nikoloz CxaiZe

fizika

Tbilisis # 199 sajaro skola

skola--internat “komarovis” gamocema
2009 weli
 Sesavali
bunebaSi arsebobs
arsebobs nawilakebi, romlebic an ar Sedgebian sxva
nawilakebisgan an ar iyofian Semadgenel nawilakebad. maT elementarul
nawilakebs uwodeben. maTgan im nawilakebs, romlebic ar Sedgebian sxva
nawilakebisgan, WeSmaritad elementarul nawilakebs uwodeben.
elementaruli nawilakebia atomis Semadgeneli nawilakebi _ protonebi,
neitronebi da eleqtronebi. eleqtronebi WeSmaritad elementaruli
nawilakebia. protonebi da neitronebi, Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT,
Sedgeba ufro mcire nawilakebisgan _ kvarkebisgan, magram ar iyofa
kvarkebad. Tavisufal kvarkebs aravin dakvirvebia. arsebobs sxva
elementaruli nawilakebic.
elementarul nawilakebs
nawilakebs Soris aris
aris iseTi nawilakebi, romlebic
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTs Soris manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciuli
ZaliT,
ZaliT, romelic bevrjer metia maT Soris gravitaciul mizidvaze.
amasTan zogierTi nawilaki miizidavs erTmaneTs, zogi ki ganizidavs. am
axal urTierTqmedebas
urTierTqmedebas eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba ewodeba.
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis unaris mqone nawilakebs damuxtul
nawilakebs uwodeben. atomis Semadgeneli nawilakebidan damuxtulebia
eleqtroni da protoni. neitroni daumuxtavia. erTidaigive damuxtuli
elementaruli nawilakebi ganizidavs erTmaneTs, xolo sxvadasxva
damuxtuli elementaruli nawilakebi an miizidaven an ganizidaven
erTmaneTs. am gansxvavebis aRsawerad nawilakebs, romlebic miizidaven
erTmaneTs, Tvlian sawinaaRmdego niSniT damuxtul nawilakebad.
eleqtroni da protoni miizidavs erTmaneTs, amitom isini sxvadasxva
niSniT damuxtuli nawilakebia. pirobiTad protoni miiCnies dadebiTad
damuxtul nawilakad, xolo eleqtroni _ uaryofiTad damuxtulad.
fizikur sidides, romelic axasiaTebs nawilakis an sxeulis
eleqtromagnituri
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis unars, eleqtruli muxti ewodeba.
yvela damuxtul elementarul nawilaks, romelic Tavisufali saxiT
arsebobs, eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis erTnairi unari aqvs anu
maTi muxtis moduli erTmaneTis tolia. am muxts e elementaruli muxti
ewodeba. atomSi protonebis da eleqtronebis ricxvi erTmaneTis tolia
da emTxveva atomis nomers mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi. atomis
muxti nulis tolia anu is eleqtrulad neitraluria. molekulac
eleqtrulad neitraluria. atomebs da molekulebs Soris ar imoqmedebs
maT Soris manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciuli eleqtromagnituri Zala,
magram maT SigniT damuxtuli nawilakebis arsebobis gamo isini mainc
urTierTqmedeben eleqtromagnituri ZaliT, oRond es Zala ar aris
manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciuli da SesamCnevia mxolod axlo
manZilebze. atomma an molekulam SeiZleba miierTos erTi an ramdenime
eleqtroni, maSin miiReba uaryofiTad damuxtuli ioni. atomma an
molekulam SeiZleba dakargos erTi an ramdenime eleqtroni, maSin
miiReba dadebiTad damuxtuli ioni. Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi sxeulebi
neitraluria. isini imuxtebian, rodesac iZenen an kargaven eleqtronebs.
ori aragamtari daumuxtavi sxeulis Sexebisas, SesaZloa erTma maTganma
meores waarTvas eleqtronebi Sexebis adgilebSi. Tu amis Semdeg
sxeulebs davaSorebT erTmaneTs, erTi maTgani aRmoCndeba dadebiTad
damuxtuli, meore ki _ moduliT igive muxtiT uaryofiTad damuxtuli.
efeqts gaaZlierebs da SesamCnevs gaxdis sxeulebis gaxaxuneba

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erTmaneTze, radgan Sexebis farTobi mkveTrad moimatebs. swored am
movlenis Sedegs daakvirdnen Zveli berZnebi. maT aRmoaCines, rom qarva
(uZvelesi wiwvovani xeebis gaqvavebuli fisi) Salze xaxunis Semdeg
iZenda mcire namcecebis mizidvis unars. aq swored eleqtromagnituri
Zalis gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. damuxtuli sxeuli miizidavs
daumuxtavi liTonis da dieleqtrikis nacecebs. liTonis SemTxvevaSi,
damuxtuli sxeuli gadaadgilebs liTonis Tavisufal eleqtronebs, ris
Sedegadac masTan axlos aRmoCndeba sawinaaRmdego niSnis muxtis siWarbe,
xolo daSorebiT Tanasaxeliani muxtis siWarbe. amis Sedegad namceci
miizideba sxeulisken. dieleqtrikis SemTxvevaSi damuxtuli sxeuli
waanacvlebs molekulaSi Semaval muxtebs an moabrunebs molekulebs,
ris Sedegadac masTan axlos aRmoCndeba sawinaaRmdego niSnis muxtis
siWarbe, xolo daSorebiT Tanasaxeliani muxtis siWarbe. amis Sedegad
dieleqtrikis namcecic miizideba sxeulisken. unda aRiniSnos, rom
garkveuli dieleqtriki SeiZleba dadebiTad daimuxtos erT
dieleqtrikze xaxuniT da uaryofiTad daimuxtos sxva dieleqtrikze
xaxuniT.
sxeulis muxti SesaZloa mxolod elementaruli muxtis jeradi
porciebiT Seicvalos anu sxeulis q muxti mxolod calkeul
mniSvnelobebs iRebs: q = ± n e (n = 0.1, 2, K) . fizikur sidideebs, romlebsac
mxolod calkeuli mniSvnelobebis miReba SeuZlia, dakvantuli ewodeba.
elementaruli muxti eleqtruli muxtis kvantia (umciresi porciaa).
Tanamedrove fizikaSi miaCniaT, rom protonebis da neitronebis (agreTve
bevri sxva elementaruli nawilakis) Semadgeneli kvarkebidan zogierTs
e 2e
unda hqondes ± da ± muxtebi, magram es nawilakebi Tavisufali
3 3
saxiT ar arseboben.
damuxtuli sxeulis muxti masSi Semavali damuxtuli elementaruli
nawilakebis muxtebis jamis tolia.
bunebis erT-erTi fundamentaluri kanonia eqsperimentulad
dadgenili eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni:
kanoni izolirebul sistemaSi
nawilakebis
nawilakebis muxtebis algebruli jami mudmivia. izolirebul sistemaSi
SeiZleba xdebodes garkveuli nawilakebis gaqroba da sxva nawilakebis
gaCena. muxtis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, magaliTisaTvis, SeuZlebelia
gaqres umuxto nawilaki da gaCndes erTi damuxtuli nawilaki an
ramdenime erTi niSniT damuxtuli nawilaki.

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 1. kulonis kanoni
vakuumSi uZravi wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis kanoni
aRmoaCina frangma fizikosma Sarl kulonma 1785 wels.
wertilovani muxtebi ewodebaT damuxtul sxeulebs, romelTa Soris
manZili bevrjer
bevrjer metia maT zomebze.
Zalebis gasazomad kuloni iyenebda mis mier damzadebul Zalze
mgrZnobiare xelsawyos _ grexiT saswors (nax. 1.1). is zomavda liTonis
damuxtuli burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Zalas maT Soris sxvadasxva
manZilis da maTi sxvadasxva muxtebis SemTxvevaSi. burTulebs Soris
manZili bevrjer meti iyo maT radiusebTan SedarebiT. gazomvis idea
emyareboda kulonis mixvedras, rom Tu liTonis damuxtul burTulas
SevaxebT iseTive daumuxtav burTulas, maSin muxti Tanabrad gaiyofa maT
Soris. Zala izomeboda kvarcis Zafis im dagrexis kuTxis meSveobiT,
romelic iyo saWiro burTulebis erTmaneTisagan garkveul manZilze
gasaCereblad.

nax. 1.1
kulonis xelsawyo

mravali cdis Sedegad kulonma daadgina Semdegi kanoni:

uZravi wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis
urTierTqmedebis Zala muxtebis
modulebis namravlis pirdapirproporciulia da ukuproporciulia maT
Soris manZilis kvadratis.
q1 ⋅ q2
F =k
r2
erTi niSniT damuxtuli wertlovani muxtebi ganizidaven erTmaneTs,
xolo sxvadasxva niSniT damuxtuli wertilovani muxtebi miizidaven
erTmaneTs.

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 eleqtromagnetizmis nawils,
nawils, romelic swavlobs uZravi muxtebis
urTierTqmedebas,
urTierTqmedebas, eleqtrostatika ewodeba.
ewodeba. kulonis kanoni
eleqtrostatikis ZiriTadi kanonia.
marTalia kuloni cdebs haerSi atarebda, magram haeris gavlena
urTierTqmedebis Zalaze umniSvnelo iyo. misi miRebuli kanoni zustia
vakuumSi urTierTqmedebis SemTxvevaSi. kulonis kanonSi k
proporciulobis koeficienti damokidebuli iqneba erTeulTa sistemaze.
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi muxtis erTeulia kuloni (k). kuloni muxtia,
romelic gadis gamtaris ganivkveTSi 1 wamSi 1 amperi denis Zalis dros.
denis Zalis erTeuli amperi (a) saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ZiriTadi
erTeulia sigrZis, drois da masis erTeulebTan erTad. cdebma aCvenes,
2
9 nm
rom vakuumis SemTxvevaSi k = 9 ×10 2 . es niSnavs, rom vakuumSi erTi
k
metriT daSorebuli erTi kuloni wertilovani muxtebi urTierTqmedeben
1
9 × 10 9 n ZaliT. xSirad k koeficients SI -Si Caweren rogorc k = ,
4π ε 0
k2
sadac ε 0 = 8.85 × 10 −12
mudmivas eleqtrul mudmivas uwodeben.
n ⋅m2
eqsperimentulad dadgenilia elementaruli muxtis mniSvneloba

e = 1.6 × 10 −19 k

SevniSnoT, rom haerSi muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Zala didi

sizustiT emTxveva vakuumSi urTierTqmedebis Zalas.
cdebi aCvenebs, rom uZravi muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Zala
emorCileba superpoziciis princips.
princips
Tu damuxtuli sxeuli erTdroulad urTierTqmedebs ramdenime
damuxtul sxeulTan, maSin mocemul sxeulze moqmedi Zala tolia
yvela sxva sxeulidan moqmedi Zalebis veqtoruli jamis.
naxat 1.2-ze axsnilia superpoziciis principi sami damuxtuli sxeulis
eleqtrostatikuri urTierTqmedebis magaliTze.
superpoziciis principi bunebis fundamenturi kanonia, magram misi
gamoyeneba garkveul sifrTxiles moiTxovs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
urTierTqmedeben sasruli zomebis sxeulebi. magaliTad, Tu or
damuxtul gamtar sxeulsTan mivuaxloebT mesame damuxtul sxeuls,
maSin sxeulkebze moxdeba muxtebis gadanawileba (ganlagebis Secvla) da
pirvel or sxeuls Soris Zala Seicvleba. superpoziciis principis
gamoyenebisas, or sxeuls Soris Zala unda gamovTvaloT muxtebis
gadanawilebis Semdeg da ara manamde. superpoziciis principi amtkicebs,
rom sxeulebze muxtebis fiqsirebuli gadanawilebis dros nebismier or
maTgans Soris eleqtrostatikuri Zala araa damokidebuli maxloblad
sxva damuxtuli sxeulis arsebobaze.

6
 nax. 1.2
eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis superpoziciis
principi
→ → → → → → → → →
F1 = F21 + F31 , F2 = F12 + F32 , F3 = F13 + F23

amocanebi

1. gamoTvaleT vakuumSi 1 km-iT daSorebuli 1 k wertilovani muxtebis

urTierTqmedebis Zala.
2. gamoTvaleT vakuumSi 10-8 sm-iT daSorebuli ori eleqtronis
ganzidvis Zala.
3. gansazRvreT ramdenjer metia vakuumSi ori eleqtronis eleqtruli
urTierTqmedebis Zala gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis Zalaze.
−31
eleqtronis masaa 9.1×10 kg .
4. gamoTvaleT 1 kg wylis yvela eleqtronis jamuri muxti.
5. gamoTvaleT ra muxts SeiZenda 1 sm3 moculobis rkina, Tu SevZlebdiT
misgan eleqtronebis 1 %-is moSorebas.
6. gansazRvreT ra Zala moqmedebs 5 × !07 k wertilovan muxtze, romelic
moTavsebulia 10-6 k da –3 × 10-6 k wertilovani muxtebis SemaerTebeli
20 sm sigrZis monakveTis SuaSi haerSi.
7. haerSi Zafze dakidebulia 100 mg masis da 10 nk muxtis burTula.
qvemodan ra manZilze unda mivuaxlovoT mas aseTive muxtis mqone
burTula, rom Zafis daWimulobis Zala 2-jer Semcirdes?
8. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia erTniSna q da 4 q
muxtebiT. maT Soris manZilia R . Sexebis Semdeg ra manZilze unda
davaciloT burTulebi erTmaneTs, rom urTierTqmedebis Zala ar
Seicvalos? burTulebs Soris manZili bevrad metia maT zomebze.
9. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia moduliT 5-jer
gansxvavebuli muxtebiT. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg
daabrunes sawyis mdebareobaSi. ramdenjer Seicvala maTi
urTierTqmedebis Zala? burTulebs Soris manZili bevrad metia maT
zomebze. ganixileT ori SemTxveva: a) muxtebi erTniSniania; b) muxtebi
sxvadasxvaniSniania.

7
10. ori mcire zomis burTula 2 m manZilze erTmaneTs ganizidavs 1 n
ZaliT. gamoTvaleT TiToeuli burTulas muxti, Tu maTi jamia
5 × 10-5 k.
11. ori mcire zomis burTula 2 m manZilze erTmaneTs miizidavs 1 n
ZaliT. gamoTvaleT TiToeuli burTulas muxti, Tu maTi jamia
5 × 10-5 k.
12. haerSi moTavsebuli ori erTnairi neitraluri burTulidan erT-
erTs moscilda eleqtroni da gadavida meoreze. amis Sedegad
burTulebis mizidvis Zala gaorkecda. gamoTvaleT burTulas masa.
burTulebs Soris manZili bevrad metia maT zomebze.
13. erTmaneTisgan garkveul manZilze damagrebuli erTnairad damuxtuli
liTonis ori erTnairi burTula urTierTqmedebs F0 ZaliT.
gansazRvreT ra Zala imoqmedebs mesame Tavdapirvelad daumuxtav
iseTive burTulaze, Tu mas SevaxebT jer erT burTulas, Semdeg
meores da amis Semdeg movaTavsebT pirvel or burTulas Soris SuaSi.
burTulebis zomebi bevrad naklebia maT Soris manZilze.
14. haerSi erT wertilSi dakidebul 10 sm sigrZis aragamtar Zafebze
mimagrebulia 0,3 g masis ori burTula. roca isini erTnairad
damuxtes burTulebs Soris manZili 6 sm gaxda. gansazRvreT
burTulas muxti. burTulebis zomebi bevrad naklebia maT Soris
manZilze.
15. haerSi erTmaneTisgan 10 sm-iT daSorebul 20 sm sigrZis aragamtar
Zafebze erT doneze kidia 5 mg masis ori burTula. roca es
burTulebi moduliT toli sxvadasxva niSnis muxtebiT damuxtes, maT
Soris manZili 2 sm gaxda. gamoTvaleT TiToeuliBburTulas muxtis
moduli.
16. gakveTilis dasawyisSi, erT wertilSi grZel aragamtar Zafebze
dakidebuli staniolis ori erTnairi hilza damuxtes toli muxtebiT.
amis Sedegad hilzebi erTmaneTs daSordnen Zafis sigrZeze gacilebiT
naklebi manZiliT. gakveTilis bolosTvis manZili hilzebs Soris
4-jer Semcirda. muxtis ra nawili moscilda TiToeul hilzas?
CaTvaleT, rom maT erTnairi muxti dakarges. hilzebi wertilovan
sxeulebad miiCnieT.
17. moduliT 4-jer gansxvavebuli wertilovani muxtebi damagrebulia
erTmaneTisgan a manZilze haerSi. sad unda movaTavsoT mesame
wertilovani muxti, rom is wonasworobaSi aRmoCndes? mdgradia Tu
ara es wonasworoba? ganixileT ori SemTxveva: a) muxtebi
erTniSniania; b) muxtebi sxvadasxvaniSniania.
18. kvadratis wveroebSi moTavsebulia erTnairi q wertilovani muxtebi.
ra muxti unda movaTavsoT kvadratis centrSi, rom TiToeuli muxti
wonasworobaSi aRmoCndes? mdgradia Tu ara es wonasworoba?
19. q da 4 q wertilovani muxtebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia a
manZiliT. rogori unda iyos mesame wertilovani muxti da sad unda
movaTavsoT is, rom TiToeuli muxti wonasworobaSi aRmoCndes?
mdgradia Tu ara es wonasworoba?
20. ra Q muxti unda davamagroT R radiusiani sferos qveda wertilSi,
rom sferos zeda wertilSi mdgrad wonasworobaSi iyos m masisa da
q muxtis mqone patara burTula (nax. 1.3)?

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21. gluv horizontalur magidaze moTavsebuli Svidi erTnairi q
wertilovani muxti erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia erTnairi ZafebiT
(nax. 1.4). wonasworobaSi Zafis sigrZea L . gansazRvreT TiToeuli
Zafis daWimulobis Zala.
22. eleqtrulma Zalebma liTonis rgoli gawyvites, rodesac is Q
muxtiT davmuxteT. igive zomis rgoli daamzades nivTierebisagan,
romlis simtkice 10-jer metia. ra muxti gawyvets axal rgols? ra
muxti gawyvets rgols, romelic damzadebulia pirveli
nivTierebisagan, magram misi yvela zoma 3-jer metia?

m, q

nax. 1.4
nax. 1.3

2. eleqtruli veli.
veli. daZabuloba

ingliselma fizikosma maikl faradeim gamoTqva mosazreba, rom

eleqtruli muxtebi erTmaneTze ar moqmedeben uSualod. yoveli
damuxtuli sxeuli garemomcvel sivrceSi qmnis eleqtrul vels. es veli
moqmedebs sxva damuxtul sxeulebze. eleqtrul veli araa nivTiereba. is
ar Sedgeba atomebisa da molekulebisagan. is arsebobs nivTierebisagan
Tavisufal sivrceSic _ vakuumSi. mas ver SevigrZnobT grZnobaTa
organoebiT. eleqtruli velis arseboba mJRavndeba muxtze moqmedebiT.
is, rom eleqtruli muxtebi erTmaneTze ar moqmedeben uSualod, aramed
garkveuli substanciis meSveobiT mtkicdeba Semdegi faqtiT: vTqvaT
vakuumSi erTmaneTisgan garkveul manZilze moTavsebulia ori damuxtuli
sxeuli. erTi maTgani avamoZraoT. meoreze moqmedi Zalis moduli an
mimarTuleba an orive erTad unda Seicvalos. Tu muxtebi uSualod
moqmedeben erTmaneTze, maSin es cvlileba myisierad unda moxdes. cda
aCvenebs, rom sinamdvileSi meore muxtze moqmedi Zala Secvlas
daagvianebs. e. i. erTi muxtis amoZravebis Semdeg muxtebs Soris sivrceSi
mimdinareobs garkveuli xangrZlivobis procesi. rodesac es procesi
miaRwevs meore muxtamde, mxolod maSin iwyeba masze moqmedi Zalis
Secvla. is substancia, romelSic mimdinareobs aRniSnuli procesi aris
swored eleqtruli veli.

uZravi da droSi ucvleli muxtebis Seqmnil eleqtrul vels

eleqtrostatikuri veli ewodeba.

eleqtruli veli SeiZleba SeviswavloT sasinji muxtiT. sasinji

muxti aris imdenad mcire wertilovani muxti, rom ar iwvevs muxtebis
SesamCnev gadanawilebas garemomcvel sxeulebze da, maSasadame, ar cvlis
SesamCnevad gamosakvlev eleqtrul vels.

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 eleqtruli velis Zaluri maxasiaTebelia eleqtruli velis
daZabuloba
daZabuloba.
Zabuloba

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba sivrcis romelime wertilSi ewodeba

fizikur sidides, romelic tolia am wertilSi moTavsebul sasinj
muxtze moqmedi Zalis Sefardebisa am muxtTan.

→
→ F
E= (2.1)
q

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba veqtoruli fizikuri sididea. misi

mimarTuleba sivrcis yovel wertilSi emTxveva am wertilSi moTavsebul
dadebiT sasinj muxtze moqmedi Zalis mimarTulebas.

SI -Si daZabulobis erTeulia [E ] =

[F ] = 1 n .
[q ] k
eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis superpoziciis principidan
gamomdinareobs velebis superpoziciis principi: muxtebis sistemis mier
Seqmnili velis daZabuloba sivrcis mocemul wertilSi tolia am
wertilSi TiToeuli muxtiT Seqmnili velebis daZabulobebis
veqtoruli
veqtoruli jamis.

→ → →
E = E1 + E 2 + L (2.2)

kulonis kanonis gamoyenebiT miviRoT Q wertilovani muxtis mier

misgan r manZilze vakuumSi Seqmnili velis daZabulobis modulis
ganmsazRvreli formula. Tu im wertilSi, sadac veZebT velis
daZabulobas, movaTavsebdiT q sasinj muxts, masze moqmedi Zalis
Q⋅q F
moduli iqneboda F = . daZabulobis ganmartebis Tanaxmad E = .
4π ε 0 r 2
q
am ori formulidan miiReba

Q
E= (2.3)
4π ε 0 r 2

wertilovani muxtis vels kulonur vels uwodeben. dadebiTi

wertilovani muxtis velis daZabuloba mimarTulia radiusis gaswvriv
muxtidan, xolo uaryofiTi velis daZabuloba mimarTulia radiusis
gaswvriv muxtisken. Tu SemovitanT muxtis dakvirvebis wertilTan
→
SemaerTebel r radius-veqtors, maSin (2.3) formula Caiwereba veqtoruli
formiT

→ Q →
E= ⋅r (2.4)
4π ε 0 r 3

10
 eleqtruli velis TvalsaCino warmodgenisaTvis iyeneben eleqtruli
velis Zalwirebs. es iseTi wirebia, rome romelTa yovel wertilSi
daZabuloba mimarTulia maTi mxebis gaswvriv, Tu romel mxares, amas
miuTiTeben Zalwirebze isrebiT (nax. 2.1). Zalwirebs ise avleben, rom
ufro xSiri iyos iq, sadac metia daZabulobis moduli.

nax. 2.1
eleqtruli velis
Zalwirebi

naxat 2.2-ze gamosaxulia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi wertilovani

muxtebis eleqtruli velebis Zalwirebi. muxtebis nebismieri sistemis
eleqtruli veli SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc wertilovani muxtebis
kulonuri velebis superpozicia.

nax. 2.2
kulonuri velebis Zalwirebi

naxat 2.3-ze gamosaxulia eleqtruli dipolis velis Zalwirebi.

eleqtruli
eleqtruli dipoli aris erTmaneTisgan garkveul l manZilze
moTavsebuli moduliT toli da niSniT sxvadasxva, q da (− q ) ,
wertilovani muxtis sistema.

11
 →
eleqtruli dipolis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia misi p dipoluri
momenti
→ →
p=ql (2.5)
→
sadac l aris uaryofiTi muxtis dadebiT muxtTan SemaerTebeli veqtori.

nax. 2.3
eleqtruli dipolis velis Zalwirebi

dipoluri momenti SemoyavT sxvadasxva molekulebisaTvisac, romelic

ramdenime (ara ori) muxtis neitraluri sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi q aris
→
jamuri dadebiTi muxti molekulaSi, xolo l aris uaryofiTi muxtebis
centris dadebiTi muxtebis centrTan SemaerTebeli veqtori. naxat 2.4-ze
gamosaxulia wylis molekulis eleqtruli dipoluri momenti.

nax. 2.4
wylis molekulis
dipoluri momenti

12
 vels, romlis yovel wertilSi daZabulobis moduli da
mimarTuleba erTnairia, erTgvarovani veli ewodeba. aseTi velis
Zalwirebi iqneba erTmaneTisagan tolad daSorebuli paraleluri
wrfeebi.
Tu sistemaSi muxtebis ganawileba uwyvetia, maSin raime wertilSi
velis daZabulobis gansazRvrisaTvis sistema unda davyoT imdenad mcire
nawilebad, rom TiToeuli maTgani wertilovan muxtad CaiTvalos.
(2.4) formuliT vipovoT TiToeuli maTganis Seqmnili velis daZabuloba
da maTi veqtoruli SekrebiT (ufro zustad integrebiT) ganvsazRvroT
sistemis mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba. es procedura moiTxovs grZel
maTematikur gamoTvlebs. rig SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebelia uwyvetad
ganawilebuli muxtebis sistemis velis daZabulobis gacilebiT martivad
gansazRvra gausis Teoremis gamoyenebiT.

amocanebi
1. gansazRvreT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis Txeli rgolis
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mis RerZze centridan h manZilze.
rgolis muxtia Q .
2. gansazRvreT Tanabrad damuxtuli l sigrZis Zafis eleqtruli velis
daZabuloba wertilSi, romelic moTavsebulia Zafis gagrZelebaze da
Zafis uaxloesi bolodan daSorebulia x manZiliT. Zafis erTeuli
sigrZis muxtia λ .
3. Tanabrad damuxtuli kubi wveroSi qmnis E 0 daZabulobis eleqtrul
vels. kubi waxnagis paralelurad gaWres Suaze. gansazRvreT kubis
naxevris mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba didi waxnagis
centrSi.
4. Tavdapirvelad uZrav Tavisufal eleqtronze t = 0 momentSi moqmedeba
daiwyo E = E 0 sin (ω t + ϕ ) cvladi daZabulobis eleqtrulma velma.
gansazRvreT eleqtronis maqsimaluri da saSualo siCqareebi.

13
 3. gausis Teorema

SemovitanoT axali fizikuri sidide _ eleqtruli velis Φ nakadi

raime zedapirSi. ganvixiloT erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli
→
brtyeli zedapiri. am zedapiris farTobi iyos S , velis daZabuloba E ,
→
xolo kuTxe daZabulobis veqtorsa da zedapiris marTob n erTeulovan
veqtors (normals) Soris α (nax. 3.1).
eleqtruli velis nakadi brtyel zedapirSi tolia daZabulobis
modulis, zedapiris farTobis da daZabulobasa da zedapiris normals
Soris kuTxis kosinusis namravlis.
Φ = E S cosα = E n S (3.1)

sadac E n daZabulobis veqtoris gegmilia normalze.

nax. 3.1
eleqtruli nakadi erTgvarovan velSi
moTavsebul brtyel zedapirSi

nebismier zedapirSi eleqtruli nakadis sapovnelad es zedapiri

unda davyoT imdenad mcire elementarul nawilebad, rom TiToeuli
maTgani brtylad CaiTvalos da veli maT farglebSi erTgvarovnad.
TiToeul elementarul zedapirSi elementarul nakads vipoviT (3.1)
formulis gamoyenebiT. maTi SekrebiT miviRebT nakads mTel zedapirSi.

Φ = ∑ Ei ∆ S i cosα i (3.2)

sadac ∆ S i (i = 1, 2, L) elementaruli zedapirebis farTobebia, E i (i = 1, 2, L)

elementebis farglebSi velis daZabulobis modulebia, xolo α i (i = 1, 2, L)
elementebis farglebSi velis daZabulobasa da elementis normals
Soris kuTxebia. ufro zustad, unda moxdes ara mcire, elementebSi
nakadebis ajamva, aramed usasrulod mcire elementebSi nakadebis
integreba

14
 Φ = ∫ E d S cosα = ∫ E n d S (3.3)

Caketil zedapirebSi eleqtruli nakadis gamoTvlisas yoveli

elementisaTvis iyeneben gare normals.
gausis Teorema amtkicebs, rom eleqtruli velis nakadi nebismier
Caketil zedapirSi tolia am zedapiris SigniT moTavsebuli muxtebis
algebruli jamis
jamis fardobisa eleqtrul mudmivasTan.

Φ=
∑q Siga i
(3.4)
ε0
dasamtkiceblad Tavdapirvelad SemovitanoT sxeulovani kuTxis cneba.
sxeulovani kuTxe ewodeba konusuri zedapiriT SemosazRvrul sivrcis
nawils. davxazoT sfero, romlis centri konusis centrs emTxveva.
sxeulovani kuTxe masze amoWris garkveuli farTobis zedapirs. es
farTobi Semoxazuli sferos radiusis kvadratis proporciulia.
sxeulovani kuTxis wverodan, rogorc centridan, Semoxazul sferoze am
kuTxiT amoWrili farTobis fardoba sferos radiusis kvadratTan
mocemuli sxeulovani kuTxisaTvis ar aris damokidebuli sferos
S
radiusze da SeiZleba miviCnioT sxeulovani kuTxis Ω zomad: Ω = .
R2
sxeulovani kuTxe erTeulis tolia, rodesac S = R 2 . am erTeuls
steradiani ewodeba. sruli sxeulovani kuTxe 4π steradiania:
4π R 2
Ωsr = = 4π .
R2
axla ganvixiloT q wertilovani muxtis garemomcveli nebismieri
Caketili zedapiri (nax. 3.2). garkveulobisaTvis muxti dadebiTad
miviCnioT.

nax. 3.2
eleqtruli nakadis
daTvlisaTvis wertilovani
muxtis garemomcvel nebismier
zedapirSi

15
mcire ∆ Ω sxeulovani kuTxe, wveroTi wertilovan muxtSi, am zedapirze
amoWris ∆ S farTobis mcire elements. am elementis wertilebidan
wertilovan muxtamde daaxloebiT toli manZilebia. aRvniSnoT es
manZili R –iT. wertilovani muxtidan, rogorc centridan, Semoxazul R
radiusis sferoze sxeulovani kuTxe amoWris ∆ S ′ = ∆ S cosα farTobis
elements, sadac α kuTxea zedapiris elementis gare normalsa da am
elementis areSi daZabulobas Soris.
elementaruli eleqtruli nakadi elementSi iqneba
q q ∆S ′ q
∆ Φ = E ∆ S cosα = E ∆ S ′ = ∆S ′ = ⋅ = ⋅ ∆Ω
4π ε 0 R 2 4π ε 0 R2 4π ε 0
sruli nakadi Caketil zedapirSi iqneba
q q q
Φ = ∑∆Φ = ∑ ∆Ω = ⋅ 4π =
4π ε 0 4π ε 0 ε0
Tu wertilovani muxti Caketili zedapiris gareTaa, maSin mcire
sxeulovani kuTxe zedapirze amoWris or mcire elements. TiToeul
maTganSi nakadi moduliT toli da niSniT sxvadasxva iqneba (radganac
erT maTganisaTvis daZabuloba gare normalTan maxvil kuTxes Seqmnis,
meoresTvis ki blagv kuTxes). zedapirSi eleqtruli nakadis gamoTvlisas,
yoveli aseTi wyvili jamSi nuls mogvcems da saerTo nakadic nulis
toli gamova.
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, ramdenime wertilovani muxtiT
Seqmnili nakadi raime Caketil zedapirSi toli iqneba TiToeuli muxtiT
Seqmnili nakadebis jamis. zedapiris SigniT myofi yoveli qSiga i muxti
qSiga i
saerTo nakadSi Seitans –is tol wvlils, xolo yoveli gare muxti
ε0

nulis tol wvlils. amitomac Φ=∑

qSiga i
=
∑q Siga i
. amrigad, gausis
ε0 ε0
Teorema damtkicebulia.
gausis Teoremis gamoyenebiT advilad SeiZleba muxtebis zogierTi
simetriuli sistemis velis daZabulobis povna.
amocana 1
miiReT Tanabrad damuxtuli Txelkedliani usasrulod grZeli R
radiusis cilindris velis daZabulobis
daZabulobis formula.
formula. muxtis wiriTi
simkvrive anu muxti cilindris erTeul sigrZeze iyos τ .
amoxsna:
muxtis ganawilebis simetriidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba radiusis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da
moduliT erTnairia cilindris RerZidan toli manZilebiT daSorebul
wertilebSi. avirCioT Caketil zedapirad r radiusis da l sigrZis im
cilindris sruli zedapiri, romlis RerZi emTxveva damuxtuli
cilindruli zedapiris RerZs (nax. 3.3). gamoviyenoT misTvis gausis
Teorema. garkveulobisaTvis muxti dadebiTad miviCnioT. arCeuli
16
cilindris fuZeebis yvela elementisaTvis α i = 90 o , amitom maTSi
eleqtruli nakadi nulis tolia. gverdiT zedapiris yvela
elementisaTvis α i = 0 , xolo daZabulobis moduli erTnairia. arCeul
o

Caketil zedapirSi eleqtruli nakadi iqneba Φ = E ⋅ 2π r l . gausis Teoremis

qSiga
Tanaxmad gveqneba Φ = E ⋅ 2π r l = . Tu r > R , maSin qSiga = τ l da miviRebT,
ε0

nax. 3.3
Tanabrad damuxtuli
cilindris velis
gansazRvrisaTvis
τl
rom E ⋅ 2π r l = , saidanac
ε0
τ
E= (r > R ) (3.5)
2π ε 0 r
miRebuli Sedegi ara aris damokidebuli damuxtuli cilindris
radiusze, amitom marTebulia Tanabrad damuxtuli usasrulod grZeli
mavTulis velisTvisac.
(3.5) formula gamodgeba sasruli sigrZis cilindris velis
gansazRvrisaTvis im wertilebSi, romelTa daSoreba RerZidan bevrad
naklebia cilindris sigrZeze da Tu es wertilebi ar arian cilindris

17
kidesTan axlos. Tu cilindris muxti uaryofiTi niSnisaa, maSin (3.5)
formulaSi unda ijdes τ .

