Static

‫داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫﺮخ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺎﺷﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬اراﻳﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺗﻌﺎدل ذره ﻣﺎدي‬

‫‪ 1-1‬ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ‪9....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ آﺣﺎد ‪12.........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮدارﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﻪ ‪13..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ‪14.......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-5‬ﻧﺤﻮه اراﻳﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو در ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮداري ‪16.................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-6‬ﺗﻌﺎدل ذره ﻣﺎدي ‪18..................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ‪19............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻴﺮو‪ ،‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎور و زوج ﻧﻴﺮو‬
‫‪ 1-2‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و داﺧﻠﻲ‪44..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2‬اﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻴﺮو‪46..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-2‬ﺿﺮب ﺑﺮداري دو ﺑﺮدار‪50.................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-2‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺣﻮل ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪54...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-2‬ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ورﻳﻨﻮن‪56.................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-2‬ﺿﺮب اﺳﻜﺎﻟﺮ دو ﺑﺮدار‪58..................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-2‬ﺿﺮب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮدار‪61................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 7-2‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺣﻮل ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮر‪65...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 8-2‬زوج ﻧﻴﺮو و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور زوج ﻧﻴﺮو‪66.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 9-2‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻣﻔﺮوض ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺑﺮدار ﻛﻮﭘﻞ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‪69..........‬‬

‫‪ 11-2‬رﻧﭻ‪72....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪80...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪101......................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3‬‬
‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد‪104......................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3‬‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪107...........................................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺟﺴﺎم دو ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‪113................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪4-3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺟﺴﺎم ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‪115...............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪116..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ‬
‫‪ 1-4‬ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ‪ :‬ﺛﻘﻞ وﺣﺠﻢ‪124..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور اول ﺳﻄﺢ‪128.........................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-4‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻂ‪130.................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-4‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﻴﺮو‪131.................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-4‬ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎي ﭘﺎﭘﻮس ﮔﻠﺪﻳﻨﻮس‪133....................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪135................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-5‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ 1-5‬ﺗﺮاس ﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﻗﺎب ﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‪148.........................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-5‬ﺗﺮاس ﺻﻠﺐ وﺳﺎده‪150................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-5‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺮاس ﻫﺎ )روش ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺎ(‪152....................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-5‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺮاس ﻫﺎ )روش ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ(‪157.........................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-5‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺎب ﻫﺎ‪159........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪163......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ 1-6‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪196.................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-6‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ در ﻋﻀﻮﻫﺎي دو ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‪199.....................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ در ﻋﻀﻮﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‪200.................................................‬‬ ‫‪3-6‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸ‪‬ﻲ در ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪201......................................‬‬ ‫‪4-6‬‬
‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ‪206.....................................................‬‬ ‫‪5-6‬‬
‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ‪212...........................................‬‬ ‫‪6-6‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪215..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-7‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ 1-7‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪231.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-7‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻬﻤﻲ‪235...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-7‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي وزﻧﺶ‪241................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪246.....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-8‬اﺻﻄﻜﺎك‬
‫‪ 1-8‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪250...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-8‬ﮔﻮه ﻫﺎ‪255..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-8‬اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﻫﺎ‪257....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪259.....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-9‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ 1-9‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪266.........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-9‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ و ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن )ﭼﺮﺧﺶ(‪269....‬‬
‫‪ 3-9‬ﻗﻀﻴﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي‪271....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-9‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ‪272...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-9‬ﻗﻀﻴﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮب اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ‪273......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-9‬دوران ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت‪274..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪281.........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي وﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬

‫‪ 1 -10‬ﻛﺎر ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو‪295..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-10‬ﻛﺎر ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻧﻴﺮو‪296.......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-10‬ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي‪297.....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-10‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‪302...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‪305.........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‪322.......................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬اراﻳﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺗﻌﺎدل ذره ﻣﺎدي‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻋﻠﻮم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ درﺑﺎره وﺿﻊ ﺳﻜﻮن و ﺣﺮﻛﺖ اﺟﺴﺎم ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﺟﺴﺎم اﺷﻐﺎل ﻣﻴﺸﻮد و درآن روﻳﺪادﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻗﻮع ﻣﻴﭙﻴﻮﻧﺪد‪ .‬ﻣـﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آن‬
‫ﻧﻘـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‪.‬‬
‫زﻣﺎن‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ روﻳﺪادﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻮﻧﻲ زﻣﺎن ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮو )‪: (Force‬‬
‫اﺛﺮ ﺑﺮداري ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ دﻳﮕﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ وارد ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ دارد آن ﺟﺴﻢ را در راﺳﺘﺎ و ﺟﻬﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ آن اﺛﺮ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫درآورد‪.‬‬
‫ذره ﻣﺎدي )‪: (Particle‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻏـﻤﺎض‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ در‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ آن و ﻳﺎ اﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي وارده ﺑﺮ آن ﻣﻄﺮح ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺴﻢ را ذره ﻣﺎدي‬
‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ )‪(Rigid body‬‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺟﺰاء ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه آن ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ‪ :‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎه ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺑـﻌﺎد ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺴﻢ را ﺻﻠﺐ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ )‪: (Statics‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اي از ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺟﺴﺎم ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬در‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮض ﺑﺮآﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺻﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ در آن اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ) ‪: (Free body diagram‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از اﺟﺴﺎم ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان‬
‫آﻧﻬﺎ را از ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺠﺰا ﻧﻤﻮد ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮد‪ .‬در ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣـﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي وارده ﺑﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻳﺎ اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از دﻳـﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي وارده ﺑﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻳﺎ‬
‫اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ آﺣﺎد‬
‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺮم‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬

MKS m kg s
SI
CGS cm gr s
English ft slug s
‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 12
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮدارﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪eR‬‬
‫‪θ R‬‬
‫‪eθ‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫‪ϕ‬‬ ‫‪eϕ‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻛﺎرﺗﺰﻳﻦ )‪(x,y,z‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻛﺮوي )‪(R,θ,φ‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي )‪(r,θ,z‬‬ ‫‪ez‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪eθ‬‬
‫‪er‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻣﺤﻮري‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪F=Fj‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺻﻔﺤﻪ اي‪:‬‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F = − Fx i + Fy j‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪F = − F sin θ i + F cosθ j‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
z :‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ‬
γ F
β
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
y
α
x
F = F (cosα i + cos β j + cos γ k )
Fx Fy Fz
cos α = cos β = cos γ =
F F F
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1

2 2 2
‫ﻧﺤﻮه اراﻳﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو در ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮداري‪:‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫روش اول‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت دو ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻧﻴﺮو‪:‬‬
‫) ‪A = ( xA , y A , z A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫) ‪B = ( xB , y B , z B‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪AB‬‬ ‫‪( xB − x A )i + ( y B − y A ) j + ( z B − z A )k‬‬
‫‪λ AB‬‬ ‫= ‪=λ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪AB‬‬ ‫) ‪( xB − x A ) + ( y B − y A ) + ( z B − z A‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪F=F λ‬‬ ‫‪λ BA = −λ AB‬‬

‫روش دوم‪:‬‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮس ﻫﺎي ﻫﺎدي ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬آﻧﮕﺎه دارﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪λ AB = λ = cos α x i + cos α y j + cos α z k‬‬
‫‪F=F λ‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ذره ﻣﺎدي )‪(Equilibrium of a particle‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ذره ﻣﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي‬

‫وارده ﺑﺮ آن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ؛ ﺟﻬﺖ ارﺿﺎي ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اول ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻮن ﻣﻴﺒﺎﻳﺴﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=∑ F=0‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬اﺗﻮﺑﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ دو ﺧﻮدرو ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬در ﺟﻬﺖ و اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻧﺸﺎندادهﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوي‪ P‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ زواﻳﺎي ‪ α‬و ‪ β‬ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 30‬و ‪ 45‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺶ‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫وارده از ﻃﺮف ﻛﺎﺑﻞﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮ اﺗﻮﺑﻮس ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻗﺪم اول‪ :‬اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪم دوم‪ :‬دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد )رﺳﻢ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪α‬‬
‫ﻗﺪم ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ‬
‫‪P = 5000 N‬‬
‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪P = 5000 i‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫) ‪T1 = T1 (cos α i + sin α j‬‬
‫) ‪T2 = T2 (cos β i − sin β j‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪم آﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﺆال‬

y
T1 = 3660.25 N
T2 = 2588.2 N
A
P = T1 + T 2
x
T1
α
P = 5000 N
β
T2
5000i = (T1 cos 30 + T2 cos 45)i + (T1 sin 30 − T2 sin 45) j
α = 30o 5000 = T1 cos 30 + T2 cos 45

β = 45o B T1 sin 30 − T 2 sin 45 = 0
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎزه زﻳﺮ دو ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬و ‪ T‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫و ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ آن؟‬
‫‪P = 500 N‬‬
‫‪R = 364.46 N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪α‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫=‪T‬‬
‫‪5m‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪P = 500 i‬‬ ‫‪3m‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪T = −200 (cos α i + sin α j‬‬ ‫‪x = 5 cos 60 = 2.5‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫) ‪T = −200 (0.79 i + 0.62 j‬‬ ‫‪h = 5 sin 60o = 4.3‬‬

‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪4 .3‬‬
‫‪R = P +T‬‬ ‫= ‪tan α‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪x + 3 5 .5‬‬
‫‪R = (500 − 157.17)i − 123.68 j‬‬
‫‪R = 342.83i − 123.68 j N‬‬ ‫‪α = 38.2o‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﺳﻘﻔﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮو ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬را ﺑﻨﺤﻮي‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪P=P i‬‬
‫) ‪F1 = 1000 (sin 40 i − cos 40 j‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪0‬‬‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪401‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫) ‪F2 = −2000 (cos 40o i + sin 40o j‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪00‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪R = P + F1 + F2‬‬
‫‪P = 889.3 i N‬‬
‫‪R = ( P − 889.3)i − (2051.62) j‬‬ ‫‪R = −2051.62 j N‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزه اي ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ‪ AB‬و ‪ AC‬اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ F‬در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪A‬‬
‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬اﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮو در اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻋﻀﺎي ‪ AB‬و ‪ AC‬ﺳﺎزه ﭼﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎﻳﻲ را اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ؟‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪FAB = −313.8 N‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬
‫‪F AC = 256 . 2 N‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪45o‬‬
‫)‪F1 = FAB (cos 45 i + sin 45 j‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪60o‬‬
‫) ‪F2 = FAC (cos 30 i − sin 30 j‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪F = −350 j‬‬ ‫‪R = F1 + F2 = F‬‬ ‫‪F = 350 N‬‬
‫‪R = ( FAB cos 45 + FAC cos 30)i + ( FAB sin 45 − FAC sin 30) j = −350 j‬‬
‫‪FAB cos 45+ FAC cos 30= 0‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪FAB sin 45− FAC sin 30= −350‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎزه ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ دو ﻧﻴﺮو در اﻣﺘﺪادﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه‬
‫اﻧﺪ‪ .‬آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ و اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻲ را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؛‬
‫‪4 kN‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫) ‪F1 = 6 (cos 30 i + sin 30 j‬‬
‫‪6 kN‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫) ‪F2 = −4 (sin 40 i − cos 40 j‬‬
‫‪R = F1 + F2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪R = (6 cos 30 − 4 sin 40)i + (6 sin 30 + 4 cos 40) j‬‬

‫‪R = 2.62i + 6.06 j‬‬
‫‪Ry‬‬ ‫‪−1 6.06‬‬
‫( ‪θ = tan ( ) = tan‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫‪2.62‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪θ = 66.6‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ C‬از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎزه ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ W‬اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺶ در ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎي ‪CD, OC OB ,OA‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪W = −2447 j‬‬ ‫‪T CD = −TCD i‬‬

‫) ‪T C O = T C O (co s 6 0 i + sin 6 0 j‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪R = W + T CD + T CO = 0‬‬
‫‪W=2447 N‬‬ ‫‪→ ( 0 .5TCO − TCD )i + ( 0 .866 TCO − 2447 ) j = 0‬‬
‫‪0 .5TCO − TCD = 0‬‬ ‫‪0 .866 TCO − 2447 = 0‬‬
‫‪TCO = 2825.6 N‬‬ ‫‪TCD = 1412 .8 N‬‬

y
A B
x
40 30
O
T O B = T O B (co s 3 0 i + sin 3 0 j )
T O A = T O A ( − co s 4 0 i + sin 4 0 j )
D
60 T O C = − T C O = − 2 8 2 5 .6 (co s 6 0 i + sin 6 0 j )
C
W R = T OB + T OA + T OC = 0
→ (0.866TOB − 1412.8 − 0.766TOA )i + (0.5TOB − 2447 + 0.643TOA ) j = 0
0.866TOB − 1412.8 − 0.766TOA = 0 0.5TOB − 2447 + 0.643TOA = 0
TOA = 1503 N TOB = 2961 N

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ‪ BC‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪ AB‬در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ B‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ و در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ زﻣﻴﻦ وﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮدار وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ‪ AB‬؛‬ ‫اﻟﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮدار وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ‪ BA‬؛‬ ‫ب‪.‬‬
‫‪40 m‬‬
‫ﺑﺮدار ﻳﻜﻪ ‪. AB‬‬ ‫پ‪.‬‬
‫‪80 m‬‬
‫)‪A(40,0,−30‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‪B (0,80,0‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪r AB = ( xB − x A )i + ( y B − y A ) j + ( z B − z A )k‬‬
‫‪r AB = −40 i + 80 j + 30 k‬‬
‫‪r BA = −r AB = 40 i − 80 j − 30 k‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
r AB ( x B − x A )i + ( y B − y A ) j + ( z B − z A ) k
λ AB = =
r AB (xB − xA )2 + ( yB − y A )2 + (zB − z A )2
A(40,0,−30)
B(0,80,0)
r AB = −40 i + 80 j + 30 k
r AB − 40 i + 80 j + 30 k
λ AB = = = − 0 .42 i + 0 .85 j + 0 .32 k
rAB ( − 40 ) + (80 ) + (30 )
2 2 2
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ در ﻣﺜﺎل ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻛﺸﺶ در ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 2500 N‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ب‪ :‬زاوﻳﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮدار ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت؛‬ ‫اﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺑﺮدار ﻛﺸﺶ ‪ AB‬؛‬
‫‪T AB = TAB × λ AB‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪T AB = 2500 λ AB‬‬
‫‪40 m‬‬
‫‪λ AB = −0.42 i + 0.85 j + 0.32 k‬‬

‫‪80 m‬‬
‫*********‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪λ AB = λ = cos αx i + cos αy j + cos αz k‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪α x = 114.8o‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪cos α x = −0.42‬‬
‫‪cos α y = 0.85‬‬ ‫‪α y = 31.79o‬‬
‫‪cos α z = 0.32‬‬ ‫‪α z = 71.34o‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻳﻚ دﻳﻮار ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺶ در ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪ AC‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 1200 N‬و در ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪ AB‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪840‬‬
‫‪ N‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ و ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪ AB‬و ‪ AC‬در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪A‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪8m‬‬
‫)‪A(16,0,−11‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫)‪B (0,8,0‬‬
‫‪16 m‬‬ ‫)‪C (0,8,−27‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪TAB = 840 N‬‬
‫‪11 m‬‬ ‫‪16 m‬‬
‫‪TAC = 1200 N‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
r AB − 16 i + 8 j + 11 k − 16 i + 8 j + 11 k
λ AB = = =
rAB (−16) + (8) + (11)
2 2 2 21
r AC − 16 i + 8 j − 16 k − 16 i + 8 j − 16 k
λ AC = = =
rAC (−16) + (8) + (−16)
2 2 2 24
y
B C
8m
A(16,0,−11)
z B (0,8,0)
16 m C (0,8,−27)
A
TAB = 840 N
11 m 16 m
TAC = 1200 N
x
T AB = λ AB ×TAB = −640 i + 320 j + 440 k
T AC = λ AC × TAC = −800 i + 400 j − 800 k

y
B C
8m
z
16 m
A
11 m 16 m
x
T AB = λ AB × TAB = −640 i + 320 j + 440 k
R =T AB +T AC
T AC = λAC ×TAC = −800i + 400 j −800 k
R = −1440 i + 720 j − 360 k

y Rx −1440
cos θ x = = = −0.87
R 1649.7
B C Ry 720
cos θ y = = = 0.44
R 1649.7
8m
Rz −360
cos θ z = = = −0.22
z R 1649.7
16 m
θ x = 150.5 0
A
θ y = 64 . 10
11 m 16 m θ z = 102 .6 0
x
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻳﻚ وزﻧﻪ ‪ 200‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ دو ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪ AB‬و ‪ AC‬و ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻛﺸﺶ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪P‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪10 m‬‬ ‫‪P=Pi‬‬
‫‪8m‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪W = −2000 j‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫) ‪T AB = TAB (−0.68 i + 0.57 j + 0.46 k‬‬

