full complement of persons
and equipment and with one of its sea-anchors
streamed.

LIFERAFTS
The Liferaft shall have a canopy to protect the occupants

from exposure which is automatically set in place when the
liferaft is launched and waterborne.
No Liferaft shall be approved which has a carrying capacity

of less than six persons
Unless the liferaft is to be launched by an approved
launching appliance or is not required to be stowed in
a position providing for easy side-to-side transfer, the
total mass of the liferaft, its container and its
equipment shall not be more than 185 kg.
The liferaft shall be fitted with an efficient painter of

length equal to not less than 10 m plus the distance
from the stowed position to the waterline in the
lightest seagoing condition or 15 m whichever is the
greater.

LIFERAFTS
In addition to the above requirements, a liferaft for use with

an approved launching appliance shall:
• when the liferaft is loaded with its full complement of

persons and equipment, be capable of withstanding a
lateral impact against the ship's side at an impact velocity
of not less than 3.5 m/s and also a drop into the water
from a height of not less than 3 m without damage that will
affect its function;
• be provided with means for bringing the liferaft
alongside the embarkation deck and holding it
securely during embarkation.
Every passenger ship davit-launched liferaft shall be
so arranged that it can be rapidly boarded by its
full complement of persons.
Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so

arranged that it can be boarded by its full
complement of persons in not more than 3 min
from the time the instruction to board is given.

LIFERAFTS
The marking required on liferafts equipped in accordance

with LSA code regulation 4.1.5.1 shall be "SOLAS A PACK"
in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.
In the case of passenger ships engaged on short

international voyages of such a nature and duration that, in
the opinion of the Administration, not all the items specified
in paragraph 4.1.5.1 are necessary, and "SOLAS B PACK"
should be marked in block capitals of the Roman alphabet
on liferaft.
The Liferaft painter system shall provide a connection
between the ship and the liferaft and shall be so
arranged as to ensure that the liferaft when released
and, in the case of an inflatable liferaft, inflated is not
dragged under by the sinking ship.
If a weak link is used in the float-free arrangement, it
shall:
•not be broken by the force required to pull the painter
from the liferaft container;
•Ifapplicable, be of sufficient strength to permit the
inflation of the liferaft; and break under a strain of 2.2 ±
0.4 kN.

LIFERAFTS
The Liferaft shall be packed in a container that is:
• so constructed as to withstand hard wear under

conditions encountered at sea;
• of sufficient inherent buoyancy, when packed with the
liferaft and its equipment, to pull the painter from within
and to operate the inflation mechanism should the ship
sink;
• as far as practicable watertight, except for drain holes in
the container bottom.
The container shall be marked with:
• Maker’s Name or Trade mark;
• Serial Number;
• Name of Approving authority and the number of persons
it is permitted to carry;
• SOLAS;
• Type of emergency pack enclosed;
• Date when last serviced;
• Length of Painter;
•Maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline
(depending on drop-test height and length of painter);
• Launching Instructions.
RESCUE BOATS
Rescue boats may be either of rigid or inflated construction

or a combination of both and shall:
•be not less than 3.8 m and not more than 8.5m in length;
and
•be capable of carrying at least five seated persons and 1
person lying on a stretcher.
Rescue boats shall be capable of maneuvering at a speed

of at least 6 knots and maintaining that speed for a period
of at least 4 hours.
Rescue boats shall have sufficient mobility and
maneuverability in a seaway to enable persons to be
retrieved from the water, marshal liferafts and tow the
largest liferaft carried on the ship when loaded with its
full complement of persons and equipment or its
equivalent at a speed of at least 2 knots.
A rescue boat shall be fitted with an Inboard engine or

Outboard motor.
If it is fitted with an outboard motor, the rudder and tiller

may form part of the engine.
RESCUE BOATS
Arrangements for towing shall be permanently fitted in

rescue boats and shall
be sufficiently strong to marshal or tow liferafts.
Inflated rescue boats shall be so constructed as to be

capable of withstanding
exposure:
• when stowed on an open deck on a ship at sea;

• for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.
The buoyancy of an inflated rescue boat shall be provided
by either a single tube subdivided into at least five
separate compartments of approximately equal volume or
two separate tubes neither exceeding 60% of the total
volume.
In addition to complying with the requirements lifeboats,

inflated rescue boats shall be marked with a serial
number, the maker's name or trade mark and the date of
manufacture.
The inflated rescue boat shall be maintained at all times

in a fully inflated condition.

LIFEBUOYS attachments
Every Lifebuoy shall:
•have an outer diameter of not more than 800 mm and an

inner diameter of not less than 400 mm;
•be constructed of inherently buoyant material; it shall not
depend upon rushes, cork shavings or granulated cork, any
other loose granulated material or any air compartment
which depends on inflation for buoyancy;
• be capable of supporting not less than 14.5 kg of
iron in fresh water for a period of 24 hours;
• have a mass of not less than 2.5 kg;
• not sustain burning or continue melting after
being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2
seconds;

LIFEBUOYS and it’s Attachments
•be constructed to withstand a drop into the water from the

height at which it is stowed above the waterline in the
lightest seagoing condition or 30 m, whichever is the
greater, without impairing either its operating capability or
that of its attached components;
•if it is intended to operate the quick release arrangement

provided for the self-activated smoke signals and
self-igniting lights, have a mass sufficient to operate the
quick release arrangement;
be fitted with a grabline not less than 9.5 mm in
diameter and not less than 4 times the outside
diameter of the body of the buoy in length. The
grabline shall be secured at four equidistant points
around the circumference of the buoy to form four
equal loops.

Self-igniting lights shall:
• be such that they cannot be extinguished by water;
• be of white colour and capable of either burning

continuously with a luminous intensity of not less than 2
cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere or flashing
(discharge flashing) at a rate of not less than 50 flashes
and not more than 70 flashes per min with at least the
corresponding effective luminous intensity;
• be provided with a source of energy capable of
meeting the requirement of previous paragraph
for a period of at least 2 hours;
• be capable of withstanding the drop test into the
water from the height at which it is stowed above
the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or
30 m, whichever is the greater, without impairing
either its operating capability or that of its
attached components.