Tu r < R , maSin qSiga = 0 da velis daZabuloba nulis toli iqneba.

E=0 (r < R ) (3.6)

amocana 2
miiReT Tanabrad damuxtuli usasrulo sibrtyis velis
daZabulobis
daZabulobis formula. muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive anu muxti
arTobze iyos σ .
zedapiris erTeul farTobze
amoxsna:
amoxsna:
muxtis ganawilebis simetriidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mimarTulia sibrtyis marTobulad da misi
moduli erTnairia sibrtyidan tolad daSorebul wertilebSi.
garkveulobisaTvis sibrtyis muxti dadebiTad miviCnioT. avirCioT
Caketil zedapirad cilindri, romlis RerZi sibrtyis marTobulia,
xolo fuZeebi misgan toladaa daSorebuli (nax. 3.4). gamoviyenoT misTvis

nax. 3.4
Tanabrad damuxtuli sibrtyis
velis gansazRvrisaTvis
gausis Teorema. am SemTxvevaSi eleqtruli nakadi cilindris gverdiT
zedapirSi nulia, TiToeul fuZeSi ki _ E ⋅ ∆ S . gausis Teoremis Tanaxmad
σ ⋅ ∆S
Φ = 2E ⋅ ∆S = , saidanac
ε0
σ
E= (3.7)
2ε 0
miRebuli formula gamogdgeba Tanabrad damuxtuli sasruli zomis
brtyeli firfitebis velis daZabulobis gansazRvrisaTvis im

18
wertilebSi, romelTa daSoreba firfitidan bevrad naklebia firfitis
zomebze da Tu es wertilebi ar arian firfitis kidesTan axlos.
Tu sibrtyis muxti uaryofiTi niSnisaa, maSin (3.7) formulaSi unda ijdes
σ .

amocana 3
miiReT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis birTvis velis
daZabulobis formula. birTvis muxti iyos Q .
amoxsna:
muxtis ganawilebis simetriidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mimarTulia radiusis gaswvriv da misi
moduli erTnairia birTvis centridan tolad daSorebul wertilebSi.
avirCioT Caketil zedapirad birTvis koncentruli sfero. am zedapirSi
eleqtruli nakadis moduli iqneba Φ = E ⋅ 4π r 2 . gausis Teoremis Tanaxmad

qSiga Q
Φ = E ⋅ 4π r 2 = . Tu r > R , maSin qSiga = Q , amitom gveqneba E ⋅ 4π r 2 = ,
ε0 ε0
saidanac

Q
E= (r > R ) (3.8)
4πε 0 r 2
rogorc vxedavT, Tanabrad damuxtuli birTvis veli mis gareT iseTia,
TiTqos birTvis muxti mis centrSia moTavsebuli.

Q r3 Q r3
Tu r < R , maSin qSiga = , amitom gveqneba E ⋅ 4π r 2 = , saidanac
R3 ε 0 R3

Qr
E= (r < R ) (3.9)
4πε 0 R 3
am formulis Cawera umjobesia birTvis muxtis ρ moculobiTi simkvrivis
4
anu birTvis erTeul moculobaSi muxtis gamoyenebiT : Q = ρ ⋅ π R 3 ,
3
amitom

ρr
E= (r < R ) (3.10)
3ε 0
es formula veqtoruli saxiT ase Caiwereba
→
→ ρr
E= (r < R ) (3.11)
3ε 0

19
Q muxtiT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis sferuli zedapiris velis
daZabuloba vakuumSi ganisazRvreba formuliT (daamtkiceT
daamtkiceT)
daamtkiceT

 Q
 , (r > R )
E =  4π ε 0 r 2 (3.12)

 0, (r < R )

amocanebi
4. gansazRvreT Tanabrad damuxtuli h sisqis usasrulo firfitis
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba firfitis centraluri sibrtyidan x
manZilze. firfitaSi muxtis moculobiTi simkvrivea ρ .
5. kubis waxnagebi Tanabradaa damuxtuli. muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivea
σ , kubis wibos sigrZea l . gansazRvreT TiToeul waxnagze moqmedi
Zala.
6. tetraedris waxnagebi Tanabradaa damuxtuli. muxtis zedapiruli
simkvrivea σ , tetraedris wibos sigrZea l . gansazRvreT TiToeul
waxnagze moqmedi Zala.
7. Tanabrad damuxtul R radiusis birTvSi amoWres r radiusis
siRruve, romlis centri birTvis centridan l manZiliTaa
daSorebuli. muxtis moculobiTi simkvrivea ρ . daamtkiceT, rom
siRruveSi eleqtruli veli erTgvarovania. gansazRvreT am velis
daZabulobis moduli da mimarTuleba.

20
 4. eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. potenciali

erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi q muxtis wrfis gaswvriv

gadaadgilebisas veli asrulebs muSaobas, romelic ganisazRvreba
formuliT

A = F ⋅ S ⋅ cosα = q E S cosα = q E S E = q E S S , (4.1)

sadac E velis daZabulobis modulia, S _ gadadgilebis moduli,

α _ kuTxe daZabulobisa da gadaadgilebis mimarTulebebs Soris,
SE _ gadaadgilebis gegmili daZabulobis mimarTulebaze,
E S _ daZabulobis gegmili gadaadgilebis mimarTulebaze. Tu veli
araerTgvarovania, an muxtis traeqtoria mrudwirulia an orive erTad,
maSin dawerili formula gamodgeba traeqtoriis imdenad mcire ubanze,
rom veli mis farglebSi CaiTvalos erTgvarovnad da traeqtoria _
wrfivad.

Tu muxti erTgvarovan velSi gadaadgilda erTi wertilidan meoreSi

mrudwiruli traeqtoriiT, maSin muSaobas vipoviT mcire ubnebze
muSaobebis SekrebiT (ufro zustad, usasrulod mcire ubnebze
→ →
muSaobebis integrebiT) A = ∑ q E (∆ S )i E = q E ∑ (∆ S )i E . radganac ∑ (∆ S ) i =S,
amitom ∑ (∆ S )i E = S E da A = q E S E . amrigad, erTgvarovani velis muSaoba
erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas ar aris damokidebuli
traeqtoriis formaze da ganisazRvreba (4.1) formulebiT. igive Tviseba
aqvs nebismier eleqtrostatikur vels: eleqtrostatikuri velis velis muSaoba
erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas ar aris
damokidebuli traeqtoriis formaze. is ganisazRvreba mxolod sawyisi
da saboloo mdebareobebiT da muxtiT. amis Sedegia Semdegi debuleba:
eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba Caketil gzaze muxtis gadaadgilebisas
gadaadgilebisas
nulis tolia. am Tvisebebis mqone velebs potencialurs an
konservatuls uwodeben.

davamtkicoT eleqtrostatikuri velis es Tviseba. ganvixiloT Q

wertilovani muxtis velSi q muxtis gadaadgileba sawyisi (1)
wertilidan saboloo (2) wertilSi nebismier traeqtoriiT (nax. 4.1).
garkveulobisaTvis orive muxti miCneulia dadebiTad, Tumca muxtebis
→
niSnebi gavlenas ar axdens miRebul
formulaze. ∆l mcire
1 Qq
gadaadgilebisas velis muSaobaa ∆ A = F ∆l cosα = E q ∆ r = ∆ r , sadac
4π ε 0 r 2
r muxtebs Soris manZilia, xolo ∆ r _ muxtebs Soris manZilis
cvlileba mcire ubanze. velis muSaoba mTel gzaze iqneba
1 Qq
A12 = ∑ ∆ A = ∑ 2 ∆ r . ufro zustad muSaoba iqneba ara mcire ubnebze
4π ε 0 r
muSaobebis jami, aramed usasrulod mcire ubnebze muSaobebis integrali

21
 r2
Qq dr Q q  1 1 

A12 =
4π ε 0
∫
r r
2
=

−
4 π ε 0  r1 r2 
(4.2)
1 

nax. 4.1
kulonuri Zalebis muSaobis
gamoTvlisaTvis

miRebuli Sedegi araa damokidebuli traeqtoriis formaze. nax. 4.1-ze

gamosaxul I da II traeqtoriebze kulonuri Zalebis muSaoba erTnairia.
nebismieri eleqtrostatikuri veli SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
wertilovani muxtebis velebis superpozicia. velis muSaoba muxtis
gadaadgilebisas iqneba wertilovani muxtebis velebis muSaobaTa jami.
radganac TiToeuli Sesakrebi araa damokidebuli traeqtoriis formaze,
amitom mTeli muSaobac ar iqneba masze damokidebuli. is ganisazRvreba
mxolod sawyisi da saboloo mdebareobebiT.
potencialuri velis muSaoba muxtis gadaadgilebisas SeiZleba Caiweros
rogorc mdebareobaze damokidebuli garkveuli sididis cvlileba minus
niSniT. am sidides potenciuri energia ewodeba. maSasadame,
eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaobisaTvis gveqneba
A12 = −(W p 2 − W p1 ) = W p1 − W p 2 (4.3)

sadac W p1 da W p 2 muxtis potenciuri energiaa velSi, Sesabamisad sawyis

da saboloo wertilebSi. potenciuri energia ganisazRvreba mudmivi
Sesakrebis sizustiT. es Sesakrebi damokidebulia im wertilis arCevaze,
sadac potenciur energias nulis tolad vTvliT. Tu potenciur energias
nulis tolad vTvliT velis garkveul (0 ) wertilSi, maSin, (4.3)
formulis Tanaxmad gvaqvs A10 = W p1 − W p 0 = W p1 . e.i. (0) fiqsirebuli
wertilis mimarT q muxtis potenciuri energia velis nebismier (1)

22
wertilSi tolia (1) wertilidan (0) wertilSi q muxtis gadatanisas
eleqtrostatikuri velis Sesrulebuli A10 muSaobis.

erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi Zalwirebis marTobuli sibrtyis

wertilebs Soris muxtis gadatanisas velis muSaoba nulis toli iqneba.
e.i. aseTi sibrtyis nebismier wertilSi q muxtis potenciuri energia
erTidaigivea. erT-erT aseT sibrtyeze muxtis potenciuri energia nulis
tolad CavTvaloT (nulovani done). am sibrtyidan daZabulobis
mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdego mxares myof velis wertilebamde manZilebi
dadebiTad miviCnioT. maSin erTgvarovani velis muSaoba (1) wertilidan
(2) wertilSi q muxtis gadatanisas ase Caiwereba (nax. 4.2)

A12 = q E S E = q E (l 1 − l 2 ) = q E l 1 − q E l 2 ,

sadac l 1 aris manZili nulovani donidan sawyis wertilamde, xolo l 2 _

saboloo wertilamde.

(4.2) da (4.3) formulebis Tanaxmad, q wertilovani muxtis potenciuri

energia erTgvarovan velSi ganisazRvreba formuliT
Wp = q E l (4.4)

(4.2) da (4.3) formulebis Tanaxmad, q wertilovani muxtis potenciuri

energia Q wertilovani muxtis velSi, igive Q wertilovani muxtis
potenciuri energia q wertilovani muxtis velSi, igive q da Q
wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia
Qq
ganisazRvreba formuliT W p = + C , sadac C mudmiva damokidebulia
4π ε 0 r
imaze, Tu muxtebs Soris ra manZilze vTvliT potenciur energias nulis
tolad. Cveulebriv nulis tolad Tvlian usasrulod daSorebuli
muxtebis potenciur energias. am SemTxvevaSi, wertilovani muxtebis
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia ganisazRvreba formuliT
Qq
Wp = (4.5)
4π ε 0 r

rogorc vxedavT, q wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia Q

wertilovani muxtis velSi q muxtis proporciulia. superpoziciis

23
principis Tanaxmad, q wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia nebismier
eleqtrostatikur velSi q muxtis proporciuli iqneba. fizikuri
sidide, romelic tolia eleqtrostatikuri velis romelime wertilSi
moTavsebuli
moTavsebuli muxtis potenciuri energiis fardobisa am muxtTan, ar
iqneba damokidebuli am muxtze da mas ewodeba velis ϕ potenciali
mocemul wertilSi.
Wp
ϕ= (4.6)
q
potenciali eleqtrostatikuri velis energetikuli maxasiaTebelia.
eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba, q muxtis (1) wertilidan (2)
wertilSi gadatanisas, potencialis gamoyenebiT Semdegnairad Caiwereba
A12 = W p1 − W p 2 = q ϕ1 − q ϕ 2 = q (ϕ1 − ϕ 2 ) (4.7)

muxtis (1) wertilidan (2) wertilSi gadatanisas eleqtrostatikuri

velis muSaoba tolia am muxtis namravlisa sawyis da saboloo
wertilebs Soris velis potencialTa sxvaobaze.
or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaobas am wertilebs Soris
Zabvas uwodeben.
erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemaSi potencialis da potencialTa
j
sxvaobis (Zabvis) erTeuls volti (v) ewodeba, 1 v = 1 .
k
velis potenciali, iseve rogorc potenciuri energia, mudmivi
Sesakrebis sizustiT ganisazRvreba. am Sesakrebis mniSvneloba
damokidebulia nulovani donis arCevaze. potenciali nulia igive
wertilSi, sadac nulia potenciuri energia.
(4.5) da (4.6) formulebidan gamodis, rom Q wertilovani muxtis
velis potenciali misgan r manZilze, ridesac potenciali nulad
iTvleba muxtisgan usasrulod Sors, ganisazRvreba formuliT
Q
ϕ= (4.7)
4π ε 0 r

igive formuliT ganisazRvreba Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis sferos

da birTvis velis potenciali maT gareT ( r ≥ R ), radganac maTi velis
daZabuloba am areSi emTxveva maT centrSi moTavsebuli Q wertilovani
muxtis velis daZabulobas.
eleqtrostatikuri velis TvalsaCinod gamosaxvisaTvis ZalwirebTan
erTad iyeneben ekvipotencialur zedapirebs. zedapirs, romlis yvela
wertilSi velis potencials erTidaigive mniSvneloba aqvs,
ekvipotencialuri zedapiri ewodeba. Zalwirebi yovelTvis
ekvipotencialuri zedapirebis marTobulia. wertilovani muxtis velis
ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi koncentruli sferoebia. erTgvarovani
velis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi paraleluri sibrtyeebia. nax. 4.3-ze
gamosaxulia zogierTi velis Zalwirebi da ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi.

24
 nax. 4.3
zogierTi eleqtruli velis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi (lurji
wirebi) da Zalwirebi (wiTeli wirebi): a _ wertilovani muxti; b _
eleqtruli dipoli; c _ ori toli dadebiTi muxti.

erTgvarovan velSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas gvaqvs A12 = q E S S = q (ϕ1 − ϕ 2 ) ,

saidanac
ϕ1 − ϕ 2
ES = (4.8)
S
Tu gadaadgileba xdeba velis mimarTulebiT, maSin E S = E da gveqneba

ϕ1 − ϕ 2
E= (4.9)
S
araerTgvarovan velSi (4.8) da (4.9) formulebi gamodgeba imdenad mcire
areSi, rom mis farglebSi veli erTgvarovnad CaiTvalos. am SemTxvevaSi
gveqneba
∆ϕ dϕ
E=− (∆ S → 0) an, ufro zustad, E = − (4.10)
∆S dS

aq S velis Zalwiris gaswvriv aTvlili koordinatia. maSasadame, velis

daZabulobis moduli tolia velis Zalwiris gaswvriv potencialis
warmoebulis minus niSniT.
velebis daZabulobebis superpoziciis principidan gamomdinareobs
potencialebis superpoziciis principi: ramdenime wertilovani muxtiT
Seqmnili velis potenciali garkveul wertilSi tolia am wertilSi
calkeuli muxtebiT Seqmnili velebis
velebis potencialebis jamis.
ϕ = ϕ1 + ϕ 2 + ϕ 3 + L (4.11)

v
(4.9) formulidan Cans, rom daZabulobis erTeuli SI –Si aris 1 .
m
n
vaCvenoT, rom es emTxveva adre SemoRebul erTeuls 1 -s:
k

v j nm n
1 =1 =1 =1
m km km k

25
 amocanebi
1. ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisgan Zalian Sorsaa. sawyis momentSi maT aqvs
erTmaneTisken mimarTuli υ 0 siCqare. gansazRvreT umciresi manZili
eleqtronebs Soris. eleqtronis muxtia (− e ) , xolo masa _ me .
simZimis Zalis moqmedeba ugulebelyaviT.
2. ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisgan Zalian Sorsaa. sawyis momentSi erT-erT
maTgans aqvs meorisken mimarTuli υ 0 siCqare. meore am momentSi
uZravia. gansazRvreT umciresi manZili eleqtronebs Soris.
eleqtronis muxtia (− e ) , xolo masa _ me . simZimis Zalis moqmedeba
ugulebelyaviT.
3. gluv horizontalur zedapirze tolgverda samkuTxedis wveroebSi
moTavsebulia m masisa da q muxtis sami patara burTula.
samkuTxedis gverdis sigrZea L . burTulebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia
gaWimuli ZafebiT. yvela Zafi erTdroulad gadawves. gansazRvreT
burTulebis maqsimaluri siCqareebi Semdgomi moZraobisas.
4. rva patara burTula moTavsebulia L sigrZis wibos mqone kubis
wveroebSi uwonobis mdgomareobaSi. TiToeuli maTganis masaa m da
muxtia q . burTulebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia wiboebis gaswvrivi
daWimuli ZafebiT. Zafebi erTdroulad gadawves. gansazRvreT
burTulebis siCqareebi didi drois Semdeg da im momentSi, rodesac
kubis wibo gaormagdeba.
5. gluv horizontalur zedapirze tolgverda samkuTxedis wveroebSi
moTavsebulia m masisa da q muxtis sami patara burTula.
samkuTxedis gverdis sigrZea L . burTulebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia
gaWimuli ZafebiT. erT-erTi Zafi gadawves. gansazRvreT burTulebis
maqsimaluri siCqareebi Semdgomi moZraobisas.
6. M masisa da L sigrZis hantelis boloebi damuxtulia. marcxena
bolos muxtia Q , xolo marjvenasi _ (− 4Q ) . hantelis marcxniv, mis
boloebze gamaval wrfeze, did manZilze imyofeba m masisa da Q
muxtis mqone burTula. mcire biZgis Sedegad burTula moZraobas
iwyebs hantelisken. gansazRvreT moZraobis procesSi burTulas
maqsimaluri siCqare da minimaluri daSoreba hantelamde. hanteli araa
damagrebuli. simZimis Zala ar moqmedebs. hanteli ar brunavs da
moZraoba naxseneb wrfeze xdeba.
7. sami patara burTula, masebiT m , M da m , damuxtulia toli Q
muxtebiT (nax. 4.4). Sua burTula danarCenebTan mibmulia msubuqi
uWimvadi L sigrZis ZafebiT. sistems devs gluv horizontalur
zedapirze. Sua burTulas Zafis marTobad biZgiT mianiWes υ 0 siCqare.
risi toli iqneba moZraobis procesSi kidura burTulebs Soris
minimaluri manZili? risi toli SeiZleba iyos Sua burTulas siCqare
im momentebSi, rodesac burTulebi erT wrfeze iqnebian?
8. m , 2m da 5m masis mqone sami patara burTula, romelTa muxtebia
Sesabamisad q, q da 2q , ganlagebulia erT wrfeze gluv
horizontalur zedapirze (nax. 4.5). Tavdapirvelad mezobel
burTulebs Soris manZilia L, xolo burTulebi uZravadaa
damagrebuli. Semdeg burTulebs aTavisufleben. ipoveT burTulebis
jamuri kinetikuri energia da maTi siCqareebi erTmaneTisgan did

26
 manZilze daSorebis Semdeg. burTulebi moZraobis procesSi erT
wrfeze rCebian.
9. R radiusis sfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli Q muxtiT. gansazRvreT
eleqtruli wneva sferos zedapirze anu sferos zedapiris erTeul
farTobze moqmedi Zala.
10. gansazRvreT, ra muxti SeiZleba movaTavsoT R radiusis grZeli
cilindruli garsis erTeul sigrZeze, Tu airiT Sevsebisas is uZlebs
p wnevas.
11. naxevarsfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli. muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivea
σ. centrSi moaTavses q wertilovani muxti. gansazRvreT
naxevarsferosa da wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis Zala.
gansazRvreT urTierTqmedebis Zala sferos meoTxedsa da centrSi
moTavsebul wertilovan muxts Soris. gansazRvreT urTierTqmedebis
Zala sferos mervedsa da centrSi moTavsebul wertilovan muxts
Soris.
12. R radiusis sfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli Q muxtiT. is or nawilad
gaWres centridan h manZiliT daSorebuli sibrtyis gaswvriv.
gansazRvreT Zala, romliTac ganizideba erTmaneTisagan sferos es
ori nawili. ra wertilovani muxti unda movaTavsoT sferos centrSi,
rom misi ori nawili erTmaneTs ar daSordes?
13. R radiusis or sfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli toli dadebiTi Q
muxtiT. sferoebis centrebs Soris manZilia l . gansazRvreT, ra
minimaluri kinetikuri energia unda mivaniWoT eleqtrons erTi
sferos zedapirTan, rom man meore sferos zedapirs miaRwios.
14. R radiusis da M masis Txelkedlian aragamtar Tanabrad damuxtul
sferos aqvs diametralurad mopirdapire ori patara xvreli. sferos
muxtia Q . Tavdapirvelad is uZravia. xvrelebis SemaerTebeli wrfis
gaswvriv usasrulobidan sferosken moZraobs υ siCqaris, m masis da
sferos muxtis niSnis q muxtis mqone nawilaki. gansazRvreT ra
drois ganmavlobaSi imoZravebs nawilaki sferos SigniT. gravitacia
ugulebelyaviT.
15. R radiusis liTonis daumuxtav izolirebul birTvs usasrulobidan
ecema eleqtronebis nakadi. eleqtronebis siCqare usasrulobaSi aris
υ . gansazRvreT ramdeniT gaizrdeba birTvis temperatura, Tu misi
siTbotevadobaa C. eleqtronebis urTierTqmedeba konaSi
ugulebelyaviT.

m M m m 2m
5m

v0
q q
nax. 4.4 2q
nax. 4.5

27
 5. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi eleqtrul velSi

eleqtrul veli mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba Secvalos masSi Setanilma

sxeulma. es imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom nivTiereba damuxtuli
nawilakebisgan Sedgeba. rodesac gareSe veli ar gvaqvs, maSin
nivTierebaSi nawilakebi isea ganawilebuli, rom maTi saSualo veli
bevri molekulis (atomis) Semcvel areSi nulis tolia. gareSe velis
arsebobisas nivTierebaSi xdeba damuxtuli nawilakebis gadanawileba da
Cndeba maTi sakuTari veli. sruli eleqtruli velis daZabuloba aris
gareSe velisa da nivTierebis damuxtuli nawilakebis mier Seqmnili
velis daZabulobebis jami.
nivTierebebi mravalferovania TavianTi eleqtruli TvisebebiT.
nivTierebaTa farTo klass adgenen gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi.
dieleqtrikebi
gamtarebis mTavari Taviseburebaa maTSi Tavisufali damuxtuli
nawilakebis (eleqtronebi, ionebi) arseboba. isini monawileoben siTbur
moZraobaSi da SeuZliaT gamtaris mTel moculobaSi gadaadgileba.
tipiuri gamtarebia liTonebi da eleqtrolitebi (marilebis, mJavebis an
tuteebis wyalxsnarebi). liTonebSi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi
eleqtronebia, eleqtrolitebSi _ dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebi.
rodesac ar gvaqvs gareSe veli, maSin gamtaris nebismier moculobaSi
dadebiTi da uarYofiTi muxtebi kompensirebulia. eleqtrul velSi
Setanil gamtarSi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi gadanawildebian,
ris Sedegadac gamtaris zedapirze Cndeba arakompensirebuli dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi muxtebi (nax. 5.1). am process eleqtrostatikuri induqcias,
induqcias
xolo gamtaris zedapirze gaCenil muxtebs inducirebul muxtebs
uwodeben. Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis gadanawileba maSin
mTavrdeba, rodesac inducirebuli muxtebiT Seqmnili eleqtruli veli
moadens gareSe velis kompencirebas gamtaris mTel moculobaSi.

nax. 5.1
eleqtrostatikuri induqcia

28
 gamtarSi eleqtrostatikuri
eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabuloba nulis tolia da
gamtaris yvela wertilis , zedapiris wertilebis CaTvliT, potenciali
tolia.
radganac gamtaris zedapiri ekvipotencialuria, amitom zedapirTan,
gamtaris garedan, Zalwirebi zedapiris marTobulia.
eleqtrostatikur velSi Setanili gamtaris nebismieri Siga are
eleqtroneitraluri rCeba. Tu moviSorebT gamtaris romelime Siga ares
da SevqmniT siRrues, masSi eleqtruli veli ar gveqneba (nax. 5.2). amas
emyareba eleqtrostatikuri dacva _ eleqtruli velisadmi mgrZnobiare
xelsawyoebs, velis gavlenis asacileblad, liTonis yuTebSi aTavseben.

nax. 5.2
liTonis naWerSi arsebul siRrueSi
eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabuloba nulis
tolia.
davakavSiroT gamtaris zedapirTan (gamtaris gareT) eleqtruli
velis daZabuloba am adgilas muxtis zedapirul simkvrivesTan. amisaTvis
ganvixiloT gamtaris zedapiris mcire ubani iq, sadac veZebT velis
daZabulobas (nax. 5.3). am adgilas muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive iyos σ .
es mcire ubani orive mxares qmnis urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTul

nax. 5.3
gamtaris zedapirTan eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
dakavSireba muxtis zedapirul simkvrivesTan

29
 σ
velebs, romelTa daZabulobis modulia E 0 = (naxatze gamosaxulia
2ε 0
σ >0 SemTxveva). gamtaris danarCeni muxti arCeuli mcire zedapiris
→
wertilebSi qmnis E1 daZabulobis vels. gamtaris SigniT mcire ubnis
muxtiT da danarCeni muxtiT Seqmnilma velebma unda mospos erTmaneTi,
amitom aq es velebi mimarTulia urTierTsawinaaRmdegod da E1 = E 0 .
gamtaris gareT es velebi erTi mimarTulebisaa, amitom gamtaris
zedapirTan, gamtaris gareT, eleqtruli velis daZabuloba iqneba

σ
E = E1 + E 0 = 2 E 0 = (5.1)
ε0
gamtarebisgan gansxvavebiT, dieleqtrikebSi ar aris Tavisufali
eleqtruli muxtebi. isini neitraluri atomebis an molekulebisgan
Sedgebian. damuxtuli nawilakebi bmulia erTmaneTTan da ar SeuZlia
dieleqtrikis mTel moculobaSi gadaadgileba.
dieleqtrikebis gareSe eleqtrul velSi Setanisas maTSi xdeba
atomebSi an molekulebSi Semavali muxtebis garkveuli gadanawileba,
ris Sedegad dieleqtrikuli nimuSis zedapirze Cndeba
arakompensirebuli bmuli muxtebi.
muxtebi es bmuli muxtebi Zveleburad Sedian
atomebis an molekulebis SemadgenlobaSi. am process dieleqtrikis
polarizacia ewodeba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gareSe veli mimarTulia
erTgvarovani (dieleqtrikis Tvisebebi erTnairia yvela wertilSi) da
izotropuli (dieleqtrikis Tvisebebi erTnairia yvela mimarTulebiT)
dieleqtrikis zedapiris marTobulad anu dieleqtriki avsebs sivrces or
ekvipotencialur zedapirs Soris, bmuli muxtebi dieleqtrikis SigniT
qmnis gareSe velis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis vels. eleqtruli velis
E daZabulobis moduli dieleqtrikSi naklebia gareSe velis E 0
daZabulobis modulze.
fizikur sidides,
sidides, romelic gviCv
gviCvenebs
enebs,, Tu ramdenjer amcirebs or
enebs
ekvipotencialur zedapirs Soris sivrcis Semavsebeli erTgvarovani da
izotropuli dieleqtriki eleqtruli velis daZabulobas vakuumTan
SedarebiT, dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba (ε ) ewodeba.
SedarebiT, ewodeba.