‫‪12 m‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫) ‪A (1 2 , 2 , 0‬‬
‫) ‪C (0 ,1 2 , − 1 0‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪− 12 i + 10 j − 10 k‬‬
‫× ‪T AC = TAC × λ AC = TAC‬‬ ‫) ‪= TAC ( −0.65 i + 0.54 j − 0.54 k‬‬
‫‪18.55‬‬
P = 2395.54 N
TAB = 1941.75 N
y TAC = 1654.08 N
10 m P=Pi
8m
C W = −2000 j
B T AB = TAB (−0.68 i + 0.57 j + 0.46 k )

12 m
A T AC = TAC (−0.65 i + 0.54 j − 0.54 k )
0.54 TAC + 0.57 TAB = 2000

z 12
m
P
2m
0.46 TAB − 0.54 TAC = 0
R = P+W+TAB +TAC =0 x − 0.65TAC − 0.68TAB + P = 0
R = (−0.65TAC − 0.68TAB + P)i + (0.54TAC + 0.57TAB − 2000) j + (0.46TAB − 0.54TAC )k = 0

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ را ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ )‪ R = 200i -100j + 50k (kN‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪36‬‬
A(0,3,0) , B(4,0,0) , C(4,0,3) , D(2,0,3) ‫پاسخ‬
AB 4i − 3 j 1
λ AB =
AB
=
5
= 4i − 3 j
5
( )
AC 4i − 3 j + 3k
λ AC =
AC
= =
1
( )
4i − 3 j + 3k
34 34
AD 2i − 3 j + 3k
λ AD =
AD
= =
1
(
2i − 3 j + 3k )
22 22
P 1 = P1 λ A B =
P1
5
( 4i − 3 j )
P 2 = P2 λ AC =
P2
34
( 4i − 3 j + 3k )
P3 = P3 λ AD =
P3
22
(
2i − 3 j + 3k )
4 4 2  3 3 3 
R = P1 + P 2 + P3 =  P1 + P2 + P3 i −  P1 + P2 + P3  j
5 34 22   5 34 22 
 3 3 
+ P2 + P3 k = 200i − 100 j + 50k
 34 22 
2 2 1
P1 + P2 + P3 = 100
5 34 22
1 1 1 100
P1 + P2 + P3 =
5 34 22 3
1 1 50
P2 + P3 =
34 22 3
‫‪P1 = 250 kN‬‬
‫‪P 2 = − 293 . 3 kN‬‬
‫‪P 3 = 471 . 86 kN‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‪ :‬ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ وزن ‪ 780N‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ي دو رﻳﺴﻤﺎن ‪AC‬و‪ AB‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫روي ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ‪.‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺶ در‬
‫رﻳﺴﻤﺎن ﻫﺎ‪).‬واﺣﺪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪45 °‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8 A‬‬

y
C
1
B
C (0 ,1 , 0 )
O
2
x
B (0 , 2 ,11 )
≈
z ≈ T1
A (7 , − 7 , 3 )
2
45 °T 3
7 8 A
w = − 780 j
− 7 i + 8 j − 3k
T 1 = T1 λ AC = T1
49 + 64 + 9
(
= T1 − 0.63i + 0.72 j − 0.27 k )
−7i + 9 j + 2 k
T 2 = T2 λ AB = T2
49 + 81 + 64
(
= T2 −0.5i + 0.63 j + 0.56k )
N
7
7
45°
 2 2 
N = N  i+ j 
 2 2 
∑F = T 1 +T 2 + w+ N = 0
2
0.63T1 − 0.5T2 + N =0
2
2
0.72T1 + 0.63T2 + N − 780 = 0
2
− 0 .7T1 + 0 .56T2 = 0
T1 = 411.5 N T2 = 198.8N N = 504.93 N

‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻴﺮو‪ ،‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎور و زوج ﻧﻴﺮو‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و داﺧﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻃﺮف اﺟﺴﺎم دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ وارد‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺳﺒﺐ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ درآوردن ﺟﺴﻢ اﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻜﻮن درآوردن آن‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻚ ﺧﻮدرو را درﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻓﺮادي ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪w‬‬ ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ اﺟﺰاءﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ در ﺟﻮار‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ و از ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪا ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ را درﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ و ﻓﺮض ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ در دو اﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮدو ﻧﻴﺮوي‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎوي و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺠﻬﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ اﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫اﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻴﺮو‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ را‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي از ﺟﺴﻢ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺎوي و‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮوي اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮآن ﻛﻪ اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻧﻴﺮوي‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻲ )ﺧﻂ اﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻲ( ﻫﻤﺎن ﺧﻂ اﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫اﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻴﺮو ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ اﺟﺴﺎم ﻛﺎﻣﻼ درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ﺿﺮب ﺑﺮداري دو ﺑﺮدار‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪ =b‬ﺑﺮدار ﻣﺆﺧﺮ‬
‫‪ =a‬ﺑﺮدار ﻣﻘﺪم‬
‫‪c = a×b‬‬
‫‪c = ab sin θ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺘﻮازي اﻻﺿﻼﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ روي دوﺑﺮدار ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ دو ﺑﺮدار ‪ b, a‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ ‪.‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪P‬‬

a = axi +ay j +az k
b = bx i + by j + bz k
( )(
c = a×b = ax i + ay j + az k × bx i + by j + bz k )
( ) ( )
= axbx (i × i) + axby i × j + axbz (i × k ) + aybx j × i
+ a b ( j × j ) + a b ( j × k ) + a b (k × i) + a b (k × j )
y y y z z x z y
+ azbz (k × k )
z i
i× j = k k
j× k = i
j y j
k ×i = j i
k
x
c = a x by k − a x bz j − a y bx k + a y bz i + a z bx j − a z by i
= (a y bz − a z by )i + (a z bx − a x bz ) j + (a x by − a y bx )k
i j k
= ax a y az
bx by bz
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺣﻮل ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫‪ r‬ﺑﺮدار وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬از ﻣﺒﺪأ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ F‬وﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮدارﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪MO‬‬
‫‪MO = r × F‬‬
‫{‬
‫‪o r‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪r = xi + y j + zk‬‬
‫‪F = Fx i + Fγ j + Fz k‬‬
M O = rF sinθ
i j k
M o = r × F = x y z = (yFz − zFy ) i − (xFz − zFx ) j + (xFy − yFx ) k
Fx Fy Fz
= M o )xi + M o )y j + M o )z k
M O ) x = yF z − zF y
M O ) y = zF x − xF z
M O ) z = xF y − yF x
‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ورﻳﻨﻮن )‪(Varignon‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬را درﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آن اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ وارد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪F3‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬
‫‪M 1o) = r × F 1‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪M 2o) = r × F 2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪M 3o ) = r × F 3‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪: M O = M 1o + M 2 o + M 3o + ....‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﻛﻞ‬

‫‪= r × (F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + ....) = r × R‬‬

‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻘﺎرب ﺣﻮل ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺑﺮداري ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫از ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﺣﻮل ان ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺿﺮب اﺳﻜﺎﻟﺮ دو ﺑﺮدار‬
b
a.b = ab cos θ
a = ax i + ay j + az k
θ
a 
b = bx i + by j + bz k
( )(
a.b = ax i + a y j + az k . bx i + by j + bz k )
= a b (i.i ) + a b (i ⋅ j ) + a b (i⋅ k ) + a b (i⋅ j ) + a b ( j. j )
x x x y x z x z
y y
a b ( j⋅ k ) + a b (k ⋅ i ) + a b (k ⋅ j ) + a b (k.k )
y z z x z y z z
= axbx + a y by + az bz = ab cosθ
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻳﻚ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ زاوﻳﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﺑﺮدار در ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫‪a x bx + a y b y + a z bz‬‬
‫= ‪cos θ‬‬
‫‪ab‬‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دو ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮدار در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮدار دﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫‪a.b = ab cosθ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ‪ a‬در اﻣﺘﺪاد ‪ b‬اﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪a cosθ‬‬

‫‪a.b  b ‬‬
‫‪= a.  = a.λ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺑﺮدار ‪ a‬در اﻣﺘﺪاد ‪b‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ : λ‬ﺑﺮدار ﻳﻜﻪ در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺑﺮدار ‪b‬‬

‫ﺿﺮب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮدار‬
a.(b × c ) ‫ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﻜﺎﻟﺮ‬
d = b×c d = bc sinθ
a.(b × c ) = a.d = ad cos α = abc sin θ cos α
d
a a
c α c
θ θ
b ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ b 61
‫‪a.( b × c ) = abc sinθ cosα‬‬
‫‪ c , b , a‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

{
a = ax i + a y j + az k
b = bx i + by j + bz k
c = cx i + c y j + cz k
i j k
b × c = bx by bz = (b y c z − c y bz ) i − (bx c z − c x bz ) j
cx cy cz ( )
+ bx c y − c x b y k = d
a.d = a.(b × c) = (ax i + ay j + az k )[(by cz − cybz )i
− (bxcz − cxbz ) j + (bxcy − cxby )k ]
= a x (by c z − c y bz ) + a y (c x bz − c z bx ) + a z (bx c y − c x by )
ax ay az
= bx by bz
cx cy cz
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺣﻮل ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮر‬
L MO = r×F
z M OL = λ OL .( M O ) = λ OL . ( r × F )
MO ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﻮازي اﻟﺴﻄﻮﺣﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ روي ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮدار‬
M OL .‫ ﺑﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬F, r, λ oL
F
λ OL λx λy λz
M OL = λ OL.(r × F ) = x
r
A y z
y
O
Fx Fy Fz
x = λ x (yFz − zFy ) − λ y (xFz − zFx ) + λ z (xFy − yFx )
‫زوج ﻧﻴﺮو )‪ (Force Couple‬و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور زوج ﻧﻴﺮو‬
‫دو ﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﺴﺎن و راﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي را ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ دو ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﻲ وارد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ زوج ﻧﻴﺮو ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫)‪A(a , o , c‬‬ ‫‪r = −ai + b j − ck‬‬

‫)‪C(o , b , o‬‬
‫‪F )C = −Fi‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫) ‪= r × F ) C = − a i + b j − c k × (− F i‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪F (c j + b k‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r* = −r = ai − b j + ck‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪F)A = Fi‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪= r * ×F ) A = ai − b j + ck × F i‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪M C = F c j + bk‬‬ ‫)‬
r 1 = ( ai + ck ) F)A = Fi
M O ) A = r 1 × F ) A = ( ai + ck ) × ( F i ) = cF j
r2 = b j F )C = −Fi
z ( )
M O ) C = r 2 × F ) C = b j × ( − F i ) = bF k
(
M O = M O ) A + M O ) C = F c j + bk )
b
z
a
A F
r
F
r1 F
o r2 C y
c o y
F
x
x ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 67
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور زوج ﻧﻴﺮو ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮدار ازاد )‪ (Free vector‬اﺳﺖ‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ )ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ( ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻣﻔﺮوض ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺑﺮدار ﻛﻮﭘﻞ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ‪O‬‬
‫اﺛﺮ زوج ﻧﻴﺮو اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺸﺘﺎور اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪o r‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪o r‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

M O = r × F)A r = ai + b j + c k F)A = Fi
M O = r × F) A = (ai + b j + ck) × Fi = F(c j − bk)
M O.F = F(c j − bk).(Fi) = 0

z z
b b
a F a
A
o r y o y
c F c
F F
b
x x
c
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ را ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﻪ اي از ﺟﺴﻢ وارد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺑﺮدار ﻛﻮﭘﻞ در ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﺮد‪.‬ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻲ وﺑﺮدار ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﻮدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ اﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو و ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻋﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻴﻢ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬

z z
Wrench ‫آﭼﺎر‬
F3 F3
C b C b
a a
A c A c
r1 r1
y y
F1 O F1 O
r2 r2
F2 F2
B B
x x
z M 1 = r 1 × F1 = (a i + c k )× F1 i = cF1 j
C
M2
b
M 2 = r 2 × F 2 = ai + b j × F2 j = aF2 k( )
a
A
F3 M1
c M3 = 0
F1 y
O F2
B
x
F1 = F1i F 2 = F2 j F 3 = F3 k
R = F 1 + F 2 + F 3 = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ( )
M 1 = cF1 j M 2 = aF2 k M3 = 0
M = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 = cF1 j + aF2 k ( )
z z
M2
C b C b
a a M
A c A c
F3 R
M1
y y
F1 O F2 O
B B
x x
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪R = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪M = cF1 j + aF2 k‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪R . M = F2 ( cF1 + aF3 ) ≠ 0‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺑﺮدار ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدش ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﻮدﻧﺪ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺑﺮدار ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ‬
‫و ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

R = F1 i + F 2 j + F3 k (
M =z cF1 j + aF2 k )
z
M
C b
a M
*
R
A c M 2 *
R M1
y y
O
O
B
x
x
F1 i + F 2 j + F 3 k
M = M + M
* * R
1 2 λR = =
R F1 + F 2 + F 3
2 2 2
M = λ R .M =
*
1
F2
(cF1 + aF 3 )
R
M 1 = M 1 λ R = 2 (cF 1 + aF 3 )R
* * F2
R ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 75
M = M λR =
*
1
*
1
F2
2
(cF1 + aF3 )R (
M = cF1 j + aF2 k )
z R
M
M = M − M = cF1 j + aF2 k −
*
2
*
1
F2
2
(cF1 + aF3 )R
R
*
R
M 2 *
M1
y
O
x
F2 F2
M =−
*
2 2
( cF1 + aF3 ) F1 i + [cF1 − 2
( cF1 + aF3 ) F2 ] j
R R
F2
+[aF2 − 2
( cF1 + aF3 ) F3 ]k
R
z
z
Q(x,y,z)
R
*
M2 Q R
*
M
1 r
O
y O y
x
x
R = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k r = xi + y j + zk
( ) (
M 2 = r × R = xi + y j + zk × F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
*
)
= ( yF3 − zF2 )i + ( zF1 − xF3 ) j + ( xF2 − yF1 )k
M 2 = ( yF3 − zF2 )i + ( zF1 − xF3 ) j + ( xF2 − yF1 )k
*
M = cF1 j + aF2 k −
*
2
F2
2
(cF1 + aF3 )R
R
M2 = −
* F2
2
(cF1 + aF )F
3 1 i + [cF1 −
F2
2
(cF1 + aF )F
3 2 ] j + [aF2 −
F2
2
(cF1 + aF3 )F3 ]k
R R R
 F2
− 2 (cF1 + aF3 )F1 = yF3 − zF2

 x = 2 F (cF1 + aF3 )F2 − c F
F2 F1
 R  R 3 3

cF1 − 2 (cF1 + aF3 )F2 = zF1 − xF3
F2 
 y = − 2 (cF1 + aF3 )
F1 F2
 R
 R F3

aF2 − 2 (cF1 + aF3 )F3 = xF2 − yF1
F2 z = 0
 R 

z
F3
C b
a z
A c Wrench ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬
y
F1 O
F2 * Q
B M1 R
x r
O y
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ‪ OA‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴـﺮوي ﺻـﺪ ﻧﻴـﻮﺗﻦ )‪ (100N‬ﻗـﺮار دارد‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ 100N‬ﺣﻮل ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪.O‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ب( ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪A‬‬
‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد و ﻫﻤﺎن ﮔﺸﺘﺎور را ﺣﻮل ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬اﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪24m‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪100N‬‬ ‫ج( ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎن ﮔﺸﺘﺎور را ﺣﻮل ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫د( ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي از ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ‪ OA‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ‪240N‬و در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻋﻤﺎل ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫‪°‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از ‪ O‬ﭼﻘﺪر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺸﺘﺎوري‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﻗﺒﻠﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬

A
y
F = −100 j

24m
r 100N
r = 24 cos 60i + 24 sin 60 j = 12(i + 3 j )
i j k
M o = r × f = 12 12 3 0 = −1200 k ( N.m)
° 0 −100 0
60 x
o
A M = r× p
P
y p = pi
24m
r = 12 ( i + 3 j)
i j k
60° M = 12 12 3 0 = −12 3 p k = −1200k
o x
p 0 0
1200 100 3
p= = N
12 3 3
‫*‬ ‫*‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Mo = r×F‬‬ ‫‪M o = r F sin θ‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪M o‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫= ‪F‬‬
‫‪r sin θ‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪Mo‬‬ ‫‪r‬و‬
‫*‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ F‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﻮد را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪sin θ‬‬
‫‪sin θ = 1 → θ = π‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫*‬ ‫*‬
‫‪F = F (cos 30 i − sin 30‬‬ ‫‬
‫)‪j‬‬ ‫‪r = 12 ( i +‬‬ ‫)‪3 j‬‬

i j k
* * *
MO = r × F = 12 12 3 0 = (−6 F−18F)k
* *
3 F −F 0
2 2
* *
24 F = 1200 ⇒ F = 50 N
A
r = r (cos 60 i + sin 60 j )
y p = − p j = −240 j
r B
p i j k
240 N
MO = r× p = r − 3 r 0 = −120rk
2 2
60° x 0 −240 0
o
120 r = 1200 → r = 10 m
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻜﻮي ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ در ﻧﻘﺎط ‪ B , A‬ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺪون اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ‪ E‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬرد ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺶ در ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 1934N CE‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﻧﻴﺮوي وارد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪ CE‬از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪C‬ﺣﻮل ﻣﺒﺪأ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫)‪C(0,0,2.25‬‬ ‫‪E(0.9 , 1.5 , 0) T‬‬ ‫‪CE‬‬ ‫‪= T CE λ CE‬‬
‫‪0.9m‬‬
‫‪0.9i + 1.5 j − 2.25 k‬‬
‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪2.3m‬‬ ‫= ‪λ CE‬‬
‫‪(0.9 )2 + (1.5)2 + (2.25 )2‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫≈‬ ‫≈‬ ‫‪T CE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1934‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪× 0.9i + 1.5 j − 2.25k‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪2.85‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪T CE‬‬ ‫‪1.5m‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪r = 2 . 25 k‬‬
‫‪TDE‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪5m‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪2 .2‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
i j k
M o = r × T CE = 0 0 2.25 = −1597.2i + 958.2 j
425.9 709.9 −1064.9
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺧﻂ اﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪420N‬اﺳﺖ از دو ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ B , A‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬرد‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺧﻂ اﺛﺮ ‪ P‬را از ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت )‪ (O‬ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ‬
‫آورﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪A(3,0,18‬‬ ‫)‪B(12,8,0‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪12 m‬‬ ‫‪9i + 8 j − 18k‬‬
‫= ‪λ AB‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫)‪(9) + (8) + (18‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪rOB‬‬
‫‪8m‬‬
‫= ‪p = pλ AB‬‬
‫‪420‬‬
‫‪21.66‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪9i + 8 j − 18k‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫) ‪x p = (174.5i + 155.1 j − 349k‬‬
‫‪r OA‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪M O = rOA × p = rOB × p‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻴﺮو‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬
r OA = 3i + 18 k r OB = 12i + 8 j
i j k
M O = r OA × p = 3 0 18 = −2792 i + 4188 j + 465 k
174.5 155.1 −349
i j k
M O = r OB × p = 12 8 0 = −2792 i + 4188 j + 465 k
174.5 155.1 −349
C
MO = M x2 + M y2 + M z2 = pr sin θ = pd
o r p
θ MO
M O = 5054 .78 d= = 12 m
d p
A ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 89
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ دو ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎن ‪ B , A‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ در‬
‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ 700N ،F‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ F‬را ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ AB‬ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫)‪C(o.6,0,0.3‬‬ ‫)‪D(0,0.2,0‬‬
‫‪F = F λ‬‬ ‫‪CD‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪−0.6i + 0.2 j − 0.3k‬‬
‫= ‪λ CD‬‬
‫)‪( 0.6) + ( 0.2) + ( 0.3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪0.3 m‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪0.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪0.2 m‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
−0.6i + 0.2 j − 0.3k
F = (700) = −600i + 200 j − 300k
0.7
O(0,0,0) E(0.4,0.2,0) z r = 0 .6 i + 0 .3 k
0.4i + 0.2 j
MO = r ×F m λ OE = = 0.89i + 0.45 j
0.6
( 0.4) + ( 0.2)
2 2
C F
r D y
O
0.3 m A
m
4
0.
B
0.2 m E
x
M AB = λ OE .M O = λ OE . ( r × F )
z 0.89 0.45 0
= 0.6 0 0.3 = −53.6 N.m
− 600 − 300
m
0.6 200
C F
r D y
O
0.3 m A
m
4
0.
B
0.2 m E
x
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ را ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺑﺮدار ﻛﻮﭘﻞ در ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬
‫‪ O‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪y‬‬‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪500N‬‬ ‫‪700N‬‬
‫‪60 °‬‬
‫‪200N‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪60°‬‬
‫‪0 .3 m‬‬
‫‪400 N‬‬
‫‪700N‬‬ ‫‪500N‬‬ ‫‪0 .3m‬‬
‫‪400N‬‬

y
y
F2 F1
r1 60 °
F x
O 60° r2
*
F2* F3
F1
0 .3m r3 0 .3 m
F3*
F = 200 N F1 = F1* = 700N F2 = F2* = 500 N F3 = F3* = 400N
F = − 200 i (
F 1 = 700 cos 60i + sin 60 j ) F 2 = 500 j
F 3 = 400 i R = F = − 200 i
r 1 = 0 .3i (
M 1 = r 1 × F 1 = 210 i × cos 60 i + sin 60 j = 105 3 k )
y
y
F2 F1
.
r1 60 °
F x
O 60° r2
*
F2* F3
F1
0 .3m r3 0 .3 m
F3*
F 2 = 500 j F 3 = 400 i
r 2 = −0.3i M 2 = r 2 × F 2 = −0.3i × 500 j = −150 k
r 3 = 0.3 j M 3 = 0.3 j × 400 i = − 120 k
(
M = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 = − 270 + 105 3 k = − 88 .14 k )
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮو در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻳﺎل ﻫـﺎي ﻳـﻚ ﺟـﺴﻢ ﻣﻜﻌـﺐ ﻣـﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ‪ -1 :‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳـﻚ رﻧـﭻ ﻣﻌـﺎدل‬
‫‪-2‬ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ و ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‪-3 R‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻮر رﻧـﭻ ﺻـﻔﺤﻪ ‪ yz‬را‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪) .‬اﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪F3 = 60 N‬‬ ‫‪F1 = 40 N‬‬

‫‪100‬‬
‫‪F2 = 20 N‬‬
‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪175‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
y
F3 = 60 N F1 = 40 N
100
r3 r1
F2 = 20 N
125 175
z x
F 1 = 40 k F 2 = −20 i F 3 = 60 i
R = F 1 + F 2 + F 3 = 40 (i + k )
r 1 = 0.125 i + 0.1 j
( )
M 1 = r 1 × F 1 = 0.125 i + 0.1 j × (40 ) k = −5 j + 4i
y
F3 = 60 N F1 = 40 N
100
r3 r1
F2 = 20 N
125 175
z x
M2 =0 F 3 = 60 i r 3 = 0.1 j + 0.175 k
(
M 3 = r 3 × F 3 = 0.1 j + 0.175 k × 60i = −6 k + 10.5 j)
M = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 = 4i + 5.5 j − 6k
y
M
M = 4i + 5.5 j − 6k
R = 40 (i + k )
R M = M1* + M*2
z x
40 (i + k )
M
M
* λ =
R
= =
2
(i + k )
2
R 40 2 2
M = M.λ = 2 2 − 3 2 = − 2
*
1
* *  2 
( i + k )  = −(i + k )
*
M 1
R M 1 = M 1 λ = − 2 
 2 
R = 40 (i + k )
M
*
*
M2 M 1 = −(i + k ) M = 4i + 5.5 j − 6k
* *
M 2 = M − M 1 = 5i + 5.5 j − 5 k
*
( )
M1 R *
M 2 = r × R = 40 xi + y j + z k × ( i + k )
= 40 y i − 40 ( x − z ) j − 40 y k
40 y = 5
 x =0⇒ y = 1/ 8 m , z = 11/ 88 m
40( x − z ) = −5.5
‫‪-3‬ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ‬
‫{‬ ‫‪R=∑F =0‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪M = 0‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪∑F =∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪i+‬‬ ‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪j+‬‬ ‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪k =0‬‬
‫{‬‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬

∑M = ∑M i +∑My j +∑Mzk = 0
{
x
∑M x =0
∑M y =0
∑M z =0
o x 

∑xF =0
xy ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ دوﺑﻌﺪي در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
∑F = 0
y

y ∑M = ∑M
z O =0
xz ‫در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
z ∑ Fx = 0

∑ Fz = 0

x ∑ M y = ∑ M O = 0
o
y ∑Fy = 0 yz ‫در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

∑Fz = 0

o z ∑Mx = ∑MO =0

‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد )‪:FBD(Free Body Diagram‬‬
‫در ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي وارد ﺑﺮ ﺟﺰء ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰء اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪه ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر از دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي وارد ﺑﺮ ﺟﺰء ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰء اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪F3‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪F2 F3‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮدار‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪F3‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮدار‬
‫‪Dx‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Dy‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪105‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫‪RB ) 2 RB )1‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬
‫‪R B ) 2 = 0 → R B = R B )1‬‬ ‫اﮔﺮ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ‪B‬ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪= R B )1 + R B ) 2‬‬ ‫اﮔﺮ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ‪ B‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ RB )2‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪p3,p2,p1‬‬ ‫از وزن ﺳﺎزه ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺮده اﻳﻢ‪ .‬اﺑﻌﺎد ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎزه را دو ﺑﻌﺪي ﻓﺮض ﻛﺮده اﻳﻢ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎدل دارﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪ By‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫⇒ ‪∑ Fy = 0‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬ ‫⇒ ‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫‪ A‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪∑F = 0‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫از ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ اﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎزه ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﻫﺮ دو ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬

‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪Bx‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪ B y‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ‪B y‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪ Ay‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫‪Bx , Ax‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اي ﺑﺎ دو ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ‪ B x , A x‬از ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧـﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ اﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪= 0,∑ MC = 0,∑ M B = 0,∑ M E = 0,∑ M F = 0‬‬

‫ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪام از ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺑﺎﻻ را ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺟﺪﻳﺪي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻲ را ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
D E F D E F
A B A B
C C
Ay Cy By

‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اي ﺑﺎ دوﻣﺠﻬﻮل ‪Cy, By‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ‪ C , B , A‬ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪y y y‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اي ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻت ‪Cy , By , Ay‬‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ اﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺟﺴﺎم دو ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‬
‫‪F1‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪B‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪= r × F1 = 0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ F1‬در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺑﺮدار‬

‫‪r‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬
‫∗‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪= r × F2 = −r × F2 = 0‬‬
‫‪F2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺑﺮدار ‪r‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪F2‬‬

‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﺎدل دوراﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﻳﺴﺖ دو ﻧﻴﺮو در ﻳﻚ اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫‪∑F = 0 → F‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﺎدل اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‪+ F 2 = 0 :‬‬
‫دو ﻧﻴﺮو ﻣﻴﺒﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺎوي و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺠﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ دو ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ دو ﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎوي و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺠﻬﺖ و ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻳﻚ راﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺟﺴﺎم ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‬
‫دو ﺑﺮدار ‪ F2 , F1‬را اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻣﻲ دﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ را در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ D‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫از ‪ D‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺛﺮ ‪ F‬وﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪= r × F3 = 0‬‬

‫‪B D r‬‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮو ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرب ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪F3‬‬ ‫‪∑F = F + F‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪+ F3 = 0‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ‪ :‬ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮو ﻣﺘﻘﺎرب‬
‫ﺑﻮده وﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮط ﺗﻌﺎدل اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺮﭘﺎي ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ در ﺗﻜﻴـﻪ ﮔـﺎه‬
‫ﻫﺎي ‪ B , A‬را ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪2KN‬‬
‫‪1.5m‬‬
‫‪2 KN‬‬
‫‪1.5m‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪2 KN‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪= 0 ⇒ Ax + 2 + 2 = 0‬‬
‫‪1.5m‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Ax = −4 KN‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ آن ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﻬﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻓﺮض ﻛﺮده اﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪2 KN‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪= 0 ⇒ 2 By − 2 × 3 − 2(1.5) = 0‬‬

‫‪1.5m‬‬
‫‪By = 4.5KN‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫‪∑F = 0 ⇒ A + B‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪= 0 → Ay = −By‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬ ‫‪Ay = −4.5KN‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎ را در ‪ A‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2000 N‬‬
‫‪3000N.m‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬

y
2000 N
3000N.m
A M B
Ax x
Ay
3m 2m
∑F x = 0 ⇒ Ax = 0
∑ F = 0 ⇒ A − 2000 = 0 ⇒ A = 2000 N
y y y
∑ M = 0 ⇒ 2000 × 5 − 3000 + M = 0
A
M = − 7000 N . M

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ‪AB‬ﺑﻪ وزن ‪ 250N‬در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﻓﺮض ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺶ در ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫وﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ در ﻧﻘﺎط ‪ A‬و ‪. C‬‬
‫‪4m‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪6m‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪cable‬‬

‫‪50 °‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

B y
6m
C
40 ° x
2m
∑F = 0 ⇒ T − RC cos 40 = 0
4m
RC
x
T
∑F
2m
D W
y = 0 ⇒ RC sin 40 + RA − 250 = 0
50 °
= 0 ⇒ 8RC − 250× (6 cos50) − 2T sin 50 = 0

A
∑M A
RA
. R C = 141 .3 N
R A = 159 .3 N
T = 108 .23 N

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻣﺪل اراﺑﻪ اي ﺑﻪ وزن ‪ 100N‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ آن در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ G‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺒﺪاري ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻛﺸﺶ ‪ T‬در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻴﺒﺪار‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ T‬و ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺮخ ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ‬
‫از اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻮد‪) .‬اﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫‪25°‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪25‬‬

T
y
T
24 W = 100 N
25° A 30 G G
25 A 25° x
W
B
25
R1
B
R2
∑F x =0 ⇒ W cos 25 − T = 0 ⇒ T = 90 . 6 N
∑M A =0⇒
0.5R2 + 0.24T − 0.3W cos 25 − 0.25W sin 25 = 0 ⇒ R 2 = 32 . 02 N
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ R1 + R 2 − W sin 25 = 0 R1 = 10 . 3 N
‫‪-4‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ‪ :‬ﺛﻘﻞ و ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي وارده از ﻃﺮف زﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ذرات ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺟﺴﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪M x(1) = y1∆w1‬‬ ‫‪M y(1) = x1∆w1‬‬
‫‪∆W1‬‬
‫)‪( 2‬‬ ‫‪M y(2) = x2∆w2‬‬
‫‪M x = y2∆w2‬‬
‫‪y1‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫) ‪(i‬‬ ‫) ‪(i‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪= ∑ yi ∆wi‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪= ∑ xi ∆wi‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬
‫‪x1‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

z y z W y
∆W1 y
G
y1
O A O
x
x1
x x
(i ) (i )
∑ M y = ∑ xi ∆wi
∞
∑x ∆w ∫ xdw
wx = ∑M w = ∑ ∆wi x= = i i
y
i =1
∑∆w ∫ dw i
wy = ∑ M (i )
∑M (i )
∞
= ∑ yi ∆wi y=
∑ y ∆w ∫ ydw
i
= i
∑∆w ∫ dw
x x
i =1 i
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ‬
x=
∫ xdw
, y=
∫ ydw
, z=
∫ zdw
∫ dw ∫ dw ∫ dw