Self-Activating Smoke Signal shall:

emit smoke of a highly visible color at a uniform rate for a
period of at least 15 min when floating in calm water;
•not ignite explosively or emit any flame during the entire

smoke emission time of the signal;
•not be swamped in a seaway;
• continue to emit smoke when fully submerged in
water for a period of at least 10 s;
• be capable of withstanding the drop test into the
water from the height at which it is stowed above
the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or
30 m, whichever is the greater, without impairing
either its operating capability or that of its
attached components.

Buoyant Lifelines shall:
•Be non-kinking;
•Have a diameter of not less than 8 mm; and
•Have a breaking strength of not less than 5 kN.
LIFEJACKETS
An Adult Lifejacket shall be so constructed that:
•shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being

totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 seconds.
• at least 75% of persons, who are completely unfamiliar with
the lifejacket, can correctly don it within a period of one min
without assistance, guidance or prior demonstration;
• after demonstration, all persons can correctly don it within a
period of one minute without assistance;
• it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way
or, as far as is practicable, cannot be donned
incorrectly;
• it is comfortable to wear;
• it allows the wearer to jump from a height of at
least 4.5 m into the water without injury and without
dislodging or damaging the lifejacket.
• shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by more
than 5% after 24h submersion in fresh water.
• shall be fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a
cord

LIFEJACKETS
An adult lifejacket shall have sufficient buoyancy and
stability in calm fresh water to:
• lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person not
less than 120 mm clear of the water with the body inclined
backwards at an angle of not less than 20° from the vertical
position;
• turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from
any position to one where the mouth is clear of the water in
not more than 5 s.
• shall allow the person wearing it to swim a short
distance and to board a survival craft.
A child lifejacket shall be constructed and perform the
same as an adult lifejacket except as follows:
• donning assistance is permitted for small children;
• it shall only be required to lift the mouth of an
exhausted or unconscious wearer clear of the water
a distance appropriate to the size of the intended
wearer;

LIFEJACKETS
•assistance may be given to board a survival craft, but
wearer mobility shall not be significantly reduced.
In addition to the markings with approval information
including the Administration which approved it,
and any operational restrictions, a child lifejacket shall be
marked with:
• the height or weight range for which the lifejacket will meet
the testing and evaluation criteria recommended by the
Organization
•a "child" symbol as shown in the "child's lifejacket" symbol
adopted by the Organization
LIFEJACKETS
Inflatable Lifejacket:
A lifejacket which depends on inflation for buoyancy shall

have not less than two separate compartments and comply
with the all requirements for ordinary lifejacket, and shall:
• inflate automatically on immersion, be provided with a
device to permit inflation by a single manual motion and be
capable of being inflated by mouth;
• in the event of loss of buoyancy in any one
compartment be capable of complying with the
all requirements for ordinary lifejacket;
• shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by
more than 5% after 24h submersion in fresh
water after inflation by means of the automatic
mechanism.

LIFEJACKETS
Lights shall:
•have a luminous intensity of not less than 0.75 cd in all
directions of the upper hemisphere;
•have a source of energy capable of providing a luminous
intensity of 0.75 cd for a period of at least 8 hours;
•be visible over as great a segment of the upper
hemisphere as is practicable when attached to a lifejacket;
• be of white color.
If the light referred above is a flashing light it shall, in

addition:
• be provided with a manually operated switch; and
• flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not
more than 70 flashes per min with an effective
luminous intensity of at least 0.75 cd.

IMMERSION SUITS
The immersion suit shall be constructed with

waterproof materials such that:
• it can be unpacked and donned without assistance
within 2 min, taking into account any associated
clothing*, and a lifejacket if the immersion suit is to be
worn in conjunction with a lifejacket;
• it will not sustain burning or continue melting after
seconds;
•it will cover the whole body with the exception of the
face. Hands shall also be covered unless
permanently attached gloves are provided;
• it is provided with arrangements to minimize or
reduce free air in the legs of the suit;
• following a jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m
into the water there is no undue ingress of water into
the suit.
An immersion suit which also complies with the
requirements of life-jackets may be classified as a
life-jacket.

IMMERSION SUITS
An immersion suit which has buoyancy and is designed to

be worn without a lifejacket shall be fitted with a light and
the whistle complying with the requirements for life-jackets.
If the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a
lifejacket, the lifejacket shall be worn over the immersion
suit. A person wearing such an immersion suit shall be able
to don a lifejacket without assistance.
In that case immersion suit shall permit the person wearing
it:
•to climb up and down a vertical ladder at least 5 m in
length;
•to perform normal duties associated with abandonment;
•to jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water
without damaging or dislodging the immersion suit, or
being injured;
•to swim a short distance through the water and board a
survival craft.
An immersion suit made of material which has no inherent

insulation shall be:
• marked with instructions that it must be worn in
conjunction with warm clothing;
IMMERSION SUITS
• so constructed that, when worn in conjunction with warm
clothing, and with a lifejacket if the immersion suit is to be
worn with a lifejacket, the immersion suit continues to
provide sufficient thermal protection, following one jump by
the wearer into the water from a height of 4.5 m, to ensure
that when it is worn for a period of 1h in calm circulating
water at a temperature of 5°C, the wearer's body core
temperature does not fall more than 2°C.
An immersion suit made of material with inherent insulation,

when worn either on its own or with a lifejacket, if the
immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket,
shall provide the wearer with sufficient thermal
insulation, following one jump into the water from a
height of 4.5 m, to ensure that the wearer's body core
temperature does not fall more than 2°C after a period
of 6h. Immersion in calm circulating water at a
temperature of between 0°C and 2°C.
A person in fresh water wearing either an immersion

suit or an immersion suit with a lifejacket, shall be able
to turn from a face-down to a face-up position in not
more than 5 seconds.