E0
ε= (5.2)
E
dieleqtrikis polarizaciis meqanizmebia orientaciuli da drekadi
polarizacia.
polarizacia
orientaciuli polarizaciis meqanizmi muSaobs polaruli
dieleqtrikebis SemTxvevaSi.
SemTxvevaSi. polaruli dieleqtrikebi
dieleqtrikebi Sedgebian iseTi
molekulebisgan,
molekulebisgan, romlebSic dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis
ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.
emTxveva. aseTi molekula SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc eleqtruli dipoli _ garkveul manZilze
moTavsebuli moduliT toli da niSniT sawinaaRmdego ori ori muxtis
neitraluri sistema.
sistema. aseTia, magaliTad, wylis molekulebi. gareSe velis
ar arsebobisas molekuluri dipolebi, siTburi moZraobis gamo,
qaosuradaa orientirebulni. am pirobebSi dieleqtrikis zedapirze da

30
moculobis nebismier elementSi eleqtruli muxti saSualod nulis
→
tolia. dieleqtrikis E 0 gareSe velSi Setanisas xdeba molekuluri
dipolebis nawilobrivi orientacia. amis Sedegad dieleqtrikis
zedapirze Cndeba arakompensirebuli bmuli muxtebi, romlebic qmnian
→
gareSe velis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul E ′ vels (nax. 5.4).

nax. 5.4
polaruli dieleqtrikis polarizaciis orientaciuli
meqanizmi
polaruli dieleqtrikebis polarizacia da, maSasadame, maTi
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba Zlieraa damokidebuli temperaturaze,
vinaidan molekulebis siTburi moZraoba dezorientaciuli faqtoris
rols asrulebs.
drekadi polarizaciis meqanizmi muSaobs arapolaruli
dieleqtrikebis SemTxvevaSi. arapolaruli dieleqtrikebis molekulebis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis centrebi gareSe velis ararsebobisas
erTmaneTs emTxveva. gareSe velSi moTavsebisas arapolaruli
dieleqtrikis molekulebi deformirdeba: molekulis dadebiTi muxtebi
wainacvleben velis mimarTulebiT, xolo uaryofiTebi _ velis
sawinaaRmdegod. amis Sedegad molekulebi eleqtrul dipolad
gardaiqmnebian, romelTa RerZebi gareSe velis gaswvrivia. dieleqtrikis
zedapirze Cndeba arakompensirebuli bmuli muxtebi (nax. 5.5).
arapolaruli dieleqtrikis polarizacia ar aris temperaturaze
damokidebuli. arapolaruli molekulis magaliTia meTanis molekula
( C H 4 ). am molekulis oTxjer ionizebuli naxSirbadis ioni (C 4− ) wesieri
piramidis centrSia moTavsebuli, piramidis wveroebSi ki _ wyalbadis
ionebia (H + ) . gareSe velSi naxSirbadis ioni piramidis centridan
wainacvlebs da molekulas uCndeba dipoluri momenti.

31
 nax. 5.5
arapolaruli dieleqtrikis polarizacia
Tu veli Zlieri ar aris, maSin, gareSe velSi moTavsebisas, polarul
da arapolarul dieleqtrikebSi wamoqmnili bmuli muxtebis eleqtruli
velis E′ daZabuloba gareSe velis E0 daZabulobis
pirdapirproporciulia. Zalian Zlier velebSi es kanonzomiereba irRveva.
magaliTad, polarul dieleqtrikebSi Zlier velebSi daikvirveba
gajerebis efeqti,
efeqti rodesac yvela molekuluri dipoli Zalwirebis
gaswvriv orientirdeba.
drekad polarizacias adgili aqvs polaruli molekulis
polarizaciis drosac, magram misi wvlili gacilebiT naklebia
orientaciul polarizaciasTan SedarebiT.
myar kristalur dieleqtrikebSi daikvirveba ionuri polarizacia.
polarizacia am
dros kristaluri mesris Semadgeneli sxvadsxva niSnis ionebi gareSe
velis moqmedebiT wainacvleben urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT,
ris Sedegadac kristalis waxnagebze Cndeba arakompensirebuli bmuli
muxtebi. ase xdeba sufris marilis kristalis ( NaCl ) SemTxvevaSi.
SemdgomSi ganvixilavT mxolod erTgvarovan da izotropul
dieleqtrikebs.
usasrulo an or ekvipotencialur zedapirs Soris sivrcis
Semavsebel dieleqtrikSi wertilovani muxtis velis daZabuloba
ganisazRvreba formuliT
→ Q →
E= ⋅r (5.3)
4π ε 0 ε r 3
xolo σ zedapiruli simkvriviT Tanabrad damuxtuli usasrulo
sibrtyis velis daZabulobis moduli ganisazRvreba formuliT

σ
E= (5.4)
2ε 0 ε
ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis Zala usasrulo
dieleqtrikSi ganisazRvreba formuliT

32
 q1 q 2
F= (5.5)
4π ε 0 ε r 2
wertilovani muxtis velis potenciali usasrulo dieleqtrikSi
ganisazRvreba formuliT
Q
ϕ= (5.6)
4π ε 0 ε r
vTqvaT, vakuumisa da dieleqtrikis sazRvarze eleqtruli veli
mimarTulia zedapiris marTobisadmi maxvili kuTxiT (nax. 5.6). davSaloT
eleqtruli velis daZabulobebi vakuumSi da dieleqtrikSi
zedapirisadmi marTobul da zedapiris mxeb (tangencialur) mdgenelebad.
dieleqtrikis zedapirze gaCenili bmuli muxtebi qmnis zedapiris
marTobul eleqtrul vels. amis Sedegad, rogorc viciT, eleqtruli
velis daZabulobis zedapirisadmi marTobuli mdgeneli Semcirdeba
ε –jer, xolo zedapiris mxebi gegmili ar Seicvleba. amrigad, vakuumisa
da dieleqtrikis sazRvarze gveqneba Semdegi sasazRvro pirobebi:
E0 n = ε En da E0τ = Eτ (5.7)

nax. 5.6
eleqtruli velis mimarTulebis cvlileba
vakuumisa da dieleqtrikis sazRvarze

ori dieleqtrikis sazRvarze eleqtruli velisaTvis gveqneba

gveqneba Semdegi sasazRvro pirobebi:
ε 1 E1n = ε 2 E2 n da E1τ = E2τ (5.8)

nivTierebaTa dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba farTo intervalSi

−4 −6
icvleba: airebisaTvis is 10 − 10 -iT metia erTze, amis gamo airebis
dieleqtrikul Tvisebebs xSirad ugulebelyofen. Txevadi da myari
arapolaruli dieleqtrikebisaTvis is ramdenime erTeulis tolia
(magaliTad navTisaTvis ε = 2 ). polaruli dieleqtrikebisaTvis
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ramdenime aTeulis tolia (magaliTad
wylisaTvis ε = 81 ). arsebobs nivTierebebi, romelTa dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadoba aTeuli da aseuli aTasis rigisaa. maT segnetoeleqtrikebs
uwodeben.
33
 amocanebi
1. R radiusis liTonis birTvi damiwebulia. birTvis centridan l > R
manZilze moaTavses q wertilovani muxti. gansazRvreT birTvis
zedapirze inducirebuli muxti.
2. R radiusis liTonis daumuxtavi birTvis centridan l > R manZilze
moaTavses q wertilovani muxti. gansazRvreT birTvis potenciali.
3. Q muxtiT damuxtuli R radiusis liTonis birTvis centridan l > R
manZilze moaTavses q wertilovani muxti. gansazRvreT birTvis
potenciali.
4. gvaqvs ori koncentruli liTonis sfero. r radiusis Siga sferos
potenciali nulis tolia (is damiwebulia), xolo 2 r radiusis gare
sferos potencialia ϕ . gansazRvreT sferoebis muxtebi.

5. liTonis R1 radiusis mqone birTvi damuxtulia ϕ potencialamde. mas

gars Semoartyes R2 radiusis koncentruli daumuxtavi gamtari
sferuli garsi. risi toli gaxdeba birTvis potenciali, Tu garss
davamiwebT? Tu birTvs mavTuliT SevaerTebT garsTan?
6. ori erTnairi damuxtuli burTula toli sigrZis aragamtari ZafebiT
dakidebulia erT wertilSi. burTulebi CauSves aragamtar siTxeSi,
romlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa ε , xolo simkvrive _ ρ . Zafebs
Soris kuTxe haerSi da siTxeSi erTnairi aRmoCnda. gansazRvreT
burTulebis simkvrive.

34
 6. eleqtrotevadoba. kondensatorebi

erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli ori gamtaris moduliT toli da

sawinaaRmdego niSnis muxtebiT damuxtvisas erT-
erT-erTi gamtaris muxtis
muxtis
Sefardebas massa da meore gamtars Soris ZabvasTan ori gamtaris
sistemis eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba.
q
C= (6.1)
U
C ori gamtaris sistemis eleqtrotevadobaa, q _ erT-erTi gamtaris
muxti, U _ am gamtarsa da meore gamtars Soris Zabva.
SI -Si eleqtrotevadobis erTeuls faradi (f) ewodeba.
1k k
1f = =1
1v v
ori gamtaris sistemis eleqtrotevadoba damokidebulia gamtarebis
zomebsa da formaze, maT Soris manZilze, maTi gamyofi dieleqtrikis
Tvisebebze, agreTve garemomcvel sxeulebis ganlagebaze da maT muxtebze.
farTo gamoyeneba aqvs ori gamtaris iseT sistemebs, romelTa
eleqtrotevadoba araa damokidebuli garemomcvel sxeulebze. maTi
eleqtruli veli lokalizebulia gamtarebs Soris sivrceSi. aseT
sistemebs kondensatorebi ewodebaT, xolo kondensatoris Semqmnel
gamtarebs _ Semonafenebi.
Semonafenebi TiToeuli Semonafenis muxtis moduls
kondensatoris muxts uwodeben.
umartivesi kondensatoria brtyeli kondensatori. is warmoadgens
dieleqtrikiT gancalkevebul or paralelur brtyel gamtar firfitas,
romelTa Soris manZili bevrad naklebis firfitebis
firfitebis zomebze. brtyeli
kondensatoris eleqtruli veli ZiriTadad lokalizebulia firfitebs
Soris, Tumca kideebTan axlos da garemomcvel sivrceSi aris SedarebiT
susti eleqtruli veli _ gabnevis veli (nax. 6.1). bevr amocanaSi
SeiZleba gabnevis velis ugulebelyofa da kondensatoris velis
idealizebulad warmodgena (nax. 6.2), magram zogierT amocanaSi gabnevis
velis ugulebelyofam SesaZloa uxeSi Secdoma gamoiwvios, radganac am
dros irRveva eleqtruli velis konservatuloba.

nax. 6.1
brtyeli kondensatoris veli

35
 nax. 6.2
brtyeli kondensatoris
velis idealizebuli
warmodgena. aseTi veli ar
aris konservatuli.

brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis formulis gamoyvanisas

dasaSvebia misi velis idealizebulad warmodgena. brtyeli
kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis Seqmnili velis daZabulobis
σ
moduli firfitis maxloblobaSi ganisazRvreba formuliT E1 =
.
2ε 0 ε
kondensatoris SigniT firfitebi qmnis erTi mimarTulebis velebs, gareT
ki _ urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuls. amis gamo, kondensatoris gareT
velis daZabuloba nulis tolia, xolo SigniT

σ
E= (6.2)
ε0 ε
dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtul firfitebs Soris Zabva iqneba

σ d qd
U = Ed = = (6.3)
ε0 ε ε0 ε S

sadac q TiToeuli firfitis muxtis modulia, d _ firfitebs Soris

manZili, xolo S _ firfitebis gadamfaravi nawilis farTobi (swored am
nawilze lagdeba muxtebi).
(6.1) da (6.3) formulebis gamoyenebiT, brtyeli kondensatoris
eleqtrotevadobisaTvis miiReba
ε0 ε S
C= (6.4)
d
sxva formis kondensatorebia sferuli da cilindruli
kondensatorebi
kondensatorebi.
densatorebi sferuli kondensatori aris dieleqtrikiT gayofili R1
da R2 radiusis koncentruli ori gamtari sferos sistema.
sistema.
cilindruli kondensatoria dieleqtrikiT gayofili R1 da R2 radiusis
da L sigrZis ( L >> R1 , R2 ) erTi RerZis mqone ori gamtari cilindris
sistema.
sistema.
erTmaneTTan kondensatorebis SeerTebiT miiReba kondensatorebis
batarea. SeerTebebis umartivesi saxeebia: paraleluri da mimdverobiTi.

36
 kondensatirTa paraleluri SeerTebisas (nax. 6.3) kondensatorebze
Zabvebi erTnairia U 1 = U 2 = U , xolo muxtebia q1 = C1 U da q 2 = C 2 U . es
sistema SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc C eleqtrotevadobis erTi
kondensatori damuxtuli q = q1 + q 2 muxtiT da Semonafenebs Soris U
ZabviT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom C U = C1 U + C 2 U , saidanac

C = C1 + C 2 (6.5)
amrigad, kondensatorTa paraleluri SeerTebisas eleqtrotevadobebi
ikribeba.

nax. 6.3 nax. 6.4

paralelurad mimdevrobiT
SeerTebuli ori SeerTebuli ori
kondensatori kondensatori

kondensatorTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas (nax. 6.4)

erTnairia
q
kondensatorebis muxtebi q1 = q 2 = q , xolo maTze Zabvebia U 1 = da
C1
q
U2 = . aseTi sistema SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc C
C2
eleqtrotevadobis erTi kondensatori damuxtuli q muxtiT da
q q q
U = U1 + U 2 ZabviT Semonafenebs Soris. misTvis miiReba = + ,
C C1 C 2
saidanac
1 1 1
= + (6.6)
C C1 C2
kondensatorTa
kondensatorTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas ikribeba eleqtrotevadobebis
Sebrunebuli sidideebi.
sidideebi.
miRebuli wesebi ZalaSia nebismieri raodenobis kondensatorTa
paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas.

37
 amocanebi
1. ramdenjer Seicvleba brtyeli kondensatoris tevadoba misi
firfitebis gadamfaravi farTobis 2-jer da maT Soris manZilis 3-jer
Semcirebisas?
2. ramdenjer Seicvleba haeriani brtyeli kondensatoris tevadoba, Tu
firfitebs Soris sivrces qarsis firfitiT SevavsebT?
3. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 200 sm2. maT
Soris manZilia 2 mm. firfitebs Soris sivrce Sevsebulia qarsis
SriT. ra maqsimaluri muxtiT SeiZleba kondensatoris damuxtva, Tu
dasaSvebi Zabvaa 3kv?
4. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 50 sm2.
firfitebs Soris sivrce Sevsebulia minis firfitiT. ra maqsimaluri
muxtiT SeiZleba kondensatoris damuxtva, Tu 10 mgv/m daZabulobis
velSi xdeba minis garRveva?
5. haeriani brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZili 3-jer
gazardes. ramdenjer Seicvala kondensatoris muxti, Zabva firfitebs
Soris da kondensatorSi velis daZabuloba, Tu a) manZilis Secvlis
win kondensatori gamorTes denis wyarosagan; b) kondensatori
CarTuli datoves denis wyarosTan.
6. vakuumiani brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebze muxtis zedapiruli
simkvrivis modulia 0,3 mkk/m2. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 100 sm2.
kondensatoris tevadobaa 10pf. ra siCqares SeiZens kondensatorSi
uaryofiTad damuxtul firfitasTan myofi eleqtroni?
7. C tevadobis brtyeli kondensatori damuxtes U Zabvamde.
gansazRvreT firfitebis urTierTmizidvis Zala.
8. haeriani brtyeli kondensatoris qveda firfita uZravadaa
damagrebuli, xolo zeda dakidebulia k sixistis zambaraze.
TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S . ramdeniT wagrZeldeba zambara, Tu
kondensators Q muxtiT davmuxtavT?
9. haeriani brtyeli kondensatori mavTulebiT mierTebulia U Zabvis
wyaros. TiToeuli firfita S farTobis kvadratia. firfitebs Soris
manZilia d . erT-erT firfitas υ siCqariT amoZraveben romelime
gverdis gaswvriv. gansazRvreT mavTulebSi denis Zala.
10. C tevadobis brtyeli kondensatori damuxtulia ise, rogorc
naCvenebia suraTze (nax. 6.5). gansazRvreT Zabva Semonafenebs Soris.
11. haerian brtyel kondensatorSi Seitanes Semonafenebis farTobis mqone
da d sisqis liTonis firfita. Semonafenebs Soris manZilia L .
gansazRvreT ramdenjer Seicvala kondensatoris tevadoba.
12. haerian brtyel kondensatorSi Seitanes Semonafenebis farTobis mqone
da d sisqis dieleqtrikis firfita, romlis dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadobaa ε . Semonafenebs Soris manZilia L . gansazRvreT
ramdenjer Seicvala kondensatoris tevadoba.
13. haeriani brtyeli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris sivrcis naxevari
Seavses ε SeRwevadobis mqone dieleqtrikiT ise, rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze (nax. 6.6). gansazRvreT ramdenjer Seicvala kondensatoris
tevadoba.
5q
ε
q
nax. 6.6
nax. 6.5
38
14. gansazRvreT muxti da Zabva TiToeul kondensatorze (nax. 6.7).
15. gansazRvreT Zabva a da b wertilebs Soris (nax. 6.8).
16. erTmaneTisgan Sors moTavsebulia ori gamtari. erT-erTi maTganis
muxtia Q1 , xolo potencialia ϕ 1 . meore gamtaris muxtia Q2 , xolo
potencialia ϕ2 . Tavdapirvelad daumuxtavi C tevadobis
kondensatori miuerTes gamtarebs wvrili mavTulebiT. gansazRvreT ra
Zabvamde daimuxta kondensatori.
17. eleqtrostatikur velSi buzi dafrinavs mxolod eqvipotencialur
zedapirze. is moaTavses damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris
9999
Semonafenebs Soris OO ′ RerZze erT-erTi maTganisgan d
20000
manZilze ( d - Semonafenebs Soris manZilia). Semonafenebi R radiusis
diskoebia ( R >> d ) (nax. 6.9). kondensatoridan ra r manZilze iqneba
buzi, rodesac is aRmoCndeba Sors mis gareT simetriis RerZze?
18. oTxi erTnairi liTonis firfita moTavsebulia haerSi erTmaneTisagan
tol d manZilebze da SeerTebulebia ise, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze
(nax. 6.10). TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S . firfitebs Soris manZili
bevrad naklebia maT zomebze. gansazRvreT miRebuli rTuli
kondensatoris tevadoba.
19. oTxi erTnairi liTonis firfita moTavsebulia haerSi erTmaneTisagan
tol d manZilebze da SeerTebulebia ise, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze
(nax. 6.11). TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S . firfitebs Soris manZili
bevrad naklebia maT zomebze. gansazRvreT Sua firfitebis muxtebi.

2C C1 C
a
C

O O'
C2 C
b

3C
+
U U nax. 6.9
nax. 6.7 nax. 6.8

+ − + U −

nax. 6.10 nax. 6.11

39
20. S farTobisa da d sisqis daumuxtavi liTonis firfita
moTavsebulia q wertilovani muxtidan r manZilze da
→
orientirebulia r veqtoris marTobulad (nax. 6.12). gansazRvreT
wertilovani muxtis da firfitis urTierTmizidvis Zala. firfitis
sisqe bevrad naklebia, xolo r manZili bevrad metia firfitis wrfiv
zomebTan SedarebiT.
21. S farTobisa da d sisqis dieleqtrikis firfita moTavsebulia q
→
wertilovani muxtidan r manZilze da orientirebulia r veqtoris
marTobulad (nax. 6.12). dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa ε .
firfitis sisqe bevrad naklebia, xolo r manZili bevrad metia
firfitis wrfiv zomebTan SedarebiT. gansazRvreT wertilovani
muxtis da firfitis urTierTmizidvis Zala.
22. sferuli kondensatori damuxtulia V Zabvamde. Siga zedapiris
radiusia r , xolo gare zedapiris ki _ R . gansazRvreT eleqtruli
wneva Siga zedapirze.

r q

nax. 6.12

40
 7. eleqtruli velis energia

damuxtul kondensators aqvs energia. es aris kondensatoris

Semonafenebis muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia. cxadia, rom
damuxtuli kondensatoris energia tolia misi damuxtvisas gare ZalTa
mier Sesrulebuli
Sesrulebuli muSaobis.
kondensatoris damuxtvis procesi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
muxtis mcire porciebis Tanamimdevruli gadatana erTi Semonafenidan
meoreze. muxtis yoveli porciis gadatanisas (garda pirveli porciis
gadatanisa) Semonafenebs Soris ukve aris garkveuli Zabva, romelic
izrdeba gadatanili muxtis proporciulad. amis gamo Sesrulebuli
muSaoba iseTia, TiTqos erTi Semonafenidan meoreze gadagvetanos Q
U
sruli muxti saSualo Zabvis pirobebSi. amitom gvaqvs
2
U QU
We = A = Q ⋅ = . es formula SeiZleba gadaiweros sxva ekvivalenturi
2 2
formiT

QU CU 2 Q2
We = = = (7.1)
2 2 2C
damuxtuli kondensatoris energiis formulis mkacri miRebisaTvis
unda gavaintegroT elementaruli muSaoba Semonafenebs Soris d q
usasrulod mcire muxtis gadatanisas kondensatoris muxtis
Q Q
q q 1 Q2
cvlilebisas 0 -dan Q -mde: dA= dq , We = A = ∫ dq = ∫qdq = .
C 0 C C 0 2C
Tanamedrove SexdulebiT, kondensatoris eleqtruli energia misi
eleqtruli velis energiaa da lokalizebulia kondensatoris
Semonafenebs Soris eleqtrul velSi. gamovsaxoT brtyeli
kondensatoris energia mis SigniT erTgvarovani eleqtruli velis
CU 2 ε0 ε S E2 d 2 ε0 ε E2
daZabulobiT We = = = V , sadac V = S d eleqtruli
2 2d 2
We ε0 ε E2
velis mier dakavebuli aris moculobaa. we = fizikuri sidide =
V 2
gamodis erTgvarovani velis erTeuli moculobis energia anu
eleqtruli velis energiis moculobiTi simkvrive.
simkvrive
araerTgvarovani eleqtruli velis SemTxvevaSi igive formula
mogvcems eleqtruli velis energiis moculobiT simkvrives wertilSi.
nebismieri araerTgvarovani velis energiis povna SeiZleba usasrulod
mcire areSi velis energiis integrebiT eleqtruli veliT dakavebul
ε0 ε E2
mTel moculobaSi: d We = we d V , We = ∫ we d V = ∫ dV .
V V 2

41
 amocanebi
1. 20 mkf tevadobis kondensatorze modebuli Zabvis 2-jer gazrdisas
velis energia 0,3 j-iT gaizarda. gansazRvreT Zabva da velis energiis
sawyisi mniSvnelobani.
2. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 200 sm2, maT
Soris manZilia 1 sm, xolo kondensatorSi velis daZabulobaa
500 kv/m. gamoTvaleT velis energia.
3. damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZili 2-jer
Seamcires. ramdenjer Seicvala velis energia da energiis simkvrive?
ganixileT ori SemTxveva: a) kondensatori manZilis Secvlis win
gamorTes denis wyarodan; b) kondensatori mierTebuli datoves denis
wyarosTan.
4. brtyeli haeriani kondensatori Seavses navTiT da damuxtes.
kondensatoris energia gaxda W0 . amis Semdeg kondensatori gamorTes
denis wyarosgan, gadmoasxes navTi da ganmuxtes. gansazRvreT
ganmuxtvisas gamoyofili energia. navTis dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadobaa ε .
5. gansazRvreT Q muxtiT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis sferos da
birTvis eleqtruli velis energiebi.
6. gansazRvreT, ra ZaliT Seizideba dieleqtrikis firfita Q muxtiT
damuxtul brtyel kondensatorSi, rodesac misi kondensatorSi
Sesuli nawilis sigrZea x . firfitis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa ε .
firfitis sisqe sul odnav naklebia kondensatoris Semonafenebs
Soris d manZilze. kondensatoris Semonafenebis, iseve rogorc
dieleqtrikis firfitis, zomebia a × b (nax. 7.1).

x
a

nax. 7.1

42
 8. eleqtruli dipoli

eleqtruli dipoli aris erTmaneTisgan garkveul l manZilze

moTavsebuli moduliT toli da niSniT sxvadasxva, q da (− q ) ,
wertilovani muxtis sistema.
→
eleqtruli dipolis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia misi p dipoluri
momenti
→ →
p=ql (8.1)
→
sadac l aris uaryofiTi muxtis dadebiT muxtTan SemaerTebeli veqtori.
miviRoT dipolidan did manZilze velis potencialis da daZabulobis
formulebi. dipolis RerZsa da im wertilze, sadac veZebT vels, gamaval
sibrtyeSi avirCioT XOY koordinatTa sistema, romlis saTave emTxveva
dipolis centrs (nax. 8.1). Y RerZi mimarTulia dipolis RerZis gaswvriv.
→
im wertilis r radius-veqtori, sadac veZebT vels, dipolis RerZTan θ
→
kuTxes adgens. dadebiTi muxtis wertilTan SemaerTebeli veqtoria r1 ,
→
xolo uaryofiTi muxtis _ r2 . vels veZebT Sors anu r >> l .

nax. 8.1

jer miviRoT potencialis formula.

q q
ϕ = ϕ1 + ϕ 2 = − (8.2)
4 π ε 0 r1 4 π ε 0 r2

43
 1
l2 l  l cosθ  2  l cosθ 
r1 = r +
2
− 2 r cosθ ≈ r 1 −  ≈ r 1 − 
  
4 2  r   2 r 

1
l2 l  l cosθ  2  l cosθ 
r2 = r 2 + + 2 r cosθ ≈ r 1 +  ≈ r 1 + 
  
4 2  r   2 r 

l
aq Cven SevinarCuneT mcire wevris pirveli xarisxi da ugulebelvyaviT
r
l
ufro maRali xarisxebi. r1 da r2 -is gamosaxulebebis (2)-Si SetaniT da
r
mcire wevris pirveli xarisxze maRali xarisxebis gadagdebiT miiReba

 
 
q  1 1  q l cosθ p cosθ
ϕ=  − = = (8.3)
4π ε 0 r  l cosθ l cosθ  4π ε 0 r 2 4π ε 0 r 2
 1 − 1 + 
 2r 2r 
miRebuli formula wertilis (x, y ) dekartes koordinatebiT ase
Caiwereba:
py
ϕ= (8.4)
4 π ε 0 (x + y ) 3
2 2 2

velis daZabulobis gegmilebs RerZebze vipoviT gawarmoebiT:

∂ϕ 3pxy
Ex = − = (8.5)
4 π ε 0 (x + y ) 5
∂x 2 2 2

∂ϕ p [3 y 2 − (x 2 + y 2 )]
Ey = − = (8.6)
4 π ε 0 (x 2 + y 2 )
5
∂y 2

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom x = r sinθ da y = r cosθ , daZabulobis

gegmilebis formulebs CavwerT polaruli koordinatebiT
3 p sinθ cosθ
Ex = (8.7)
4π ε 0 r 3

p (3 cos 2 θ − 1)
Ey = (8.8)
4π ε 0 r 3
daZabulobis gegmilebis formulebis miReba SeiZleba pirdapiri gziTac:

44
 → →l  → →l 
 
→ →
q r−  q r+  →
q r1 q r2  2  2 q  1 1  l 1 1 
→ → →
     →
  
E = E1 + E 2 = − = − = r − − + 
  3 
4 π ε 0 r1 4 π ε 0 r2
3 3
4 π ε 0 r13
4 π ε 0 r23 3  
4 π ε 0   r1 r2  2  r1 r23 
3
 
l
am formulaSi r1 da r2 -is miaxloebiTi gamosaxulebebis SetaniT da
r
mcire wevris pirveli xarisxze maRali xarisxebis gadagdebiT miiReba
l
(SevniSnoT, rom kvadratuli frCxilis meore wevrSi ugulebelvyofT -
r
is pirvel xarisxsac. misi datovebiT miiReba pirvel wevrTan SedarebiT
bevrad mcire wevri)

 3 l cosθ →
r →   3 p cosθ →
r → 
→ q  1 
E=  − l =  − p (8.9)
4π ε 0 r 3  r  4π ε 0 r 3  r 
   
aqedan daZabulobis gegmilebisaTvis miiReba (7-8) formulebi (SeamowmeT
SeamowmeT).
SeamowmeT
axla miviRoT erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul dipolze
moqmed ZalaTa momentis formula. velis daZabulobis moduli iyos E ,
xolo kuTxe daZabulobasa da dipolur moments Soris _ θ . muxtebze
moqmedi Zalebi naCvenebia nax. 8.2-ze.

sur. 8.2

F1 = F2 = q E . dipolsa da daZabulobaze gamavali sibrtyis marTobuli

nebismieri RerZis mimarT dipolze moqmed ZalTa momenti iqneba erTnairi:
M = F1 d 1 + F2 d 2 = q E l 1 sinθ + q E l 2 sinθ = q E l sinθ = p E sinθ (8.10)

45
es toloba SeiZleba veqtoruli saxiTac Caiweros:
→ → →
M = p× E (8.11)
rogorc vxedavT momenti araa damokidebuli RerZis mdebareobaze.
axla miviRoT erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli dipolis
potenciuri energiis formula. nulovani done iyos daZabulobis
marTobuli nebismieri sibrtye (nax. 8.3).

nax. 8.3

erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli wertilovani muxtis energiis

formulis gamoyenebiT miviRebT
→ →
W = q E d 1 + (− q E d 2 ) = − q E (d 2 − d 1 ) = − q E l cosθ = − p E cosθ = − p ⋅ E (8.12)
rogorc vxedavT dipolis energia araa damokidebuli nulovani donis
arCevaze.

46
 9. gamosaxulebis meTodi
rodesac damuxtuli sxeulebis maxloblobaSi moTavsebulia
gamtarebi, maSin eleqtruli velis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra rTulia.
saqme imaSia, rom eleqtrostatikuri induqciis movlenis gamo gamtarebis
zedapirebze Cndeba muxtis ucnobi gadanawileba. magram zogierT
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia rogorc velis maxasiaTeblebis, aseve gamtaris
zedapirze muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivis ganawilebis iolad gansazRvra
e.w. gamosaxulebis meTodis gamoyenebiT. aRvweroT am meTodis arsi.
vTqvaT sivrcis V areSi, romelic SemosazRvrulia S zedapiriT (am
zedapiris nawili usasrulobaSic SeiZleba iyos), mocemulia (q1 , q 2 , K)
wertilovani muxtebis ganawileba. eleqtruli veli am areSi calsaxad
ganisazRvreba mis SigniT muxtebis ganawilebiT da zedapirze
potencialis ganawilebiT. amis gamo, Tu SevcvliT muxtebis ganawilebas
V aris zedapirze da am aris gareT (cxadia ar SevexebiT Siga muxtebs)
ise, rom S zedapirze potencialis ganawileba ar Seicvalos, maSin V
areSi eleqtruli veli ar Seicvleba. am axal muxtebs muxtebi-
gamosaxulebebi ewodeba. cxadia, rom meTodi maSin gamodgeba, rodesac
SesaZlebeli iqneba muxtebi-gamosaxulebebis martivad povna da maTi
saSualebiT eleqtruli velis maxasiaTeblebis martivad gansazRvra.
1) meTodis gamoyenebis pirvel magaliTad ganvixiloT q
wertilovani muxti (pirobiTad dadebiTi) moTavsebuli l manZilze
liTonis daumuxtavi usasrulo firfitidan. cxadia, rom didi sizustiT
igivea sasrulo firfitis SemTxvevac, rodesac firfitis zomebi bevrjer
metia muxtamde manZilTan SedarebiT. q muxtis velis moqmedebiT
liTonis firfitis eleqtronebi kididan gadmoinacvleben muxtis qveviTa
wertilisken da yvelaze mkvrivad aq ganlagdebian. firfitis kideebisaken
garkveulad ganawildeba dadebiTi muxti. Tu firfita damiwebulia, maSin
eleqtronebi miwidan movlen. muxtebis zedapiruli simkvrivis ganawileba
firfitaze ucnobia, magram radgan firfita usasruloa, amitom misi
nebismieri wertilis potenciali nulis tolia. cxadia, rom Cven
eleqtruli veli gvainteresebs im naxevarsivrceSi, sadacaa moTavsebuli
q muxti. meore naxevarsivrceSi veli ekranirebulia da ar aris. CvenTvis
saintereso aris SemomsazRvreli zedapiris wertilebSi (nawilobriv es
firfitis zedapiria da nawilobriv usasrulod daSorebuli wertilebi)
potenciali nulis tolia. advili dasanaxia, rom potencialis igive
ganawileba gveqneba, Tu firfitaze muxtis ganawilebis nacvlad
movaTavsebT (− q ) muxts q muxtis simetriulad (nax. 9.1).