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
w = γ v ⇒ γ = ρ g ⇒ w = ρ vg
‫وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬ ↵
‫اﮔﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻫﻤﻮژن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ⇒ dw = ρ gdv .
x =
∫ xdw = ρ g ∫ xdv = ∫ xdv
∫ dw ρ g ∫ dv ∫ dv
x =
∫ xdv , y=
∫ ydv
, z=
∫ zdv
∫ dv ∫ dv ∫ dv
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور اول ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪v = At‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫↵‬ ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ )ﺛﺎﺑﺖ(‬
‫‪dv‬‬ ‫‪= tdA‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪dA = xdy‬‬
‫‪dA = ydx‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪dy‬‬ ‫=‪x‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪xdv t ∫ xdA ∫ xdA‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪∫ dv t ∫ dA ∫ dA‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫اﮔﺮﺳﻄﺢ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ x,y‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫=‪x‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪x dA‬‬
‫‪el‬‬
‫=‪y‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪y dA‬‬
‫‪el‬‬
‫‪∫ dA‬‬ ‫‪∫ dA‬‬

‫= ‪Qy‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪xdA‬‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور اول ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮل ‪y‬‬
‫= ‪Qx‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪ydA‬‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور اول ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮل ‪x‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ دو ﺑﻌﺪ آن درﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻮم ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪v = Al‬‬ ‫‪dv = Adl‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫= ‪x‬‬
‫‪∫ xdv‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A ∫ xdl‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪∫ xdl‬‬
‫‪∫ dv‬‬ ‫‪A ∫ dl‬‬ ‫‪∫ dl‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫=‪x‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪xdl‬‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫=‪y‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ydl‬‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫=‪z‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪zdl‬‬
‫‪∫ dl‬‬ ‫‪∫ dl‬‬ ‫‪∫ dl‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﻴﺮو‬
‫*‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﻧﻴﺮو درواﺣﺪ ﻃﻮل← ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ در واﺣﺪ ﻃﻮل‬ ‫‪w‬‬
‫‪dA = dF‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ N m‬اﺳﺖ‬ ‫)‪(M K S‬‬ ‫واﺣﺪ آن در دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬
‫) ‪) w* = w* ( x‬ﺷﺪت ﻧﻴﺮو(‬
‫‪dF = dA = w ( x )dx‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪F = A = ∫ w* ( x )dx‬‬

‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺷﺪت ﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﻮل ﺗﻴﺮ‬

dA = dF w*
A B
x
∫ xdA
dx
x=
∫ xdF
x=
∫ dA ∫ dF
dF = dA = w ( x )dx *
∫ xdA ∫ xdF ∫ ( x ) dx
*
xw
⇒x= = =
∫ dA ∫ dF ∫ w ( x ) dx
*

‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎي ﭘﺎﭘﻮس ﮔﻠﺪﻳﻨﻮس)‪(Popus Goldinus‬‬
‫‪dA = 2 π ydl‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫‪A = 2π ∫ ydl‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪dl‬‬ ‫=‪y‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ydl ∫ ydl‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪∫ dl‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫֏‬ ‫‪A = 2π y l‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎروب ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ دوران ﺧﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ‪ L‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺎ ﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ﻃﻮل ﺧﻂ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ در ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻂ‬
‫در ﻃﻲ ﺣﺎدث ﺷﺪن ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻲ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ دو‬
‫‪dA‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪dv = 2πydA‬‬ ‫‪v = 2π ∫ ydA‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫=‪y‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ydA ∫ ydA‬‬
‫=‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪dA‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪∫ ydA‬‬ ‫‪= yA‬‬ ‫‪֏ v = 2π yA‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺎروب ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ دوران ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺖ ‪ A‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ در ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ درﻃﻲ ﺣﺎدث ﺷﺪن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻲ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﺎﺷﻮر ﺧﻮرده ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ را‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪y = kx‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
y
a y
y
2
x1 = a
-
3
=
mx
y=
b b
y = kx 3 1
y1 = b
3
x a x x
(1 ) (2)
x dx
ba
(1 ) A1 =
2
b b 3
(2) : b = ka 3
⇒ k= 3 ⇒ y= 3 x dA = ydx
a a
a b 3 b 1 1 ba
A2 =
∫ dA = ∫ ydx = ∫ x dx = 3 × × a = ab
4
3 4
0 a a 4 4
y
y
2
x1 = a
3
b
1
_
y1 = b
3
x x
a (2)
(1 ) x dx
b a 4 b 1 5 1 2
∫ xdA= ∫ xeldA = ∫ xydx = a3 ∫0 x dx = a3  5 a = 5 a b
a
1 1 2 1 b2 6 1
∫ = ∫ el = ∫2 =
2∫
=
2 a 6 ∫0
= 2
ydA y dA ydA y dx x dx ab
14

x=
∫ xdA ∫ x dA
=
el
y=
∫ ydA ∫ y dA
=
el
∫ dA ∫ dA ∫ dA ∫ dA
1 2 1 2
a b ba
4 14 2
x2 = 5 = a y2 = = b
1
1
ab 5 ab 7
4 4
a 2b 2 a 2b
−
x =
∑ Ax
i i
=
A1 x 1 − A 2 x 2
= 3 15 =
8
a
∑ A i A1 − A 2 ab
−
ab 12
2 4
ab 2 ab 2
−
y =
∑Ay
i i
=
A1 y 1 − A 2 y 2
= 6 28 =
8
b
∑A i A1 − A 2 ab
−
ab 21
2 4
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ و ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ وارد ﺑﺮ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷـﺪه‬
‫در ﺷﻜﻞ و ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ در ﻧﻘﺎط ‪ A‬و ‪.B‬‬
‫‪y = ax + bx + c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1400N / m‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ y‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن اﺳﺖ‬
‫‪500N/m‬‬
‫‪y = ax + c‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪1400 = a × (0 ) + c‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪4m‬‬ ‫‪500 = a × 16 + c‬‬
‫‪ c = 1400‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪⇒ ‬‬ ‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪225 2‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪⇒ y=−‬‬ ‫‪x + 1400‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
1400N / m
500N/m
A dx
x B
225 2
w = y=−
*
x + 1400
4m 4
 225 2 
F = A = ∫ ydx = ∫ w ( x )dx = ∫  −
4
*
x + 1400  dx = 4400 N
0
 4 
4  225 2 
xdA ∫ xdA ∫0
x − x + 1400  dx
∫ (x) dx ∫
*
xw  4  = 1 .72 m
x= = = =
∫ (x) dx ∫ dA A
*
w 4400

y
Ay F = 4400 N By x
1.72 m
Ax
A B
4m
∑F = 0
x ⇒ Ax = 0 ∑F = 0y ⇒ − 4400 + By + Ay = 0
By = 1892 N
∑ M A = 0 ⇒ 4400×1.72 − 4By = 0
Ay = 2508 N

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻳﻚ درﻳﭽﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ‪ 225 ×225 m m‬ﺣﻮل‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮري ﻛﻪ از ‪ O‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬرد ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜـﻪ ارﺗﻔـﺎع ﺳـﻴﺎل‬
‫‪ 450mm‬اﺳﺖ درﻳﭽﻪ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺎز ﺷـﺪن ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‪.h‬‬
‫‪d = 450 mm‬‬

‫‪a = 225mm‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

d = 450 mm ρg (d − a )
a = 225mm
y
a
d
y F h
a ρgd
o
[ρ g (d − a ) + ρ gd ]a 2
F =V =
2
A1 = ρg ( d − a ) a = 50625 ρg y1 = a / 2 = 112 .5
A2 = 1 ρga × a = 1 ρga 2 = 25312 .5 ρg y 2 = 2 a / 3 = 150

2 2
A1 y1 + A2 y 2 50625 × 112.5 + 25312.5 × 150
y= = = 125 mm
A1 + A2 50625 + 25312.5
∑M O = 0 ⇒ F ( h − y ) = 0 ⇒ h = y = 125 mm
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ ﻗـﺮار دارد‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ را در ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪37.5N / m‬‬
‫‪20 N / m‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪0.25m‬‬ ‫‪1m‬‬

y = ax + bx
2
37.5 = a ( 0.25 )2 + b ( 0.25 )


= ( ) + b ( 0.5)
2
37.5N / m  0 a 0.5
a = −600 , b = 300
20 N / m
A B
0.25m 1m w( x ) = −600x 2 + 300x
A1 = ∫ w( x ) dx = 300 ∫
0.25
0
(− 2 x 2
)
+ x dx = 6.255 N = F1
xw ( x ) dx = 300 ∫ (− 2 x ) dx
0 . 25
∫ xdA = ∫ + x2 = 0 . 977
3
0
x1 =
∫ xw (x )dx =
∫ xdA =
0 . 977
= 0 . 156 m
∫ w (x )dx ∫ dA 6 . 225
17.5 (2 )
37.5N / m
20 N / m 20 (3 )
A B
0.25m 1m
17.5 ×1 x2 =
1
A2 = = 8.75N m
2 3
1 A2 x 2 + A3 x 3
A 3 = 1 × 20 = 20 x3 = m x =*
= 0 . 448 m
A2 + A3
2
2
A2* = A2 + A3 = 28 . 75 N

6.258 N 28.75 N A1 = 6 .25 N = F1
0.156m x 1 = 0 . 156 m
Ax B
A A2* = A2 + A3 = 28.75
0 . 698 m
Ay
By x 2* = 0 . 448 m
∑F x =0 ⇒ Ax = 0
∑M A =0
1.25× By − 28.75× 0.698 − 6.25× 0.15 = 0 ⇒ By = 16.83N
∑F y =0 ⇒ 28.75 + 6.258 − Ay − By = 0 ⇒ Ay = 18.17N

‫‪-5‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮاس ﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﻗﺎب ﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮاس ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬از اﻋﻀﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ دو ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در دو اﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻴﻦ )ﻣﻔﺼﻞ(‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻋﻀﻮ وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻣﺴﺎوي و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺠﻬﺖ در‬
‫دو اﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎب ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺮاس ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ داراي ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﻋﻀﻮ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮو اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و اﺻﻼح ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و داراي ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮاس ﺻﻠﺐ وﺳﺎده‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺗﺮاس ﺻﻠﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺗﺮاس ﺻﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺮو ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺗﺮاس ﺳﺎده ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮاس ﺻﻠﺐ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻋﻀﺎء = ‪m‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺎ= ‪n‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪m= 3‬‬ ‫‪n =3‬‬
‫‪m= 5‬‬ ‫‪n =4‬‬
‫‪m= 7‬‬ ‫‪n =5‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪m = 2n − 3‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺮاس ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ (1‬روش ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫از وزن ﺗﺮاس در ﻣﻘﺎل ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬

‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ → By‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ‪ By‬اﺳﺖ ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫⇒ ‪∑ Fy = 0‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ‪ Ay‬اﺳﺖ‬ ‫→‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪Ay‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ‪ Ax‬اﺳﺖ‬ ‫→‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪Ax‬‬

‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻚ ﺗﻚ ﮔﺮه ﻫﺎ‬
C
C
F ∑F
AC
x =0
Ax B
A D A
FAD D ∑F y =0
Ay P By Ay
C
FDC
A FDB ∑F x =0
FAD D B ∑F y =0
P
C
C
FB
D
C
B
∑F x =0
Ax A D
B FDB
By
∑F y =0
Ay P By
F AC
F
BC ∑F x =0
A FDC B ∑F y =0
D
FAC , FAD , FBC , FDB , FDC :‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻت‬
‫اﮔﺮﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺮون ﮔﺮه ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آن ﻋﻀﻮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻛﺸﺶ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﮔﺮه ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آن ﻋﻀﻮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫روش ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫در ﺗﺮاس ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﺮوي داﺧﻠﻲ در‬

‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ‪ DB‬را ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آورﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬

C
~ C
FB
F
BC
* **
C
~
B
A D
~
Ax B D B
FDB FDB
By
Ay
P
∗→ ∑M C =0⇒ FDB ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺎب ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪F‬‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪Fx‬‬ ‫‪T‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ → ‪T‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮ ل ⇒ ‪∑M = 0‬‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪Fy‬‬ ‫‪ F‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد → ‪F‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪∑ F = 0‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ F‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد → ‪ F‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪∑ F = 0‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

C
T B D E
A
C W
By
T Fx
F
B Bx R
Fy
R B D E
D Bx
A R
Fx F By W
A
(II)
(III )
Fy R
(I ) ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 161
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪Bx‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻت‪By,Bx,R :‬‬
‫‪By‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫⇒‪∑M =0‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪R‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪ R‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫⇒ ‪∑ Fx = 0‬‬ ‫‪ Bx‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪ Bx‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫⇒‪∑F =0‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪ By‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪ By‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺎب ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ را در ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از اﻋﻀﺎي‬
‫ﺗﺮاس ذﻳﻞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آورﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪600N‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬
‫‪600N‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬
‫‪α‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪4m‬‬

y
600N A B
x
3m
600N D ∑F x = 0 ⇒ − 600 − 600 + E x = 0
C
3m
E x = 1200 N
α
Ex E ∑M E =0⇒
4 Fy + 600 ( 6 ) + 600 ( 3 ) = 0
F
4m
Ey Fy F y = − 1350 N
∑Fy ⇒ Ey + Fy = 0 ⇒ Ey = 1350

600N A B sin α = 0 . 8
3m cos α = 0 . 6 A FAB
600 N B
600N D
C
3m FAC
α
Ex E C
F
Ey 4m Fy ∑F x = 0 ⇒ FAB − 600 = 0 FAB = 600 N
∑F = 0 ⇒
y
F AC = 0
FAB 600 N
A B
∑F x = 0 ⇒ FAB + 0.8FBC = 0 ⇒ FBC = −750 N
FBC α
C
FBD
∑F y = 0 ⇒ FBD + 0.6 FBC = 0 ⇒ FBD = 450N
D ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 165
A B
600N A B
0 − 750 N
3m α
FAC FBC
600N D
C D
3m
600 N C FCD
α FCE
Ex E
F
E
Ey 4m Fy ∑F x = 0 ⇒ FCD − 600 + 0.8FBC = 0
B FCD = 1200N
FBD
C
FCD 1200N
450 N
D
∑F y = 0 ⇒ 0.6FBC + FAC − FCE = 0
α FCE = −450 N
FDE FDF
E F
∑F x = 0 ⇒ −FCD − 0.8FDE = 0 FDE = −1500N
∑F y = 0 ⇒ −FDF − 0.6FDE + FBD = 0 FDF = 1350N

C
D ∑F x =0
FCE
− 450 N 1200 + 0.8 FDE = 0
1200N
α− 1500 NFDE
FDE = −1500 N
Ex E
∑F y =0
1350 N FCE + 1350 + 0.6 FDE = 0
Ey FCE = −450 N
D
FDF
1350N
∑F y =0
F Fy + FDF = 0
FDF = 1350 N
− 1350 N
Fy ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 167
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮاس ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ازاﻋﻀﺎ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮده و اﻋـﻀﺎي‬
‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ و ﻓﺸﺎري را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪600 N‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪0.25m‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪0.2m‬‬ ‫‪0.6m‬‬
600 N
A
Ax
β
0.25m
B
Ay α sin α =
0 .2
= 0 . 63
C (0 . 2 )
2
+ (0 . 25 )
2
0 . 25
cos α = = 0 . 78
(0 . 2 ) 2
+ (0 . 25 )
2
Cy
0.2m 0.6m
∑M A = 0 ⇒ 0.2C y − 600 ( 0.8 ) = 0 ⇒ C y = 2400 N
∑ F = 0 ⇒ C + A − 600 = 0
y y y ⇒ Ay = −1800N
∑ F = 0⇒ A = 0
x x
600 N
A FAB
A B
Ax Ax
β α
0.25m
B FAC
Ay α Ay
C
C
sin α = 0.63
cos α = 0.78
Cy Ax = 0 Ay = −1800 N
0.2m 0.6m
∑F x = 0 ⇒ FAB + FAC sin α = 0

∑F = 0 ⇒ A y − F AC cos α = 0
y
FAC = −2307.6N
−1800− FAC (0.78) = 0 ⇒ 
FAB = 1435.8N
600 N
600 N
A
Ax FAB
β A B
0.25m
B
Ay α β
FBC
C
C
FAB = 1435.8 N
Cy 0.25
0.2m 0.6m sin β = = 0.38
(0.25) + (0.6)
2 2
0.6
cos β = = 0.92
(0.25) + (0.6)
2 2
∑F x
= 0 ⇒ FAB + FBC cos β = 0 ⇒ FBC = −1580.2
A A FAB
B F = −2307.6 N
A Ax
α
AC
FAC FAB = 1435 .8 N
C Ay C
A A B
600 N
B
B FBC = − 1580 . 2
FAB
A
B
β
FBC
C
C