ANTI-EXPOSURE SUITS
Shall be constructed with waterproof materials such that it:

• provides inherent buoyancy of at least 70 N;
• is made of material which reduces the risk of heat stress
during rescue and evacuation and operations;
• covers the whole body with the exception of the head and
hands and, where the Administration so permits, feet; gloves
and a hood shall be provided in such a manner as to remain
available for use with the anti-exposure suits;
• can be unpacked and donned without assistance
within 2 min;
• does not sustain burning or continue melting after
seconds;
• is equipped with a pocket for a portable VHF
telephone;
• has a lateral field of vision of at least 120°.
An anti-exposure suit which also complies with the

requirements of life-jackets may be classified as a
life-jacket.

ANTI-EXPOSURE SUITS
An anti-exposure suit shall permit the person wearing it:
• to climb up and down a vertical ladder of at least 5 m in
length;
• to jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water
with feet first, without damaging or dislodging the suit, or
being injured;.
• to swim through the water at least 25 m and board a
survival craft;
• to don a lifejacket without assistance; and
• to perform all duties associated with abandonment,
assist others and operate a rescue boat.
An anti-exposure suit shall be fitted with a light complying

with the requirements for life jackets.
An anti-exposure suit shall:

• if made of material which has no inherent insulation,
be marked with instructions that it must be worn in
conjunction with warm clothing;

ANTI-EXPOSURE SUITS
•be so constructed, that when worn as
marked, the suit continues to provide
sufficient thermal protection following
one jump into the water which totally
submerges the wearer and shall ensure
that when it is worn in calm circulating
water at a temperature of 5°C, the
wearer's body core temperature does
not fall at a rate of more than 1.5°C per
hour, after the first 0.5 hours.
ANTI-EXPOSURE SUITS
A person in fresh water wearing an anti-exposure suit
complying with the requirements of this section shall be
able to turn from a facedown to a face-up position in not
more than 5 seconds and shall be stable face-up. The
suit shall have no tendency to turn the wearer face-down
in moderate sea condition.

THERMAL PROTECTIVE AIDS
A thermal protective aid shall be made of waterproof material

having a thermal conductance of not more than 7800
W/(m2.K) and shall be so constructed that, when used to
enclose a person, it shall reduce both the convective and
evaporative heat loss from the wearer's body.
•The thermal protective aid shall:
•cover the whole body of persons of all sizes wearing a
lifejacket with the exception of
• the face. Hands shall also be covered unless
permanently attached gloves are provided;
• be capable of being unpacked and easily donned
without assistance in a survival craft
• or rescue boat;
• permit the wearer to remove it in the water in not
more than 2 min, if it impairs ability
• to swim.
The thermal protective aid shall function properly

throughout an air temperature range -30°C to +20°C.

3. Equipment in survival craft
LIFEBOAT EQUIPMENT:
1)except for free-fall lifeboats, Sufficient
buoyant oars to make headway in calm
seas.
2) Two boat-hooks; shall be kept free for

fending off purposes.
3) a Buoyant bailer and two buckets; to

bail-out ingress of water inside the
survival craft
4) a Survival Manual
5) an operational Compass which is
luminous or provided with suitable
means of illumination. In a totally
enclosed lifeboat, the compass shall be
permanently fitted at the steering
position; in any other lifeboat, it shall be
provided with a binnacle if necessary to
protect it from the weather, and suitable
mounting arrangements;
6) a Sea-anchor of adequate size fitted
with a shock-resistant hawser which
provides a firm hand grip when wet. The
strength of the sea-anchor, hawser and
tripping line if fitted shall be adequate
for all sea conditions;
7) Two efficient painters of a length equal to not
less than twice the distance from the stowage
position of the lifeboat to the waterline in the
lightest seagoing condition or 15 m, whichever is
the greater. On lifeboats to be launched by
free-fall launching, both painters shall be stowed
near the bow ready for use. On other lifeboats,
one painter attached to the release device
required to come together with release
mechanism shall be placed at the forward end of
the lifeboat and the other shall be firmly secured
at or near the bow of the lifeboat ready for use;
8) Two hatchets, one at each end of the lifeboat;
9) a Rustproof Dipper with Lanyard;

10) a rustproof graduated drinking vessel;
11) watertight receptacles containing a total
of 3 liters of fresh water for each person
the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate,
of which either 1 liter per person may be
replaced by a desalting apparatus capable
of producing an equal amount of fresh
water in 2 days, or 2 liters per person may
be replaced by a manually powered
reverse osmosis desalinator capable of
producing an equal amount of fresh water
in 2 days;
12) a food ration totaling not less than 10,000
kJ for each person the lifeboat is permitted
to accommodate; these rations shall be
kept in airtight packaging and be stowed in
a watertight container;
13) Four rocket parachute flares;
14) Six hand flares;
15) Two buoyant smoke signals;
16) One waterproof electric torch suitable
for Morse signaling together with one spare
set of batteries and one spare bulb in a
Waterproof container;
17) One daylight signaling mirror with
instructions for its use for signaling to ships
and aircraft;
18) One copy of the life-saving signals
prescribed by regulation V/16 on a
waterproof card or in a waterproof
container;
19) One whistle or equivalent sound signal;
20) a First-aid kit in a waterproof case

capable of being closed tightly after use;
21) Anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for

at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for
each person;
22) a Jack-knife to be kept attached to the

boat by a lanyard;
23) Three tin openers;
24) Two buoyant rescue quoits, attached to

not less than 30 m of buoyant line;
25) if the lifeboat is not automatically
self-bailing, a manual pump suitable for
effective bailing;
26) one set of fishing tackle;
27) sufficient tools for minor adjustments to

the engine and its accessories;
28) portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an