47
naxatis zeda naxevarsivrceSi firfitaze gadanawilebuli muxtis
Seqmnili eleqtrul veli srulad emTxveva (− q ) muxtis vels. cxadia,
rom iolia velis daZabulobisa da potencialis gansazRvra zeda
naxevarsivrcis nebismier wertilSi. q muxtisa da liTonis firfitis
urTierTmizidvis Zala emTxveva q da (− q ) muxtebis mizidvis Zalas anu

q2 q2
F= =
4 π ε 0 (2 l ) 16 π ε 0 l 2
2

liTonis zedapirze muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivis ganawilebis

→
gansazRvrisaTvis pirvel rigSi vipovoT velis E 0 daZabuloba uSualod
zedapirTan. cxadia, rom superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad is tolia q
→ →
muxtis velis E daZabulobis da (− q ) muxti-gamosaxulebis velis E′
→ → →
daZabulobis jamis (nax. 9.2): E 0 = E + E ′ .

advili saCvenebelia, rom jamuri daZabuloba mimarTulia zedapiris

marTobulad da moduliT tolia
ql
E0 =
( )
3
2π ε 0 r 2 + l 2 2

aq r manZilia muxtidan zedapirze daSvebuli marTobis fuZidan im

wertilamde , sadac veZebT velis daZabulobas.
rogorc viciT, gamtaris zedapirze muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive
dakavSirebulia velis daZabulobasTan formuliT σ = ε 0 E0 .
gaviTvaliswinoT agreTve, rom firfitaze inducirebul muxts aqvs q
muxtis sawinaaRmdego niSani. miviRebT, rom firfitaze inducirebuli
muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivis ganawilebas aqvs saxe
ql
σ =−
( )
3
2π r 2 + l 2 2

2) gamosaxulebis meTodis gamoyenebis meore magaliTad ganvixiloT

liTonis damiwebuli R radiusiani birTvis centridan l > R manZilze
moTavsebuli q wertilovani muxti. gamovikvlioT eleqtruli veli am
SemTxvevaSi. cxadia, rom liTonis birTvis SigniT veli ar gvaqvs. ase
rom, veli gamosakvlevia birTvis gareT.

48
 liTonis damiwebuli birTvis zedapirze gaCndeba inducirebuli
muxti, romlis ganawileba ucnobia, magram cnobilia, rom birTvis
potenciali nulia, radganac is damiwebulia. gare aris orive sazRvarze
_ birTvis zedapirze da usasrulobaSi _ velis potenciali nulis
tolia. vaCvenoT, rom igive sasazRvro piroba gveqneba, Tu birTvis
zedapirze inducirebuli muxtis nacvlad, birTvis SigniT gansazRvrul
adgilze movaTavsebT gansazRvrul wertilovan muxts (muxti-
gamosaxuleba). vTqvaT es muxtia q ′ da moTavsebulia birTvis centridan
x < R manZilze (nax. 9.3).

cxadia, usasrulobaSi potenciali nulis tolia. saWiroa ise SeirCes q ′

da x , rom nulis toli iyos potenciali birTvis zedapiris nebismier
wertilSic. amisaTvis unda gvqondes
kq k q′
+ = 0 , nebismieri α kuTxisaTvis
R 2 + l 2 − 2 R l cosα R 2 + x 2 − 2 R x cosα

aqedan pirvel rigSi vxedavT, rom q ′ da q muxtebi sxvadasxva niSnisaa.

tolobis erTi Sesakrebis marjvena mxares gadatanis, kvadratSi ayvanis
da martivi gardaqmnebis Semdeg miiReba

( ) ( ) ( )
q 2 R 2 + x 2 − q ′ 2 R 2 + l 2 + 2 R l q ′ 2 − x q 2 cosα = 0
es toloba nebismieri α kuTxisaTvis Sesruldeba maSin da mxolod
maSin, rodesac

l q′2 − x q 2 = 0 da ( ) ( )
q 2 R 2 + x 2 − q′ 2 R 2 + l 2 = 0

x
am tolobebidan pirveli gvaZlevs, rom q ′ 2 = q 2 ⋅ . amis SetaniT meore
l
tolobaSi da martivi gardaqmnebis Semdeg miiReba

(l − x ) (R 2 − x l ) = 0
R2
am gantolebas ori amonaxseni aqvs: x=l da x= . gamosaxulebis
l
meTodis Tanaxmad Cven gvawyobs mxolod x < R amonaxseni. aseTia
mxolod meore amonaxseni. amrigad

R2
x=
l
amis SetaniT muxti-gamosaxulebis formulaSi miiReba

49
 x R2
q′2 = q 2 ⋅ = q2 ⋅
l l
radganac q ′ da q muxtebi sxvadasxva niSnisaa, amitom sabolood gvaqvs

R
q ′ = −q ⋅
l
amrigad liTonis damiwebuli birTvis zedapirze inducirebuli muxtis
eleqtruli veli birTvis gareT emTxveva birTvis centridan muxtis
R2 R
mxares x = manZilze moTavsebuli q ′ = − q ⋅ wertlovani muxtis
l l
eleqtrul vels.
q wertilovani muxtisa da liTonis damiwebuli birTvis mizidvis
Zala iqneba

q q′ q2 R l
F= =
4 π ε 0 (l − x )
2
(
4π ε 0 l 2 − R 2 )2

rodesac l >> R , maSin gvaqvs

q2 R
F=
4π ε 0 l3
amrigad, wertilovani muxtisa da liTonis damiwebuli birTvis
mizidvis Zala did manZilze manZilis kubis ukuproporciulia. es advili
asaxsnelia: did manZilze Zala aris birTvis centrSi moTavsebuli
wertilovani muxti-gamosaxulebis da q wertilovani muxtis mizidvis
Zala. is pirdapirproporciuli muxtebis namravli da ukuproporciulia
maT Soris manZilis kvadratis, magram Tavad muxti-gamosaxuleba
ukuproporciulia manZilis, amitomac Zala ukuproporciulia manZilis
kubis.
3) gamosaxulebis meTodis gamoyenebis mesame magaliTad ganvixiloT
liTonis daumuxtavi daumiwebuli R radiusiani birTvis centridan l > R
manZilze moTavsebuli q wertilovani muxti. gamovikvlioT eleqtruli
veli am SemTxvevaSi. cxadia, rom aqac liTonis birTvis SigniT veli ar
gvaqvs. ase rom, veli gamosakvlevia birTvis gareT. birTvis zedapirze
gaCenili inducirebuli muxtis ganawileba aqac ucnobia, magram
cnobilia, rom jamuri inducirebuli muxti nulis tolia. cxadia, rom
birTvis yvela wertilis potenciali erTnairia, magram araa nulis
toli. am potencialis gamosaTvlelad davyoT birTvis zedapirze
gaCenili insucirebuli muxti mcire nawilebad da superpoziciis
principis gamoyenebiT gamovTvaloT potenciali birTvis centrSi:

q
+∑
∆ qind q ∑ ∆q q
ϕ= ∑ ∆q
ind
= + = , radganac =0
4π ε0 l 4π ε 0 R 4π ε0 l 4π ε 0 l 4π ε0 l
ind

cxadia, igivea potenciali birTvis yvela wertilSi, maT Soris zedapiris

wertilebSi. usasrulobaSi potenciali nulis tolia. am sasazRvro
pirobebis uzrunvelyofas SevZlebT, Tu moviSorebT birTvis zedapirze
ganawilebul inducirebul muxts da mis nacvlad birTvis SigniT

50
movaTavsebT saTanadod SerCeul or wertilovan muxts. marTlac, ukve
R2 R
viciT, rom Tu birTvis centridan x = manZilze movaTavsebT q ′ = − q ⋅
l l
muxts, maSin q muxtTan erTad is birTvis zedapiris wertilebSi Seqmnis
nulis tol potencials. birTvis zedapiris wertilebSi potenciali
q
ϕ= gaxdeba, Tu birTvis centrSi damatebiT movaTavsebT
4π ε 0 l
saTanadod SerCeul q ′′ muxts. vipovoT es muxti:
q ′′ q qR
unda gvqondes =ϕ = , saidanac q ′′ = .
4π ε 0 R 4π ε 0 l l
velis potenciali usasrulobaSi isev nulis toli rCeba.
amrigad, liTonis daumiwebeli daumuxtavi birTvis zedapirze
inducirebuli muxtis eleqtruli veli emTxveva birTvis centrSi
R R2
moTavsebuli q ′′ = q ⋅ muxti-gamosaxulebis da birTvis centridan x =
l l
R
manZilze moTavsebuli q ′ = − q ⋅ muxti-gamosaxulebis jamur vels. es
l
q R R2 q R3
muxti-gamosaxulebebi qmnis dipols p = ⋅ = 2 dipoluri momentiT.
l l l
maSasadame, liTonis daumiwebeli daumuxtavi birTvis zedapirze
inducirebuli muxtis eleqtruli veli emTxveva dipolis vels.
q wertilovani muxtisa da liTonis daumuxtavi daumiwebuli
birTvis mizidvis Zala iqneba

F=
q q′
−
q q ′′
=
q2 R l
−
q2 R
=
(
q2 R3 2l2 − R2 )
4 π ε 0 (l − x )
2
4π ε 0 l 2
(
4π ε 0 l 2 − R )
2 2
(
4π ε 0 l3 4π ε 0 l3 l 2 − R 2 )
2

rodesac l >> R , maSin gvaqvs

q2 R3
F=
2π ε 0 l5
amrigad, wertilovani muxtisa da liTonis daumuxtavi daumiwebuli
birTvis mizidvis Zala did manZilze manZilis mexuTe xarisxis
ukuproporciulia. esec advili asaxsnelia: daumiwebeli birTvis
SemTxvevaSi, did manZilze Zala aris birTvis centrSi moTavsebuli
wertilovani dipolis da q wertilovani muxtis mizidvis Zala. is
pirdapirproporciuli wertilovani muxtis da wertilovani dipolis
dipoluri momentis da ukuproporciulia manZilis kubis, magram
dipoluri momenti ukuproporciulia manZilis kvadratis, amitomac Zala
ukuproporciulia manZilis mexuTe xarisxis.

51
 10. eleqtruli deni.
deni. em Zala. omis kanoni
kanoni

Tu gamtars movaTavsebT eleqtrostatikur velSi, maSin moxdeba

gamtaris Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis xanmokle gadaadgileba. es
procesi damTavrdeba maSin, rodesac gamtaris zedapirze gaCenili
muxtebis eleqtruli veli srulad moaxdens gareSe eleqtruli velis
kompensirebas. jamuri eleqtrostatikuri veli gamtaris SigniT ar
gveqneba.
garkveul pirobebSi gamtarSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas Tavisufali
damuxtuli nawilakebis uwyveti mowesrigebuli moZraoba. amisaTvis
gamtarSi unda arsebobdes eleqtruli veli.
gamtaris Tavisufali
Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis mowesrigebul
moZraobas eleqtruli deni ewodeba. denis mimarTulebad miCneulia
dadebiTad damuxtuli Tavisufali nawilakebis moZraobis mimarTuleba.
eleqtruli denis raodenobrivi maxasiaTebelia denis Zala. denis
Zala ewodeba fizikur sidides,
sidides, romelic tolia gamtaris ganivkveTSi
drois raime SualedSi gasuli muxtis Sefardebisa drois am SualedTan:
∆q
I= (10.1)
∆t
Tu denis Zala ar icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi, maSin dendens
s mudmivi
deni ewodeba.
Tu denis Zala icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi, maSin (10.1) formula
gvaZlevs saSualo denis Zalas ∆t drois SualedSi. myisi denis Zala
dq
moicema formuliT I = , sadac d q aris gamtaris ganivkveTSi
dt
usasrulod mcire d t drois SualedSi gavlili usasrulod mcire muxti.
erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemaSi denis Zalis erTeuli ZiriTadi
erTeulia da mas amperi (a) ewodeba.
mudmivi deni mxolod Sekrul wredSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. am
SemTxvevaSi gamtarSi aris droSi ucvleli eleqtruli veli. es ar aris
eleqtrostatikuri veli, mas moZravi muxtebi qmnis. magram muxtebis
ganawileba gamtaris gaswvriv ar icvleba drois mixedviT. amitom
eleqtrul vels eleqtrostatikuri velis xasiaTi aqvs. misi muSaoba
Sekrul gzaze eleqtruli muxtis gadaadgilebisas nulis tolia. cxadia,
rom wredSi mudmivi denis arsebobisaTvis muxtebze unda moqmedebdes
moqmedebdes
araeleqtrostatikuri xasiaTis Zalebi, romelTa muSaoba Sekrul gzaze
nulisagan gansxvavdeba. aseT Zalebs gare Zalebi ewodebaT.
ewodebaT. aseTi Zalebi
moqmedeben mowyobilobebSi, romelTac mudmivi denis wyaroebi ewodebaT.
maTSi moqmedi gare Zalebi erTmaneTisagan ancalkeveben dadebiT da
uaryofiT muxtebs, agroveben maT denis wyaros polusebze da qmnian
mudmiv potencialTa sxvaobas. mudmivi denis wyaroebis magaliTebia
galvanuri elementebi, akumulatorebi, mudmivi denis generatorebi.
galvanur elementebSi da akumulatorebSi gare Zala eleqtroqimiuri
procesebis Sedegad Cndeba. mudmivi denis generatorSi gare Zala Cndeba
magnitur velSi gamtaris moZraobisas.
fizikur sidides, romelic tolia denis wyaroSi wyaroSi garkveuli
mimarTulebiT raime muxtis gavlisas gare Zalebis muSaobis Sefardebisa
am muxtTan, mocemuli mimarTulebiT wyaros eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala
(emZ) ewodeba:

52
 Agare
E= (10.2)
q
wyaros em Zala dadebiTia im mimarTulebiT, romliTac wyaros
gavlisas gadavdivarT uaryofiTi polusidan dadebiTze. Cveulebriv,
wyarosTvis iZlevian dadebiT em Zalis mniSvnelobas.
SI -Si emZ-s erTeulia volti (v).
germanelma fizikosma georg omma 1826 wels eqsperimentulad
daadgina, rom liTonis gamtarSi I denis Zala mis boloebs Soris U
potencialTa sxvaobis (Zabvis
(Zabvis)
Zabvis) proporciulia. proporciulobis
G koeficients gamtaroba ewodeba, xolo mis Sebrunebul R sidides _
winaRoba.
U
I = GU = (10.3)
R
SI -Si gamtarobis erTeuls simensi (si) qvia, xolo winaRobis
a v
erTeuls _ omi. 1si = 1 , 1omi = 1 .
v a
gamtaris gamtaroba da winaRoba damokidebulia gamtaris formaze,
zomebze da nivTierebis gvarobaze. wrfivi gamtaris winaRoba
proporciulia gamtaris sigrZis da ukuproporciulia gamtaris
ganivkveTis farTobis:
l
R=ρ (10.4)
S
am formulaSi ρ proporciulobis koeficienti damokidebulia
nivTierebis gvarobaze da mas kuTri winaRoba ewodeba. kuTri winaRobis
Sebrunebul sidides kuTri gamtaroba ewodeba. SI -Si kuTri winaRobis
erTeulia 1 omi.m.
gamtaris winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba damokidebulia agreTve
temperaturaze, oRond es damokidebuleba sustia da SesamCnevia
temperaturis mniSvnelovani cvlilebisas. sakmaod did temperaturul
intervalSi winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebuleba wrfivia:
R = R0 (1 + α t ) (10.5)
aq R0 gamtaris winaRobaa celsiusis nul gradusze, t celsiusis skaliT
gazomili temperaturaa, α koeficienti damokidebulia nivTierebis
gvarobaze da mas winaRobis temperaturuli koeficienti ewodeba.
analogiuradaa damokidebuli temperaturaze kuTri winaRoba (gamtaris
zomebis SecvliT gamowveuli efeqti mcirea):
ρ = ρ 0 (1 + α t ) (10.6)
sadac ρ 0 kuTri winaRobaa celsiusis nul gradusze.
ganvixiloT mTel sigrZeze erTi ganivkveTis mqone mavTuli, romlis
l
winaRobaa R = ρ . mavTulis boloebs Soris U Zabvis pirobebSi masSi
S
U US
gamavali I denis ZalisaTvis miiReba: I = = . gadavweroT miRebuli
R ρl
I 1 U U
formula sxva saxiT: = ⋅ . aq E = sidide mavTulSi eleqtruli
S ρ l l

53
 I
velis daZabulobaa, xolo j = sidides denis Zalis simkvrive ewodeba.
S
amrigad gvaqvs
E
j= (10.7)
ρ
denis Zalis simkvrives ganixilaven rogorc veqtors, romlis moduli
tolia denis Zalis Sefardebisa gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobTan da
mimarTulia denis mimarTulebiT. es ukanaskneli ki velis daZabulobis
mimarTulebas emTxveva, amitom (1.7) formula veqtoruli saxiT ase
gadaiwereba:
→
→
E
j= (10.8)
ρ
es aris omis kanoni lokaluri formiT, romlis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
gamtaris calkeuli wertilisaTvis.
Tu sivrceSi miedineba deni, maSin raime zedapirSi gamavali denis Zala
ganisazRvreba formuliT
I = ∫ j cos α ⋅ d S (10.9)
sadac j denis Zalis simkvrivea zedapiris wertilebSi, xolo α kuTxea
denis Zalis simkvrivis veqtorsa da zedapiris normals Soris
calkeul wertilebSi. zedapiris normali zedapiris wertilSi aris
zedapiris am wertilis Semcveli mcire brtyeli nawilis marTobuli
erTeulovani veqtori.
omis kanons emorCileba eleqtrolitis (marilebis, mJavebis an tutes
wyalxsnarebi) ubanic. gamtarebs, romlebic emorCilebian omis kanons,
wrfivi ewodebaT. maTTvis denis Zalis Zabvaze damokidebulebis (volt-
(volt-
amperuli maxasiaTebeli) grafiki aris
aris koordinatTa saTaveSi gamavali
wrfe. aRvniSnoT, rom omis kanons ar emorCileba naxevargamtaruli
diodi, airganmuxtvis naTura, vakuumiani xelsawyoebi. TviT liTonis
gamtarebisaTvisac omis kanoni zusti ar aris. saqme imaSia, rom Zabvis
Secvlisas icvleba ubanze gamoyofili simZlavre. amis gamo icvleba
gamtaris temperatura da , maSasadame, misi winaRoba. e.i. denis Zala ar
gamodis Zabvis proporciuli. denis Zala miaxloebiT iqneba Zabvis
proporciuli Zabvis iseT intervalSi cvlilebisas, romlis drosac
winaRobis cvlileba umniSvneloa. SemdgomSi, Tu specialurad ar
aRvniSneT, ganvixilavT gamtarebs, romlebisaTvisac omis kanoni
sruldeba.
Zabvis (potencialTa sxvaobis) da denis Zalis gasazomad iyeneben
specialur xelsawyoebs _ voltmetrs da ampermetrs.
voltmetrs paralelurad uerTeben
uerTeben wredis im wertilebs, romelTa
Sorisac undaT potencialTa sxvaobis (Zabvis) gazomva. imisaTvis, rom
voltmetris CarTvam ar gamoiwvios wredSi denis Zalebis SesamCnevi
gadanawileba da gasazomi Zabvis SesamCnevi Secvla, aucilebelia, rom
misi Siga winaRoba bevrad meti iyos wredis im ubnis winaRobasTan
SedarebiT, romelsac mivuerTeT is.
ampermetrs rTaven wredis im ubanTan mimdevrobiT, romelSiac undaT
denis Zalis gazomva. imisaTvis, rom voltmetris CarTvam ar gamoiwvios
wredSi denis Zalebis SesamCnevi gadanawileba da gasazomi denis Zalis
SesamCnevi Secvla, aucilebelia, rom misi Siga winaRoba bevrad naklebi

54
iyos wredis im ubnis winaRobasTan SedarebiT, romelsac mimdevrobiT
mivuerTeT is.
voltmetrebi da ampermetrebi ori saxisaa: isrianebi da cifruli.

amocanebi

1. C tevadobis damuxtuli kondensatori ganimuxteba ucnobi

volt-amperuli maxasiaTeblis mqone elementze, amasTan denis Zala
icvleba kanoniT I (t ) = I 0 − at , 0 < t < I 0 a , sadac I 0 da a dadebiTi
mudmivebia. t 0 = I 0 a momentSi kondensatori ganmuxtulia. gansazRvreT
elementis volt-amperuli maxasiaTebeli.
2. u siCqariT moZravi β -radioaqtiuri mtvris namcecebis nakadSi
erTeul moculobaSi eleqtronebis ricxvia ne . eleqtronebis siCqare
maTi gamomSvebi mtvris namcecebis mimarT aris υ , xolo siCqareebis
yvela mimarTuleba tol albaTuria. gansazRvreT nakadSi
eleqtronuli denis simkvrive.
3. gamtari birTvis nivTierebis kuTri winaRobaa ρ . birTvis centrSi
aRmoCnda Warbi Q0 muxti. gansazRvreT rogor aris damokidebuli
birTvis centridan misi zedapirisken denis Zala gamtaris centrSi
moTavsebul Warb Q muxtze. rogor icvleba Q muxti drois
ganmavlobaSi?
rad
4. mavTulis r = 0.1m radiusiani rgoli Ω = 103 kuTxuri siCqariT
wm
brunavs. gansazRvreT denis Zala mavTulSi, rodesac rgols Tanabrad
vamuxruWebT τ = 10 −3 wm -is ganmavlobaSi srul gaCerebamde. mavTulis
ganivkveTis farTobia s = 0.5 sm 2 , xolo misi nivTierebis kuTri
si
gamtarobaa λ = 6 × 107 .
m

55
 11. gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba

gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas (nax. 11.1) denis Zala yvela

gamtarSi erTnairia: I 1 = I 2 = I , xolo Zabva ubanze tolia gamtarebze
Zabvebis jamis: U = U1 + U 2 . omis kanonis Tanaxmad
U 1 = I R1 , U 2 = I R2 , U = I R , sadac R gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebiT
miRebuli ubnis winaRobaa. aqedan gamomdinareobs:
R = R1 + R2 (11.1)
gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebiT miRebuli ubnis winaRoba gamtarTa
winaRobebis jamis tolia.
U 1 R1
= (11.2)
U 2 R2
mimdevrobiT SeerTebul gamtarebze Zabvebis Sefardeba maTi winaRobebis
Sefardebis tolia.

nax. 11.1
gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba

miRebuli Sedegebi marTebulia mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli gamtarebis

nebismieri ricxvis SemTxvevaSi.
gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebisas (nax. 11.2) yvela maTganze
erTnairia Zabva: U 1 = U 2 = U , xolo denis Zala wredis araganStoebul
ubanze tolia paralelurad SeerTebul gamtarebSi denis Zalebis jamis:
I = I 1 + I 2 . es ukanaskneli imis Sedegia, rom mudmivi denis wredSi ar
SeiZleba sadme grovdebodes muxti. magaliTad, A kvanZSi ∆t droSi
Sedis I ⋅ ∆t muxti, xolo misgan gaedineba I 1 ⋅ ∆t + I 2 ⋅ ∆t muxti. radgan
muxti ar SeiZleba dagrovdes, amitom I ⋅ ∆t = I 1 ⋅ ∆t + I 2 ⋅ ∆t anu I = I 1 + I 2 .
U U U
omis kanonis Tanaxmad I = , I1 = , I2 = , sadac R gamtarTa
R R1 R2
paraleluri SeerTebiT miRebuli ubnis winaRobaa. aqedan gamomdinareobs:
1 1 1
= + (11.3)
R R1 R2
gamtarTa
gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTebiT miRebuli ubnis winaRobis winaRobis Sebrunebuli
sidide gamtarTa winaRobebis Sebrunebul sidideTa jamis tolia.
I 1 R2
= (11.4)
I 2 R1
paralelurad SeerTebul gamtarebSi denis Zalebis Zalebis Sefardeba maTi
winaRobebis Sefardebis Sebrunebulia.

56
 nax. 11.2
gamtarTa paraleluri SeerTeba

miRebuli Sedegebi marTebulia paralelurad SeerTebuli gamtarebis

nebismieri ricxvis SemTxvevaSi.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi wredis rTuli ubani gamtarTa mimdverobiTi da
paraleluri SeerTebebis kombinaciaa. am SemTxvevaSi ubnis winaRobis
gamoTvlis magaliTi moyvanilia nax. 11.3-ze.

nax. 11.3
rTuli ubnis winaRobis gamoTvla.
cifrebi gamtarTa winaRobebia omebSi.

nax. 11.4-ze moyvanili wredis ubnis magaliTi, romelic ar aris

gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTebebis kombinacia.

nax. 11.4

57
aseTi da denis ramdenime wyaros Semcveli ganStoebuli wredebis gaTvla
(denis Zalebis, Zabvebis, sruli winaRobis povna) xdeba kirxhofis wesebis
gamoyenebiT. zogjer gvSvelis gamtarTa samkuTxa SeerTebis Secvla
ekvivalenturi varskvlava SeerTebiT an simetriis mosazrebebis
gamoyenebiT wredis ubnis dayvana wina SemTxvevaze.

amocanebi

1. rgoli damzadebulia mavTulisagan, romlis winaRobaa R , romeli

wertilebiT CavrToT rgoli wredSi, rom misi winaRoba r –is toli
aRmoCndes?
2. minimaluri raodenobis 5 komi winaRobis rezistorebis gamoyenebiT
miiReT 3 komi winaRoba.
3. erTi gamtaris winaRoba celsiusis nul gradusze aris R1 0 , misi
nivTierebis winaRobis Termuli koeficienti ki _ α 1 . igive sidideebi
meore gamtarisaTvis aris Sesabamisad R2 0 da α 2 . gansazRvreT am
gamtarebis mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTebebiT miRebuli
gamtarebis Termuli koeficientebi t temperaturis iseT SualedSi,
romlisaTvisac α 1 t << 1, α 2 t << 1 .
4. naxSirisa da liTonis Reroebi SeerTebulia mimdevrobiT. naxSiris
winaRobis Termuli koeficientia α 1 ( α 1 < 0 , radganac temperaturis
gazrdisas naxSiris winaRoba mcirdeba), xolo liTonis _ α 2 ( α 2 > 0 ,
radganac temperaturis gazrdisas liTonis winaRoba izrdeba).
rogori unda iyos Reroebis winaRobaTa Sefardeba celsiusis nul
gradusze, rom SeerTebiT miRebuli ubnis winaRoba temperaturaze
damokidebuli ar aRmoCndes?
5. gansazRvreT nax. 11.5 _ 11.7-ze moyvanili wredebis winaRobebi.

58
6. ampermetris winaRobaa R A . ra winaRobis rezistori unda mivuerToT
mas paralelurad (mas Sunti ewodeba), rom denis Zalis gazomvis
zRvari n –jer gavzardoT?
7. voltmetris winaRobaa RV . ra damatebiTi winaRoba unda mivuerToT
mas mimdevrobiT, rom Zabvis gazomvis zRvari n –jer gavzardoT?
8. gvaqvs xelsawyo danayofis fasiT i0 = 10 mka . mis skalas aqvs n = 100
danayofi. xelsawyos Siga winaRobaa r = 50 omi . rogor miviRoT am
xelsawyodan voltmetri, romlis gazomvis zRvaria U 0 = 200 v an
miliampermetri, romlis gazomvis zRvaria I 0 = 800 ma ?
9. mavTulisgan damzadebuli kubis TiToeuli wibos winaRobaa r .
gansazRvreT kubis winaRoba, Tu is wredSi CarTulia ise, rogorc
naCvenebia nax. 11.8 a, b, c–ze.
10. usasrulo gamtari bade Sedgeba kvadratuli ujredebisagan (nax. 11.9).
ujredis TiToeuli gverdis winaRobaa r . wreds qselSi rTaven A da
B kvanZebiT. A kvanZSi Sedis, xolo B kvanZidan gamodis I deni. ra
deni miedineba kvanZebis SemaerTebel mavTulSi? risi tolia badis
winaRoba qselSi aseTi CarTvisas?
11. usasrulo gamtari bade Sedgeba wesieri eqvskuTxedis formis
ujredebisagan (nax. 11.10). ujredis TiToeuli gverdis winaRobaa r .
gansazRvreT badis winaRoba A da B wertilebiT, agreTve A da C
wertilebiT qselSi CarTvis SemTxvevebSi.
12. naxat 11.11-ze da 11.12-ze moyvanilia usasrulo wredebis sqema. ipoveT
maTi winaRobebi.

59
r r r r

r r r r

r r r r
nax. 11.11

r 2r 4r 2n r

r 2r 4r 2n r

r 2r 4r 2n r
nax. 11.12

60
 12. gamtarebis samkuTxa da varskvlava SeerTebebi

nax. 12.1-ze gamosaxulia gamtarTa samkuTxa (a) da varskvlava (b)

SeerTebebi.

nax. 12.1
vnaxoT, rogor unda ukavSirdebodes r1 , r2 , r3 winaRobebi R1 , R2 , R3
winaRobebs, rom varskvlava SeerTeba iyos samkuTxa SeerTebis
ekvivalenturi. ekvivalentoba moiTxovs, rom wertilebis erTidaigive
wyviliT orive maTganis wredSi CarTvisas winaRobebi erTmaneTis toli
iyos:
R (R + R2 )
r1 + r2 = 3 1
R1 + R2 + R3
R (R + R3 )
r1 + r3 = 2 1
R1 + R2 + R3
R ( R + R3 )
r2 + r3 = 1 2
R1 + R2 + R3
gavutoloT am gantolebebis marcxena da marjvena mxareebis jami
erTmaneTs, rac mogvcems:
R R + R1 R3 + R2 R3
r1 + r2 + r3 = 1 2
R1 + R2 + R3
Tu amas gamovaklebT (r2 + r3 ) jams vipoviT r1 -s. analogiurad vipoviT r2 -s
da r3 -s.
R 2 R3
r1 =
R1 + R2 + R3
R1 R3
r2 = (3.1)
R1 + R2 + R3
R1 R2
r3 =
R1 + R2 + R3

61
amrigad, gamtarebis samkuTxa SeerTebis ekvivalenturi varskvlava
SeerTebiT Secvlisas yovel wverodan gamosuli winaRoba tolia
samkuTxa SeerTebaSi am wverodan gamosuli winaRobebis namravlis
Sefardebisa samive winaRobis jamze.
gamoviyenoT gamtarebis samkuTxa SeerTebis ekvivalenturi
varskvlava SeerTebiT Secvla nax. 12.2 (a)-ze gamosaxuli arasimetriuli
wredis ubnis winaRobis sapovnelad (suraTze gamtarebze miwerili
ricxvebi winaRobebia omebSi). gamtarebis marcxena samkuTxa SeerTebis
ekvivalenturi varskvlava SeerTebiT SecvliT miiReba nax. 12.2 (b)-ze
gamosaxuli SeerTeba, romelic dadis mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri
SeerTebebis kombinaciaze. gamoTvlis Semdgomi etapebi gamosaxulia
nax. 12.2 (g), (d), (e)-ze.

nax. 12.2

igive Sedegs miviRebdiT, Tu marjvena samkuTxa SeerTebas SevcvlidiT

ekvivalenturi varskvlava SeerTebiT. Tu cnobili iqneboda Zabva ubanze,
am meTodiT SevZlebdiT TiToeul gamtarSi denis Zalis povnasac.

amocanebi

1. gamoTvaleT denis Zala nax. 12.2 (a)-ze gamosaxuli wredis TiToeul

gamtarSi, Tu modebuli Zabva 1.3 voltia.