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮاس ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ را در ﻫﺮ ﻳـﻚ از اﻋـﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪5kN‬‬ ‫‪20kN‬‬ ‫‪5kN‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1.6m‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬ ‫‪3m‬‬
‫‪12kN‬‬
5kN 20kN 5kN
3
A B C sinα = = 0.88
3 + (1.6)
2 2
1.6m 1.6
α cosα = = 0.47
32 + (1.6)
D F 2
E Fx
3m 3m ∑F x = 0 ⇒ Fx = 0
Dy 12kN Fy
∑M F = 0 Dy (6) −12(3) − 20(3 ) − 5(6) = 0 ⇒ Dy = 21kN
∑F y =0 Fy + Dy − 5 − 20 − 12 − 5 = 0 ⇒ Fy = 21kN
5kN 20kN 5kN
5kN
A B C
FAB
A B
1.6m
α FAD
D F
E Fx
D
3m 3m
Dy 12kN Fy
∑F x = 0 ⇒ FAB = 0
∑F y = 0 ⇒ 5 + FAD = 0 ⇒ FAD = −5kN

5kN 20kN 5kN
A
A B C sin α = 0.88 FAD
B
cosα = 0.47 α FDB
1 .6 m
α FAD = −5kN D E
FDE
D F D y = 21kN
E Dy
Fx
∑F y = 0 ⇒ Dy + FAD + FDB cosα = 0
3m 3m
Dy 12kN Fy ∑F
= 0 ⇒ FDE + FDB sin α = 0 ⇒
x
 FDB = − 34 kN
B 
 FDE = 30 kN
FEB
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ FEF − FDE = 0 ⇒ FEF = 30kN
FEF
D E
F ∑F y FEB = 12kN
= 0 ⇒ FEB −12 = 0 ⇒
FDE ‫ﭼﻮن ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن اﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ را ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ‬
.‫آورﻳﻢ‬
12kN ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 176
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮاس ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از اﻋﻀﺎ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪200N / m‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪200 N‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪D α‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬ ‫‪100 N‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪4m‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬
200N / m
C
F = (200 × 6 ) = 600 N
200 N E 1
D α 2
3m 100 N
β 2
A B x = ×6 = 4 c ‫از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
3
Ax 3
By sin α =
Ay 13
2
cos α =
13
4m 2m

600
C D E
200 N
Ax 100 N
A B
Ay By
∑ F = 0 ⇒ A − 200 = 0 ⇒ A = 200 N
x x x
∑ M = 0 ⇒ 200 ( 3) + 4 B − 100 ( 6 ) − 600 ( 4 ) = 0 ⇒

A y
B y = 600 N
∑ F = 0 ⇒ A + B − 600 −100 = 0 ⇒ A = 100N

y y y y

C
600 Ax = 200 N
C D E
200 N Ay = 100 N FAC
3
sin α =
Ax A FAB
B
Ax 100 N 13
A B 2
cos α = Ay
Ay By
13
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ FAB + Ax = 0 ⇒ FAB = −200 N

∑F y = 0 ⇒ FAC + Ay = 0 ⇒ FAC = −100 N
FED
D α E
13
FEB ∑F y = 0⇒ 100+ FEB sinα = 0⇒ FEB = −100
3
N
B 100 N 200
∑F x = 0 ⇒ FED + FEB cosα = 0 ⇒ FED =
3
N

600 D
C D E C E
200 N
FBC FBD
FEB
Ax 100 N 3 A β α
sin α =
A B 13 FAB B
2
Ay By cos α =
13 By
13
FAB = −200 N FEB = −100 N
3
4 3
cos β = , sin β =
5 5
500
∑Fx = 0 ⇒ FAB + FBC cosβ − FEB cosα = 0 ⇒ FBC = 3 N
∑F y = 0 ⇒ By + FBD + FBC sin β + FEB sinα = 0 ⇒ FBD = −600N
600 600 N
C D E
200 N
FDC D
C E
FED
Ax 100 N
A B FBD
Ay By B
200
F ED = N
3
200
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ FED − FDC = 0 ⇒ FDC = − 3 N
∑F y = 0 ⇒ 600 + FBD = 0 ⇒ FBD = −600N

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺎب ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي وارده ﺑﺮ اﻋﻀﺎي ﻗﺎب را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)ا ﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪3 kN‬‬

‫‪250‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫‪375‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪183‬‬

Ay
Ax 500 500
A B 3 kN
250
C D E
250
375
Fx F
∑ M A = 0 ⇒ 3(1.25) − Fx × (0.625 ) = 0 ⇒ Fx = 6kN
∑ F = 0 ⇒ A − 3 → A = 3kN
y y y
∑ F = 0 A + F = 0 → A = −6kN
x x x x

Ay
500 500 Ay
Ax
500 500
A B 3 kN
B
250
C D
Ax A
E Bx
250 250 By
375
By D
Dx
Fx F Bx B
Dy Dy
3kN C
250
Dx Cx
C Cy
Cx D E 375
500 250
Fx
Cy
F
Ax = −6kN Fx = 6kN Ay = 3kN
Dy
3kN
∑M C = 0 ⇒ Dy (0.5) − 3(0.75) = 0 ⇒ Dy = 4.5kN
C Dx
Cx E
500
D 250 ∑F y = 0 ⇒4.5 − 3 + Cy ⇒ Cy = −1.5kN
Cy
∑F = 0 ⇒ D + C
x x x =0
By
Bx B
∑M B = 0 ⇒ Fx (0.625) − Cx (0.25) ⇒ C x = 15 kN
250
C D x = − C x = − 15 kN
Cx
Cy
375 ∑F y = 0 ⇒ By −1.5 = 0 ⇒ By = 1.5kN
Fx
∑F x = 0 ⇒ Bx + 15 − 6 = 0 ⇒ B x = − 9 kN
F ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 186
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ در ‪ B‬داراي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ودر ‪ A‬ﮔﻴﺮداراﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎ در ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آورﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪10 kN‬‬
‫‪4kN / m‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬

10 kN
4kN / m
4
3 B C
A
2m 2m 2m
8kN
10kN
MA B C
α B Bx
Bx
Ax A 1m 1m
Ay By Cy
2m 2m By
8kN
B C
Bx
1m 1m
By Cy
∑M B = 0 → 2Cy − 8(1) ⇒ Cy = 4kN

∑F
y = 0 → C y − By − 8 = 0 ⇒ By = −4kN
∑F
x = 0 → Bx = 0
10kN
MA
α B
Bx
Ax A
Ay By
2m 2m Bx = 0 By = −4kN
sin α = 0.8 cos α = 0.6
∑ F = 0 → B + A − 10 sin α = 0 → A = 12kN
y y y y
∑ F = 0 → A + B − 10 cos α = 0 → A = 6kN
x x x x
∑ M = 0 → 4B −10sinα × 2 + M = 0 ⇒ M = 32kN.m
A y A A

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎزه ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ‪ N‬ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴـﺮوي ‪ 750N‬ﻗـﺮار دارد‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎ را در ﻧﻘﺎط ‪ C‬و ‪ D‬ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪) .‬ا ﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪750 N‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫ﺳﺎ زه داراي دو ﻋﻀﻮ دو ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ ‪ BF‬و ‪ AE‬اﺳﺖ‬
‫‪750 N‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪E α F‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫= ‪sinα‬‬ ‫= ‪= 0.6 , cosα‬‬ ‫‪= 0.8‬‬
‫‪602 + 802‬‬ ‫‪602 + 802‬‬

750 N
750 N
A B N C
80 80 80
60
A B C
D Cx
E F α α N
80 80 80 80 R1 R2 Cy
∑M C = 0 ⇒ R1 sinα × (0.24) + R2 sinα × (0.16) − 750× 0.08 = 0

3 R1 + 2 R2 = 1250
∑F y = 0 ⇒ C y − 750 + R1 sin α + R2 sin α = 0
C y − 750 + 0 .6 ( R1 + R 2 ) = 0
∑F x = 0 ⇒ C x − R1 cos α − R2 cos α = 0 C x − 0.8( R1 + R2 ) = 0

750 N
A B N C R1 R2
Dx D α α
60 E F
D
Dy 160 80
E F
80 80 80 80
∑M D = 0 ⇒ R1 sin α (0.16 ) + R2 sin α (0.24 ) = 0 2 R1 + 3R2 = 0
∑F y = 0 ⇒ D y − R1 sin α − R2 sin α = 0 D y − 0 .6 ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
∑F x = 0 ⇒ Dx + R1 cos α + R2 cos α = 0 D x + 0 .8( R1 + R2 ) = 0

2 R1 + 3R2 = 0 3 R1 + 2 R2 = 1250 R1 = 750 N R2 = −500 N
C x − 0.8( R1 + R2 ) = 0 C x = 200 N D y − 0 .6 ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
D y = 150 N C y − 750 + 0 .6 ( R1 + R 2 ) = 0 C y = 600 N
D x + 0 .8( R1 + R2 ) = 0 Dx = −200 N
R1 R2
A B
.‫ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ اﺳﺖ‬BF‫ ﻓﺸﺎري و ﻋﻀﻮ‬AE ‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬
α E α F
R1 R2

‫‪-6‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻋﻀﻮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ در ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﻃﻮﻟﺶ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﺗﻴﺮ ﻧﺎم دارد‪ .‬ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫و ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ )داﻳﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺿﻠﻌﻲ‪ U ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪T،‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪L ،‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ و ‪(...‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻًﻋﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺗﻴﺮ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮش و ﺧﻤﺶ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ وﻳﺎ ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ و ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ در ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫـﺎي ﺧـﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪) .‬اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ(‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ دوم‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪) .‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ(‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﺸﺎن ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮي ﻛﻪ در دو اﻧﺘﻬﺎ روي ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ﺳﺎده ﻗﺮار دارد‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ آوﻳﺰان‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﮔﻴﺮدار‬

‫ﺗﻴﺮ دو ﺳﺮﮔﻴﺮدار‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮي ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ ﮔﻴﺮدار و در ﺳﺮ دﻳﮕﺮ روي ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه‬

‫ﻗﺮار دارد‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ در ﻋﻀﻮﻫﺎي دو ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫≈‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ در ﻋﻀﻮﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻳﻲ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫≈‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪Cx‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪Ey‬‬
‫‪Ex‬‬
‫‪Cy‬‬ ‫‪Ey‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪Ex‬‬
‫‪Cx‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺮو و ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸ‪‬ﻲ در ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪F3‬‬
‫‪W1‬‬ ‫‪W2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪F3‬‬
‫‪W1‬‬ ‫‪W2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫‪ By‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد → ‪ By‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬
‫‪ A‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪∑F = 0‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪ Ay‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫‪∑ F = 0 ⇒A = 0‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

F1 F2
F3
W1 W2
≈
A B
Ax
C
Ay By
M M
Ax
C C
Ay V V By
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪ M‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪ =V‬ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫‪ v‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬ ‫‪v‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد →‬

‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫‪ M‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪ M‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫در ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ رﺳﻢ دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷـﻲ و ﮔـﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤـﺸﻲ را ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮش و ﺧﻤﺶ را ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫≈ ≈‬ ‫ﺑﺮش ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻤﺶ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻫﺮ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺟﺪﻳﺪ و ﺑﻌﺪ از آن ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮش ﻻزﻣﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺮش ﻻزﻣﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫≈‬
‫≈‬
‫≈‬
‫≈‬
‫≈‬
‫≈‬
‫≈‬
‫≈‬ ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪206‬‬
P P
3L / 4 L/4 3L / 4 L/4
Ax
Ay
By
 3l  3P
∑MA = 0 ⇒ LBy − P 4  = 0 ⇒ By = 4
P
∑Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay + By − P = 0 ⇒ Ay = 4
P
3L / 4 L/4
A B M
≈
A
Ax x C
Ay x
Ay V
x
By
3L / 4
M
A
x C
Ay V
M
A
x C
Ay V
P
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay − V = 0 ⇒ V = 4
P
∑ M C = 0 ⇒ Ay x − M = 0 ⇒ M = 4 x
}
0 ≤ x ≤ 3L / 4

P
3L / 4
M
A
x C
Ay V
}
− 3P
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay − P − v = 0 ⇒ v = 4 3L / 4 ≤ x ≤ L
 3L 
∑MC = 0 ⇒ Ay x −  x − 4 P − M = 0 ⇒ M = 4 (l − x)
3P

P
3L / 4 L/4
Ax P P
V= M= x
Ay 4 4
By
0 ≤ x ≤ 3L / 4
− 3P
M = (l − x)
3P
v=
+
P/4
4 4
− 3P / 4
3L / 4 ≤ x ≤ L
3PL / 16
+ +
‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ‬
‫) ‪→ w (x‬‬ ‫) ‪w (x‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M + ∆M‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V + ∆V‬‬
‫‪∆x‬‬
‫‪∆x‬‬
‫‪∆V‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪= 0 ⇒ V + ∆V − V + W ∆x = 0‬‬ ‫) ‪= −W ( x‬‬
‫‪∆x‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪∆V dv‬‬
‫) ‪= −W ( x‬‬ ‫) ‪= −W ( x‬‬
‫‪dv‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪∆x dx‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎي ﺷﺪت ﻧﻴﺮو = ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﻮل ﺗﻴﺮ ‪∆x → 0‬‬
‫) ‪→ w (x‬‬
‫) ‪= −W ( x‬‬
‫‪dv‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪dv = −W (x)dx‬‬
‫‪∆x‬‬
‫‪dv = −∫ W (x)dx ⇒Vd −Vc = −∫ W (x)dx‬‬

‫‪Vd‬‬ ‫‪xd‬‬ ‫‪xd‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪Vc‬‬ ‫‪xc‬‬ ‫‪xc‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺷﺪت ﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﻮل ﺗﻴﺮ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‪ xc‬ﺗﺎ ‪xd‬‬

‫) ‪w (x‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M + ∆M‬‬
‫‪ ∆x ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V + ∆V‬‬
‫‪∑ M O = 0 ⇒ V∆x + M − W (x)∆x 2  − (M + ∆M ) = 0‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪∆x 2‬‬
‫‪∆x‬‬
‫) ‪V∆x − W (x‬‬ ‫‪− ∆M = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪W (x‬‬ ‫‪∆M‬‬ ‫‪∆M‬‬ ‫) ‪W (x‬‬ ‫‪∆M‬‬ ‫‪dM‬‬
‫‪V−‬‬ ‫‪∆x −‬‬ ‫⇒‪=0‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪∆x + V‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=V‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∆x‬‬ ‫‪∆x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∆x→ 0‬‬ ‫‪∆x‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪dM‬‬
‫= ‪V‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ = ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﻮل ﺗﻴﺮ‬
‫⇒ ‪dM = Vdx‬‬
‫‪Md‬‬ ‫‪xd‬‬ ‫‪xd‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪Mc‬‬
‫‪dM = ∫ Vdx ⇒ M d − M c = ∫ Vdx‬‬
‫‪xc‬‬ ‫‪xc‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﻮل ﺗﻴﺮ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ xc‬ﺗﺎ ‪xd‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪاده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ وﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ را‬
‫رﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪l‬‬

w
A B
Ax
Ay l
By
l l
∑ M A = 0 ⇒ LBy − W ( l )  2  = 0 ⇒ By = W 2
l l
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay + B y − W (l )  2  = 0 ⇒ Ay = W 2
w
A B
Ax x l
Ay =W
Ay l 2
By
dV V x
= −W ⇒ dV = −W dx ⇒ ∫ dV = −W ∫ dx
dx Ay 0
l 
⇒ V − Ay = −W x ⇒ V = W  − x 
2 
dM  l   l 
= V = W  − x  ⇒ dM = W  − x  dx
dx 2  2 
∫0
M
dM = W
x l
∫0  2 
− x

dx ⇒ M = W
l

2 x −
x2 
2

 ⇒ M =
W
2
(lx − x 2
)
‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 217
l
A B
x
l 
V = W  − x
2 
wl
2 + ( )
−wl
W
M = lx − x 2
2
l2 2
w
8 + +
:‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺎ روش ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬
w
A B
≈
M
A C
Ax x
Ay x
l Ay
V
By
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay −Wx −V = 0 V = Ay − W (x ) = W 2 − W x
l
l  x
V = W  − x
2 
∑ M C = 0 ⇒ Ay x − W x  − M = 0
2
l
M = W x −W
2
x2 W
2
=
2
lx − x 2 ( )
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤﺸﻲ را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷـﺪه در‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ رﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

w wl
A B
Ax
l l l
l
Ay By
l l 4 2 4
4 2 4
l l Wl
∑ M A = 0 ⇒ B y  2  − Wl  4  = 0 ⇒ B y = 2
l
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay + B y − W l = 0 ⇒ Ay = W
2

w
M
≈
≈
≈
B
Ax
A x c
Ay By
l l l V
4 2 4
∑F y = 0 ⇒ W x + v = 0 ⇒ v = −W x
 x Wx
∑ M C = 0 ⇒W x 2  + M = 0 ⇒ M = − 2
2
} 0≤x≤l / 4

w
≈
≈
≈
M
A B l c
Ax Ay
Ay By 4
x V
l l l l
4 Ay = W
4 2 2
l 
∑Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay −Wx −v = 0 ⇒v =W  2 − x
 l  x l l
∑ M C = 0 ⇒ − Ay  x − 4  + W x 2  + M = 0 ≤ x ≤3
4 4
Wx2 Wl  l 
⇒M = − + x− 
2 2  4
w
≈
≈
≈
B M
Ax
A l Ay l By c
Ay By 4 2
V
l l l x
4 2 4
∑F y = 0 ⇒ Ay + By −Wx − v = 0 ⇒ v = W (l − x)
 l  x  3l  3l
∑MC = 0 ⇒ −Ay  x − 4  +Wx 2  − By  x − 4  + M = 0 4
≤ x≤l
Wl  l  Wl  3l  W x2
⇒ M =  x −  +  x − −
2  4 2  4 2
w
l Wl
Ay = W By =
2 2
Wx2
A B v = −W x M =−
2
wl
Ay By 0≤ x≤l/4
4 l  M = − Wx + Wl  x − l 
2
v = W  − x  
2  2 2  4
wl
−
4 l / 4 ≤ x ≤ 3l / 4
v = W (l − x)
wl 2
− M=
Wl  l  W l  3l  W x 2
x− +  x − −
32 2  4 2  4 2
3l / 4 ≤ x ≤ l
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ و ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﺧﻤـﺸﻲ را ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻴـﺮ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده‬
‫ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ رﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟‬
‫‪5 kN‬‬
‫‪1m‬‬
‫‪5 kN‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪1m‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬

5kN 5kN
Ax = 0 A E D 5kN.m B
2 1 2
Ay
By
∑M A = 0 ⇒ 2 × 5 + 3 × 5 + M − 5By = 0
By = 6kN
∑F y = 0 ⇒ A y + B y − 10 = 0
A y = 4 kN
5 kN 5 kN
2 1 2
A C
Ax = 0 A E D B M
≈
≈
≈
Ay
x
5kN .m
x V
Ay x By A y = 4 kN
x
∑F y = 0 ⇒ v = 4kN ∑M C = 0 ⇒ M − Ay x = 0 ⇒ M = 4x
5 kN 0≤ x≤2
A C
M
∑F y = 0 ⇒ v = −1kN
Ay x V ∑M C = 0 ⇒ M + 5( x − 2) − 4x = 0
⇒ M = −x +10 2≤ x≤3
5 kN 5 kN 5kN 5kN
2 1 2
C
Ax = 0 A E D B
A
≈
≈
≈
M
x 5kN.m
5kN .m
Ay x B y Ay x V
x
Ay = 4kN
∑F y = 0 ⇒ v = − 6 kN
∑M C = 0 ⇒ −M − 5( x − 3) − 5( x − 2) + 5 + 4 x = 0
M = −6x + 30
3≤ x ≤5

5kN 5kN
2 1 2
v = 4kN M = 4x
Ax = 0 A E D
B
0≤ x≤2
Ay 5kN.m By
v = −1kN M = −x +10
4
2≤ x≤3
v = − 6 kN M = −6x + 30
6
12 3≤ x ≤5
8 Ay = 4kN By = 6kN

‫‪-7‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬وﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن ﻧﻴﺮو اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف اﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻤﺶ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻴﻒ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي‬
‫‪c1‬‬ ‫‪c3‬‬
‫وارد ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪c2‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪف ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎ در ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي‬
‫‪p1‬‬
‫‪x1‬‬ ‫‪p2‬‬ ‫‪ A‬و‪ B‬و ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﻳﻢ ﻧﻘﺎط ‪ C1‬و ‪ C2‬و ‪ C3‬از ‪ A‬ﻫﺴﺖ ‪p 3‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻛﺸﺶ در ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﺖ از ﻛﺎﺑﻞ در اﻣﺘﺪاد آن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪x3‬‬
l
A
Ax
d B
∑M
Ay
Bx
B =0⇒
By
c1 c3
Ay ‫ و‬Ax ‫( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ دو ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬a )
c2
p1 p3
x1 p2
x2
x3

‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪c1‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪x1‬‬
‫‪Bx‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ D‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫) ‪( x, y‬‬ ‫‪p1‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪By‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪c3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪c1‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪∑MD = 0‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪c2‬‬
‫‪p1‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ دو ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ‪ Ax‬و ‪Ay‬‬ ‫) ‪(b‬‬
‫‪p3‬‬
‫‪x1‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪p2‬‬
‫‪( a ) , ( b ) → Ax , Ay‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫‪x3‬‬ ‫‪∑F‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪ T ,θ‬دو ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬
‫‪ T ,θ‬دو ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬ ‫}‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫حسينی ھاشمی‬
‫‪θ ,T‬‬ ‫‪233‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪ Bx‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬
‫→‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ Bx‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪ By‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪∑Fy = 0‬‬
‫‪ By‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد →‬
‫‪Ay‬‬
‫‪Bx‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪By‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬
‫‪c3‬‬
‫‪c1‬‬ ‫‪c1‬‬ ‫‪y2‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪c2‬‬
‫‪p1‬‬ ‫‪p3‬‬ ‫‪x1‬‬
‫‪x1‬‬ ‫‪p2‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪c2‬‬
‫‪p1‬‬
‫‪x3‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪p2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ⇒ ‪= 0‬‬ ‫→ ‪y2‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬ ‫‪y2‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻬﻤﻲ‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻗﺮار دارد‪.‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت را ﺑﺮ روي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ‪ D‬را ﻧﻤﻲ داﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪D(x, y‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ )‪ (x,y‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
l
x x
A T
2 2
d B
y θ
D(x, y ) D(x, y )
y
c
c T0
x wx
∑M D =0 x
w x
T0 y − Wx   = 0 ⇒ y =
W 2
x
2 2T0
.‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻬﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ رأس آن در ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ T cosθ = T0
Wx
∑F y = 0 ⇒ T sin θ − Wx = 0 →T sin θ = Wx T = T +W x 2
0
2 2 2
tan θ =
T0
l
A   dy  
2
( ds) = ( dx) + ( dy) = ( dx) 1+   

2 2 2 2
d B   dx  
y W 2
D(x, y ) y= x
ds 2T0
2 2
2
= x →(ds) = (dx) 1+ 2 x 
c x dy W 2 W
dx T0  T0 
1
w  W2 2 2
ds = 1+ 2 x  dx
 T0 

l
1
A
 W2 2 2
d B ds = 1+ 2 x  dx
y
D( x, y )
 T0 
2
W 2 n = 1/ 2
ds
Z= 2 x
c x T0
ds = (1+ Z ) dx
n
w
n ( n − 1) n ( n − 1 )( n − 2 )
(1 + Z ) = 1 + nZ + Z + Z 3 + ...
n 2
2! 3!
 W2 2 W4 4 W6 6 
ds =  1 + 2
x − 4
x + 6
x + ...  dx
 2T 8T0 16 T0 
sCB xB  W2 2 W4 4 W6 6 
∫0 ds = ∫0  1 + 2T2 x − 8T04 x + 16T06 x + ...  dx
W 2 3 W 4 5 W6
S CB = xB + 2
xB − 4
xB + 6
x B + ...
7
6T0 40 T0 112 T0
 W2 2 W4 4 W6 
S CB = xB 1 + 2
xB − 4
xB + 6
x B + ... 
6
 6 T0 40T0 112T0 
W 2 W yB
yB = xB =2 2
2T0 T0 xB
 2  y  2 2  y  4 4  y 6 
SCB = xB 1+  B  −  B  +  B  + ...
 3  xB  5  xB  7  xB  

CA ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
l
A W 2 W yA
yA = xA =2 2
d B 2T0 T0 xA
y
D( x, y )
 2  y 2 2  y 4 4  y 6 
ds SCA = xA 1+  A  −  A  +  A  + ...
c x  3  xA  5  xA  7  xA  
 xB − xA = l
w 
 yA − yB = d

‫‪-3‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي وزﻧﺶ‬
‫ﻫﺪف ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫) ‪D ( x, y‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫) ‪D(x, y‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫‪T0‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪WS‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪ : W‬ﻧﻴﺮوي وزن ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻃﻮل ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫‪∑ F = 0 ⇒ T cosθ − T ⇒ T cosθ = T‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪WS dy‬‬
‫‪∑ F = 0 ⇒WS − T sinθ = 0 ⇒ T sinθ = WS‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫= ‪tanθ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪T0 dx‬‬
B T
A θ
D ( x, y )
y
S D(x, y )
ds
T0 c
x WS
C
  dy  
2
(ds) = (dx) + (dy) = (dx) 1+   

2 2 2 2 dy WS
=
  dx   dx T0
 S 
( )
2 2
W
( ds ) = dx 1 + 2  ⇒ ds = 1 + T 2 dx W 2S 2
2 2
 T0  0
x S ds S ds
⇒ ∫
0
dx = ∫
0
W S 2 2
→x= ∫
0
W 2S 2
1+ 1+
T02 T02
S ds
x=∫
0
W 2S 2
1+
T02
sinh (α )
WS W T0
= sinh α ⇒ ds = cosh α d α ⇒ S=
T0 T0 W
T0 cosh α d α T0 sinh −1
SW
T0 −1 S W
x=∫ = ∫ T
dα = sinh
W cosh α W 0 W T0
−1 SW  Wx SW  Wx 
⇒ sinh   = ⇒ = sinh 
 T0  T0 T0  T0 
T0  Wx 
S = sinh  
W  T0 
dy WS T0  Wx 
= S = sinh  
dx T0 W  T0 
dy Wx Wx ∫ T0  Wx 
= sinh ⇒ dy = sinh dx → y = cosh   + C1
dx T0 T0 W  T0 
T0 T0
0 = + C1 ⇒ C1 = −
W W
T0  W  
y =  cosh  x  −1 Catenary ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
W   T0  


120 m
A B A
B
D ( x, y ) y
y D( x, y )
40m
c
x x
C
w = 2kN / m

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺸﺎن داده در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﻛﺸﺶ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﻛﺸﺶ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻃﻮل ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪CB‬ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ‪).‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ C‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺖ(‬
‫‪120 m‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪40m‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪kN‬‬
‫‪w =2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
120 m
x x
A T
2 2
B
y θ
D( x, y )
40m D (x, y )
y
c x T0
C
wx
w = 2kN / m x
 x W 2
∑ M D = T0 y − W x 2  = 0 ⇒ y = 2T x ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺳﻬﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
0
W 2 W 2(3600)
yB = x B ⇒ T0 = xB =
2
= 90 kN
2 T0 2 yB 80
120 m
A 30 30 T
y
B
θ
D( x, y ) B
40m 40
c x T0
C
120 N
60
w = 2kN / m
∑ F = 0 ⇒ T cosθ − T ⇒ T cosθ = 90
x 0
∑ F ⇒ T sinθ − 60 W = 0 ⇒ T sinθ = 120

y
T = ( 90 ) + (120 ) ⇒ T = 150 kN
2 2 2
4 −1 4
tanθ = ⇒ θ = tan = 53°
3 3 ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 248
120 m
A 30 30 T
y
B
θ
D( x, y ) B
40m 40
c x T0
C
120 N
60
w = 2kN / m
 2  y  2 2  y 4 4  y 6 
S CB = x B 1 +  B  −  B  +  B   ...
 3  x B  5  x B  7  x B  
 8 32 256 
S CB = 60 1 + − + + ... = 76.04 m
 27 405 5103 
‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪ -8‬اﺻﻄﻜﺎك‬
‫‪w‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮض‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻄﻮح در ﺗﻤﺎس و‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫‪FS‬‬ ‫‪FS = µ S N S‬‬
‫‪Fk‬‬ ‫‪Fk = µ k N k‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اول‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻫﺎي اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ دادن ﺟﺴﻢ در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎس ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬
‫‪F=0‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪= 0 ⇒W + p − N = 0‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ دوم‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ دادن ﺟﺴﻢ در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎس دارﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺰرگ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺟﺴﻢ را ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ در آورﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪p sinθ w‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪p cosθ‬‬

‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪= 0 ⇒ W + p sinθ − N = 0‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪= 0 ⇒ p cosθ − F = 0 ⇒ p cosθ = F < FS‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮوي *‪ P‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ در اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻓﻘﻲ در آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻐﺰش ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﻴﺮد‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪p sinθ w‬‬
‫∗‬ ‫‪p∗ sinθ w‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪p∗ cos θ‬‬ ‫‪p cosθ‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪Fs‬‬ ‫‪Fs‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫‪ϕs‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪Rs‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪F y = 0 ⇒ W + p ∗ sin θ − N s = 0‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪= 0 ⇒ p ∗ cos θ − FS = 0‬‬ ‫‪p ∗ cos θ = F S‬‬

‫‪FS‬‬
‫‪RS = F‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪+ N‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫= ‪tan ϕ S‬‬
‫‪NS‬‬
‫‪µS NS‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ tan ϕ s‬‬ ‫‪= µS‬‬ ‫زاوﻳﻪ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪NS‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ Pɶ‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ در اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ در آﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫~‬ ‫‪~p sinθ w‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪~p sinθ w‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪~p cosθ‬‬ ‫‪~p cosθ‬‬
‫‪Fk‬‬ ‫‪Fk‬‬
‫‪ϕk‬‬
‫‪Rk‬‬
‫‪Nk‬‬ ‫‪Nk‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫~ ‪Fy = 0 ⇒ W +‬‬
‫‪p sin θ − N K = 0‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪= ma x‬‬ ‫)ديناميک(‬ ‫‪pɶ cos θ > F s‬‬

‫‪ : Fk‬ﻧﻴﺮوي اﺻﻄﻜﺎك دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮوي اﺻﻄﻜﺎك اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪Fs‬‬
‫‪Fk‬‬ ‫‪µN NK‬‬
‫‪Rk = F k + N k‬‬ ‫= ‪tan ϕ k‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= µK‬‬
‫‪Nk‬‬ ‫‪NK‬‬
‫ﮔﻮه ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎده ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻛﺮدن اﺟﺴﺎم ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از وزن ﮔﻮه ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣــﻲ ﺧــﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺟــﺴﻢ ﺳــﻨﮕﻴﻦ ‪ A‬را ﺑــﺎ ﮔــﻮه ‪ B‬ﺑــﺎ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬در آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ي ﻟﻐﺰش ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺮار دﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح اﺻﻄﻜﺎك دارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬

A w µ S N1
N1
∑ Fx = 0
p B µs∗ N 2 ∑ Fy = 0
C
N2
N2
µ S* N 2 ∑F x = 0
p B
∑F y = 0
µ~ S N 3
N3
‫اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
A B
dθ dθ ‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ در آﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻐـﺰش ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ راﺳـﺖ‬

θ 2 2
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
O dθ
A B dθ
dFS
2 dNS 2
T dθ dθ T + dT
T1 T2
dFS = µS dNS
2 2
dθ dθ
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ (T + dT )cos 2 − T cos 2 − µ S dN S = 0
dθ
(I ) dT cos = µS dNS
2
dθ dθ
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ − (T + dT )sin 2 − T sin 2 + dNS = 0
dθ dθ
(II) dNS = 2T sin + dTsin
2 2 ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 257
dθ dθ
(I ) dT cos = µ S dN S dN =
1
dT cos
2
S
µS 2
dθ dθ dθ
(II ) dN S = 2T sin dθ + dT sin dθ
1
dT cos − 2 T sin − dT sin =0
2 2 µS 2 2 2
dθ dθ dθ
sin = cos =1
2 2 2
1
1
dT − Td θ = 0 ⇒ dT = Td θ
µS µS
T2 θ
dT ∫
= µ S d θ →
dT T2
ln( ) = µ S θ
T T1
∫ T
= ∫µ
0
S dθ ⇒
T1
T2 µSθ
T1
= e µ Sθ ⇒ T2 = T1e
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﭼﻨﺎ ﻧﭽﻪ ﺟﺮم ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي ‪ AB‬و ‪ BC‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪100 kg‬و‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ‪ BC‬در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ C‬و ﺳﻄﺢ اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 0.5‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬را ﺑﺮاي آﻧﻜﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟ ‪g=9.81m/s2‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪1.5m‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1.5m‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