approved type suitable for extinguishing oil
fires [A.602(15)].
29) a searchlight with a horizontal and vertical
sector of at least 6° and a measured luminous
intensity of 2500 cd which can work
continuously for not less than 3 h;
30) an Efficient Radar Reflector, unless a
survival craft radar transponder is stowed
in the lifeboat;
31) Thermal Protective Aids complying with
the requirements of section 2.5 sufficient
for 10% of the number of persons the
lifeboat is permitted to accommodate or
two, whichever is the greater;
32) in the case of ships engaged on voyages
of such a nature and duration that, in the
opinion of the Administration a Food Ration
and fishing tackle are unnecessary, the
Administration may allow these items to be
dispensed with.
4. LOCATION OF PERSONAL LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES
LIFEBUOYS
1. Lifebuoys are located in easily accessible places on both

sides of the vessel, on all open decks extending to the
sides of the ship; at least one should be placed near the
stern.
2. The lifebuoy should be fastened so that they can be quickly
and freely drop them into the water.
At least one lifebuoy on each side shall be equipped
with a buoyant lifeline equal in length to not less than
twice the height at which it is stowed above the
waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30
meters, whichever is the greater.
Two lifebuoys shall be equipped with a self-activating

smoke signal and a self-activating light; they shall be
capable of quick release from the Navigation bridge.
The remainder of the lifebuoys shall be equipped with
self-igniting lights.

LIFEJACKETS
Shall be so placed as to be readily accessible and

their position shall be plainly indicated. Where due to
the particular arrangements to the ship, may become
inaccessible, alternative provisions shall be made to
the satisfaction of the Administration which may
include an increase in the number of Lifejackets to be
carried.
A sufficient number of lifejackets shall be carried for

persons on watch and for use at remotely located
survival craft stations. The lifejackets carried for
persons on watch should be stowed on the bridge, in
the engine control room and at any other manned
watch station;
IMMERSION SUITS
An Immersion suit, complying with the requirements of

the code, of an appropriate size shall be provided for
every person assigned to crew the rescue boat or
assigned to the marine evacuation system party.
An Immersion suit of an appropriate size complying with

the requirements of the Code shall be provided for every
person on board the ship. However, for ships other than
bulk carriers, these immersion suits need not be required
if the ship is engaged in warm climates where, in the
opinion of the administration, immersion suits are
unnecessary.
If a ship has any watch or workstations which are located
remotely from the place where immersion suits are
normally stowed, including remotely located survival craft
carried in accordance with the regulation of the code,
additional immersion suits of an appropriate size shall be
provided at these locations for the number of persons
normally on watch or working at those locations at any
time.
Immersion suits shall be so placed as to be readily

accessible and their position shall be plainly indicated
TPA (THERMAL PROTECTIVE AID)
Every survival craft should have 2 Thermal Protective

Aid suits or 10% of its total carrying capacity whichever
is greater.
All passenger ships shall carry for each lifeboat on the

ship at least three immersion suits and thermal
protective aid for every person to be accommodated in
the lifeboat and not provided with an immersion suit.
These immersion suits and thermal protective aids
need not be carried:
.1 for persons to be accommodated in totally or

partially enclosed lifeboats; or
.2 if the ship is constantly engaged on voyages in

warm climates* where, in the opinion of the
Administration, they are unnecessary.

5. SURVIVAL PRINCIPLES
5.1.1. Value of training and Drills
Personnel onboard must always be prepared to expect
the unexpected, the consequences of which can result in
fire or flood and possibly a subsequent need to abandon
ship and to be rescued. You also need to be aware of the
potential psychological effects of a crisis or traumatic
experience at sea, and to know where you can find advice
and support.
5.1.1. Value of training and Drills
Regular onboard continuation training and realistic

emergency drills are of paramount importance, not
simply to satisfy the requirements of Regulators or
SOLAS but to ensure that, in the event of an incident
occurring, the crew are well rehearsed on how to
deal with the situation.

5.1.2. Requirements in conducting drill onboard ships
Frequency of drills itself is clearly stated in SOLAS Ch.
III/19.3 Drills:
-Every crew member shall participate in at least one
abandon ship drill and one fire drill Every month.
-The drills of the crew shall take place within 24 h of the

ship leaving a port if more than 25% of the crew have not
participated in abandon ship and fire drills on board that
particular ship in the previous month.
-
When a ship enters service for the first time, after
modification of a major character or when a new crew
is engaged, these drills shall be held before sailing.
On passenger ships, an abandon ship drill and fire drill
shall take place weekly. The entire crew need not be
involved in every drill, but each crew member must
participate in an abandon ship drill and a fire drill
each month as required in regulation 19.3.2.
Passengers shall be strongly encouraged to attend
these drills.

5.2 Personal protective clothing and equipment
5.2.1. Donning A Lifejacket

5.2.2. Donning And Use An Immersion Suit
5.3 Preparedness to any Emergency
Whenever some incident of a serious or harmful nature
happens suddenly, we classify it as an emergency. One of
the most important factors in dealing with an emergency
situation, apart from a sharp mind and the control of
respectful fear, is the presence of a solid action plan. This
is a general rule that is applicable to all situations whether
on board a ship in the middle of the ocean or in a crowded
city port amidst a sea of people and machinery.
A comprehensive and well practiced plan is essential for the

ship Personnel to respond to emergencies in an orderly and
effective manner.
5.4 ACTIONS TAKEN WHEN CALLED TO SURVIVALCRAFT
Personal Preparation
1. Put as may layers of warm clothing as
possible, including foot protection, making
sure to cover head, neck, hands and feet.
2. If an Immersion suit is available put it on over
the warm clothing
3. Put your life jacket and be sure to secure it
correctly
4. Take a good long drink of fresh water - it may
be your last for a long time. (No alcohol)
5. Take Anti- seasickness medication - seasickness will
interfere with your survival chances as vomiting
removes precious body fluid and seasickness makes you
more prone to hypothermia and also impairs your will to
survive.
6. Take any additional items if time permits - Extra water,