62
 13. denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joul-
joul-lencis kanoni

wredis ubanze mudmivi denis gavlisas raime droSi eleqtruli

velis muSaoba iqneba
A = qU = I U t (13.1)
am muSaobas denis muSaobas uwodeben.
Tu wredis ubanze ar gvaqvs gare Zalebi, maSin SegviZlia omis
kanonis gamoyeneba da miiReba denis muSaobis ekvivalenturi formulebi
2
2 U t
A = IU t = I Rt = (13.2)
R
denis simZlavre tolia raime droSi denis muSaobis Sefardebisa am
drosTan
A
P = = IU (13.3)
t
Tu wredis ubanze ar gvaqvs gare Zalebi, maSin SegviZlia omis
kanonis gamoyeneba da miiReba denis simZlavris ekvivalenturi
formulebi
2
2 U
P = IU = I R = (13.4)
R
joulma da lencma erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad eqsperimentulad
daadgines, rom gamtarSi denis gavlisas raime droSi gamoyofili siTbos
raodenoba ganisazRvreba formuliT
2
Q = I Rt (13.5)
Tu wredis ubanze ar gvaqvs gare Zalebi, maSin SegviZlia omis
kanonis gamoyeneba da miiReba gamoyofili siTbos raodenobis
ekvivalenturi formulebi
2
2 U t
Q = I Rt = = IU t (13.6)
R
wredis ubanze, romelzedac ar gvaqvs gare Zalebi, denis muSaoba am
ubanze gamoyofili siTbos raodenobis tolia. es energiis mudmivobisa
da gardaqmnis kanonis gamovlenaa.

amocanebi
1. ori naTura gaTvaliswinebulia erTnair Zabvaze samuSaod. am Zabvis
pirobebSi maTi simZlavreebia P1 da P2 . gansazRvreT maTi
simZlavreebi, rodesac isini mimdevrobiT CarTulia amave Zabvis
qselSi.
2. eleqtroCaidans ori spirali aqvs. erTi maTganis qselSi CarTvisas
wyali duRdeba τ 1 droSi, meores CarTvisas _ τ 2 droSi. ra droSi
aduRdeba wyali, Tu spiralebs mimdevrobiT CavrTavT qselSi? Tu
paralelurad CavrTavT? oTxive SemTxvevaSi CaidanSi erTnairi
moculobis wyali asxia. garemoSi siTbos danakargebs nu
gaiTvaliswinebT.

63
3. R = 100 omi winaRobis rezistorSi denis Zala drois mixedviT icvleba
a
kanoniT I = k t , sadac k = 1 . gansazRvreT, sawyisi momentidan ra
wm
drois ganmavlobaSi gamoiyo rezistorSi 1.8 kj siTbos raodenoba.
4. R = 100 omi winaRobis rezistorze Zabva drois mixedviT icvleba
v
kanoniT U = k t , sadac k = 2 . gansazRvreT pirvel 100 wm-Si
wm
rezistorSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba.
5. mavTulSi I1 = 1.4 a denis xangrZlivi gatarebisas, is gacxelda
t1 = 55 oC -mde, xolo I 2 = 2 .8 a denis xangrZlivi gatarebisas _
t 2 = 160 C -mde. ra teemperaturamde gacxeldeba mavTuli I 3 = 5.58 a
o

deniT? mavTulis zedapiris farTis erTeulidan erTeul droSi

gacemuli siTbos raodenoba proporciulia mavTulisa da haeris
temperaturaTa sxvaobis. winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebuleba
ugulebelsayofad mcirea.

64
 14. ganzogadoebuli
ganzogadoebuli omis kanoni da omis kanoni sruli
wredisaTvis

ganvixiloT wredis 1-2 ubani, romelic Seicavs denis wyaros.

energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad am ubanze raime droSi gamoyofili
siTbos raodenoba toli unda iyos stacionaluri eleqtruli velis da
gare Zalebis muSaobaTa jamis
I122 R t = I12 U12 t + I12 E12 t
aqedan miiReba, rom denis wyaros Semcvel wredis ubanze omis kanonis
nacvlad gvaqvs:
I 12 R = U 12 + E12 (14.1)
es omis ganzogadoebuli kanonia. kanonia aq I 12 aris denis Zala 1-2
mimarTulebiT. is dadebiTia, rodesac deni miedineba 1-2 mimarTulebiT da
uaryofiTia, rodesac deni piriqiT miedineba. U 12 = ϕ1 − ϕ 2 aris
potencialTa sxvaoba (Zabva) (1) da (2) wertilebs Soris. E12 aris wyaros
emZ aRebuli dadebiTi niSniT, Tu 1-2 mimarTulebiT moZraobisas
gadavdivarT wyaros uaryofiTi polusidan dadebiTze da aRebuli
uaryofiTi niSniT sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi.
ganvixiloT umartivesi sruli wredi,
romelic warmoadgens denis wyarosTan mierTebul
eleqtroenergiis momxmarebels (nax. 14.1). denis
wyaros aqvs E emZ da r winaRoba, romelsac Siga
winaRobas uwodeben. denis wyarosTan mierTebul
R winaRobas gare winaRobas uwodeben. gamoviyenoT
omis kanoni a b ubnisaTvis, romelic ar Seicavs
denis wyaros:
U ab = I R
da omis ganzogadoebuli kanoni ab ubmisaTvis,
romelic Seicavs denis wyaros:
− I r = U ab − E
am ori formulidan miiReba:
E
E = I (R + r ) anu I= (14.2)
R+r
denis Zala srul wredSi tolia wyaros em Zala gayofili gare da Siga
winaRobebis
winaRobebis jamze. es aris omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis.
cxadia, rom sruli wredisaTvis omis kanonis miReba SeiZleba
energiis mudmiobisa da gardaqmnis kanonis gamoyenebiTac. Sekruli
wredis gaswvriv muxtis gavlisas eleqtruli da gare Zalebis muSaobebis
jami wredSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenobis tolia: Agare + Ael = Q .
eleqtruli Zalebi mudmivi denis wredSi eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis
Tvisebisaa, maSasadame maTi muSaoba Sekrul gzaze muxtis
gadaadgilebisas nulis tolia, gare Zalebis muSaobaa Agare = q E = I t E ,
xolo gareSe da Siga winaRobebze gamoyofili siTbos raodenobaa
2 2 2 2
Q = I R t + I r t . amis gamoyenebiT gveqneba: I t E = I R t + I r t . aqedan miiReba
E
omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis: I = .
R+r

65
 Tu gare winaRoba bevrad mcirea wyaros Siga winaRobasTan
SedarebiT (R << r ) , maSin wredSi miedineba mokle CarTvis deni.
deni mokle
CarTvis denis Zala udidesi denis Zalaa, romelic SeiZleba miviRoT
denis mocemuli wyaroTi.
E
I max =
r
mcire Siga winaRobis mqone wyaroebis SemTxvevaSi mokle CarTvis denis
Zala Zalian didia. mas SeuZlia daazianos denis wyaro an gamoiwvios
xanZari.
Tu wredi ganrTulia da deni ar miedineba, maSin wyaros polusebs
Soris Zabva em Zalis tolia: U a b = E .
Tu R gare winaRoba CarTulia da wredSi miedineba I deni, maSin
wyaros polusebs Soris Zabva em Zalaze naklebia: U a b = E − I r .
denis wyaros simZlavre anu gare ZalTa muSaoba erTeul droSi aris
2
E
Pwy = E I =
R+r
gareSe wredSi gamoyofili simZlavrea (sasargeblo simZlavre)
2
2 2 E R
P = I R =EI −rI =
( R + r )2
sidides, romelic tolia gare wredSi gamoyofili simZlavris
Sefardebisa wyaros simZlavresTan. wyaros margi qmedebis koeficienti
(mqk) ewodeba. is tolia
P r R
η= = 1− I =
Pwy E R+r
nax. 14.2-ze gamosaxulia wyaros simZlavris, sasargeblo simZlavris
da mqk-s denis Zalaze damokidebulebis grafikebi.

nax. 14.2

66
 E
sasargeblo simZlavre maqsimaluria, rodesac I = . es xdeba maSin,
2r
2
E
rodesac R = r . maqsimaluri simZlavrea Pmax = . am dros η = 0.5 = 50%.
4r

amocanebi

1. denis wyarosTan R1 da R2 winaRobis rezistorebis cal-calke

mierTebisas, maTze erTnairi simZlavre gamoiyo. gansazRvreT wyaros
Siga winaRoba.
2. ε dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis da ρ kuTri winaRobis garemoTi
Sevsebuli brtyeli kondensatori mierTebulia E em Zalis da r Siga
winaRobis denis wyarosTan. kondensatoris tevadobaa C , xolo
firfitebs Soris manZilia d . gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis
daZabuloba kondensatorSi.
3. brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris moTavsebuli garemos
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa ε da kuTri winaRobaa ρ TiToeuli
firfitis farTobia S . gansazRvreT firfitebis urTierTqmedebis
Zala im momentSi, rodesac kondensatorSi denis Zalaa I .
4. brtyeli kondensatori mierTebulia 600 v em Zalis mqone denis
wyarosTan. kondensatoris Semonafenebi kvadratuli formis
2
firfitebia. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 100 sm , manZili maT Soris
ki _ 0.1 mm. gansazRvreT denis Zala mimyvan mavTulebSi, Tu erT-erT
firfitas 6 sm/wm siCqariT Tanabrad vamoZravebT meore firfitis
paralelurad erT-erTi gverdis gaswvriv.

67
 15. kirxhofis kanonebi

denis wyaroebis Semcveli rTuli ganStoebuli eleqtruli wredis

gaTvlisaTvis iyeneben kirxhofis kanonebs.
ganStoebul wredebSi aris wertilebi, sadac Tavs iyris orze meti
gamtari. am wertilebs kvanZebs uwodeben. mudmivi denis wredebis
kvanZebSi SeuZlebelia dagrovdes muxtebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs
kirxhofis pirveli kanoni (kvanZebis wesi): yovel kvanZSi Semavali denis
Zalebis
Zalebis algebruli jami nulis tolia. kvanZSi Semavali denis Zalebi
iTvleba dadebiTad, xolo kvanZidan gamomavali denis Zalebi _
uaryofiTad.
∑ Ii = 0 (15.1)
ganStoebul wredSi yovelTvis SeiZleba gamovyoT garkveuli
raodenobis Sekruli gza. aseT Sekrul gzebs konturs uwodeben.
CamovayaliboT kirxhofis meore kanoni (konturebis wesi): konturis
Semovlisas, erTmaneTis momdevno ubnebze ZabvaTa jami nulis tolia.
Tu konturis Semovlisas mxolod denis wyaroebi da wrfivi
volt-amperuli maxasiaTeblis mqone gamtarebi gvxvdeba, maSin kirxhofis
meore kanoni Semdeg saxes miiRebs: konturis Semovlisas Sexvedrili
winaRobebis da maTSi denis Zalebis namravlebis algebruli jami
tolia Sexvedrili em Zalebis algebruli jamis.
∑ I i Ri = ∑ Ei (15.2)
denis Zala konturis Semovlis mimarTulebiT dadebiTi niSniT unda
aviRoT, xolo denis Zala konturis Semovlis mimarTulebis
sawinaaRmdegod _ uaryofiTi niSniT. Tu konturis Semovlis
mimarTulebiT wyaros uaryofiTi polusidan gadavdivarT dadebiTze,
maSin wyaros em Zala dadebiTi niSniT unda aviRoT, sawinaaRmdego
SemTxvevaSi ki _ uaryofiTi niSniT (nax. 15.1).
am formulirebiT kirxhofis meore kanoni omis ganzogadoebuli kanonis
Sedegia.

nax. 15.1
niSnebis arCevis wesi

kirxhofis kanonebis gamoyenebisas damoukidebeli gantolebebi

miiReba, Tu axali kvanZis an konturis ganxilvisas Segvxvdeba erTi mainc

68
axali sidide. amisaTvis kvanZebis wesi unda gamoviyenoT yvela kvanZze
erTiT naklebi kvanZisaTvis da konturebis wesi _ yvela SesaZlo
konturze erTiT naklebi konturisaTvis. magaliTisaTvis, nax. 15.2-ze
gamosaxul SemTxvevaSi unda ganvixiloT erTi kvanZi da ori konturi.
miiReba Semdegi sami gantoleba:

nax. 15.2

I 1 R1 + I 2 R2 = −E1 − E2
− I 2 R2 + I 3 R3 = E2 + E3
− I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
sami ucnobi denis ZalisaTvis miiReba sami wrfivi gantolebis sistema.
Tu romelime denis Zala uaryofiTi niSnis ricxvi aRmoCnda, es
gviCvenebs, rom denis mimarTuleba isriT aRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegoa.

amocanebi

1. gansazRvreT denis Zala ab mavTulSi (nax. 15.3). am mavTulis, mimyvani

mavTulebis da wyaros Siga winaRobebi ugulebelyaviT.
2. akumulatorebis em Zalebia da (nax. 15.4). gansazRvreT Zabva a da b
wertilebs Soris, Tu akumulatorebis Siga winaRobebis Sefardebaa
r2 r1 = 1.5 .
3. gansazTvreT akumulatorebis Siga winaRobebis Sefardeba, Tu
galvanometrSi deni ar miedineba (nax. 15.5).

r a r a

r 2r
E2
b E1 E2 E1
E
b

nax. 15.4 nax. 15.5

nax. 15.3

69
4. gansazRvreT galvanometrSi gavlili muxti K CamrTvelis CarTvis
Semdeg (nax. 15.6).
5. gansazRvreT denis Zalebi da mimarTulebebi yvela rezistorSi da
denis wyaroSi (nax. 15.7). wyaroebis Siga winaRobebi ugulebelyaviT.
6. nax. 15.8 da 15.9-ze moyvanil wredebSi kondensatori winaswaraa
damuxtuli miTiTebul Zabvebamde. gansazRvreT wredSi gamoyofili
siTbos raodenoba K CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg.
7. siTbos ra raodenoba gamoiyofa wredSi K gadamrTvelis
1 mdebareobidan 2 mdebareobaSi gadarTvisas (nax. 15.10)?
8. gansazRvreT naxat 15.11-ze gamosaxuli usasrulo wredis
eqvivalenturi denis wyaros em Zala da Siga winaRoba.

C1 R R

K E 2E
R

E C2
E 4E

nax. 15.7
nax. 15.6

+
+ K
K C, E
C , 4E
5E
E R
R

nax. 15.9
nax. 15.8

70
 16. eleqtruli deni liTonebSi

eleqtruli deni liTonebSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis

mowesrigebuli moZraobaa. cdebi aCvenebs, rom liTonebSi denis gavlisas
ar xdeba nivTierebis gadatana, maSasadame liTonis ionebi eleqtruli
muxtis gadatanaSi ar monawileobs.
1916 wels amerikelma fizikosma tolmenma da Sotlandielma
fizikosma stiuartma Caatares cda, romlis Sedegebmac daamtkica, rom
deni liTonebSi eleqtronebis moZraobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
tolmenis da stiuartis cdis sqema naCvenebia nax. 16.1-ze. koWa,
romelzedac daxveuli iyo wvrili mavTulis mravali xvia, RerZis
garSemo didi kuTxuri siCqariT daatriales. mavTulis boloebi moqnili
gamtarebiT mierTebuli iyo mgrZnobiare gavanometrTan. datrialebul
koWas mkveTrad amuxruWebdnen. damuxruWebis procesSi wredSi Cndeboda
muxtis gadamtanebis inertulobiT gamowveuli xanmokle deni. wredSi
gavlili sruli muxti izomeboda galvanometris isris gadaxriT.

nax. 16.1
tolmenis da stiuartis cdis sqema

koWas damuxruWebis procesSi koWasTan dakavSirebul aTvlis

sistemaSi muxtis TiToeul gadamtanze moqmedebs inerciis Zala
dυ
F = −m , aq m muxtis gadamtanis masaa, xolo υ koWaze daxveuli
dt
mavTulis myisi wiriTi siCqarea. es Zala gare Zalis rols asrulebs.
dυ
misi muSaobaa Agare = F l = − m l , sadac l koWaze daxveuli mavTulis
dt

71
 Agare m dυ
sigrZea. em Zala wredSi iqneba E = =−
l (dadebiT mimarTulebad
q q dt
koWas brunvis mimarTulebaa miCneuli). koWas damuxruWebis droSi
mavTulis ganivkveTSi da e.i. galvanometrSi gavlili muxti iqneba
0
E ml m lυ 0
Q = ∫ I dt = ∫ dt = − ∫ dυ =
R qR υ0 q R
sadac R wredis sruli winaRobaa, xolo υ 0 koWaze daxveuli mavTulis
sawyisi wiriTi siCqarea. am formulidan muxtis gadamtani nawilakis
muxtis Sefardeba mis masasTan (kuTri muxti) tolia
q lυ 0
=
m RQ
am formulis marjvena nawilSi Semavali sidideebi tolmenma da
stiuartma gazomes da gamoTvales muxtis gadamtani nawilakis kuTri
muxtis moduli da niSani (es ukanaskneli dadginda koWas brunvis
mimarTulebiT galvanometrSi gavlili muxtis niSnis garkveviT).
nawilakis kuTri muxti cdis cdomilebis farglebSi daemTxva
eleqtronis kuTr muxts, romelic gazomili iyo sxva cdebiT. ase
dadginda, rom liTonSi muxtis gadamtani nawilakebi eleqtronebia.
liTonebis kargi gamtaroba aixsneba Tavisufali eleqtronebis maRali
koncentraciiT, romelic rigiT erTeul moculobaSi atomebis ricxvis
tolia.
daSveba, rom deni liTonebSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis moZraobaa
tolmenis da stiuartis cdaze adre gaakeTa germanelma mecnierma
drudem. man Seqmna liTonebis gamtarobis eleqtronuli Teoria. Semdgom
es Teoria ganaviTara holandielma fizikosma lorencma. mis Teorias
klasikuri eleqtronuli Teoria ewodeba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
Tavisufali eleqtronebi liTonSi iqceva rogorc eleqtronuli airi,
romelic bevri ramiT gavs idealur airs. eleqtronuli airi avsebs
liTonis kristaluri mesris Semqmnel ionebs Soris sivrces (nax. 16.2).
ionebi da eleqtronebi monawileoben siTbur moZraobaSi. ionebi
asruleben rxevebs kristaluri mesris kvanZebis maxloblobaSi. qaosurad
moZravi Tavisufali eleqtronebi ejaxebian mesris ionebs. am dajaxebebis
Sedegad eleqtronul airsa da mesers Soris myardeba Termodinamikuri
wonasworoba. drude-lorencis Teoriis Tanaxmad, eleqtronebis siTburi
moZraobis saSualo kinetikeri energia iseTivea, rogorc erTatomiani
idealuri airis atomebis. amis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia SevafasoT
eleqtronebis siTburi moZraobis saSualo kvadratuli siCqare. oTaxis
5 m
temperaturaze is daaxloebiT aris 10 .
wm

72
 nax. 16.2
Tavisufali eleqtronebis airi liTonis
kristalur meserSi. naCvenebia erT-erTi
eleqtronis traeqtoria.

liTonis gamtarSi eleqtruli velis gaCenisas eleqtronebis siTbur

moZraobas emateba maTi mowesrigebuli moZraobac (dreifi), anu Cndeba
eleqtruli deni. SevafasoT dreifis saSualo siCqare. ∆t drois
SualedSi gamtaris S farTobis ganivkveTSi gaivlis S υ dr ∆t moculobaSi
myofi yvela Tavisufali eleqtroni. aseTi eleqtronebis ricxvia
n S υ dr ∆t , sadac n Tavisufali eleqtronebis koncentraciaa, romelic
daaxloebiT liTonis erTeul moculobaSi atomebis ricxvis tolia.
∆t drois SualedSi gamtaris ganivkveTSi denis mimarTulebiT gasuli
muxtia ∆ q = e n S υ dr ∆t , sadac e elementaruli muxtia. denis Zala iqneba
∆q
I= = n e S υ dr (16.1)
∆t
miRebuli formula SegviZlia davimaxsovroT, rogorc formula "nesvi".
I
am formulidan υ dr = . SevafasoT am formuliT eleqtronebis
neS
2
dreifis saSualo siCqare 1mm ganivkveTis farTobis mqone liTonis
gamtarSi 10 a denis Zalis dros. liTonebSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis
28 29 −3
koncentraciaa 10 − 10 m . dreifis saSualo siCqarisaTvis miiReba
mm
0 .6 − 6 . amrigad, liTonis gamtarSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis
wm
mowesrigebuli moZraobis saSualo siCqare maTi siTburi moZraobis
saSualo siCqareze bevrad naklebia. dreifis mcire siCqare ar
ewinaaRmdegeba cdiseul faqts, rom mudmivi denis mTel wredSi deni
praqtikulad myisierad myardeba. wredis SekvrisTanave iwyeba wredis
8 m l
gaswvriv eleqtruli velis gavrceleba c = 3× 10 siCqariT. ∆t =
wm c
droSi ( l -wredis sigrZea) wredSi myardeba eleqtruli velis
stacionaluri ganawileba da mudmivi deni, es dro ki Zalze mcirea.

73
 liTonebis klasikur eleqtronul TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom
eleqtronebis moZraoba emorCileba niutonis meqanikis kanonebs. am
TeoriaSi ugulebelyofilia eleqtronebis urTierTqmedeba, xolo
dadebiT ionebTan urTierTqmedeba daiyvaneba dajaxebebamde. iTvleba
agreTve, rom dajaxebisas eleqtroni ionebs mTlianad gadascems
eleqtrul velSi moZraobisas dagrovil kinetikur energias da
dajaxebis Semdeg is moZraobs nulovani dreifis siCqariT iwyebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela daSveba sakmaod arazustia, klasikuri
eleqtronuli Teoria Tvisebrivad sworad xsnis liTonis gamtarSi
eleqtruli denis kanonebs.
omis kanoni. dajaxebebs Soris SualedebSi eleqtronze moqmedebs
eleqtruli Zala, romlis modulia e E . am Zalis moqmedebiT eleqtroni
eE
moZraobs aCqarebiT, romlis modulia . aq m eleqtronis masaa.
m
Tavisufali ganarbenis bolos eleqtronis dreifis siCqaris modulia
( )
υ dr max =
eE
τ , sadac τ Tavisufali ganarbenis droa. mas, gamoTvlebis
m
gamartivebis mizniT, erTnairad vTvliT yvela eleqtronisaTvis da
yovel momdevno dajaxebas Soris. dreifis saSualo siCqarea
(υ )
dr max e Eτ
υ dr = =
. ganvixiloT l sigrZisa da S ganivkveTis farTobis
2 2m
gamtari, romelSic Tavisufali eleqtronebis koncentraciaa n .
2 2
e τ nS e τ nS
formula "nesvis" gamoyenebiT E=
miiReba U, I = n e S υ dr =
2m 2ml
sadac U = E l gamtaris boloebs Soris Zabvaa. miviReT omis kanoni
liTonis gamtarisaTvis. eleqtruli winaRobisaTvis miviReT formula:
2m l 2m
R= 2 , xolo kuTri winaRobisaTvis miiReba: ρ = 2 .
e nτ S e nτ
joul-
joul-lencis kanoni. Tavisufali ganarbenis bolos eleqtronis
( )
m υ dr
2 2
e τ E
2 2

kinetikuri energiaa = Wkin = max

. es energia ionTebTan
2 2m
dajaxebisas gadaecema kristals siTbos saxiT. ∆t drois SualedSi
∆t
TiToeuli eleqtroni ganicdis dajaxebas, xolo l sigrZisa da S
τ
ganivkveTis farTobis gamtarSi moZraobs n S l eleqtroni. aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom ∆t droSi gamtarSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenobaa:
2 2 2 2 2
n S l ∆t e τ E ne τ S 2 U
Q== U ∆t = ∆t
2m τ
2m l R
es formula joul-lencis kanons gamosaxavs.
amrigad, klasikuri eleqtronuli Teoria xsnis eleqtruli
winaRobis arsebobas, omis da joul-lencis kanons. magram mTel rig
sakiTxebSi am Teoriis Sedegebi ewinaaRmdegeba cdebis Sedegebs.
magaliTad, Teoria ver xsnis, Tu ratom ar Seaqvs wvlili kuTr
siTbotevadobaSi Tavisufal eleqtronebs, kuTri winaRobis

74
temperaturaze damokidebulebisaTvis Teoria iZleva ρ ∝ T , maSin
rodesac eqsperimentulad miiReba ρ ∝ T . Teoriisa da eqsperimentis
Sedegebs Soris gansxvavebis gansakuTrebiT mkafio magaliTia
zegamtarobis movlena,
movlena romelic aRmoaCina holandielma fizikosma
kamerling-onesma 1911 wels. klasikuri eleqtronuli Teoriis Tanaxmad.
liTonebis kuTri winaRoba gacivebisas monotonurad unda mcirdebodes
ise, rom yovel temperaturaze sasruli rCebodes. aRmoCnda, rom
garkveul kritikul temperaturaze, romelic sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxvaa
nivTierebisaTvis, zogierTi nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba naxtomiT ecema
nulamde (nax. 16.3). vercxliswylis kritikuli temperaturaa 4.1 K ,
aluminis _ 1.2 K , niobiumisa da TuTiis naerTisaTvis ( Ni3 Sn ) _ 18 K .
zogierTi nivTiereba, romelic dabal temperaturaze zegamtari xdeba,
Cveulebriv temperaturebze gamtari ar aris, maSin rodesac iseTi kargi
gamtarebi, rogoricaa spilenZi da vercxli, ar xdebian zegamtarebi
dabal temperaturebze.

nax. 16.3
kuTri winaRobis temperaturaze
damokidebuleba: (a ) _ normaluri
liToni; (b ) _ zegamtari.

zegamtar mdgomareobaSi nivTierebebs gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi aqvs.

maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia SeinarCunos deni Sekrul wredSi denis
wyaros gareSe.
klasikuri eleqtronuli Teoria ver xsnis zegamtarobis movlenas.
movlenis meqanizmi aixsna zegamtarobis aRmoCenidan 60 wlis Semdeg
kvanturi Teoriis safuZvelze.
Tavdapirvelad zegamtarobis movlenas akvirdebodnen Txevadi
heliumiT gacivebul nivTierebebSi.
zegamtarobisadmi mecnieruli interesi izrdeboda ufro maRali
kritikuli temperaturebis mqone nivTierebebis aRmoCenasTan erTad. am
mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo 1987 wels iseTi keramikis Seqmna,
romlis kritikuli temperatura 98 K iyo, rac aRemateba mduRare azotis
temperaturas ( 77 K ). 1988 wels Ti − Ca − Ba − Cu − O elementebis safuZvelze
daamzades keramikuli SenaerTi kritikuli temperaturiT 125 K .

75
 Txevadi azotis duRilis temperaturaze maRal temperaturebze
nivTierebebis zegamtar mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis movlenas
maRaltemperaturuli zegamtaroba uwodes. unda aRiniSnos, rom
maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarobis meqanizmi dReisaTvis bolomde
gamorkveuli ar aris.

17. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarebSi

oTaxis temperaturaze kuTri winaRobis mniSvnelobis mixedviT

naxevargamtarebs saSualedo mdgomareoba ukavia karg gamtarebsa da
dieleqtrikebs Soris. naxevargamtarebs miekuTvneba zogierTi qimiuri
elementi (germaniumi, siliciumi, seleni da sxva), mravali Senadnobi da
qimiuri naerTi.
naxevargamtarebis Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba liTonebisgan upirveles
yovlisa mJRavndeba kuTri winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebulebaSi.
liTonebis kuTri winaRoba mcirdeba temperaturis Semcirebisas, xolo
naxevargamtarebis kuTri winaRoba _ izrdeba (sur. 17.1). Zalian dabal
temperaturebze naxevargamtarebi praqtikulad dieleqtrikebia.

sur. 17.1
sufTa naxevargamtaris kuTri
winaRobis temperaturaze
damokidebuleba

kuTri winaRobis temperaturaze aseTi damokidebuleba metyvelebs,

rom temperaturis gazrdiT naxevargamtarebSi Tavisufali damuxtuli
nawilakebis koncentracia izrdeba. naxevargamtarebSi eleqtruli denis
meqanizmi ver aRiwereba Tavisufali eleqtronebis airis modeliT.
ganvixiloT es meqanizmi germaniumis (Ge ) kristalis magaliTze.
analogiuria denis meqanizmi siliciumis (Si ) kristalSi. germaniumis
atomebs gare garsze aqvs oTxi sustad bmuli eleqtroni. maT valentur
eleqtronebs uwodeben. germaniumis kristalur meserSi yoveli atomi
garSemortymulia oTxi uaxloesi mezobliT. germaniumis kristalSi
atomebs Soris bma kovalenturia anu xorcieldeba valenturi
eleqtronebis wyvilebiT. yoveli valenturi eleqtroni or atoms
ekuTvnis (sur. 17.2). valenturi eleqtronebis bma atomebTan germaniumis
kristalSi gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre liTonSi. absoluturi nulis
maxloblobaSi germaniumis kristalSi yvela eleqtroni bmulia da
kristali dieleqtrikia. oTaxis temperaturaze valenturi eleqtronebis
nawili aRar monawileobs kovalentur bmaSi da Tavisufali xdeba, magram

76
Tavisufal eleqtronTa koncentracia naxevargamtarSi gacilebiT
naklebia, vidre liTonSi.

sur. 17.2
wyvil-eleqtronuli bmebi germaniumis
kristalSi da eleqtron-xvreluri
wyvilis warmoqmna

kovalenturi bmidan amovardnili eleqtronebis adgilebze warmoiqmneba

vakansiebi, romelTac xvrelebs uwodeben. vakanturi adgili SeiZleba
daikavos mezobel kovalentur bmaSi monawile eleqtronma, maSin xvreli
kristalSi axal adgilze gadainacvlebs. amave dros SeiZleba
Tavisufali eleqtroni Sexvdes xvrels da aRdges kovalenturi bma. am
process rekombinacia ewodeba. eleqtron-xvrelis wyvilebi SeiZleba
gaCndes ara marto siTburi energiis xarjze, aramed naxevargamtaris
ganaTebisas fotonebis energiis xarjze. eleqtruli velis gareSe
Tavisufali eleqtronebi da xvrelebi qaosur siTbur moZraobaSi
monawileoben.
Tu naxevargamtars eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT, maSin qaosur
moZraobas emateba eleqtronebisa da xvrelebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba.
xvrelebi iqcevian rogorc dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi. isini velis
mimarTulebiT moZraoben. naxevargamtarSi deni aris eleqtronuli da
xvreluri denebis jami: I = I n + I p .
sufTa naxevargamtarSi (naxevargamtari minarevebis gareSe)
Tavisufali eleqtronebis da xvrelebis koncentracia erTmaneTis tolia:
n n = n p . sufTa naxevargamtaris gamtarobas sakuTar gamtarobas uwodeben.
minarevebis arsebobisas, Tu minarevis atomebis valentoba gansxvavdeba
kristalis ZiriTadi atomebis valentobisgan, mkveTrad amcirebs
naxevargamtaris kuTr winaRobas. aseTi minarevis Zalian mcire procentis
damatebisas kuTri winaRoba Zlier mcirdeba.
naxevargamtaris gamtarobas minarevebis arsebobisas, minarevuli
gamtaroba ewodeba.
vTqvaT, germaniumis kristalSi, romlis atomebi oTxvalentiania,
SeviyvaneT xuTvalentiani atomebi (magaliTad, dariSxanis atomebi) (sur.
17.3). dariSxanis atomis oTxi eleqtroni monawileobs germaniumis oTx
mezobel atomTan kovalentur bmaSi. dariSxanis atomis mexuTe savalento
eleqtroni dausaqmebeli aRmoCnda. is advilad wydeba atoms da
Tavisufali xdeba. eleqtron dakarguli atomi gadaiqceva kristaluri
meseris kvanZSi moTavsebul dadebiT ionad. minarevebs, romelTa atomebis

77
valentoba aRemateba naxevargamtaris ZiriTadi atomebis valentobas,
donoruli minarevebi ewodeba. maT SeuZliaT eleqtronebis gacema.
donoruli minarevebis Seyvana naxevargamtarSi qmnis damatebiT
Tavisufal eleqtronebs xvrelebis daumateblad. aseT kristalSi
n n >> n p da muxtis ZiriTadi gadamtanebi eleqtronebia. aseT
naxevargamtars n -tipis naxevargamtari ewodeba (sityvidan "negative").

sur. 17.3
dariSxanis atomi germaniumis
kristalSi. n -tipis naxevargamtari

vTqvaT, germaniumis kristalSi SeviyvaneT samvalentiani atomebi

(magaliTad indiumis atomebi) (sur. 17.4).

sur. 17.4
indiumis atomi germaniumis kristalSi.
p -tipis naxevargamtari ewodeba

indiumis sami savalento eleqtroni monawileobs kovalentur bmaSi

germaniumis sam mezobel atomTan. meoTxe mezobelTan kovalenturi bmis

78
Sesaqmnelad saWiro eleqtroni indiumis atomma SeiZleba miitacos
mezobel germaniumis atomebs Soris kovalenturi bmidan. amis Sedegad
indiumis atomi gadaiqceva uaryofiT ionad, xolo mezoblad warmoiqmnebs
xvreli. minarevebs, romelTa atomebis valentoba naxevargamtaris
ZiriTadi atomebis valentobaze naklebia, aqceptoruli minarevebi
ewodeba. maT SeuZliaT eleqtronebis mitaceba. aqceptoruli minarevebis
Seyvana naxevargamtarSi qmnis damatebiT xvrelebs Tavisufali
eleqtronebis daumateblad. aseT kristalSi n p >> n n da muxtis
ZiriTadi gadamtanebi xvrelebia. aseT naxevargamtars p -tipis
naxevargamtari ewodeba (sityvidan "positive").
aRvniSnoT, rom xvreluri gamtaroba realurad aris kovalentur
bmaSi monawile eleqtronebis estafeturi gadaadgileba vakansiebis
gamoyenebiT.