B w B w
1.5 1.5
1.5m
3m
1.5 P
P A 30
Ax 30 C FC = µS N
1.5m
A 30 30 C Ay N
‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ﻛﻞ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬
∑ M A = 0
( ) ( )
N (6 cos 30 ) + P 1.5 sin 30 − W 4.5 cos 30 − W (1.5 cos 30 ) = 0
3 3 N + 0 . 75 p = 5097 . 4

By
w B w Bx
w
30
1.5 1.5
1.5 P
1.5 P
A 30
Ax 30 C FC = µS N 1.5
30 C
FC′ FC
Ay N
:BC ‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ﻣﻴﻠﻪ‬
∑ M B = 0 FC = FC ′ = µ S N N
−W (1.5cos30 ) − p (1.5sin30 ) + N (3cos30 ) + F (3sin30 ) = 0

C

−W (1.5cos30 ) − p (1.5sin30 ) + N (3cos30 ) − F ′ (3sin30 ) = 0

C

2.59 N − 0.75 p − 1274.35 + 0.75 N = 0 3.34 N − 0.75 p = 1274.35
2.59 N − 0.75 p − 1274.35 − 0.75 N = 0 1.84 N − 0.75 p = 1274 .35

‫‪3 3 N + 0.75 p = 5097.4‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻛﺮدن ‪FC‬‬
‫‪3.34 N − 0.75 p = 1274.35 → P = 1633.4 N‬‬ ‫‪N = 746.11N‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻛﺮدن ‪FC′‬‬
‫‪1.84 N − 0.75 p = 1274 .35 → P = 524.5N N = 906.3 N‬‬
‫‪Pmin = 524.5N‬‬ ‫‪Pmax = 1633.4 N‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻗﺮﻗﺮه ‪ D‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ‪ C‬و در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ B‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻓﻘﻲ در ﺗﻤﺎس‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ وزن ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 50N‬و وزن ﻗﺮﻗﺮه ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 25N‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬را ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺪون ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ زدن ﺗﻌﺎدل دﺳﺘﮕﺎه وارد ﻛﺮد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻗﺮار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ P‬در‬
‫‪µ s = 0.3‬‬
‫آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻟﻐﺰش‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫در ‪ A‬و ﻏﻠﺘﺶ در ‪ B‬و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻏﻠﺘﺶ در‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪ A‬و ﻟﻐﺰش در ‪ B‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪µ s = 0.4‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
NA
wc
C
FA
µ s = 0.3 A
C N
A
120 FA
A 25N
80 P
D NA B
P
µ s = 0.4 NB
B
∑F y= 0 ⇒ N A − wc = 0 → N A = 50 N
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ N A + 25 − N B = 0 → N B = 75 N
FA = µS ) A N A = 0.3 × 50 = 15N
∑M B = 0 ⇒ P ( 40) − FA ( 240) = 0 P = 6FA = 6 ×15 = 90N
NA
C
µ s = 0.3
A A
120
80 25N
D P
FB
P B
µ s = 0.4
B NB
FB = µ S ) B N B = 0.4 × 75 = 30 N
∑M A = 0 ⇒ P ( 200) − FB ( 240) = 0
P = 1.2 FB = 1.2(30) = 36 N
‫‪-9‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ‪ I‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ دو‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﻣﺴﺎوي و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺠﻬﺖ ﻗﺮار دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪∆A‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y x‬‬
‫‪∆F = ky∆A‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻤﺶ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ )‪.(pure bending‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ x‬ﻣﺎر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄـﻊ اﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ x‬را ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳـﻄﺢ از آن ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻨﺜـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ ‪.‬در ﻳـﻚ ﻃـﺮف ‪∆A‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺸﺎري و در ‪y x‬‬
‫ﻃﺮف دﻳﮕـﺮ آن ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻛﺸـﺸﻲ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫‪∆F = ky∆A‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ آﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪∆A‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y x‬‬ ‫=‪R‬‬ ‫‪∑ ∆F‬‬
‫‪K ∑ y∆A = k ∫ ydA‬‬
‫‪∆F = ky∆A‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫=‪y‬‬
‫‪∫ ydA‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪R = K ∫ ydA = 0‬‬
‫‪∆ M = y ∆ F = Ky 2 ∆ A‬‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ‬

‫‪M = K ∑ y 2 ∆ A = K ∫ y 2 dA‬‬
‫= ‪I‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪y 2 dA‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺸﺘﺎور دوم ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر ‪x‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ و ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن )ﭼﺮﺧﺶ(‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪Ky‬‬
‫= ‪Ix‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪y 2 dA‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮل ‪x‬‬ ‫‪Ix‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪I y = ∫ x dA‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Kx‬‬ ‫‪ Iy‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮل ‪y‬‬

‫‪KdAO‬‬
‫‪rr‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫= ‪JO‬‬ ‫‪∫ dA‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪JO‬‬
‫‪OO‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪r 2 = x2 + y 2‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪J O = ∫ r 2 dA = ∫ x 2 + y 2 dA = ∫ y 2 dA + ∫ x 2 dA = I x + I y‬‬
‫‪JO = I x + I y‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اي را از ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ x‬ﻃﻮري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪Ky‬‬
‫‪Ix‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫= ‪AK = I x → Kx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Kx‬‬
‫‪KdAO‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر ‪x‬‬
‫‪rr‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اي را از ﻣﺤﻮر‪ y‬ﻃﻮري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪Iy‬‬
‫= ‪AK = I y → K y‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر ‪y‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اي را از ‪ O‬ﻃﻮري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪JO‬‬
‫= ‪AK = JO → KO‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪KO2 = Kx2 + K y2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪dA‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي‬
‫‪y′‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ :C‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ :AA‬ﻣﺎر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ :BB‬ﻣﻮازي ﻣﺤﻮر ‪AA‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪I BB = ∫ y dA = ∫ ( y′ + d ) dA = ∫ y′2dA+ 2d ∫ y′dA+ d 2 ∫ dA‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪′‬‬
‫‪∫ dA‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫=‪y‬‬ ‫‪= 0 → ∫ y′dA = 0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪I BB = I AA + Ad‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي‬
‫‪ : IAA‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﺎر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫= ‪I xy‬‬ ‫‪∫ xydA‬‬

‫‪dA‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ‪y,x‬‬
‫‪dA‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪OO‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

y′
‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮب اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ‬
x
x x′ ‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﺳﺖ‬C
y dA y′
I xy = ∫ xydA = ∫ ( x + x ′ )( y + y ′ ) dA
C x′ = xy ∫ dA + x ∫ y′dA + y ∫ x′dA + ∫ x′y′dA
y
C I xy = I x ′y ′ + x y A
y
x

‫دوران ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت‬
y
y′ x′ x′ = x cosθ + y sinθ
y′
y′ = y cosθ − x sinθ
θ
O x′ x
I x′ = ∫ y dA = ∫ ( y cos θ − x sin θ ) dA
′ 2 2
= cos 2 θ ∫ y 2 dA − 2 sin θ cosθ ∫ xydA + sin 2 θ ∫ x 2 dA
I x′ = I x cos2 θ − 2 sinθ cosθ I xy + I y sin2 θ

I x′ = I x cos2 θ − 2 sinθ cosθ I xy + I y sin2 θ
1 + cos 2θ 1 − cos2θ
cos θ =
2
sin θ =
2
2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
I x′ = + cos 2θ − I xy sin 2θ
2 2
I y′ = ∫ x dA = ∫ (x cosθ + y sinθ ) dA
′ 2 2
= cos2 θ ∫ x2dA + 2 sinθ cosθ ∫ xydA+ sin2 θ ∫ y 2dA
= I y cos2 θ + 2 sinθ cosθ I xy + I x sin2 θ

I y′ = I y cos θ + 2sin θ cosθ I xy + I x sin θ
2 2
Ix + Iy Ix − Iy
I y′ = − cos 2θ + I xy sin 2θ
2 2
I x′y′ = ∫ x′y′dA = ∫ (x cosθ + y sin θ )( y cosθ − x sin θ )dA
= cos θ ∫ xydA − sin θ cos θ ∫ x dA
2 2
+ sin θ cos θ ∫ y dA − sin θ ∫ xydA

2 2
Ix − Iy
I x′y′ = I xy cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2
Ix + I y Ix − Iy
2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
I y′ = − cos2θ + I xy sin 2θ
2 2
Ix − Iy
2
I x′ + I y′ = I x + I y

Ix + Iy Ix − Iy
2 2
Ix − Iy
2
{
Ix + Iy Ix − Iy
I x′ − = cos 2θ − I xy sin 2θ
2 2
Ix − I y
I x′y′ = sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
2
 Ix + Iy 
2
 I x − I y   2
 I x′ −  + I x2′y′ =   + I xy2 

 2   2  
P.I(Product Inertia) 1
Ix + Iy  I x − I y  2  2
I av = R =   + I xy2 
I av 2  2  
I1
Ix
(I x′ − I av )2
+ I x2′y′ = R2
I x′
2θ I x′y′
B Ixy
I xy A
I2 M.I(Moment of Inertia)
Iy I1 = I av + R I 2 = I av − R
Iy′
‫اﮔﺮ ‪ Ixy>0‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار ‪ Ix‬در ﺑـﺎﻻي ﻣﺤـﻮر اﻓﻘـﻲ و ﻣﻘـﺪار ‪ Iy‬در‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫اﮔﺮ ‪ Ixy<0‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار ‪ Ix‬در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻣﻘﺪار ‪ Iy‬در ﺑـﺎﻻي‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎي اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ‪ x‬و ‪. y‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ﻫﺎي اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ‪ x‬و ‪. y‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ و ﺷﻌﺎع ﻫﺎي ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ‪ x‬و ‪ y‬و ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪.O‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎي اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺣـﻮل ﻣﺤﻮرﻫـﺎي ﻣـﺎرﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻮازات‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ‪ x‬و ‪ y‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺎرﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎي اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺎرﺑﺮﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‪) .‬در ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ ‪ a=20mm‬و‬
‫‪y x‬‬ ‫‪ b=10mm‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪b2 a2‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
y I x = ∫ y 2 dA
y2
y2 x2 dA = xdy = a 1 − 2 dy
b
2
+ 2 =1 b
b a
b y2
dy I x = a∫ y2 1 − 2 dy
y dA 0 b
y dy
O
π
a x π
= sin α → = cos αdα
b b
2 2
1 2
I x = ab ∫ sin α cos αdα = ab ∫ sin 2αdα
3 2 2 3
π 0 0
4
π
ab 3 2
ab 3
 1  2 π ab
3 πab3
Ix =
=
8 ∫0 (1 − cos 4α ) dα = 8 α − 4 sin 4α  = 16
 0 16

y 2 2 I y = ∫ x 2 dA
y x
2
+ 2 =1
b b a
x2
x dA = ydx = b 1− 2 dx
a
O x a x2
a I y = b∫ x 2 1− 2 dx
dx 0 a
x dx
= sin α ⇒ = cos αdα
a π
a π
ba 3
π ba 3
I y = ba 3
∫2
sin α cos α dα =
2 2
∫2
sin 2α dα =
2
0 4 0 16
π ba3
Iy =
16
y
dx I xy = ∫ xydA
y 2 x2
+ =1
b2 a2 dA = dxdy
x dy x2
a b 1− 2
y I xy = ∫∫ xydxdy= ∫ xdx∫ a ydy
0 0
O x
x2
1 a b 1− 2
b2 a  x 2 
∫   = ∫ x 1 − 2  dx
2 a
xdx  y 0
2 0 2 0  a 
a

2
b 1 2 1 x  2 2
a b 4
a 2b 2
=  x − 2 
= I xy =
2 2 4 a 0 8 8
π ab ( a 2 + b 2 ) π ab ( a 2 + b 2 )
y JO = I x + I y = JO =
16 16
y 2 x2
+ 2 =1
2
b a I x = AK 2 π ab π ab π ab 3
Ky x A= ⇒ K x2 =
4 4 16
2
b b
Kx =
2
⇒ K x = x ‫ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن ﺣﻮل‬
0 4 2
K
Kx
O
x
π ab π ba 3 Ky =
a
I y = AK 2
y K 2
y = y ‫ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن ﺣﻮل‬
4 16 2
AK O2 = J O
π ab π ab ( a 2 + b 2 ) a 2 + b 2 ‫ﺷﻌﺎع ژﻳﺮاﺳﻴﻮن ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬
k O2 = KO =
4 16 2
y y′
‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬:C
b
x =
∫x el dA
, y =
∫y el dA
A A
x′
y
y c b
y2 x2
+ =1
b2 a2
x
O a dA = ydx
x
O a x
dx
1 b 2
a  x2  ab 2
∫ y el dA =
2 ∫ y 2 dx =
2 ∫0
 1 − 2  dx =
 a  3
2
ab / 3 4b
y = =
ab π / 4 3π ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 286
y
b y2 x2 x2
a ba 2
∫ xel dA = ∫ xydx = b ∫0 x 1 − a 2 dx = 3
+ =1
b2 a2
4a 4b
x = y =
x 3π 3π
O a
dx π ab3 π ab  16 b 2

I x = I x′ + Ay ⇒ 2
= I x′ +  2 
16 4  9π 
1 4 
I x′ =  − 2 πab3
y y′  16 9π 
b π ba 3
π ab  16 a 2

I y = I y ′ + Ax ⇒ 2
= I y′ +  
16 4  9π 2 
c x′
y  1 4 
x I y′ =  − π ba 3
O a  16 9π 2

x ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 287
y y′
b I xy = I x′y′ + xyA
4a 4b
x′ x = y =
y c 3π 3π
x
O a a 2b 2 16 ab πab
= I x′y ′ + ×
9π
x 2
8 4
1 4  2 2
I x′y′ =  − a b
 8 9π 

1 4   1 4 
I x′ =  − 2 πab3 I y′ =  − π ba 3
 16 9π  π 2
 16 9 
1 4  2 2 a = 20 mm b = 10 mm
I x′y′ =  − a b
 8 9π 
I x′ = 1097.6mm 4 I y ′ = 4390 .4 mm 4 I x′y′ = −658.8 mm4

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي رﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬رﺳﻢ داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ و ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ‪ I ′ , I ′ , I ′ ′‬ﺑﺮروي آن‪.‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪xy‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ و راﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ آن ﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ‪ UV‬از دوران دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ‪x′y′‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ‪ θ‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد زاوﻳﻪ ‪ θ‬را ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪ IUV = 0‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﺳﭙﺲ ‪ IV , IU‬را ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪y′‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ I x′ = 1097.6mm 4‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪x′‬‬ ‫‪ I y′ = 4390.4mm‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ I x′y′ = −658.8mm‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
I x ′ = 1097.6 mm 4
I y′ = 4390.4mm 4 I x ′y ′ = − 658.8 mm 4
P.I I x′ + I y ′
I av = = 2744 mm 4
I y′ 2 1
 I x′ − I y ′  2  2
R =   + I x′y′  = 1773.32mm
2
′ 
  2  
y
Ix′y′
C M .I
‫ در‬I x ′ ‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار‬I x′y′ < 0 ‫اﮔﺮ‬

x′ ‫ در ﺑﺎﻻي‬I y ′ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻣﻘﺪار‬
I x′
.‫ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
I av R