Food, Blankets, and Spare Radio.
Crew Duties To Passengers
When in an emergency, duties includes

marshaling passengers at a Muster
Station –
✔Direct passengers to their muster
stations
✔Keep passengers away from emergency
area
✔Ensurethat I am visible as crew to the
passengers
✔Instruct& assist each passenger in the

correct donning of their lifejacket
✔ Advise passengers on correct
abandonment procedures
✔ Direct passengers to their muster
stations
✔ Keep passengers away from
emergency area
✔ Ensure the safety of passengers
✔ Assist passengers to don their
lifejackets properly
✔ Ensure passengers are suitably dressed
✔ Prevent Panic
155
PANIC
A sudden Fear which dominates or replaces

thinking and often affects groups of people.
Typically occurs in Disaster situations, such as

Abandon ship,
Causes of Panic
1. Emotional state: A person is less likely

to behave rationally at the onset of an
emergency
2. No Escape: A person feels his/her life

is threatened; a feeling of helplessness
3. Absence of leadership: There is no one

to order, control or give information to
the crew.

Need to prevent panic
Panic results in injury or death
To avoid panic –
✔Follow the actions learnt in the drills
✔Focuson the solution & not the
impending danger
✔Encourage others to follow what
they learnt in the drills
✔Maintain an optimistic state of mind
5.5 Actions to be taken when required to abandon ship
ABANDONSHIP - Order comes from the MASTER
The ship usually offers the best chance of survival

ACTIONS LEADING TO SHIP ABANDONMENT
✔An emergency situation arises from a collision, grounding,
fire, explosion etc.
✔The emergency General Alarm is sounded to alert the
crew and passengers that an emergency exists.
✔Emergency response team under Master’s Orders
attempt repairs or fight fire.
✔In the event that the ship cannot be saved, emergency
distress signals are made.
✔Send distress signals via GMDSS –grab an EPIRB and
activate it if possible
IF ORDERED TO ABANDON SHIP:
✔Dress suitably, Put on warm clothing, (a close fitting hat, bonnet,

etc. ) and lifejacket, bring along your immersion suit.
✔Bring extra water, provisions (not protein foods) and blankets if

time allows.
✔Hand held VHF radio, EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating

Radio Beacon), SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) and
other important articles as specified in the MUSTER LIST.
✔Prepare to launch survival craft.(follow orders from person in

charge)
✔Secure painters as appropriate, launch lifeboats / liferafts to

orders and board DRY if possible.
Complications of Abandoning Ship
1. Some of the survival craft are not capable of
being launched
2. The absence of lighting due to loss of power or
listing of the ship may lead to disorientation
3. Absence of personnel assigned to certain
duties
5.5.1 Jumping safely from a height into the
water
Jumping into water should be avoided. If you need to jump
into the water, survivors should jump from the lowest point
and then swim to the survival craft.
Points to Bear in Mind Before Jumping Into the Water
►Keep lifejacket on, securely tied and hold it down by
crossing arms over chest.
►Block off nose and mouth with one hand
►Keep feet together
►Check below to avoid obstructions
►Look straight ahead, jump feet first
►Do not look down when jumping as it makes you unstable
and likely to fall forward
5.6 Actions to be taken when in water
Means of Survival
Think of means of keeping afloat
✔Make a buoyancy aid from my clothes (knots in leg ends,
scoop air in waist, hold waist down)
✔Look for anything that floats (flotsam) & hold on to it
Think of means of communicating with ships and

rescue
Think of means of keeping warm

✔Use HELP posture to conserve body heat to vital organs
✔Find other survivors and form a Group Huddle
163
164
5.6.1. KEEPING AFLOAT WITHOUT LIFEJACKET
When one has no life jacket, then floating horizontally with

the head above water is the best option to stay afloat. One
can also float in a vertical position and swim to short
distances using buoyancy from trapped air underneath the
clothes and also by expansion and contraction of air in the
lungs.
SURVIVAL FLOAT
Dead Man's Float - Also known as the jellyfish or,

the survival float is one of the most important skills
for swimmers to learn, since it can help you survive
in the water. Survival floating can help you if you're
stranded in open water.
Float in a horizontal position with your face down in

the water. Only the back of your head should
breach the surface. The air in your lungs will keep
you floating.

Back Floating
Floating on your back takes the least energy. Lie on your

back in the water, spread your arms and legs, and arch
your back. By controlling your breathing in and out, your
face will always be out of the water and you may even
sleep in this position for short periods. Your head will be
partially submerged, but your face will be above water.
If you cannot float on your back or if the sea is too rough,

float facedown in the water.
Kick gently or tread water to make progress toward a
survival craft, if one is in sight.
If you’re in the water without a life jacket, don’t become
frightened that you can’t stay afloat—you can.
A large amount of debris, such as pieces of wood, empty
plastic containers, jerry cans, and so forth, is usually
present. You can use this debris to stay afloat.
Several articles of clothing, provide some flotation when

used properly. The most useful article is your trousers or
slacks, which you can inflate
1.To remove your trousers, lean forward in the water and
slowly slip them down over your hips and legs. Don’t let go
of them—they may sink.
2.Zip them; then float them on the surface with the fly or
front turned down.
3.Tie a knot in each leg as close to the cuff as possible.
4. Work the garment around on the surface until the legs
are over your shoulders and the knots are behind you,
leaving the crotch in front of you.
5. Grasp the waist of the trousers with one hand on each
side; then extend your arms straight upward,
kicking your feet to get your body as high out of the
water as you can.
6. When this position is reached, pull the trousers
downward smartly on the surface, trapping a pocket of
air in each leg.
7. Then gather the waist under the water and hold in one
hand. Keep the trousers legs wet by splashing water
on them to reduce the loss of the trapped air. You may
use mattress covers, sea bags, laundry bags, and
pillowcases in a similar manner.
5.6.2 SWIMMING WHILE WEARING A LIFEJACKET
•Lifejacket provides more buoyancy and give the wearer

more freeboard (distance between the mouth and the
water) by inclining the person onto their back to keep their
face – mouth and nose – further from the water.
lifejackets provide the most support in turbulent waters
and extended periods of time.
•Wearing an appropriate lifejacket, properly fitted, will help
to keep your airway clear of the water and reducing the
need for exertion on keeping afloat while swimming.
•When using a life jacket, either swim sideways or try
swimming with back-strokes for short intervals conserving
energy and is effective in going further distances.
5.6.3 RIGHTING AN INVERTED LIFERAFT WHILE
WEARING A LIFEJACKET
One person can easily upright a capsized raft.
1. Swim to the side with the CO2 cylinder