79
 18. eleqtron-
eleqtron-xvreluri gadasvla. tranzistori

Tanamedrove eleqtronul teqnikaSi naxevargamtaruli xelsawyoebi

gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs. maT TiTqmis mTlianad gamoaZeves
eleqtrovakuumuri xelsawyoebi.
nebismier naxevargamtarul xelsawyoSi aris erTi an ramdenime
eleqtron-xvreluri gadasvla. eleqtron-xvreluri gadasvla ( n − p -
gadasvla) aris kontaqtis are sxvadasxva tipis gamtarobis mqone or
naxevargamtars Soris.
n -tipis naxevargamtarSi muxtis ZiriTadi Tavisufali gadamtanebia
eleqtronebi. maTi koncentracia bevrad aRemateba xvrelebis
koncentracias (n n >> n p ) . p -tipis naxevargamtarSi muxtis ZiriTadi
Tavisufali gadamtanebia xvrelebi (n p >> n n ) . n - da p - tipis ori
naxevargamtaris kontaqtisas iwyeba xvrelebis difuzia p -tipis
naxevargamtaridan n -tipis naxevargamtarSi da eleqtronebis difuzia
piriqiT. amis Sedegad kontaqtis maxlobel areSi n -tipis
naxevargamtarSi mcirdeba eleqtronebis koncentracia da warmoiqmneba
dadebiTad damuxtuli fena, xolo p -tipis naxevargamtarSi mcirdeba
xvrelebis koncentracia da warmoiqmneba uaryofiTad damuxtuli fena.
amrigad, naxevargamtarebis sazRvarze warmoiqmneba ormagi eleqtronuli
fena , romlis veli ewinaaRmdgeba difuziis process (sur. 18.1). am fenas
Camketi fena ewodeba. misi sisqe aRwevs aTeul da aseul atomis zomas.
Camketi fena gaRaribebulia muxtis ZiriTadi gadamtanebiT da aqvs didi
winaRoba. n − p -gadasvlas aqvs calmxrivi gamtarobis Tviseba.

sur. 18.1
Camketi fenis warmoqmna n - da p - tipis naxevargamtarebis
kontaqtisas

Tu naxevargamtari n − p -gadasvliT mierTebulia denis wyarosTan ise,

rom dadebiTi polusi SeerTebulia n -aresTan, xolo uaryofiTi polusi
_ p -aresTan, maSin velis daZabuloba Camket fenaSi izrdeba. p -aris
xvrelebi da n -aris eleqtronebi daSordebian kontaqtis zedapirs. Camket
fenaSi muxtis ZiriTad gadamtanTa koncentracia kidev ufro Semcirdeba
da is gafarTovdeba. Camketi fenis winaRoba kidev ufro gaizrdeba. deni
praqtikulad ar miedineba. Zalian mcire deni gadis mxolod
naxevargamtarebis sakuTari gamtarobis gamo anu p -areSi mcire

80
koncentraciis eleqtronebis da n -areSi mcire koncentraciis
xvrelebis arsebobis gamo. am mimarTulebis dens ukudeni ewodeba.
Tu naxevargamtari n − p -gadasvliT mierTebulia denis wyarosTan ise,
rom dadebiTi polusi SeerTebulia p -aresTan, xolo uaryofiTi polusi
_ n -aresTan, maSin Camketi fena dapataravdeba, misi winaRoba Semcirdeba,
rac aadvilebs muxtis ZiriTadi gadamtanebis gadasvlas kontaqtis fenis
gavliT. xvrelebi p -aredan da eleqtronebi n -aredan gadakveTen n − p -
gadasvlas da qmnian dens pirdapiri mimarTulebiT.
n − p -gadasvlis Tviseba praqtikulad erTi mimarTulebiT gaataros deni,
gamoiyeneba mowyobilobebSi, romlebsac naxevargamtaruli diodebi
ewodeba. maT amzadeben siliciumis an germaniumis kristalidan. am
kristals bunebrivi minarevebis wyalobiT aqvs romelime tipis
minarevuli gamtaroba. mas Seadnoben minarevs, romelic uzrunvelyofs
sxva tipis gamtarobis aris Seqmnas. naxevargamtaruli diodi gamoiyeneba
gammarTvelebSi, cvladi denis mudmiv denad gardaqmnisaTvis. siliciumis
diodis tipiuri volt-amperuli maxasiaTebeli moyvanilia sur. 18.2-ze.

sur. 18.2
siliciumis diodis volt-amperuli
maxasiaTebeli. grafikze dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi ZabvebisaTvis gamoyenebulia
sxvadasxva skala

naxevargamtarul diodebs mravali upiratesoba aqvs vakuumurTan

SedarebiT _ mcire zomebi, muSaobis xangrZlivi vada, meqanikuri simtkice.
maTi mniSvnelovani naklia parametrebis temperaturaze damokidebuleba.
amis gamo siliciumis diods damakmayofileblad muSaoba SeuZlia
 − 70 o C  -dan 80 o C -mde temperaturis diapazonSi. germaniumis diodis muSa
 
 
temperaturis are ramdenadme farToa.
ori n − p -gadasvlis mqone naxevargamtaruli mowyobilobaa
tranzistori. saxelwodeba warmoSobilia ori inglisuri sityvisgan:
transfer _gadatana da resistor _winaRoba. tranzistorebi ori tipisaa:

81
 p−n− p tranzistorebi da n− p−n tranzistorebi. magaliTad,
germaniumis p−n− p tipis tranzistori warmoadgens donoruli
minarevebis mqone germaniumis anu n -tipis naxevargamtaris patara
firfitas. am firfitaSi qmnian or ares aqceptoruli minarevebiT anu
xvreluri gamtarobis areebs (sur. 18.3). n − p − n tipis tranzistorSi
ZiriTad germaniumis firfitas minarevebis xarjze aqvs p -tipis
gamtaroba, xolo masSi Seqmnil or ubans _ n -tipis gamtaroba (sur. 18.4).
tranzistoris firfitas bazas (b) uwodeben, sawinaaRmdego tipis
gamtarobis mqone erT ubans _ koleqtors (k), xolo meores _ emiters (e).
Cveulebriv koleqtoris moculoba emiteris moculobaze metia. sqemaze
emiteris isari miuTiTebs tranzistorSi denis mimarTulebas.

sur. 18.3
p − n − p struqturis tranzistori

sur. 18.4
n − p − n struqturis tranzistori

TiToeuli n − p -gadasvla uerTdeba TiTo denis wyaros. sur. 18.5-ze

naCvenebia p − n − p struqturis tranzistoris qselSi CarTva. "emiter-
baza" gadasvla irTveba pirdapiri mimarTulebiT (emiteris wredi), xolo
"koleqtor-baza" gadasvla _ Camketi mimarTulebiT (koleqtoris wredi).
sanam emiteris wredi ganrTulia, manam koleqtoris wredSi denis Zala
Zalian mcirea, radganac muxtis ZiriTadi gadamtanebisaTvis am wredSi
CarTuli gadasvla Caketilia. emiteris wredis Sekvrisas, xvrelebi _
emiterSi muxtis ZiriTadi gadamtanebi gadadian bazaSi da qmnian emiteris
dens. emiteridan bazaSi moxvedrili xvrelebisaTvis koleqtoris
gadasvla Riaa. xvrelebis umetesoba waritaceba am gadasvlaSi arsebuli
veliT, gadadian koleqtorSi da qmnian koleqtoris dens. imisaTvis, rom
koleqtoris deni praqtikulad toli iyos emiteris denis tranzistoris
baza mzaddeba Zalian Txeli fenis saxiT (farTobi koleqtoris
mimarTulebiT bevrad metia, vidre marTobuli mimarTulebiT). emiteris
denis Secvlisas icvleba koleqtoris deni.
82
 sur. 18.5
p − n − p struqturis tranzistoris CarTva
wredSi

Tu emiteris wredSi CarTulia cvladi Zabvis wyaro (sur. 18.5), maSin

koleqtoris wredSi CarTul rezistorzec Cndeba cvladi Zabva, romlis
amplituda SeiZleba Semavali signalis amplitudaze bevrjer meti iyos.
amrigad, tranzistori asrulebs cvladi Zabvis gamaZliereblis rols.
gamaZliereblis aseTi sqema araefeqturia, vinaidan ar xdeba
signalis gaZliereba denis mixedviT. tranzistoriani gamaZliereblebis
realur sqemebSi cvladi Zabvis wyaros ise rTaven, rom masSi gadiodes
mxolod bazis mcire deni. maSin bazis denis mcire cvlileba iwvevs
koleqtoris denis mniSvnelovan cvlilebas. aseT sqemebSi denis mixedviT
gaZliereba SeiZleba ramdenime aseuli iyos.
tranzistorebs iyeneben agreTve emiteris wredSi modebuli ZabviT
koleqtoris wredis CarTva-gamorTvisaTvis.
naxevargamtaruli xelsawyoebi farTod gamoiyeneba
radioeleqtronikaSi. Tanamedrove teqnologia axerxebs ramdenime
mikronis zomis naxevargamtaruli xelsawyoebis _ diodebis,
tranzistorebis, naxevargamtaruli fotomimRebebis damzadebas.
eleqtronuli teqnikis Tvisebrivad axali etapia mikroeleqtronikis
ganviTareba, romelic amuSavebs integraluri mikrosqemebis damzadebis
meTodebs da maTi gamoyenebis principebs. integraluri mikrosqema
ewodeba Zalian bevri urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebis _ zemcire
diodebis, tranzistorebis, kondensatorebis, rezistorebis, SemaerTebeli
gamtarebis erTobliobas, romelic mzaddeba erTian teqnologiur
procesSi erT kristalze. 1 sm2 zomis mikrosqema Seicavs ramdenime aseul
aTas mikroelements. mikrosqemebis gamoyenebam revoluciuri cvlilebebi
gamoiwvia Tanamedrove eleqtronuli teqnikis mraval dargSi.
gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans es eleqtronul gamoTvliT teqnikaSi.
vakuumian naTurebze momuSave uzarmazari eleqtronuli gamomTvleli
manqanebi, romlebsac mTeli Senobebi ekava, Seicvala personaluri
kompiuterebiT.

83
 19. eleqtruli deni eleqtrolitebSi

eleqtrolitebs uwodeben gamtar garemos, romlebSic eleqtruli

denis gavlas Tan axlavs nivTierebis gadatana. eleqtrolitebSi muxtis
Tavisufali gadamtanebi dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli ionebia.
eleqtrolitebs miekuTvneba liTonebis mravali naerTi gamdnar
mdgomareobaSi, agreTve zogierTi myari nivTiereba. magram maTi ZiriTadi
warmomadgenlebia araorganuli mJavebis, marilebis da tuteebis
wyalxsnarebi.
eleqtrolitebSi eleqtruli denis gavlas Tan axlavs
eleqtrodebze nivTierebis gamoyofa. am movlenas eleqtrolizi ewodeba.
eleqtruli deni eleqtrolitebSi aris dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebis
mowesrigebuli moZraoba urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. dadebiTi
ionebi uaryofiTi eleqtrodisaken (kaTodisaken) moZraoben, xolo
uaryofiTi ionebi _ dadebiTi eleqtrodisaken (anodisaken). marilebis,
mJavebis da tuteebis wyalxsnarebSi ionebi Cndeba neitraluri
molekulebis nawilis gaxleCis Sedegad. am movlenas eleqtrolituri
disociacia ewodeba. marilis, mJavis da tutis molekula warmoadgens
eleqtruli ZaliT SekavSirebul dadebiT da uaryofiT ionebs. wyali
Zlierad amcirebs ionebis mizidvas molekulebSi. siTburi moZraobisas
molekulebi ejaxebian erTmaneTs. rodesac dajaxeba sakmarisad Zlieria,
molekula daiSleba ionebad. ionebis Sexvedrisas moxdeba maTi SeerTeba
molekulad _ asociacia. ucvlel pirobebSi daSlili aRmoCndeba
molekulebis garkveuli nawili. am dros disociaciasa da asociacias
Soris damyarebulia dinamiuri wonasworoba. magaliTisaTvis, spilenZis
qloridi CuCl 2 wyalxsnarSi disocirdeba spilenZis da qloris ionebad:
CuCl 2 →
2+ −

← Cu + 2 Cl . eleqtrodebis denis wyarosTan mierTebisas ionebi

eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT iwyeben mowesrigebul moZraobas: spilenZis
dadebiTi ionebi moZraoben kaTodisken, xolo qloris uaryofiTi ionebi
_ anodisken (sur. 19.1). kaTodTan misuli spilenZis ionebi ierTeben
danaklis eleqtronebs, gadaiqcevian neitralur atomad da ileqebian
kaTodze. anodTan misuli qloris ionebi gadascemen mas zedmet
eleqtronebs, miRebuli qloris neitraluri atomebis wyvili erTdeba
qloris molekulad da anodze gamoiyofa qloris airis buStulebi.
xSirad eleqtrolizs Tan axlavs eleqtrodze gamoyofili
nivTierebis meoradi qimiuri reaqciebi eleqtrodTan an gamxsnelTan.
magaliTad gamodgeba spilenZis sulfatis CuSO4 wyalxsnaris
eleqtrolizi, rodesac eleqtrodebi spilenZisaa. molekulebis
CuSO4 →
2+ 2−
disociacia Semdegi sqemiT xdeba: ← Cu + SO4 . kaTodze ileqeba
2−
spilenZi myari naleqis saxiT. SO4 ioni anods gadascems or eleqtrons
da gadaiqceva SO4 neitralur radikalad, romelic meorad reaqciaSi
Sedis spilenZis anodTan: SO4 + Cu = CuSO4 . miRebuli spilenZis sulfatis
molekula gadadis xsnarSi. amrigad, spilenZis sulfatis wyalxsnarSi
eleqtruli denis gavlisas xdeba spilenZis anodis gaxsna da spilenZis
gamoyofa kaTodze. xsnaris koncentracia am dros ar icvleba.

84
 sur. 19.1
spilenZis qloridis wyalxsnaris
eleqtrolizi

eleqtrolizis kanoni eqsperimentulad daadgina ingliselma

fizikosma maikl faradeim 1833 wels. faradeis kanoni gansazRvravs
eleqtrolizis dros eleqtrodebze gamoyofili pirveladi produqtebis
masas:
eleqtrodze gamoyofili nivTierebis masa eleqtrolitSi gavlili
muxtis pirdapir proporciulia.
m = kQ = k It (19.1)
k koeficients eleqtroqimiuri ekvivalenti ewodeba.
eleqtrodze gamoyofili nivTierebis masa tolia eleqtrodTan misuli
yvela ionis masebis jamis: m = mi N i , sadac mi eleqtrodTan misuli erTi
Q
ionis masaa, xolo N i _ eleqtrodTan misuli ionebis ricxvi. N i = ,
qi
sadac Q eleqtrolitSi gavlili muxtia, xolo q i _ eleqtrodTan
misuli erTi ionis muxti. gamodis, rom
Q mi
m = mi = It (19.2)
q i qi
(19.1) da (19.2) formulebis SedarebiT vaskvniT, rom eleqtroqimiuri
ekvivalenti tolia nivTierebis ionis masis Sefardebisa mis muxtTan:
m
k= i (19.3)
qi
ionis muxti tolia misi n valentobis da e elementaruli muxtis
namravlis: q i = n e . ionis masa tolia misi M moluri masis Sefardebisa
M
N A avogadros ricxvTan: mi = . amis gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba
NA
M
k= (19.4)
ne NA
elementaruli muxtisa da avogadros mudmivas namravls faradeis
mudmivas uwodeben:
k
F = e N A = 96500 (19.5)
moli
faradeis mudmivas gamoyenebiT eleqtroqimiuri ekvivalenti ase Caiwereba:

85
 1 M
k= (19.6)
F n
faradeis kanoni SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
1 M
m= It (19.7)
F n
am formulidan Cans faradeis mudmivas fizikuri Sinaarsi:
faradeis mudmiva gviCvenebs Tu ra muxtma unda gaiaros eleqtrolitSi,
rom eleqtrodze gamoiyos erTvalentiani nivTierebis erTi moli an
orvalentiani nivTierebis naxevari moli da a.S.
eleqtrolizis movlena farTod gamoiyeneba mrewvelobaSi.

amocanebi

1. 120 sm2 zedapiris farTobis mqone liTonis sagnis monikeleba 0.3 a

denis pirobebSi 5 sT gagrZelda. nikelis valentobaa 2, atomuri masa
_ 58.7, simkvrive _ 9 g /sm3. gansazRvreT nikelis fenis sisqe.
2. gansazRvreT Cu S O4 –is xsnaridan 100 wm-Si gamoyofili spilenZis masa,
Tu eleqtrolizis dros denis Zala icvleboda kanoniT I − 5 − 0.02 t ,
sadac t wamebSi gazomili droa, xolo I _ amperebSi gazomili denis
Zala. spilenZis atomuri masaa 63.6.

86
 damatebiTi amocanebi
1. sami patara damuxtuli sxeuli moTavsebulia a gverdis mqone wesieri
samkuTxedis wveroebSi. erTi maTgani damagrebulia, xolo or
danarCens, romelTa masebia M , xolo muxti _ Q , akaveben. risi toli
unda iyos damagrebuli sxeulis muxti, rom danarCeni ori sxeulis
ganTavisuflebis momentSi maTi aCqareba minimaluri aRmoCndes?
gansazRvreT es aCqareba.
2. Q muxtiT damuxtuli mavTulis Txeli R radiusis rgoli da naklebi
r radiusis liTonis sfero moTavsebulia ise, rom maTi centrebi
erTmaneTs emTxveva. sfero damiwebulia Zalian wvrili grZeli
gamtariT. gansazRvreT im wertilis potenciali, romelic rgolis
RerZze misi sibrtyidan x manZilze.
3. Zalian didi manZiliT daSorebuli ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisaken
moZraobs υ siCqariT paraleluri wrfeebis gaswvriv, romelTa Soris
manZilia ρ (samizne parametri). gansazRvreT eleqtronebs Soris
minimaluri manZili. eleqtronis masaa me , elementaruli muxtia
(moduliT) e .
4. Tavdapirvelad uZravi eleqtronisken Zalian didi manZilidan υ
siCqariT moZraobs meore eleqtroni wrfis gaswvriv, romelic uZravi
eleqtronidan ρ manZiliTaa daSorebuli (samizne parametri).
gansazRvreT eleqtronebs Soris minimaluri manZili. eleqtronis
masaa me , elementaruli muxtia (moduliT) e .
5. Zalian didi manZiliT daSorebuli ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisaken
moZraobs υ1 da υ 2 siCqareebiT paraleluri wrfeebis gaswvriv,
romelTa Soris manZilia ρ (samizne parametri). gansazRvreT
eleqtronebs Soris minimaluri manZili. eleqtronis masaa me ,
elementaruli muxtia (moduliT) e .
6. rodesac or eleqtrons Soris manZilia d , maSin maTi siCqareebis
veqtorebi erT sibrtyeSia, eleqtronebis SemaerTebel monakveTTan α
kuTxes qmnis da moduliT aris υ (nax. 1). gansazRvreT eleqtronebs
Soris minimaluri manZili. eleqtronis masaa me , elementaruli
muxtia (moduliT) e .
7. rodesac or erTnair nawilaks Soris manZilia d , maSin maTi siCqaris
veqtorebi erT sibrtyeSia da nawilakebis SemaerTebel monakveTTan α
da β kuTxeebs qmnis (nax. 2). siCqareebis modulebi Sesabamisad aris u
da υ . TiToeuli nawilakis muxtia Q . gansazRvreT nawilakebis masa,
Tu Semdgomi moZraobisas maT Soris minimaluri manZilia r .
8. ori erTnairi Q wertilovani muxti moTavsebulia erTmaneTisagan d
manZilze. ra potenciali SeiZleba hqondes orive muxtis momcvel
ekvipotencialur zedapirs? ra potenciali unda hqondes aseT
zedapirs, rom is yvelgan amozneqili iyos?

u
υ υ υ
α d α α d β
− e, me − e, me
nax. 1 nax. 2

87
9. kosmosSi yvela sxva sxeulisgan daSorebiT moZraobs ori patara
damuxtuli burTula. erTi maTganis masaa 1g, xolo meoris _ 2g.
burTulebis muxtebi moduliT toli da niSniT saperispiroaa.
mocemul momentSi burTulebs Soris manzilia 1m. meti masis
burTulas siCqarea 1m wm da mimarTulia burTulebis centrebis
SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv naklebi masis burTulisgan. naklebi
masis burTulas siCqare moduliT igivea, magram aRniSnuli wrfis
marTobulia. gansazRvreT, risi toli unda iyos burTulebis muxtebis
moduli, rom Semdgomi moZraobisas isini orjer aRmoCndnen
erTmaneTisgan 3m manZilze. burTulebis gravitaciuli mizidva
ugulebelyaviT.
10. sami paraleluri wvrili aragamtari Rero horizontalur sibrtyeSia
damagebuli. mezobel Reroebs Soris manZilia d (nax. 3). Reroebze
wamocmulia damuxtuli mZime Saibebi, romelTac xaxunis gareSe
SeuZliaT Reroebze sriali. TiToeuli Saibis masaa M , xolo muxti _
Q . sawyis momentSi sami maTgani Reroebis marTob wrfeze imyofebian
uZravad, xolo meoTxe maTgan Sorsaa da moZraobs Sua Reroze υ 0
siCqariT. gansazRvreT Saibebis siCqareebi didi drois Semdeg.
11. brtyeli kondensatori Sedgeba mcire d manZiliT daSorebuli ori
firfitisgan. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S . SeafaseT muSaoba,
romelic unda SevasruloT, rom firfitebi davmuxtoT erTnairi Q
muxtebiT. miiCnieT, rom muxtebi Tanabrad nawildeba firfitebze.
12. ori aragamtari naxevarsferos centrebi da maTi maqsimaluri kveTis
sibrtyeebi erTmaneTs emTxveva (nax. 4). maTi radiusebia R da r , xolo
muxtebi Sesabamisad Q da q . gansazRvreT maTi urTierTqmedebis Zala.
13. rezistorebis grZeli jaWvi Seicavs morigeobiT CarTul R − 2 R da
2 R − R tipis rgolebs, rogorc naCvenebia nax. 5-ze. gansazRvreT
winaRoba A da B wertilebs Soris rgolebis didi ricxvis
SemTxvevaSi.
14. U 0 Zabvis wyarosTan miaerTes mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli C tevadobis
kondensatori da R winaRobis rezistori. mierTebis momentidan
dawyebuli, rezistorSi gamoiyo Q siTbos raodenoba. am monacemebis
gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT sawyisi Zabva kondensatorze.

88
15. C tevadobis haeris dieleqtrikiani brtyeli kondensatori Sedgeba
erTmaneTis maxlobeli ori didi firfitisgan. erT-erTi maTgani
daumuxtavia, xolo meores muxtia Q . firfitebi erTmaneTTan SeaerTes
didi R winaRobis gamtariT. SeafaseT did droSi gamtarSi
gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba.
16. brtyeli kondensatori mierTebulia E em Zalis denis wyarosTan.
kondensatorSi Semonafenebis paralelurad Seitanes L sisqis
damuxtuli gamtari firfita da
moaTavses is Semonafenebidan L da 4 L A A'
manZilebze (nax. 6). firfitis muxti
dadebiTia da mis Setanamde L L L L 2L
kondensatoris Q muxtis tolia. : : : : :
firfitis da kondensatoris
Semonafenebis zomebi erTnairia. B B'
Semonafenebs Soris manZili bevrad
naklebia maT zomebze. ra muSaoba unda
SevasruloT, rom firfita AB
mdebareobidan A′ B ′ mdebareobaSi nax. 6
gadavitanoT?
17. arawrfiv orpolusas "kvadratuli" volt-amperuli maxasiaTebeli aqvs
_ Zabva mis momWerebs Soris masSi gamavali denis Zalis kvadratis
proporciulia. orpolusa mimdevrobiT SeerTebul voltmetrTan
erTad miuerTes E em Zalis batareas. am dros voltmetris Cvenebaa
em Zalis naxevari. orpolusas paralelurad miuerTes kidev erTi
aseTive voltmetri. gansazRvreT voltmetrebis Cvenebebi. batareis
Siga winaRoba ugulebelyaviT.
18. ρ kuTri winaRobis liTonisagan damzadebul d diametris grZel
wrfiv gamtarSi denis Zalaa I 0 . cnobilia, rom gamtarSi denis
gavlisaTvis aucilebel eleqtrul vels qmnis zedapiruli muxtebi.
gamtaris zedapiris erT-erT wertilSi muxtis zedapirul;i simkvrivea
σ 1 . gansazRvreT muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive gamtaris wertilSi,
romelic pirveli wertilidan L manZilzea gamtaris gaswvriv denis
mimarTulebiT.
19. C tevadobis haeris dieleqtrikiani brtyeli kondensatori Sedgeba
erTmaneTis maxlobeli ori didi firfitisgan. erT-erTi maTgani
daumuxtavia, xolo meores muxtia Q . firfitebi erTmaneTTan SeaerTes
didi R winaRobis gamtariT. SeafaseT did droSi gamtarSi
gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba.
20. arawrfivi orpolusas volt-amperuli maxasiaTebeli aRiwereba
formuliT U = 10 I , sadac denis Zala amperebiT izomeba, xolo
2

Zabva _ voltebiT. ori aseTi orpolusa mimdevrobiT SeaerTes da

miuerTes 10v em Zalis mqone idealur denis wyaros. erT-erT
orpolusas paralelurad miuerTes rezistori. gansazRvreT, ra
winaRobis unda iyos rezistori, rom masze gamoyofili siTburi
simZlavre maqsimaluri iyos.

89
21. 1 mkf tevadobis kondensatori damuxtulia 4 v Zabvamde da
mimdevrobiT SeerTebulia 6 v-mde damuxtul 2 mkf tevadobis
kondensatorTan “minusiT” “pliusTan” (nax. 7). meti tevadobis
kondensatorTan paralelurad aerTeben 3 komi winaRobis resistors,
xolo kondensatorebis Tavisufal gamomyvanebTan imavdroulad
aerTeben 10 komi winaRobis rezistors. gansazRvreT drois did
SualedSi TiToeul rezistorSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba.
22. suraTze moyvanil sqemaSi (nax. 8) rigrigobiT rTaven CamrTvelebs
(erT-erTis CarTvis win meores ganrTaven). gansazRvreT Zabva “Sua”
kondensatorze mravali CarTva-amorTvis Semdeg. wredis elementebi
idealurad miiCnieT. Tavdapirvelad kondensatorebi daumuxtavia.
23. suraTze moyvanil sqemaze (nax. 9) kondensatorebi Tavdapirvelad
daumutavia. modebul Zabvas uwyvetad cvlian ise, rom wredSi denis
Zala mudmivad I 0 –is tolia. gansazRvreT rezistorSi T droSi
gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba.
24. C , 2C da 3C tevadobis kondensatorebi erTmaneTTan isea
SeerTebuli. rogorc naCvenebia nax. 10–ze. 2 C tevadobis kondensatori
damuxtulia U 0 Zabvamde, danarCeni ori daumuxtavia. kondensatorebis
Tavisufal boloebs erTdroulad miuerTes R , 2 R da 3 R winaRobis
rezistorebi. gansazRvreT TiToeul maTganSi did droSi gamoyofili
siTbos raodenoba.
25. C = 10 mkf tevadobis ori erTnairi kondensatoridan TiToeuli
damuxtes U 0 = 10 v Zabvamde da paralelurad SeaerTes grZeli
sadenebiT, romelTa saerTo winaRobaa r = 1omi . erT-erT kondensators
uSualod miuerTes R = 10 komi winaRobis rezistori. ra siTbos
raodenoba gamoiyofa sadenebSi did droSi?

90
 1. magnituri veli. magnituri velis induqcia. amperis Zala

moZrav damuxtul nawilakebs Soris garda eleqtruli Zalebisa,

romelic ar aris damokidebuli nawilakebis siCqareebze, moqmedebs
damatebiTi Zala, romelic nawilakebis siCqareebzea damokidebuli. misi
gamovlenaa denian gamtarebs Soris moqmedi Zala. denian gamtarebs
Soris moqmed Zalas da moZrav damuxtul nawilakebs Soris moqmed, maT
siCqareebze damokidebul Zalas, magnituri Zala ewodeba. mudmivi
magnitebis urTierTqmedebac maTSi moZrav damuxtul nawilakebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. Tanamedrove SexedulebiT magnituri urTierTqmedeba
xorcieldeba magnituri velis meSveobiT. magnitur vels qmnis moZravi
muxtebi (denebi). magnituri veli moqmedebs moZrav damuxtul nawilakebze
(denebze).
magnituri velis dasaxasiaTeblad aucilebelia SemoviyvanoT velis
Zaluri maxasiaTebeli, romelic gansazRvravs magnitur velSi moZrav
damuxtul nawilakze da magnitur velSi moTavsebul denian gamtarze
moqmed Zalas. magnituri velis aseT maxasiaTebels magnituri induqciis
→
B veqtori ewodeba.
magnituri velis mocemul wertilSi magnituri induqciis veqtoris
mimarTulebad miCneulia am wertilSi moTavsebuli Tavisuflad
orientirebadi patara zomis magnituri isris CrdiloeT polusis
miTiTebuli mimarTuleba orientirebis Semdeg (cxadia, es mimarTuleba
emTxveva magnituri isris CrdiloeT polusze moqmedi magnituri Zalis
mimarTulebas).

nax. 1.1
mudmivi magnitisa da deniani koWas magnituri induqciis wirebi.
magnituri isrebi orientirdeba am wirebis mxebis gaswvriv.