P.I I av = 2744 mm 4
R = 1773.32mm
I y′
I1 = I max = R + I av = 4517.32 mm4
I2
y′ I 2 = I min = I av − R = 970.68 mm 4
2θɶ
Ix′y′
C M .I
(2) 2θ
(1)
I x′y′
x′ sin (π − 2θ ) = = 0.3715 = sin 21.8
I x′ R
y π − 2θ = 21.8° → 2θ = 158.2 → θ = 79.1°
I av R y′
I1 (2) 2θɶ = 2π − 21.8° = 338.2° → θɶ = 169.1°
V
(1 )
U
θɶ
C
θ x′
x 292
.
V y′ I x′ + I y ′ I x′ − I y ′
IU = + cos 2θ − I x′y′ sin 2θ
2 2
U
I x′ + I y ′ I x′ − I y ′
IV = − cos 2θ − I x′y′ sin 2θ
θ x′ 2 2
C
I x′ − I y′
I UV = sin 2θ + I x ′y ′ cos 2θ
2
−2 I x′y ′
IUV = 0 tan 2θ = = −0.4 = tan158.2 ° ⇒ 2θ = 158.2 °
I x′ − I y ′
2θ = 1 5 8 .2 ° ⇒ θ = 7 9 .1°
I U = I 1 = 4517 . 32 mm 4 I V = I 2 = 970 . 68 mm 4

P.I I U = I 1 = 4517 . 32 mm 4
I y′
I V = I 2 = 970 . 68 mm 4
IV = I2
y′
Ix′y′
O
M .I
(V ) (2) (1) (U )
2θ 1
x′
I x′
I av R
IU = I1
‫‪-10‬ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي وﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬
‫ﻛﺎر ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮو‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪A′ dU = F .d r = Fdr cosθ‬‬

‫‪θ dr‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪MKS‬‬ ‫‪ = N .m = Joule‬واحد کار‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪CGS‬‬ ‫‪ = dyne.cm = Erge‬واحد کار‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫‪r+‬‬
‫‪O‬‬

‫ﻛﺎر ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻧﻴﺮو‬
B′ B′
B dr2
dr2 = rdθ
dθ B ′′ dU = F.d r 2 = Frdθ = Mdθ

A′ dr1
dr1 F B
A r
F
F

‫ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي‬
‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪δr‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺠﺎزي‪:‬‬
‫‪F3‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪δr‬‬ ‫‪dr‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ واﻗﻌﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪δ U = F 1 .δ r + F 2 .δ r + F 3 .δ r + ... + F n .δ r‬‬
‫‪Fn‬‬
‫‪δ U = ( F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + ... + F n ) .δ r‬‬
‫‪δ U = R .δ r‬‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪R = 0‬‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺠﺎزي ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪R = 0 → δ U = R.δ r = 0‬‬ ‫اﺻﻞ ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮوي وارده از ﻃﺮف ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﭼﻮب ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﻮدن ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪P‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪θ θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

P
l l Pδx c
θ θ
θ
A B C
P
δyc
C yc y C′
θ δθ
yc y Ax
x F = µS N
B′
θ A x B Q
Ay B
F = µS N Q N
Ax
A
x
Ay xB B
N δx B
Pδx c
δ U = P .δ y C + F .δ x B + Q .δ x B
C yC = l cos θ x B = 2 l s in θ
δyc
δ y C = − l sin θδθ
yc C′
y δ x B = 2 l cos θδθ
θ δθ
Ax
x F = µS N B B′ P = −P j
Q
A xB Q = −Q i
Ay
N F = −µS N i
δx B δ y C = − l sin θ δ θ j
δ x B = 2 l cos θδθ i
δ U = Pl sin θδθ − µS N ( 2l cos θ ) δθ − Q ( 2l cos θ ) δθ
δ U = lδθ ( P sin θ − 2 µ S N cos θ − 2Q cos θ )
δU = 0
P sinθ − 2µS N cosθ − 2Q cosθ = 0
P
Q = tan θ − µ S N
2

‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪θ y‬‬
‫‪y a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺛﺒﺎت )ﭘﺎﻳﺪار(‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﺛﺒﺎت )ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪار(‬ ‫ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬
‫دوﺑﺎره ﺑﻪ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ از رﻫﺎ ﺷﺪن از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﺮف ﺷﺪه ‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ از رﻫﺎ ﺷﺪن از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ‪ θ‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ وﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎز ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫در ﻫﺮ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ‪ θ‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﻴﺮد در ﻫﻤﺎن ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
A
a a θ
θ a
2a C 2a
2a θ y
y a a a y
B
V = wy ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫وزن ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ w
y = 2 a − a cos θ ⇒ V = wa ( 2 − cos θ )
y = a cos θ ⇒ V = wa cos θ
y = a ⇒ V = wa
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪θ y‬‬
‫‪y a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪d 2V‬‬ ‫‪d 2V‬‬
‫) ‪V = wa ( 2 − cosθ‬‬ ‫‪= wa cos θ‬‬ ‫‪>0‬‬
‫‪dθ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dθ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺎدل )‪ (θ = 0‬داراي ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬

‫‪d 2V‬‬ ‫‪d 2V‬‬
‫‪V = wa cos θ‬‬ ‫‪= − wa cos θ‬‬ ‫‪<0‬‬
‫‪dθ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dθ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺎدل )‪ (θ = 0‬داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V = wa‬‬ ‫‪dV‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬ ‫در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ‪ θ‬اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪dθ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ‪ l‬و وزن ‪ w‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﻠﺘﻚ ‪ B‬در ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺎر اﻓﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ 1.5l‬زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﻦ ‪ O‬ﻗﺮار دارد ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪.‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺻﻞ ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ p‬ﻛﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه را ﺑﺮاي‪ θ1 = 30°‬در ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ارد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪) .‬از اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪θ1‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪1.5l‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

Oy
δ U = w .δ y 1 + w.δ y 2 + P .δ x B
Ox x
y1 O
θ1
C′ w=wj P = Pi
y2 C
δ y1 A′
1.5l l
y1 = cosθ1
y w A δ y 2 D′ 2
θ2 D
B
P l
B′ δ y1 = − sin θ1δθ1
w N 2
δxB l
xB δ y1 = − sin θ1δθ1 j
2
l
y 2 = l cos θ 1 + cos θ 2 l cos θ1 + l cos θ 2 = 1.5l
2
l
cos θ 2 = 1 .5 − cos θ 1 y 2 = cos θ 1 + 0 .75 l
2
l
δ y 2 = − sin θ1δθ1 j
2‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 306
Oy
xB = l sin θ1 + l sin θ 2
δ xB = l cos θ1δθ1 + l cos θ 2δθ 2
Ox x
y1 O C′
θ1
y2 C
δ y1 A′
1.5l
cos θ 2 = 1.5 − cos θ1
y w A δ y 2 D′ − sin θ 2δθ 2 = sin θ1δθ1
θ2 D
B
P − sin θ 1
B′ δθ 2 = δθ 1
w N sin θ 2
δxB
xB
 − sin θ1 
δ xB = l cos θ1δθ1 + l cos θ 2   δθ1
 sin θ 2 
δ x B = l ( cos θ1 − sin θ1 cot θ2 ) δθ1 i

δ U = w .δ y 1 + w.δ y 2 + P .δ x B w=wj P = Pi
l l
δ y1 = − sin θ1δθ1 j δ y 2 = − sin θ1δθ1 j
2 2
δ x B = l ( cos θ1 − sin θ1 cot θ2 ) δθ1 i
δU = −w sin θ1δθ1 − w sin θ1δθ1 + pl (cosθ1 − sin θ1 cot θ 2 )δθ1

l l
2 2
δ U = (− wl sin θ 1 + pl cos θ 1 − pl sin θ 1 cot θ 2 )δθ 1
w sin θ1
δU = 0 P=
cos θ1 − sin θ1 cot θ 2
θ1 = 30 → cos θ1 + cos θ 2 = 1.5 ⇒ cos θ 2 = 50.65
θ 2 = 50.65 ⇒ P = 1.097 w
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ‪ l‬و وزن ‪ w‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﻠﺘﻚ ‪ B‬در ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺎر اﻓﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ 1.5l‬زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﻦ ‪ O‬ﻗﺮار دارد ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪.‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺎب ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺮوي ‪ p‬ﻛﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه را ﺑﺮاي ‪ θ1 = 30°‬در ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻧﮕﻬﺪ ارد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪) .‬از اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪θ1‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪1.5l‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

Oy
Oy
‫روش دوم‬
Ox
O Ox O
θ1
θ1
A
w B
θ2 w A
P
Ax
w
A (b)
(a) N
Ax Ay
θ2
Ay B
P
w
(c ) N ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 310
A
Ax
θ2
Ay B
∑F x = 0 ⇒ P − Ax = 0 ⇒ Ax = P
P
w ∑F y = 0 ⇒ Ay + w − N = 0
(c ) N Ay = N − w
l
∑ M A = 0 ⇒ Nl sinθ2 + Pl cosθ2 − w 2 sinθ2 = 0
w sin θ 2 − 2 P cos θ 2 w
N= = − 2 cot θ 2
2 sin θ 2 2
w 
Ay = N − w = −  + P cot θ 2 
2 
Oy
Ox
w
O N = − 2 cot θ 2
θ1 2
A
w B
θ2
P
w
(a ) N
l  l 
∑ M O = 0 ⇒ 2 w sin θ1 + w  l sin θ1 + 2 sin θ 2 
− P ( l cos θ1 + l cos θ 2 ) − Nl ( sin θ1 + sin θ 2 ) = 0
w sin θ1
P=
cos θ1 − sin θ1 cot θ 2
θ1 = 30° → θ2 = 50.65° ⇒ p = 1.097w
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﺸﺘﺎور ‪ M‬را ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ در ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬از وزن ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ را ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي وﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
M
D C
Dx
δy D δyc
θ a
a w
D′ C′
δ U = w .δ y c + M .δ θ
B δy B w = − w j δ θ = δθ k
y a δθ B′
θ M =Mk yc = 2a cos θ
Ay
δ y c = − 2 a sin θδθ j
A x
Ax δ U = − w j.(− 2 a sin θδθ ) j + M k .δθ k
δ U = 2 aw sin θδθ + M δθ → δ U = 0
⇒ M = −2aw sin θ
M ‫روش دوم‬
C M
D
D
a Dx
a w
θ a
B
a C
Bx
B
A (a)
w By
B Bx
By
A
Ax
Ay (b)
M
D
Dx ∑F y = 0 ⇒ By = 0
θ a
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ D x − B x = 0 ⇒ B x = D x
Bx ∑M D = 0 ⇒ Bxa cosθ − M = 0⇒ M = Bxa cosθ
(a )
By
C
∑M A = 0 ⇒ w2a sin θ + Bx a cos θ = 0
w B x = − 2 w tan θ Dx = −2w tan θ
B
M = − 2 aw sin θ
Bx
Ax
A
By
∑Fy = 0 ⇒ Ay − By − w = 0 ⇒ Ay = w
Ay (b)
∑F = 0 ⇒ A + B
x x x = 0 ⇒ Ax = −Bx
Ax = 2 w tan θ
316
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻗﻄﻌﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮم ‪10kg‬ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ دﻳﺴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎع ‪300 mm‬ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ θ = 0‬اﺳﺖ ﻓﻨﺮ آزاد اﺳﺖ‪ .‬وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎدل آن را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮده و در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ؟‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪b = 300mm‬‬
‫‪a = 80mm‬‬
‫‪a O‬‬ ‫‪m = 10kg‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪kN‬‬
‫‪k=4‬‬
‫‪m‬‬

θ =0 θ
m m
a h
a b b
P.L
S = aθ
1 2 1 2 2
VS = ks = Ka θ Vg = mgh = mgb cos θ
2 2
1 2 2 dV
V = VS + Vg = Ka θ + mgb cosθ = ka 2θ − mgb sin θ
2 dθ
dV ka 2
= 0 ⇒ ka 2θ = mgb sin θ sin θ = θ
dθ mgb
4000 ( 0.08)
2
sinθ = θ ⇒ sinθ = 0.87θ

10 × 9.81× 0.3 ‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ 318
sin θ 0.87θ
θ = 0
sinθ = 0.87θ 
θ = 51 .7°
O π π θ
2
Check :
sin 51.7 = 0.784 51.7 = 0.902 rad 0.87(0.902) = 0.784

dV d 2V
= ka 2θ − mgb sin θ = ka − mgb cosθ
2
dθ dθ 2
d 2V
θ = 0 → 2 = ka2 − mgb = −3.8 < 0
dθ
2
d v
θ = 51.7 → 2 = 7.36 > 0
°
dθ
∑ M = 0 ⇒ mgb sin θ − akaθ = 0

2
ka
sin θ = θ
mgb
θ
∑ M = 0 ⇒ mgb sin θ − akaθ = 0
m θ mgb sin θ ka θ
2
0 0 0
a
10 5.11 4.47
mg
b 20 10.06 8.93
kaθ 30 14.71 13.40
40 18.92 17.87
50 22.54 22.34
60 25.48 26.81
70
27.65 31.27 321
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
1- Engineering Mechanics: Statics, SI Version, 6th Edition
by J. L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige
January 2008, Wiley
2- Engineering Mechanics, Statics, 2nd Edition
by William F. Riley, Leroy D. Sturges
January 1996, Wiley

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‫داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬اراﻳﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻧﻴﺮو و ﺗﻌﺎدل ذره ﻣﺎدي‬

‫‪ 1-6‬ﺗﻌﺎدل ذره ﻣﺎدي ‪18..................................................................................................................‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ‬

‫‪-5‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪-7‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪-10‬ﻛﺎر ﻣﺠﺎزي وﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫دﻳﺎﮔﺮام آزاد ) ‪: (Free body diagram‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺮم‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻛﺎرﺗﺰﻳﻦ )‪(x,y,z‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻛﺮوي )‪(R,θ,φ‬‬

‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي )‪(r,θ,z‬‬ ‫‪ez‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻣﺤﻮري‪:‬‬

‫‪z‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺻﻔﺤﻪ اي‪:‬‬

‫‪F = − F sin θ i + F cosθ j‬‬

cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1

‫‪F=F λ‬‬ ‫‪λ BA = −λ AB‬‬

‫‪λ AB = λ = cos α x i + cos α y j + cos α z k‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ذره ﻣﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺎدل اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫) ‪T2 = T2 (cos β i − sin β j‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪم آﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﺆال‬

5000i = (T1 cos 30 + T2 cos 45)i + (T1 sin 30 − T2 sin 45) j

α = 30o 5000 = T1 cos 30 + T2 cos 45

‫‪P = 500 i‬‬ ‫‪3m‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪T = −200 (0.79 i + 0.62 j‬‬ ‫‪h = 5 sin 60o = 4.3‬‬

‫‪F AC = 256 . 2 N‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫)‪F1 = FAB (cos 45 i + sin 45 j‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪60o‬‬

‫) ‪F2 = FAC (cos 30 i − sin 30 j‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪R = (6 cos 30 − 4 sin 40)i + (6 sin 30 + 4 cos 40) j‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪W = −2447 j‬‬ ‫‪T CD = −TCD i‬‬

‫‪W=2447 N‬‬ ‫‪→ ( 0 .5TCO − TCD )i + ( 0 .866 TCO − 2447 ) j = 0‬‬

‫‪0 .5TCO − TCD = 0‬‬ ‫‪0 .866 TCO − 2447 = 0‬‬

‫‪TCO = 2825.6 N‬‬ ‫‪TCD = 1412 .8 N‬‬

→ (0.866TOB − 1412.8 − 0.766TOA )i + (0.5TOB − 2447 + 0.643TOA ) j = 0

0.866TOB − 1412.8 − 0.766TOA = 0 0.5TOB − 2447 + 0.643TOA = 0

TOA = 1503 N TOB = 2961 N

‫‪T AB = TAB × λ AB‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬

‫‪λ AB = −0.42 i + 0.85 j + 0.32 k‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪λ AB = λ = cos αx i + cos αy j + cos αz k‬‬

T AC = λ AC × TAC = −800 i + 400 j − 800 k

R = −1440 i + 720 j − 360 k

‫‪B‬‬ ‫) ‪T AB = TAB (−0.68 i + 0.57 j + 0.46 k‬‬

B T AB = TAB (−0.68 i + 0.57 j + 0.46 k )

0.54 TAC + 0.57 TAB = 2000

R = (−0.65TAC − 0.68TAB + P)i + (0.54TAC + 0.57TAB − 2000) j + (0.46TAB − 0.54TAC )k = 0

‫‪P 3 = 471 . 86 kN‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪39‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪40‬‬

T1 = 411.5 N T2 = 198.8N N = 504.93 N

‫ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و داﺧﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪F‬ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ اﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫حسينی ھاشمی‬ ‫‪45‬‬