2. Turn the liferaft canopy to the wind
3. Get hold of the loops to the righting straps
4. Climb up and stand on the CO2 cylinder
5. Lean backwards and pull the straps until the canopy is
lifted out of the water
6. Spring backward by pushing up the bottom of the raft to
clear from under
7. Grab on to the raft lifeline, it could drift faster than you can
swim. If the canopy is filled with water it will be more difficult
and sometimes two persons are needed to do the up righting.
RIGHTING AN INVERTED LIFERAFT
WHILE WEARING A LIFEJACKET
5.7 ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHEN ABOARD A
SURVIVAL CRAFT
1. Initial Actions On Boarding Survival Craft
To Enhance chance of survival
1. Personal preparation
2. The person in command for each survival craft should
check that all crew are present and that the crew and
passenger are suitably clad and have correctly donned
their lifejackets
3. Prepare to launch survival craft:
- Lifeboats
- Liferafts
4. Members of the crew prepares to launch Lifeboat
a. boat cover removed, folded and placed in boat
b. two men in the boat –one to pass painter forward, one
to ship the plug
c. pass or send painter as far as possible forward inboard of
the falls and outside of everything else, slack picked up and
painter made fast
d. release safety devices –trigger lever and harbor pins / lock
and let go gripes
e. lift hand brake and boat lowered to embarkation deck, only
upon instructions of the Master
5. Davit Launched Liferaft :
a. slew davit to ship side and remove hand rail
b. bring valise beneath davit and spring out bowsing
lines
c. bowse lines to cleat provided on deck and spring
out painter
d. hook davit fall into the raft
e. heave away on the davit fall taking the raft
overside
f. pull painter to inflate liferaft
g. when inflation is complete, bowse liferaft into the
ship’s side
6. Operate Marine Escape System (for passenger ships)
7. Boats should lowered to embarkation deck level only

upon instruction from the Master
8. Persons should take emergency radio equipment,

EPIRB, SART and the distance and direction to the
nearest land fall by those assigned in the Muster List
Preparation for Boarding a FreeFall
Lifeboat
Before launching
1. Fully brief all crew, including those who are
assigned duties other than lifeboat crew, or are
going to be observers, on the design features
and the proper operation of all devices and
controls;
2. Confirm lifeboat and launching/recovery
crews fully understand correct procedures and
contingency plans;
3. Release securing devices;
Preparation for Boarding a FreeFall
Lifeboat -Continuation
4. Disconnect battery charger;

5. Secure ventilation hatch watertight;
6. Switch electrical system to battery power;
7. Check off the crew on the muster list while
they board the craft in the assigned order.

Inside the Freefall Lifeboat;
1. Secure door watertight;

2. Ensure all crew members are seated with
body and head restraints securely fastened.
Confirm this verbally to coxswain during final
headcount check;
3. Follow manufacturer’s instructions as to
when to start engine and if the gear should
be engaged or not at time of launch;

Inside the Freefall Lifeboat -Continuation
4. Ensure rudder is midships;

5. Coxswain to give verbal warning that
launch is about to take place immediately
before operating the release control;
6. Coxswain launches the lifeboat. If the main
release device fails to launch the lifeboat, the
assigned crew member operates the
emergency lifeboat release lever.

3. STREAMING A DROGUE OR SEA-ANCHOR
✔Reduces the drift of the life raft by 50 per cent
✔Prevents the life raft from spinning around
✔Keeps the life raft steady in wind
✔Can be streamed to move the life raft away from a
sinking vessel or danger
To stream the sea anchor, throw the drogue away from

the life raft in the direction of movement. Allow the
drogue to sink into the water and then haul on its line,
thereby moving the life raft close to the drogue.
4.Operating Survival Craft Equipment
Heliograph
A heliograph provides the most

effective visual signal on a bright
sunny day to attract attention.
They have a range of about 20
nautical miles or 32 kilometers in
good weather conditions. The
range may be reduced in hazy
conditions. The reflected light
should be flashed on the
searching aircraft or ship. The
horizon should be scanned at
regular intervals if a search is
thought to be in progress.
Rescue Quoit
Soft rubber throwing Quoit usually used with approx. 30 meters

of 5mm PE braided rope. The Rubber Ring (Quoit) floats in
water but has enough weight that it can be thrown far distances
when a man overboard situation occurs.
Liferaft = One buoyant rescue quoit, attached to at least 30m

line
Lifeboat/Rescue boat=Two buoyant rescue quoit, at least 30m

line
RADAR REFLECTORS
Reflects radar energy from other vessels’ radars so that your

boat or Liferaft shows up as a larger and more consistent
“Target.” The ability to be seen by radar-equipped ships can
make the difference being seen and being rescued.
4. Operating Location Devices, Including Radio Equipment
AS PER SOLAS CH 3 REG 6.3
Distress flares
Not less than 12 rocket parachute flares, complying with

the requirements of section 3.1 of the Code, shall be
carried and be stowed on or near the navigation bridge.
Additional to mentioned above 2 Buoyant smoke signals, 4 Rocket

parachute & 6 Hand flares are to be present in each of the survival craft.
BUOYANT SMOKE SIGNALS
(Section 3.3 of the IMO LSA Code)
✔ Be contained in a water-resistant casing;