3
 magnituri velis sivrculi struqturis TvalsaCinod gamosaxvisaTvis
iyeneben magnituri velis Zalwirebs anu magnituri induqciis wirebs. es
→
iseTi wirebia, romelTa yovel wertilSi B veqtori mxebis gaswvrivaa
mimarTuli. nax. 1.1-ze moyvanilia mudmivi magnitis da deniani koWas
magnituri induqciis wirebi. yuradReba miaqcieT am velebis analogias.
deniani koWas is bolo, saidanac amodian induqciis wirebi, mudmivi
magnitis CrdiloeTi polusis analogiuria. meore bolo, sadac Sedian
induqciis wirebi, mudmivi magnitis samxreT polusis analogiuria.
magnituri induqciis wirebi yovelTvis Caketilia. aseT velebs
grigalurs uwodeben. magnituri induqciis wirebi SeiZleba davaxatinoT
muyaoze dayril liTonis naqlibs, romlebic magnitur velSi
magnitdebian da, patara magnituri isrebis msgavsad, orientirdebian
induqciis wirebis gaswvriv.
magnituri induqciis modulis Semoyvana SeiZleba magnitur velSi
moTavsebuli deniani gamtaris mcire wrfiv ubanze moqmedi Zalis
gazomviT. ubani imdenad mcire unda iyos, rom mis farglebSi magnituri
veli erTgvarovnad CaiTvalos. rogorc amperis cdebma aCvena, deniani
gamtaris wrfiv ubanze erTgvarovan magnitur velSi moqmedi Zala
proporciulia I denis Zalis, ubnis Δ l sigrZis da denis mimarTulebasa
da magnituri induqciis veqtors Soris α kuTxis sinusis: F ∝ I Δ l sinα .
F
sidide damokidebulia mxolod magnitur velze, aris misi
I Δ l sinα
siZlieris maxasiaTebeli da swored isaa miCneuli magnituri induqciis
modulad.
F
B= (1.1)
I Δ l sinα
magnituri induqciis veqtoris moduli ewodeba sidides, romelic
tolia magnitur velSi moTavsebuli deniani gamtaris mcire wrfiv
ubanze moqmedi magnituri Zalis Sefardebisa denis Zalis, ubnis sigrZis
da denis mimarTulebasa da magnituri induqciis veqtors Soris α
kuTxis sinusis namravlTan.
denian gamtaris wrfiv ubanze erTgvarovan magnitur velSi moqmed
Zalas amperis Zalas uwodeben. F = B I Δ l sinα formula gamosaxavs amperis
kanons.
rodesac deniani gamtaris wrfivi ubani magnituri velis
paraleluria (α = 0 an α = 180 ), maSin amperis Zala nulis tolia.
o o

amperis Zala maqsimaluria, rodesac es ubani magnituri velis

marTobulia (α = 90 o ) .
n
SI -Si magnituri induqciis erTeuls tesla (tl) ewodeba: 1tl = 1 .
a ⋅m
tesla iseTi magnituri velis induqciaa, romelSic gamtaris erTi
metri sigrZis wrfiv ubanze, masSi erTi amperi denis gavlisas, moqmedebs
erTi niutonis toli maqsimaluri amperis Zala. tesla Zalian msxvili
erTeulia: dedamiwis magnituri velis induqcia daaxloebiT
0.5 × 10 teslaa, didi laboratoriuli eleqtromagniti qmnis araumetes
−4

5 tesla magnitur vels.

amperis Zalis mimarTuleba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT marcxena xelis
an marjvena burRis wesis gamoyenebiT.
4
 marcxena xelis wesi: Tu gaSlil marcxena xels ise movaTavsebT,
rom magnituri induqciis gamtarisadmi marTobuli gegmili xelisgulSi
marTobulad Sediodes, xolo oTxi TiTi mimarTuli iyos denis gaswvriv,
maSin marTi kuTxiT gadaxrili ceri miuTiTebs amperis Zalis
mimarTulebas (nax. 1.2).
marjvena burRis wesi: Tu marjvena burRis tars vabrunebT denis
mimarTulebidan magnituri induqciis veqtoris mimarTulebisken umciresi
kuTxiT, maSin burRis wveri gadaadgildeba amperis Zalis mimarTulebiT
(nax. 1.2). marjvena burRis imitacia SeiZleba marjvena xeliT. Tu misi
oTxi TiTis (ceris garda) moxris mimarTuleba iqneba burRis brunvis
mimarTuleba, maSin gamarTuli ceri miuTiTebs burRis wveris
gadaadgilebis mimarTulebas.

nax. 1.2
marcxena xelis da marjvena
burRis wesebi
marjvena burRis wesiT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT induqciis wirebis
mimarTulebac. magaliTad: Tu marjvena burRis tars vabrunebT koWaSi
denis mimarTulebiT, maSin burRis wveri gadaadgildeba koWas SuaSi
induqciis wiris gaswvriv (sur. 1.1). Tu burRis tars ise vabrunebT, rom
misi wveri gadaadgildes wrfiv gamtarSi denis mimarTulebiT, maSin
burRis tari ibrunebs induqciis wirebis gaswvriv (sur. 1.3).

sur. 1.3
wrfivi denis magnituri veli

5
 ganvixiloT vertikaluri marTkuTxa deniani CarCo horizontalur
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi (sur. 1.4). CarCos sibrtyis marTobul
⎛→⎞
erTeuli sigrZis veqtors ⎜ n ⎟ normali ewodeba. kuTxe normalsa da
⎝ ⎠
→
magnituri velis B induqcias Soris iyos α , CarCos gverdebis sigrZeebi
_ a da b , denis Zala CarCoSi _ I . CarCos horizontalur gverdebze
moqmedi amperis Zalebi moduliT tolia da mimarTulia erTi wrfis
gaswvriv urTierTsawinaaRmdegod. isini awonasworeben erTmaneTs. CarCos
vertikalur gverdebze moqmedi amperis Zalebi moduliT tolia da
mimarTulia urTierTsawinaaRmdegod paraleluri wrfeebis gawvriv. isini
→ →
ar aniWeben CarCos aCqarebas, magram abruneben mas n da B veqtorebiT
→
Sedgenili sibrtyis marTobuli RerZis garSemo. amasTan n veqtori
→
mobrundeba B veqtorisaken umciresi kuTxiT.

sur. 1.4
deniani CarCo erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
(a) sivrculi xedi; (b) zedxedi.

miviRoT mabrunebeli momentis saangariSo formula. CarCos vertikalur

gverdebze moqmedi amperis Zalebis modulebia F1 = F2 = B I b . maTi
mabrunebeli momenti OO ′ RerZis mimarT iqneba
M = F1 a1 sinα + F2 a 2 sinα = B I b (a1 + a 2 )sinα = B I b a sinα = B I S sinα , sadac CarCos
farTobia. es formula marTebulia sxva formis brtyeli deniani CarCos
SemTxvevaSic.
amrigad, erTgvarovan magnitur velSi moTavsebul brtyel denian CarCoze
→ →
moqmedebs n da B veqtorebiT Sedgenili sibrtyis marTobuli RerZis
garSemo mabrunebeli momenti,
M = B I S sinα (1.2)

6
 → →
romelic cdilobs n veqtori moabrunos B veqtorisaken umciresi
kuTxiT. RerZis paraleluri veli ar qmnis mabrunebel moments.
momenti maqsimaluria, rodesac α = 90 o , anu rodesac magnituri veli
CarCos sibrtyis paraleluria. momenti nulia, rodesac α = 0 o an α = 180 o ,
anu rodesac magnituri veli CarCos sibrtyis marTobulia. aqedan α = 0 o
Seesabameba CarCos mdgrad wonasworobas, xolo α = 180 o _ aramdgrads.
→ →
p = I S n sidides deniani CarCos magnituri momenti ewodeba. misi
meSveobiT (1.2) formula ase gadaiwereba
M = p B sinα (1.3)
Tu moments ganvixilavT rogorc veqtors, romelic mimarTulia
marjvena xraxnis wveris gadaadgilebis mimarTulebiT, rodesac mas
vabrunebT iqeT, saiTac CarCos abrunebs momenti, maSin (1.3) formula
veqtoruli formiT Caiwereba
→ → →
M = p× B (1.4)
magnituri isris magnituri momenti iqneba is sidide, romlis
saSualebiTac erTgvarovan magnitur velSi masze moqmedi mabrunebeli
momenti (1.4) formuliT Caiwereba.

amocanebi

1. vertikalurad mimarTul erTgvarovan magnitur velSi ori ZafiT

dakidebulia m masis da l sigrZis horizontaluri gamtari. gamtarSi
denis Zalaa I . denis mimyvani mavTulebi ar arian moTavsebuli
magnitur velSi da xels ar uSlian gamtaris moZraobas. magnituri
velis induqciaa B . gansazRvreT vertikalidan Zafebis gadaxris
kuTxe.
2. (l + L ) sigrZis ϕ kuTxiT moRunuli gamtari moTavsebulia B
induqciis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi (sur. 1.5). magnituri induqciis
veqtori gamtaris sibrtyis marTobulia. gamtarSi denis Zalaa I .
gansazRvreT gamtarze moqmedi Zala.
3. R radiusis naxevarwris formis gamtari l
moTavsebulia magnituri velis marTobul I ϕ
sibrtyeSi. magnituri velis induqciis modulia B ,
xolo denis Zala gamtarSi _ I . gansazRvreT I L
gamtarze moqmedi Zala.
4. mavTuli moRunulia ise, rom qmnis kvadratis sam + B
gverds (sur. 1.6). miRebul CarCos SeuZlia xaxunis
gareSe brunva meoTxe gverdis gaswvrivi O O ′ nax. 1.5
horizontaluri RerZis garSemo. mavTulis sigrZis
erTeulis masaa ρ . gamtarSi denis Zalaa I . sivrceSi gvaqvs
vertikalurad qveviT mimarTuli B induqciis magnituri veli.
gansazRvreT vertikalidan CarCos gadaxris kuTxe.
5. mavTulis wriul CarCos SeuZlia xaxunis gareSe brunva O O ′
horizontaluri RerZis garSemo (sur. 1.7). CarCoSi denis Zalaa I .
sivrceSi gvaqvs vertikalurad qveviT mimarTuli B induqciis
magnituri veli. mavTulis sigrZis erTeulis masaa ρ . gansazRvreT
CarCos sibrtyis vertikalidan gadaxris kuTxe.

7
6. mavTulis wriul CarCos diametris gaswvriv aqvs O O ′ horizontaluri
RerZis paraleluri imave mavTulis naWeri (sur. 1.8). CarCos xaxunis
gareSe SeuZlia brunva am RerZis garSemo. CarCoSi Semavali denis
Zalaa I . sivrceSi gvaqvs vertikalurad qveviT mimarTuli B
induqciis magnituri veli. mavTulis sigrZis erTeulis masaa ρ .
gansazRvreT CarCos sibrtyis vertikalidan gadaxris kuTxe.
7. deniani koWa dgas horizontalur zedapirze. koWas masaa m , xviebis
ricxvi _ n , denis Zala xviebSi _ I , xviebis radiusi _ R . magnituri
veli mimarTulia horizontalurad. gansazRvreT, magnituri velis
induqciis ra mniSvnelobisaTvis gadayiravdeba koWa. Tavisufali
vardnis aCqarebis modulia g .

I I I
O′ O′
O′ →
B I I
→
→
I O B O B
O

nax. 1.6 nax. 1.7 nax. 1.8

2. bio-savaris kanoni. Teorema cirkulaciis Sesaxeb

sxvadasxva konfiguraciis mudmivi denebis magnitur velebi
eqsperimentulad Seiswavles frangma fizikosebma biom da savarma. maT
daaskvnes, rom deniani gamtaris magnituri veli emorCileba
superpoziciis princips: ramdenime deniani gamtariT Seqmnili magnituri
velis induqcia TiToeuli maTganis Seqmnili magnituri velis
induqciebis veqtoruli jamis tolia.
biom da savarma daadgines magnituri velis induqciaSi deniani gamtaris
mcire wrfivi elementis Setanili wvlili:
μ I Δ l sinα
ΔB = 0 (2.1)
4π r 2
sadac μ 0 magnituri mudmivaa, Δl elementis sigrZea, I denis Zalaa, r
manZilia elementidan velis dakvirvebis wertilamde, α kuTxea
elementSi denis mimarTulebasa da elementidan dakvirvebis wertilisaken
mimarTulebas Soris.
→
ΔB -s mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba marjvena burRis wesis gamoyenebiT:
→
ΔB -s mimarTuleba emTxveva burRis taris brunvis mimarTulebas,
rodesac misi wveri denis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.
bio-savaris kanonis gamoyenebiT advilad vipovoT R radiusis I
deniani rgolis centrSi magnituri velis induqcias: marTlac, rgolis
yoveli elementi rgolis centrSi qmnis erTi mimarTulebis induqcias,
romlis moduli ganisazRvreba (2.1) formuliT. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom

8
 μ 0 I Δl
yvela elementisaTvis α = 90 o da r = R. gveqneba ΔB =
. erTi
4 πR 2
mimarTulebis vetorebis Sekrebisas ikribeba maTi modulebi e.i.
μ I μ I μ I
B = ∑ Δ B = 0 ∑ Δl = 0 2 π R = 0 (2.2)
4π R 2 4π R 2 2R
rgolis centrSi magnituri induqcia mimarTulia marjvena burRis
wveris gadaadgilebis mimarTulebiT misi taris brunvisas rgolSi denis
mimarTulebiT.
usasrulod grZeli wvrili deniani gamtaris magnituri velis
induqciis gansazRvrisas gamtaridan garkveul manZiliT daSorebul
wertilSi bio-savaris kanonis gamoyeneba gacilebiT rTul
gamoTvlebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tuca gamtaris yoveli elementi mocemul
wertilSi erTi mimarTulebis induqciebs qmnis da sruli velis
induqciis moduli elementebis mier Seqmnili velebis induqciebis
modulebis jamis tolia, sxvadasxva elementisaTvis sxvadasxvaa α da r .
CavataroT saWiro gamoTvlebi. elementebis velebis ajamvis nacvlad,
moviqceT ufro zustad _ movaxdinoT usasrulod mcire elementebis
velebis integreba. avirCioT X RerZi gamtaris gaswvriv. koordinatTa
saTave ise avirCioT, rom im wertilis koordinati, sadac veZebT velis
induqcias nulis toli iyos (nax. 2.1). usasrulod mcire nebismieri
elementis boloebis koordinatia x da (x + d x ) .

nax. 2.1
usasrulo wrfivi deniani
gamtaris magnituri velis
induqciis gamoTvlisaTvis

d x sigrZis usasrulod mcire elementis Seqmnili velis induqciaa

9
 μ 0 I d x sinα
dB =
4π r 2
l l
gadavideT α cvladze: r= , x = l ctg (π − α ) = −l ctgα ,
=
sin (π − α ) sin α
l dα μ I sinα d α
dx = . miviRebT d B = 0 . movaxdinoT integreba gamtaris
sin α
2
4π l
gaswvriv (− ∞ ) -dan (+ ∞ ) -mde. am dros α icvleba 0-dan π -mde.
π
π π
μ 0 I sinα d α μ0 I μ0 I μ0 I
B=∫ = ∫ sinα d α = − 4 π l cosα = (cos0 − cosπ ) = μ 0 I
0 4π l 0 4π l 0
4π l 2π l
amrigad, usasrulo wrfivi deniani gamtaris magnituri velis induqcia
ganisazRvreba formuliT
μ I
B= 0 (2.3)
2π l
sadac μ 0 magnituri mudmivaa, I _ gamtarSi denis Zala, l _ manZili
gamtaridan im wertilamde, sadac veZebT induqcias.
deniani gamtaris sasruli wrfivi monakveTiT Seqmnili velis
induqciis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa d B -s integreba α = α 1 -dan α = α 2 -mde
(nax. 2.2), rac mogvcems
μ I
B = 0 (cosα 1 − cosα 2 ) (2.4)
2π l

nax. 2.2

zogierTi simetriuli magnituri velebis induqcia martivad SeiZleba

ganisazRvros TeoremiT magnituri induqciis cirkulaciis Sesaxeb,
romelic magnituri velis TeoriaSi asrulebs igive rols, rasac gausis
Teorema eleqtrostatikaSi.

10
 nax. 2.3
gamosaxulia velis Semqmneli
denebi I 1 , I 2 da I 3
→
avxsnaT B veqtoris cirkulaciis cneba. vTqvaT sivrceSi, sadac
arsebobs magnituri veli, arCeulia raime warmosaxviTi Sekruli L
konturi (romelic SeiZleba ar iyos brtyeli) da miTiTebulia misi
Semovlis dadebiTi mimarTuleba. am konturis calkeul Δ l sigrZis mcire
→
ubanze magnituri induqciis gegmili konturis mxebze iyos Bl (nax. 2.3). B
veqtoris cirkulacia ewodeba Bl Δ l namravlebis jams mTeli konturis
gaswvriv
→
B − is cirkulacia = ∑ Bl Δ l (2.5)
(L )
ufro zustad
→
B − is cirkulacia = ∫ Bl d l (2.6)
(L )
Teorema cirkulaciis Sesaxeb amtkicebs, rom mudmivi denebis
→
magnituri velis B veqtoris cirkulacia nebismieri Sekruli konturis
gaswvriv tolia magnituri mudmivas da konturiT SemosazRvruli aris
gamWoli denis Zalebis jamis namravlis. amasTan, konturiT
SemosazRvruli aris ganWolvis dadebiTi mimarTuleba konturis
Semovlis mimarTulebas marjvena burRis wesis Sesabamisad ukavSirdeba.
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT gamWoli denis Zalebi dadebiTi niSniT unda
aviRoT, xolo uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT gamWoli denis Zalebi _
uaryofiTi niSniT.
∑ Bl Δl = μ 0 ∑ I i (2.7)
(L )
nax. 2.3-ze gamosaxul magaliTSi gveqneba
∑ Bl Δl = μ 0 (I 3 − I 2 )
(L )
cirkulaciis Sesaxeb Teoremis gamoyenebiT, martivad miviRebT
usasrulo wrfivi deniani gamtaris magnituri velis induqciis (2.3)
formulas. am gamtaris magnituri velis Zalwirebia gamtaris marTobul
sibrtyeSi mdebare wrewirebi centriT gamtarze. simetriis gamo aSkaraa,
rom TiToeuli wrewiris wertilebSi magnituri induqciis veqtoris
moduli erTnairia. gamtarisgan l manZiliT daSorebul wertilSi

11
induqciis gansazRvrisaTvis L konturad avirCioT l radiusiani Zalwiri
da Semovlis dadebiT mimarTuleba emTxveodes Zalwiris mimarTulebas.
cirkulaciis Sesaxeb Teoremis gamoyenebiT miiReba
∑ Bl Δl = 2 π l B = μ 0 I
(L )
saidanac gamomdinareobs (2.3) formula.
ganvixiloT usasrulod grZeli wrfivi koWa (solenoidi) mWidrod
daxveuli xviebiT (xvia mibjenilia xviaze). aseT koWaSi denis gavlisas
mTeli magnituri veli koWas SigniTaa koncentrirebuli. koWas gareT
magnituri veli ver gamodis. miviRoT denian solenoidSi magnituri
induqciis ganmsazRvreli formula. simetriidan aSkaraa, rom induqciis
wirebi koWas RerZis paraleluri wrfeebia da TiToeuli am wiris
wertilebSi magnituri induqcia erTnairia. avirCioT L konturad nax. 2.4-
ze gamosaxuli marTkuTxedi da gamoviyenoT Teorema cirkulaciis
Sesaxeb.

nax. 2.4
cirkulaciis Sesaxeb Teoremis gamoyeneba
usasrulod grZel solenoidSi magnituri velis
gansazRvrisaTvis.

am SemTxvevaSi magnituri induqciis gegmili konturi mxebze nulisagan

gansxvavdeba mxolod ab gverdze da cirkulacia B l -is tolia, sadac l
aris ab gverdis sigrZe. konturiT SemosazRvruli farTobis gamWoli
xviebis ricxvia n l , sadac n solenoidis erTeul sigrZeze xviebis
ricxvia. konturiT SemosazRvruli farTobis gamWoli denis Zala
gamodis n l I , sadac I solenoidSi denis Zalaa. cirkulaciis Sesaxeb
Teoremis Tanaxmad B l = μ 0 n l I , saidanac
B = μ0 n I (2.8)
rogorc vxedavT usasrulo solenoidSi magnituri veli erTgvarovania.
nax. 2.5-ze gamosaxulia sasruli sigrZis koWas magnituri veli. koWas
centralur nawilSi magnituri veli praqtikulad erTgvarovania da
gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre koWas gareT.

12
 nax. 2.5
sasruli sigrZis koWas magnituri veli

amocanebi
1. usasrulod grZel R radiusis cilindrSi RerZis gaswvriv miedineba
deni. denis Zalaa I , romelic Tanabradaa ganawilebuli ganivkveTSi.
gansazRvreT magnituri velis induqcia cilindris SigniT RerZidan
r < R manZilze.
2. grZel cilindrul gamtarSi gvaqvs cilindruli siRrue. gamtaris da
siRruis RerZebi paraleluria da maT Soris manZilia d . denis Zalis
simkvrive gamtarSi aris j . gansazRvreT magnituri velis induqcia
(moduli da mimarTuleba) siRruis wertilebSi.

13
 3. paraleluri denebis urTierTqmedeba

ganvixiloT vakuumSi moTavsebuli Zalze grZeli da wvrili,

paraleluri ori gamtari. gamtarebs Soris manZili iyos R , xolo denis
Zalebi maTSi _ I 1 da I 2 . denebis urTierTqmedeba gamowveulia maTi
magnituri velebiT: erTi denis magnituri veli amperis ZaliT moqmedebs
meoreze da piriqiT.
burRis wesis gamoyenebiT ganvsazRvravT TiToeuli denis Seqmnili
magnituri velis Zalwirebis mimarTulebas, xolo marcxena xelis an
burRis wesis gamoyenebiT ganvsazRvravT TiToeul gamtarze moqmedi
Zalis mimarTulebas (nax. 3.1).

nax. 3.1
paraleluri da antiparaleluri denebis
magnituri urTierTqmedeba

Tu denebi erTi mimarTulebisaa, maSin gamtarebi miizidavs erTmaneTs.

Tu denebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa, maSin gamtarebi
ganizidavs erTmaneTs.
pirveli deniani gamtaris magnituri velis induqcis moduli iq,
sadac moTavsebulia meore gamtari, ganisazRvreba usasrulo wrfivi
μ I
deniani gamtaris magnituri induqciis formuliT: B1 = 0 1 . am magnitur
2π R
velSi meore gamtaris Δ l sigrZis ubanze moqmedi Zalis moduli
ganisazRvreba amperis kanoniT: F = B1 I 2 Δ l . am ori formulidan miiReba
μ I I Δl
F= 0 1 2 (3.1)
2π R
igivea pirveli gamtaris Δ l sigrZis ubanze moqmedi Zalis moduli.
erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemaSi denis Zalis erTeuli _ amperi (a)
ZiriTadi erTeulia.
amperi denis Zalaa, romlis gavlisas vakuumSi 1 m-iT daSorebul
usasrulod grZel da usasrulod wvril or gamtarSi, TiToeuli
gamtaris 1 m sigrZis monakveTze imoqmedebda 2 × 10 −7 n Zala.

14
(3.1) formulaSi, roca I1 = I 2 = 1a, Δ l = 1m da R = 1m , maSin F = 2 × 10 −7 n . amis
gamoyenebiT vipoviT magnituri mudmivas mniSvnelobas
n n
μ 0 = 4 π ×10 −7 ≈ 1.26 ×10 −6
a2 a2

amocana

1. gansazRvreT Zala, romliTac usasrulod grZeli da wvrili wrfivi

gamtari moqmedebs masze gamaval sibrtyeSi moTavsebul marTkuTxa
gamtar konturze (nax. 3.2). denis Zala wrfiv gamtarSi aris I , xolo
marTkuTxa konturSi _ I 1 . marTkuTxa konturis AD da BC gverdebi
wrfivi gamtaris paraleluria da maTi sigrZea a . AD gverdidan
wrfiv gamtaramde manZilia x , AB = DC = h . denebis mimarTulebebi
miTiTebulia suraTze.

I D h C

I1
a
x

A B

nax. 3.2

4. lorencis Zala
induqciis magnitur velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris Δ l sigrZis wrfiv
monakveTze moqmedi amperis Zala, rodesac gamtarSi denis Zalaa I ,
ganisazRvreba formuliT F = I B Δl sin α , sadac α kuTxea denis
mimarTulebasa da induqciis veqtors Soris.
am formulis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba miviRoT magnitur velSi moZrav
calkeul damuxtul nawilakze moqmedi Zalis formula.
gamtarSi Tavisufal damuxtul nawilakTa koncentracia iyos n ,
TiToeuli maTganis muxti _ q , maTi mowesrigebuli moZraobis siCqare _
υ , gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobi _ S . maSin denis Zala gamtarSi
gamoisaxeba formuliT I = q n υ S . amis CasmiT amperis Zalis formulaSi
miiReba F = q n υ S B Δ l sinα . es Zala aris gamtaris Δ l sigrZisa da S
ganivkveTis farTobis ubanze moZrav yvela Tavisufal damuxtul
nawilakze moqmed ZalaTa jami. am nawilakTa ricxvia N = n S Δl . erT
F
nawilakze moqmedi Zala iqneba Fl = . am formulaSi gamosaxulebebis
N
CasmiT miviRebT

Fl = q υ B sinα (4.1)

15
am Zalas lorencis magnitur Zalas uwodeben. α kuTxe am
gamosaxulebaSi aris kuTxe nawilakis siCqaresa da magnituri induqciis
veqtors Soris. lorencis Zalis mimarTuleba, amperis Zalis
mimarTulebis msgavsad, ganisazRvreba marcxena xelis an marjvena burRis
wesiT, oRond denis mimarTulebis nacvlad gveqneba dadebiTad
damuxtuli nawilakis siCqaris mimarTuleba an uaryofiTad damuxtuli
nawilakis siCqaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba. lorencis Zala siCqaris
da induqciis veqtorebze gamavali sibrtyis marTobulia.
lorencis Zalis formula SeiZleba CavweroT veqtoruli saxiT
→ → →
Fl = q υ × B (4.2)
radganac lorencis Zala damuxtuli nawilakis siCqaris marTobulia,
amitom magnitur velSi damuxtuli nawilakis moZraobisas lorencis
Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs. lorencis Zala ar cvlis nawilakis
siCqaris moduls.
Tu damuxtuli nawilakis siCqare erTgvarovani magnituri velis
marTobulia, maSin nawilaki Tanabrad imoZravebs wrewirze magnituri
velis marTobul sibrtyeSi (nax. 4.1). miviRoT am wrewiris radiusis,
brunvis periodis da kuTxuri siCqaris formulebi. gvaqvs
υ2
Fl = m a, Fl = q υ B, a = , saidanac
R
mυ
R= (4.3)
qB
2π R 2π m
T= = (4.4)
υ qB

υ qB
ω= = (4.5)
R m

nax. 4.1
damuxtuli nawilakis wriuli moZraoba
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi

rogorc vxedavT, magnitur velSi moZravi damuxtuli nawilakis brunvis

periodi da kuTxuri siCqare ar aris damokidebuli mis siCqareze.
sinamdvileSi, es daskvna didi sizustiT sruldeba sinaTlis siCqaresTan
SedarebiT bevrad naklebi siCqariT moZravi nawilakisaTvis, rodesac
SeiZleba niutonis II kanonis gamoyeneba. rodesac nawilakis siCqare araa

16
sinaTlis siCqareze bevrad naklebi, maSin brunvis periodi da kuTxuri
siCqare SesamCnevadaa damokidebuli nawilakis siCqareze.
magnitur velSi moZravi damuxtuli nawilakis brunvis periodis
(kuTxuri siCqaris) damoukideblobas siCqarisagan iyeneben ciklotronSi
_ mZime damuxtuli nawilakebis (protonebi, ionebi) amaCqareblebSi.
cxadia, ciklotronebiT nawilakebis aCqareba SeiZleba iseT
siCqareebamde, sanam SesamCnevad ar dairRveva nawilakis brunvis periodis
(kuTxuri siCqaris) damoukidebloba siCqarisagan.
(4.5) formuliT gansazRvrul ω -s ciklotronul ciklur sixSires
uwodeben.
ciklotronis principialuri sqema moyvanilia nax. 4.2-ze. Zlieri
eleqtromagnitis polusebs Soris moTavsebulia vakuum-kamera, romelSic
aris Rru naxevarcilindrebis formis liTonis ori eleqtrodi
(duantebi). duantebs Soris modebulia cvladi eleqtruli Zabva, romlis
cikluri sixSire ciklotronuli cikluri sixSiris tolia. damuxtuli
nawilakebi gamoityorcnebian kameris centrSi. duantebSi, lorencis
Zalis moqmedebiT, nawilakebi naxevarwrewirebze moZraoben. duantebs
Soris RreCos garbenisas, isini aCqardeba eleqtruli veliT. naxevari
brunvis dro da eleqtruli velis mimarTulebis Secvlis dro
erTnairia, amitom duantebs Soris nawilaki yovelTvis amaCqarebel
velSi moZraobs. ciklotronSi, iseve rogorc sxva amaCqareblebSi,
damuxtuli nawilaki aCqardeba eleqtruli veliT, xolo amaCqareblidan
gaqcevis saSualebas ar aZlevs mas magnituri veli.

nax. 4.2
damuxtuli nawilakis moZraoba
ciklotronis vakuum-kameraSi.

erTgvarovan magnitur velSi damuxtuli nawilakebis wrewirze

moZraobas iyeneben agreTve mas-speqtrometrSi _ damuxtuli nawilakebis
(ionebi, atombirTvebi) maebis gamzom xelsawyoSi. is gamoiyeneba
izotopebis (toli muxtis, magram sxvadasxva masis mqone atombirTvebi)
gancalkevebisaTvisac. umartivesi mas-speqtrometris sqema moyvanilia
nax. 4.3-ze. wyarodan gamotyorcnili damuxtuli nawilakebi gadis
ramdenime mcire xvrels da qmnis viwro konas. Semdeg isini xvdebian
siCqareebis seleqtorSi, sadac isini moZraoben jvaredin erTgvarovan
eleqtrul da magnitur velebSi. eleqtrul vels iqmneba brtyeli
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris, magnituri ki _ eleqtromagnitis
polusebs Soris RreCoSi. nawilakze moqmedebs urTierTsawinaaRmdegod
17
 → → →
mimarTuli ori Zala: q E eleqtruli Zala da q υ × B lorencis
E
magnituri Zala. υ = siCqariT moZravi nawilakisaTvis am ori Zalis
B
moduli tolia da isini awonasworeben erTmaneTs. aseTi siCqariT
moZravi nawilakebi Tanabrad da wrfivad moZraoben. isini gadian xvrels
→
ekranSi da xvdebian areSi, sadac Seqmnilia B ′ induqciis erTgvarovani
magnituri veli. sxva siCqaris mqone nawilakebi am areSi ver moxvdebian.
E
amrigad seleqtori gamoyofs nawilakebis konidan υ = siCqaris
B
→
nawilakebs. B′ induqciiserTgvarovan magnitur velSi nawilakebi
mυ
moZraoben velis marTob sibrtyeSi R = radiusis wrewirze. radiuss
q B′
zomaven. ician ra υ da B ′ , gansazRvraven nawilakis muxtis fardobas
q
masasTan ( ). izotopebis SemTxvevaSi, isini imoZraveben sxvadasxva
m
radiusebis wrewirebze anu gancalkevdebian.

nax. 4.3
siCqareebis seleqtori da mas-speqtrometri

Tu damuxtuli nawilakis siCqaresa da magnitur induqcias Soris

kuTxe marTi araa, maSin nawilaki spiralze moZraobs (nax. 4.4).