✔ Not ignite explosively when used in accordance with the
manufacturer’s operating instructions
✔ Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the
use of the buoyant smoke signal printed on its casing.
✔ Emit smoke of a highly visible color at a uniform rate for a
period of not less than 3 min when floating in calm water;
✔ Not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission
time;
✔ Not be swamped in a seaway;
✔ Continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a
period of 10 sec under 100 mm of water.
ROCKET PARACHUTE FLARES
The rocket parachute flare shall:
•Be contained in a water-resistant casing;

•Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the
use of the rocket parachute flare printed on its casing;
•Have integral means of ignition;
•Be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person
holding the casing when used in accordance with the
manufacturer’s operating instructions.
The rocket shall when fired vertically, reach an altitude of
not less than 300 m.
ROCKET PARACHUTE FLARES
At or near the top of its trajectory, the rocket
shall eject a parachute flare, which shall:
• Burn with a bright red color;
• Burn uniformly with an average luminous
intensity of not less than 30,000 cd;
• Have a burning period of not less than 40 sec;
• Have a rate of descent of not more than 5
mtr/sec; and
• Not damage its parachute or attachments while
burning.

HAND FLARES
•Be contained in a water-resistant casing;
•Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the
use of the hand flare printed on its casing;
•Have a self-contained means of ignition; and
•Be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person
holding the casing and not endanger the survival craft by
burning or glowing residues when used in accordance with
the manufacturer’s operating instructions.
HAND FLARES
• Burn with a bright red colour;

• Burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity
of not less than 15,000 cd;
• Have a burning period of not less than 1 min; and
• Continue to burn after having been immersed for
a period of 10 seconds under 100 mm of water.

SART
Search and Rescue Radar Transponder (SART) are the main
means in the GMDSS for locating ships in distress or their
survival craft, and their carriage on board ships is mandatory.
The SART is a small, battery powered, omni–directional radar
receiver and transmitter. They may also be incorporated into
a float–free satellite EPIRB. The batteries fitted to a SART
allow operation in the standby condition for at least 96 h, plus
a further 8 h whilst being interrogated.
Purpose And Method Of Operation Of A SART
A SART operates in the 9 GHz (3 cm or ‘X-band’) radar

frequency band and, on receiving a signal from a ship or
aircraft radar, transmits a series of response (homing) signals.
The SART can be activated manually or automatically so that
it will thereafter respond when interrogated. The method of
using and activating SART varies over the type available, but
instructions are marked on the sides of all SARTs.
SART
These response signals will be seen on the ship or aircraft
radar screen as a line of 12 dots (0.64 n miles apart)
extending approximately 8 n miles outward from the SART’s
position along its line of bearing. This unique radar signal is
easily recognized and allows the rescue vessel or aircraft to
locate the survival craft. As the SART becomes closer,
another 12 dots are produced, also 0.64 n miles apart.
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)
Capable of transmitting a continuous

distress signal 24 hours a day for the life
of the batteries
✔Sends a distress signal via earth orbiting

satellites to a Rescue Co-ordination Centre
(RCC)
✔All EPIRB are registered and a code is

transmitted which identifies the particular
EPIRB
200
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)
✔A search and rescue will be initiated within 1

hour of activation
✔Can have a built-in GPS
✔Can be equipped with a Hydrostatic Release

Unit (HRU)
✔Turn EPIRB on
✔Attach lanyard to self or survival craft
✔Float the EPIRB in the sea

PORTABLE RADIO EQUIPMENT
The best aid the distressed have to notify others of their
situation and thus signal that they need assistance
To transmit a distress signal –

✔Turn radio
✔Select Channel 16
✔Say “MAYDAY” 3 times
✔Give name of vessel 3 times
✔Give last known position
✔Give nature of distress (fire, grounding or flooding)
✔Give vessel description and number of persons
202
GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety
System)
5.8. Main Dangers To Survivors
The major dangers to survivors at sea are:
✔Hypothermia
✔Hyperthermia
✔Drowning
✔Shark attack
✔Dehydration
✔Loss of will to live
HYPOTHERMIA
Is a condition of low body core temperature. The normal

body temperature is 37º C and is regulated by the brain. In a
survival situation, there is great body heat loss due to:
✔Wet and windy conditions

✔Being in water
✔A lack of clothing
✔Hypothermia is also associated with:
✔Hunger
✔Exhaustion
✔Anxiety
✔Low morale
HYPOTHERMIA
The heat loss from wet skin is greater

than that from dry skin. This is further
increased by a blowing wind. This is
called the ‘Chill Factor’. The start of hypothermia
can be rapid and if it is not stopped, the person can
die within an hour. The victim often does not
realize that he or she has hypothermia.
SURVIVORS CAN DIE FROM HYPOTHERMIA.

HYPOTHERMIA IS A KILLER!

THE SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHERMIA the
victim:
✔Is exhausted
✔Is reluctant to do anything
✔Finds it difficult to reason
✔Has slow mental and physical reactions
✔Has a poor sense of touch
✔Has slurred speech
✔May have swollen lips, hands and feet
✔In the early stages of hypothermia, the
✔victim will be shivering - this is the body's
✔way of generating that extra heat.
HYPOTHERMIA
As the victim goes from mild to severe hypothermia, the
following occurs:
✔ The muscles become more and more rigid
✔ The pulse slows down and becomes weak
✔ The heartbeat speeds up and slows down
✔ Unconsciousness occurs when the internal
temperature falls below 31º C
✔ The shivering subsequently ceases and the pupils
dilate
✔ As the victim's body core temperature falls further, the
pupils do not react and the muscles relax. As the
temperature falls below 30º C, it is difficult to
recognise whether a person is dead or alive. DEATH
is very near!
How to protect yourself against
Hypothermia:
✔Wear plenty of clothing. Layers of

clothing or windproof and waterproof
clothing are ideal
✔Keep clothing dry in cold and wet
weather
✔Keep the survival craft dry
✔Keep the life raft canopy or boat
covers closed
✔Do not swim around. Exhaustion
makes you more prone to
hypothermia
How to protect yourself against Hypothermia:
✔ Survivors in water should take the

HELP or group huddle posture
✔ If there isn't a survival vessel and
survivors are in the water, they should
try to raise themselves out of the
water, using the floating wreckage
around them.
✔ If you work on vessels in areas where
water temperatures are down to
freezing point, you must wear
Survival or Immersion suit. They
are designed to protect survivors from
the effects of hypothermia in some
cases from temperatures down to –30
º C.
HYPERTHERMIA
There are three main types of

hyperthermia or heat stress:
-Heat cramps
-Heat exhaustion
-Heat stroke
A prickly heat rash is an annoying but less
disabling form of heat stress.
HYPERTHERMIA
Heat cramps and heat exhaustion

result from dehydration and salt
depletion as the body sweats to lower its
internal temperature. Heat stroke
occurs when the body core
temperature exceeds 41°C (105°F)
because its cooling mechanisms have
broken down. This condition can
cause death. Heat stroke requires
immediate medical attention. You can
avoid almost all cases of hyperthermia
by taking preventative measures.

HEAT STROKE
Heat stroke is a life-threatening
condition demanding immediate
medical attention. As the body core
temperature approaches 41°C or 105°F,
the victim can no longer produce sweat.
The skin usually becomes hot and dry
(classic heat stroke). Be aware, however,
that the skin may remain relatively cool
and clammy with exertional heat stroke. If
the core body temperature continues to
rise, the victim will die. Provide interim
treatment and transport victims of heat
stroke to a medical treatment facility as
soon as possible as complications
frequently develop.
DROWNING
Remember these facts about drowning:

✔Drowning kills in minutes!
✔Life jackets are provided for short-term
survival and survivors should try to board
the survival craft as soon as possible.
✔Lifebuoys may be used to keep people
from drowning.
✔Excessive intake of water in air passages
can cause asphyxia. First aid treatment
should be given to the person as soon as
he or she is removed from water.
SHARK ATTACKS
To avoid attracting sharks:

✔Do not fish in shark infested waters. If
sharks are seen in the area while
fishing, it is better to abandon the
fishing line from the survival craft.
✔Do not keep any part of your body
hanging outside the survival craft.
✔Do not throw food waste overboard.
✔Remain quiet and still.
✔And remember, do not try to attack or
incite the sharks.
DEHYDRATION
Loss of water from the body can kill in days!

The following activities increase fluid loss
from the body:
✔Sweating, Exertion, Eating fish, Drinking

seawater, Vomiting
Seasickness-which is very demoralizing

Survivors with nausea should vomit outside
the life raft, or into the plastic bags.
Anti-seasickness tablets should be issued

to everyone.
DEHYDRATION
Remember, never drink:

✔ Seawater
✔ Urine
Drinking seawater does not extend survival time. In fact
you will die from sodium poisoning in about the same
time as having no water at all. It causes kidney
failure and is a much more painful death.
As the juice from fish and birds is salty, it should not be
consumed, unless additional water is available.
However, the spinal fluids of fish contain water and
may be safely sucked out and swallowed.
Urine is body waste and is of no use to the body. It is
toxic waste and does not extend survival time.
LOSS OF WILL TO LIVE
Survivors are in real danger of losing morale and the will to

live. It is important to keep a positive attitude about survival
and rescue. This will extend the survival time until you are
rescued.
How to maintain the will to live

Remember that people behave differently when packed
together.
The knowledge of equipment and how to use it helps keep

morale high.
People's will to live is strengthened when they are occupied.

Passing time is a big issue in a survival craft. The person
in charge should keep the survivors busy with duties
and keep them comfortable.
Smoking exacerbates thirst and should not be allowed
if the water supply is low. If smoking is to be allowed,
be very careful with matches and cigarettes.
As well, the comfort of other occupants should be kept in

mind. Morale may be sustained by singing, prayers,
and discussions and by telling jokes.
Remember, however, that these activities may make
the throat dry so do these activities only if there is
enough water.

The End
THANK YOU AND

GOD BLESS!!!

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PERSONAL

IMO Model Course 1.19

Standard Training Certification and Watchkeeping 1978

1. Survive at sea in the event of abandonment

instruction, safety and survival 3

Specifically, at the end of the course the trainees must

instruction, safety and survival 6

instruction, safety and survival 7

16. Explain the proper way of keeping afloat without a

17. Explain the proper technique in swimming while

18. Explain the procedure in righting an inverted liferaft

instruction, safety and survival 9

20. Explain the proper way of streaming a drogue or

21. Explain the procedure in operating survival craft

instruction, safety and survival 10

23. Identify dangers that survivors may experience

24. Explain the measures to be taken to prevent

instruction, safety and survival 11

The cause may be due to forces of nature or human

A. FIRE - There are a number of ways that a fire might start

If a Ship sinks after capsizing, or as a consequence of a

“Common Causes of Maritime Collisions”

Human Error: Carelessness or simply errors on the part

Weather: Next to human error, Weather conditions have the

Equipment Failure: When an engine fails,

6. HULL FAILURE - is a failure in the main body of the

instruction, safety and survival 32

(i) Closing the watertight doors, fire doors, valves,

3 prolonged blasts on the ship's whistle and General Alarm bell

✔Clearly identifies who is to muster at which Muster Station

✔Alert passengers and crew to the existence of an

✔Signal the crew to their particular duties depending

✔Teach the passengers what to do in an emergency

✔Teach the crew what to do in an emergency

✔Provide the crew with the opportunity to gain

Totally enclosed lifeboats Totally enclosed Lifeboats with a

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

Each lifeboat shall be fitted with a certificate of approval,

•manufacturer's name and address;

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

The Certifying Organization shall provide the lifeboat with

•number of the certificate of approval;

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

All lifeboats shall be of sufficient strength to:

•enable them to be safely launched into the water when

Hulls and rigid covers shall be fire-retardant or

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

Seating shall be provided on thwarts, benches or fixed chairs

•a static load equivalent to the number of persons each

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

The vertical distance between the floor surface and the

•not less than 1.3 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFEBOATS

No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more than