18
 nax. 4.4
damuxtuli nawilakis spiralze
moZraoba erTgvarovan magnitur velSi

gamovTvaloT am spiralis maxasiaTeblebi: spiralis radiusi (im

warmosaxviTi cilindris radiusi, romelzedac daxveulia spirali) da
spiralis biji ( manZili or xvias Soris).
υ2 mυ ⊥ mυ sin α
niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad q υ ⊥ B = m ⊥ , saidanac R = = .
R qB qB
2π R 2π m
brunvis periodia T= = . spiralis biji iqneba
υ⊥ qB
2 π mυ cosα
p = υ || T = .
qB
damuxtuli nawilakis traeqtoria daxveulia magnituri induqciis
wirebze.
dedamiwis magnituri veli (gavixsenoT, rom dedamiwis samxreTi
magnituri polusi CrdiloeT geografiuli polusis maxlobladaa)
yoveli cocxalis dacvaa kosmosuri sivrcidan momavali damuxtuli
nawilakebis nakadisagan. kosmosidan (ZiriTadad mzidan) momavali swrafi
damuxtuli nawilakebi (ZiriTadad eleqtronebi da protonebi) "CaiWireba"
dedamiwis magnituri veliT da isini moZraoben dedamiwis magnitur
polusebs Soris iqeT-aqeT spiralis magvar traeqtoriebze. mxolod
polarul areebSi axerxebs am nawilakTa nawili atmosferos zeda
fenebSi SemoWras da iwvevs polarul naTebas.

amocanebi

1. naxevarsivrceSi gvaqvs B induqciis erTgvarovani magnituri veli.

ararelativisturi υ siCqariT velis marTobul sibrtyeSi moZravi
eleqtroni xvdeba am magnitur velSi. velSi Sesvlis momentSi velis
sazRvris marTobTan eleqtronis siCqare qmnis α kuTxes (dacemis
kuTxe) (nax. 4.6). eleqtronis muxtis modulis Sefardeba mis masasTan
aris γ . gansazRvreT magnituri velis areSi eleqtronis SeRwevis
maqsimaluri siRrme. igive gaakeTeT protonis SemTxvevaSi.

19
2. eleqtroni Sefrinda erTgvarovan magnitur velSi. A wertilSi misi
→
siCqarea υ , romelic magnitur velTan α kuTxes qmnis (nax. 4.7).
gansazRvreT magnituri velis induqciis is mniSvnelobebi, romlis
drosac eleqtroni gaivlis C wertils. eleqtronis muxtis modulia
e , masa _ m , AC manZili _ L .
3. q muxtis mqone moZravi nawilaki xvdeba urTierTmarTobuli
erTgvarovani eleqtruli da magnituri velebis areSi. eleqtruli
→ →
velis daZabulobaa E , xolo magnituri velis induqciaa B . am areSi
→ →
nawilakze moqmedebs blanti xaxunis Zala F = −k υ (k _ mocemuli
→
dadebiTi sididea, υ _ nawilakis myisi siCqarea). gansazRvreT
nawilakis moZraobis damyarebuli siCqare.
4. m masisa da q muxtis nawilaki moduliT mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs
→
sivrcis areSi, sadac sami urTierTmarTobuli velia: E daZabulobis
→
eleqtruli veli, B induqciis magnituri veli da simZimis veli,
→
romelSic Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa g (nax. 4.8). garkveul
momentSi eleqtruli da magnituri velebi gamorTes. amis momdevno
moZraobis procesSi nawilakis minimaluri kinetikuri energia sawyisis
naxevari aRmoCnda. gansazRvreT velebis gamorTvis momentSi nawilakis
siCqaris gegmilebi samive velis mimarTulebebze.

× →
× ×
B
×
→
× ×
υ
α

nax. 4.6

→
υ α C
A →
B

nax. 4.7

20
6. moZravi muxtis magnituri veli. wrfivi deniani gamtaris
magnituri velis induqcia.

ararelativisturi V siCqariT Tanabrad da wrfivad moZravi

wertilovaniMmuxtis mier Seqmnili magnitur velis B induqcia mocemul
wertilSi ganisazRvreba formuliT
B (1)
sadac (0=8,8510-12 f/m aris eleqtruli mudmiva, 0=1,25710-6 hn/m
aris magnituri mudmiva, c aris sinaTlis siCqare vakuumSi), xolo E aris
mocemul wertilSi am muxtiT Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
magnituri induqciis moduli gamoiTvleba formuliT

B  (2)
sadac  kuTxea V da E veqtorebs Soris.
wrfivad da Tanabrad V siCqariT moZravi
V 
wertilovani q muxtis eleqtruli velis
V r A E
daZabuloba muxtidan r manZilze gamoTvleba
formuliT ,
amitom magnituri velis induqcia A wertilSi (1) formulis Tanaxmad
udris

B (3)


xolo misi modulia

B   (4)


me-13-e gverdze ganxilulia Tanabrad damuxtuli usasrulo cilindris

eleqtruli veli. analogiurad gamoiTvleba Tanabrad  wiriTi
simkvriviT damuxtuli usasrulod grZeli wrfivi Zafis eleqtruli
velis daZabuloba, romelic Zafidan r manZilze
gamoisaxeba formuliT
V

(5) V

A E
warmovidginoT, rom AaseTi Zafi moZraobs V
siCqariT Tavisi sigrZis gaswvriv. es igivea TiTqos
gvaqvs usasrulod grZeli deniani gamtari,
romelSic denis Zalaa I=V.
A wertilSi (1) formulis Tanaxmad usasrulo

22
wrfivi deniani gamtaris magnituri velis B induqcia gamoiTvleba
formuliT
B= = (6)

amocana 6.1
gamoTvaleT deniani gamtaris L (Lr)sigrZis mcire elementis
magnituri velis induqcia elementidan R manZilze. gamtarSi gadis I
deni.
amoxsna
radgan gamtarSi gadis mudmivi I deni,
L sigrZis gamtarSi drois nebismier L
I

momentSi imyofeba q= muxti,

romelic moZraobs V siCqariT.
magnituri induqciis veqtoris moduli A
R
wertilSi gamoiTvleba (4) formuliT,
romelSic q SetaniT miviRebT
 A
B  (7)

am formulas bio-savaris formula ewodeba.

amocana 6.2

ipoveT rgolis magnituri velis induqcia rgolis centrSi, agreTve

rgolis simetriis rerZze misi centridan H manZilze. rgolSi denis
Zalaa I.

Z
amoxsna

rgolis centrSi nebismieri mcire

elementis Seqmnil magnituri velis
induqcias erTi mimarTuleba eqneba, xolo O
maTi modulebi gamoiTvleba formuliT

Bi . jamuri magnituri veli 

induqciis moduli rgolis centrSi
gamoiTvleba formuliT h

H
B= = =  .

O wertilSi romelic rgolis centridan H
manZiliTaa daSorebuli, rgolis
magnituri velis induqciis veqtori A r

23
simetriidan gamomdinare mimarTuli iqneba Z RerZis gaswvriv, xolo misi
  
moduli gamoiTvleba formuliT B= = =



B (9)

24
 5. eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena

Tavdapirvelad SemovitanoT zedapirSi magnituri nakadis cneba.

→
ganvixiloT B induqciis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi moTavsebuli S
→
farTobis brtyeli zedapiri (nax. 5.1). am zedapiris normalia n . mas
marjvena burRis wesiT Seusabameben zedapiris SemomsazRvreli konturis
Semovlis dadebiT mimarTulebas. erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
moTavsebul brtyel zedapirSi magnituri nakadi ewodeba fizikur
sidides, romelic tolia magnituri induqciis modulis, zedapiris
farTobis da normalsa da induqciis veqtors Soris kuTxis kosinusis
namravlis.
Φ = B ⋅ S ⋅ cosα (5.1)
araerTgvarovani velis da (an) arabrtyeli zedapiris SemTxvevaSi
zedapirs davyofT imdenad mcire nawilebad, rom TiToeuli maTgani iyos
brtyeli da veli maT farglebSi iyos erTgvarovani. vipoviT nakadebs am
elementebSi (5.1) formuliT da maTi SekrebiT vipoviT nakads mTel
zedapirSi.

nax. 5.1
magnituri nakadi brtyel zedapirSi
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi..

magnituri nakadis erTeuls SI -Si veberi (vb) ewodeba.

1 vb = 1 tl ⋅ m 2
1 veberi ewodeba magnitur nakads 1 tesla induqciis erTgvarovan
magnitur velSi velis marTobulad moTavsebul 1 m2 farTobis brtyel
zedapirSi.
Sekruli gamtari konturiT SemosazRvruli zedapirSi magnituri
nakadis cvlilebisas am gamtarSi eleqtruli denis warmoqmnis movlenas
eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena ewodeba. aRZrul dens induqciuri
deni ewodeba. es movlena aRmoaCina didma ingliselma fizikosma maikl
faradeim 1831 wels.
magnituri nakadis Secvlis mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. is
SeiZleba Seicvalos gamtari konturis miaxloebiT an daSorebiTYmudmiv
magnitTan an denian koWasTan; gamtar konturTan mudmivi magnitis an
deniani koWas miaxloebiT an daSorebiT; gamtari konturi brunviT
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi; gamtari konturis mezobel gamtarSi denis
SecvliT.

21
 cxadia, rom Sekrul gamtar konturSi denis warmoqmna niSnavs, rom
nakadis cvlilebisas am konturSi warmoiqmneba emZ, mas induqciis emZ
ewodeba.
faradeim eqsperimentulad daadgina, rom magnituri nakadis
cvlilebisas konturSi aRZruli emZ magnituri nakadis cvlilebis
siCqaris tolia. es faradeis kanonia.
ΔΦ
| Eind |= (5.2)
Δt
cda aCvenebs, rom Caketil gamtar konturSi warmoqmnil induqciur
dens yovelTvis iseTi mimarTuleba aqvs, rom mis mier Seqmnili
magnituri veli ewinaaRmdegeba denis warmomqneli magnituri nakadis
cvlilebas anu rodesac induqciuri deni warmoiqmneba nakadis gazrdis
gamo, maSin induqciuri deniT Seqmnil magnitur vels konturiT
SemosazRvrul areSi gare magnituri velis sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba
aqvs, xolo rodesac induqciuri deni warmoiqmneba nakadis Semcirebis
gamo, maSin induqciuri deniT Seqmnil magnitur vels konturiT
SemosazRvrul areSi gare magnituri velis mimarTuleba aqvs. am wess
lencis wesi ewodeba.
lencis wesi mWidrod ukavSirdeba energiis mudmivobis kanons.
nax. 5.2-ze ilustrirebulia lencis wesi uZravi gamtari konturis
magaliTze, romelic imyofeba erTgvarovan magnitur velSi, romlis
induqcia izrdeba drois mixedviT.

nax. 5.2
ΔΦ
lencis wesis ilustracia. am magaliTSi >0,
Δt
xolo Eind < 0 . induqciuri deni miedineba
konturis Semovlis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT

SevniSnoT, rom Tu induqciuri deni miedineba konturis Semovlis

dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, maSin denis Zalas da mis Semqmnel induqciis
emZ-s dadebiTad miviCnevT. normalis mimarTuleba Cven ise avirCieT, rom
dadebiTi induqciuri denis mier Seqmnili nakadi konturiT

22
SemosazRvrul zedapirSi dadebiTi niSnisaa, xolo uaryofiTi
induqciiuri denis mier Seqmnili nakadi _ uaryofiTi niSnis. Cvens mier
ΔΦ
ganxilul magaliTSi > 0 . lencis wesis Tanaxmad induqciuri deni
Δt
konturiT SemosazRvrul zedapirSi Seqmnis uaryofiT nakads, maSasadame
induqciuri denis Zala da misi Semqmneli induqciis emZ uaryofiTi
ΔΦ
niSnisaa, Eind < 0 . Tu gare velis induqcia mcirdeba, maSin < 0 . lencis
Δt
wesis Tanaxmad induqciuri deni konturiT SemosazRvrul zedapirSi
Seqmnis dadebiT nakads, maSasadame induqciuri denis Zala da misi
Semqmneli induqciis emZ dadebiTi niSnis iqneba, Εind > 0 . amrigad, lencis
wesi faradeis kanonSi aisaxeba, Tu mas Semdegi saxiT CavwerT
ΔΦ
Eind = − (5.3)
Δt
cal-calke ganvixiloT Caketili gamtari konturiT SemosazRvrul
zedapirSi nakadis cvlilebis ori mizezi:
1. magnituri nakadi icvleba konturis an misi nawilebis droSi ucvlel
magnitur velSi gadaadgilebis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi gamtarTan erTad
magnitur velSi moZraoben misi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi. maTze
moqmedebs lorencis Zala. swored masTan aris dakavSirebuli induqciis
emZ-s warmoqmna am SemTxvevaSi. ganvixiloT marTkuTxa konturi, romelic
→
moTavsebulia misi sibrtyis marTobul B induqciis erTgvarovan
magnitur velSi. marTkuTxedis l sigrZis erTi gverdi misrialebdes or
→
gverdze υ siCqariT (nax. 5.3).

nax. 5.3
induqciis emZ-s aRZvra moZrav gamtarSi

23
gamtarTan erTad moZrav Tavisufal eleqtronebze moqmedebs lorencis
Zala. am Zalis erTi mdgeneli dakavSirebulia gamtarTan erTad
eleqtronis moZraobasTan da mimarTulia gamtaris gaswvriv. is asrulebs
gare Zalis rols. misi modulia
Fl = eυ B

es Zala muSaobas asrulebs l sigrZis ubanze. sxva ubnebze gare Zala ar

moqmedebs. amrigad konturis gaswvriv (− e ) muxtis Semotarebisas gare
Zalis muSaoba iqneba
A = Fl ⋅ l = eυ B l
eleqtronis moZraobis mimarTulebiT em Zala iqneba
A
Eind = = −υ B l
−e
vaCvenoT, rom miRebuli formula srul SesabamisobaSia faradeis
kanonTan. Tu eleqtronis moZraobis mimarTulebas miviCnevT konturis
Semovlis dadebiT mimarTulebad, maSin normalis mimarTuleba, Cvens
magaliTSi, daemTxveva magnituri velis mimarTulebas. am SemTxvevaSi
ΔΦ
gvaqvs Δ S = l υ Δt da Δ Φ = B ⋅ Δ S = B l υ Δt , saidanac = υ B l . vxedavT, rom
Δt
ΔΦ
Eind = − .
Δt
SevniSnoT, rom induqciuri denis mimarTuleba gamtarSi eleqtronebis
moZraobis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa. SevniSnoT agreTve, rom
magnituri velis paraleluri gamtaris moZraobisas, masSi emZ ar Cndeba.
Tu wredis sruli winaRobaa R , maSin induqciuri denis Zala iqneba
Eind
I ind = . droSi wredSi gamoyofili joulis siTbo iqneba
R
υ 2 B2 l2
Q=I 2
ind R Δt = Δt . ismis kiTxva: saidan Cndeba es energia,
R
lorencis Zala xom ar asrulebs muSaobas!? saqme imaSia, rom Cven
gaviTvaliswineT lorencis Zalis gamtaris gaswvrivi mdgenelis muSaoba.
sinamdvileSi gvaqvs lorencis Zalis meore mdgeneli _ dakavSirebuli
gamtaris gaswvriv eleqtronebis moZraobasTan, romelic mimarTulia
gamtaris marTobulad. es Zala qmnis amperis Zalas, romelic gamtaris
moZraobis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli da asrulebs uaryofiTi niSnis
muSaobas. amperis Zalis modulia Fa =| I ind | B l , xolo misi muSaobaa
υ 2 B2 l 2
A = − Fa υ Δt = − I ind B l υ Δt = − Δt . vxedavT, rom jamSi lorencis Zalas
R
marTlac ar Seusrulebia muSaoba. misma erTma mdgenelma Seasrula
dadebiTi miSaoba, xolo meorem _ imdenive uaryofiTi muSaoba. joulis
siTbo gamoiyofa an moZravi gamtaris kinetikuri energiis xarjze, an im
Zalis muSaobis xarjze, romelic amoZravebs gamtars moduliT mudmivi
siCqariT. lorencis Zala aris meqanizmi, romelic mamoZravebeli Zalis
wyaros energias an gamtaris kinetikur energias mimarTavs induqciuri
denis Seqmnisaken.

24
2. magnituri nakadi icvleba magnituri velis droSi cvlilebis gamo.
Caketili gamtari konturi uZravia. am SemTxvevaSi induqciis em Zalis
aRZvras ver avxsniT lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT. uZrav gamtarSi
eleqtronebis amoZraveba mxolod eleqtrul vels SeuZlia, Tanac am
velis muSaoba Sekrul gzaze muxtis gadaadgilebisas nulis toli ar
unda iyos. am velis Zalwirebi Sekruli wirebi iqneba. aseT vels
grigaluri veli ewodeba. gamodis, rom droSi cvladi magnituri veli
qmnis grigalur eleqtrul vels. amas pirvelad didi ingliseli
fizikosi maqsveli mixvda.
magnituri nakadis araTanabari cvlilebisas (5.3) formula mogvcems
saSualo em Zalas. myisi em Zala ganisazRvreba formuliT
dΦ &
Eind = − = −Φ (5.4)
dt
sididis droiT warmoebuls fizikaSi xSirad aRniSnaven Tavze dasmuli
wertiliT.

amocanebi

1. mavTulis koWa moTavsebuli iyo erTgvarovan magnitur velSi ise, rom

induqciis wirebi xviebis sibrtyis marTobuli iyo. koWas boloebi
mierTebuli iyo galvanometrTan. koWaSi xviebis ricxvi iyo n ,
TiToeuli xviis farTobi _ S , wredis winaRoba _ R . koWa swrafad
gamoitanes magnituri velidan. am dros galvanometrSi gaiara q
muxtma. gansazRvreT magnituri velis induqcia.
2. B = 0.1 tl induqciis magnitur velSi moTavsebulia mavTulis brtyeli
xvia. induqciis wirebi xviis sibrtyis marTobulia. xviis farTobia
S = 103 sm 2 , xolo winaRoba _ R = 2 omi . gansazRvreT, ra kuTxiT unda
movabrunoT xvia, rom mis ganivkveTSi Q = 7.5 ×10 −3 k muxtma gaiaros.
3. R radiusis xviis marTobuli magnituri velis CarTvisas, xviis
kveTaSi Q muxtma gaiara. gansazRvreT xviis kveTaSi gadinebuli muxti,
Tu amis Semdeg xviisagan gavakeTebT « rvians », romlis mcire
R
wrewiris radiusi iqneba. « rvianis » sibrtyec magnituri velis
4
marTobuli iyos.
4. S = 100 sm 2 farTobis xvia garkveul wertilSi gaWrilia da aq
CarTulia C = 10 mkf tevadobis kondensatori. xvia moTavsebulia
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi, romlis induqciis wirebi xviis
sibrtyis marTobulia. magnituri velis induqcia drois ganmavlobaSi
ΔB tl
Tanabrad icvleba = 5 ×10 −3 siCqariT. gansazRvreT
Δt wm
kondensatoris muxti.
5. B = 10 −2 tl induqciis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi vertikalur
sibrtyeSi moTavsebulia gaRunuli mavTuli grZeli vertikaluri da
L = 50 sm sigrZis horizontaluri monakveTebiT (nax. 5.4). magnituri
veli mavTulis sibrtyis marTobulia. mavTulis vertikalur
m
monakveTebze xaxunis gareSe da kontaqtis daurRvevlad υ = 1
wm

25
 mudmivi siCqariT qveviTken srialebs m = 1g masis ab mavTuli.
gansazRvreT ab mavTulis winaRoba. masTan SedarebiT danarCeni
mavTulis winaRoba bevrad mcirea.
6. mavTulis marTkuTxa abcd CarCo moTavsebulia horizontalur
sibrtyeSi erTgvarovani magnituri velis marTobulad (nax. 5.5).
magnituri velis induqciaa B = 10 −3 tl . CarCos l = 1 sm sigrZis bc
gverds SeuZlia uxaxunod isrialos ab da dc gverdebze kontaqtis
daurRvevlad. a da d wertilebs Soris CarTulia R = 5 omi winaRobis
naTura. CarCos danarCeni nawilis winaRoba masze bevrad mcirea.
sm
gansazRvreT ra ZaliT unda veweodeT bc gverds, rom is υ = 10
wm
mudmivi siCqariT srialebdes.
7. mavTulis kvadratul CarCos, romlis masaa m da gverdis sigrZea a ,
horizontaluri mimarTulebiT mianiWes garkveuli siCqare. CarCo
moZraobs gravitaciul velSi da amave dros ganuwyvetliv imyofeba
CarCos sibrtyis marTobul magnitur velSi (nax. 5.6). magnituri velis
induqcia icvleba vertkaluri mimarTulebiT B( z ) = B0 + k z kanoniT,
sadac k mudmivi koeficientia. CarCos winaRobaa R . garkveuli drois
Semdeg CarCo moZraobs mudmivi υ siCqariT. gansazRvreT CarCos
sawyisi horizontaluri siCqare. Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa g .
8. liTonis R radiusis disko ω kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs diskos
centrSi diskos sibrtyis marTobulad gamavali RerZis garSemo.
B induqciis erTgvarovani magnituri veli mimarTulia diskos
sibrtyis marTobulad. gansazRvreT Zabva diskos kidesa da centrs
Soris.
9. magnitur velSi didi simaRlidan vardeba a radiusisa da m masis
rgoli. rgolis winaRobaa R. rgolis sibrtye mudmivad
horizontaluri rCeba vardnis procesSi. gansazRvreT rgolis vardnis
damyarebuli siCqare, Tu magnituri velis induqciis gegmili
vertikalur RerZze simaRlis mixedviT B = B0 (1 + α h ) kanoniT icvleba.
aq B0 da α mocemuli sidideebia.
a b
→

×
→
L B
→ υ
× B ×
a b →
g d c
→
υ
nax. 5.5
× × ×
→ →
nax. 5.4 B υ0
× × × →
z g
× × ×
nax. 5.6

26
10. liTonis AB Rero, romlis erTeuli sigrZis winaRobaa ρ , moZraobs
AB –s marTobulad mimarTuli υ mudmivi siCqariT. Reros mudmivad
aqvs kontaqti OC da OD idealur gamtarebTan, romelTa Soris
kuTxea α (nax. 5.7). OC gamtaris sigrZea l da AB ⊥ OC . sistema
imyofeba Tavisi sibrtyis marTobul B induqciis erTgvarovan
magnitur velSi. gansazRvreT Reros O –dan C –mde moZraobisas
gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba.
11. r0 radiusis cilindris gareT cilindris RerZis paralelurad
mimarTuli erTgvarovani magnituri velis induqcia drois mixedviT
B = α t kanoniT icvleba, sadac mocemuli mudmivaa. gansazRvreT,
rogor unda icvlebodes drois mixedviT igive mimarTulebis
erTgvarovani magnituri velis induqcia cilindris SigniT, rom
eleqtroni moZraobdes r > r0 radiusis wrewirze. sawyis momentSi
eleqtroni uZravia.
12. mavTulis kvadratuli formis CarCo, romlis gverdis sigrZea b ,
xolo sigrZis erTeulis winaRobaa ρ , moZraobs erT-erTi gverdis
paraleluri mimarTulebiT da mudmivi υ siCqariT gadis
eleqtromagnitis polusebs Soris. magnituri veli polusebs Soris
erTgvarovania da CarCos sibrtyis marTobulia. misi induqciaa B .
polusebs gareT veli ar aris. polusebis zoma siCqaris mimarTulebiT
aris a , xolo marTobuli mimarTulebiT b –ze metia. gansazRvreT
CarCoSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba or SemTxvevaSi : rodesac a > b
da a < b .
D
B
×
→
B
→
υ
α
O
C
A
nax. 5.7

6. TviTinduqcia. magnituri velis energia

eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlenis mniSvnelovani kerZo
SemTxvevaa TviTinduqcia. TviTinduqcia ewodeba induqciis em Zalis
warmoqmnas imave gamtar konturSi, romelSi arsebuli denic qmnis cvlad
magnitur nakads. magaliTad, nakadi SeiZleba icvlebodes denis
cvlilebis gamo. lencis wesis Tanaxmad, aRZruli induqciis em Zala
xels SeuSlis denis cvlilebas.
gamtarSi arsebuli deniT am gamtariT SemosazRvrul zedapirSi
Seqmnili magnituri nakadi denis Zalis proporciuli iqneba:
Φ = LI (6.1)
L proporciulobis koeficients TviTinduqciis koeficienti an
induqciuroba ewodeba. is damokidebulia gamtaris formaze, zomebze da
garemos magnitur Tvisebebze. didi induqciuroba aqvs koWas. miviRoT

27
grZeli solenoidis induqciurobis formula. solenoidis ganivkveTis
farTobi iyos S , sigrZe _ l , xviaTa ricxvi _ N . rogorc viciT, grZeli
solenoidi Tavis SigniT qmnis erTgvarovan magnitur vels, romlis
induqcia ganisazRvreba formuliT B = μ 0 I n , sadac μ 0 magnituri
N
mudmivaa, I denis Zalaa solenoidSi, xolo n = xviaTa ricxvia
l
solenoidis sigrZis erTeulze. magnituri nakadi solenoidis yvela
xviaSi iqneba Φ = N B S = μ 0 n 2 S l I . maSasadame solenoidis induqciuroba
yofila
L = μ0 n 2 S l = μ0 n 2 V (6.2)
sadac V = S l solenoidis moculobaa. Tu solenoidi Sevsebulia
nivTierebiT, romlis magnituri SeRwevadobaa μ , maSin magnituri veli
μ -jer izrdeba da imdenjerve gaizrdeba induqciuroba:
L = μ0 μ n 2 V (6.3)
rodesac nakadi icvleba mudmivi induqciurobis Sekrul gamtarSi
denis Secvlis gamo, maSin faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad TviTinduqciis em
Zala ganisazRvreba formuliT:
ΔI
EL = − L (6.4)
Δt
Tu denis Zala Tanabrad ar icvleba, maSin es formula mogvcems
saSualo em Zalas. myisi em Zala ki ganisazRvreba formuliT
dI
EL = − L = − L I& (6.5)
dt
Tu icvleba induqciurobac da denis Zalac, maSin gveqneba
d (L I )
EL = − (6.6)
dt
magnitur vels aqvs energia. iseve rogorc damuxtul kondensators
aqvs eleqtruli energia, denian koWas aqvs magnituri energia. Tu didi
induqciurobis koWasTan paralelurad CavrTavT naTuras da mivuerTebT
mudmivi denis wyaros, maSin wredidan wyaros amorTvisas SeiniSneba
naTuris xanmokle Zlieri ganaTeba (nax. 6.1). xanmokle deni wredSi gadis
TviTinduqciis em Zalis moqmedebiT. aq gamoyofili energiis wyaroa
koWas magnituri velis energia.

nax. 6.1

28
 I 0 deniani koWas magnituri velis energia tolia TviTinduqciis em
Zalis Sesrulebuli muSaobis:
0 2
dI L I0
W mag = A = ∫ E L d q = ∫ (− )L d t I dt = −L ∫I dI = 2
(6.7)
I0
I deniani koWas energiis formula sxva saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros
2 2
LI ΦI Φ
Wmag = = = (6.8)
2 2 2L
magnitur gulariani grZeli solenoidis magnituri velis energiisaTvis
L = μ 0 μ n 2 V da B = μ 0 μ n I formulebis gamoyenebiT miiReba
2 2 2 2
LI μ0 μ n I B
Wmag =
= V = V
2 2 2 μ0 μ
es energia aris solenoidis V moculobaSi arsebuli magnituri velis
energia. magnituri velis energiis moculobiTi simkvrive anu erTeul
moculobaSi magnituri velis energia iqneba
2
B
wmag = (6.9)
2 μ0 μ
maqsvelma aCvena, rom miRebuli formula marTebulia nebismieri
magnituri velisaTvis. araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi es formula
mogvcems magnituri velis energiis moculobiT simkvrives wertilSi.

amocanebi

1. paralelurad SeerTebuli L induqciurobis koWa da R winaRobis

rezistori K CamrTvel-amomrTveliT mierTebulia E em Zalis da r
Siga winaRobis batareasTan (nax. 6.2). Tavdapirvelad CamrTvel-
amomrTveli amorTulia da wredSi deni ar gadis. ra muxti gaivlis
rezistorSi CamrTvel-amomrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg? koWas winaRoba
ugulebelyaviT.
2. L1 da L2 induqciurobebis ori koWa K 1 da K2 CamrTvel-
amomrTvelebiT uerTdeba E em Zalis da r Siga winaRobis denis
wyaros (nax. 6.3). sawyis momentSi orive CamrTvel-amomrTveli
amorTulia. mas Semdeg rac CarTes K1 da denis Zalam L1
induqciurobis koWaSi miaRwia garkveul I 0 mniSvnelobas, CarTes K 2 –
c. gansazRvreT koWebSi damyarebuli denis Zalebi. koWebis winaRobebi
bevrad naklebia wyaros Siga winaRobasTan SedarebiT da isini
ugulebelyaviT.
3. L induqciurobis ori koWa K 1 da K 2 CamrTvel-amomrTvelebiT
uerTdeba E em Zalis da r Siga winaRobis denis wyaros (nax. 6.4).
sawyis momentSi orive CamrTvel-amomrTveli amorTulia. jer CarTes
K 1 , xolo garkveuli drois Semdeg K 2 . gansazRvreT K 2 –is CarTvis
momentSi K1 –Si gamavali denis Zala Tu cnobilia, rom orive
CamrTvel-amomrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg damyarebuli denis Zala K1 –Si
orjer metia, vidre K 2 –Si. koWebis winaRoba ugulebelyaviT.

29
4. U Zabvamde damuxtuli C tevadobis kondensatori K CamrTvel-
amomrTveliT mierTebulia paralelurad SeerTebul L1 da L2
induqciurobebis or koWasTan (nax. 6.5). K –s CarTvidan garkveuli
drois Semdeg kondensatori srulad gadaimuxteba (Zabva
kondensatorze icvlis niSans). gansazRvreT am droSi koWaSi
gadinebuli q1 da q 2 muxtebi. koWebis winaRobebi ugulebelyaviT.
5. C tevadobis damuxtuli kondensatori K CamrTvel-amomrTveliT
mierTebulia paralelurad SeerTebul L1 da L2 induqciurobebis or
koWasTan (nax. 6.5). K Tavdapirvelad ganrTulia. Tu mas CavrTavT,
koWebSi gaivlis deni. maqsimaluri denis Zala pirvel koWaSi I 1 –is
toli aRmoCnda. gansazRvreT kondensatoris Tavdapirveli muxti.
koWebis winaRobebi ugulebelyaviT.
6. L induqciurobis ori koWa K 1 da K 2 CamrTvel-amomrTvelebiT
mierTebulia C tevadobis kondensatorTan (nax. 6.6). Tavdapirvelad
orive CamrTvel-amomrTveli amorTulia, xolo kondensatori
damuxtulia U 0 Zabvamde. jer CarTes K1 da rodesac Zabva
kondensatorze nulis toli gaxda, CarTes K 2 –c. gansazRvreT amis
Semdeg maqsimaluri Zabva kondensatorze. koWebis winaRobebi
ugulebelyaviT.
7. L1 da L2 induqciurobebis ori koWa K 1 da K2 CamrTvel-
amomrTvelebiT mierTebulia C tevadobis kondensatorTan (nax. 6.7).
Tavdapirvelad orive CamrTvel-amomrTveli amorTulia, xolo
kondensatori damuxtulia U 0 Zabvamde. jer CarTes K 1 da rodesac
Zabva kondensatorze nulis toli gaxda, CarTes K 2 –c. gansazRvreT
amis Semdeg maqsimaluri da minimaluri denis Zalebi pirvel koWaSi.
koWebis winaRobebi ugulebelyaviT.
K1 K2

L R
E, r L1 L2
E, r

nax. 6.2 nax. 6.3

K1 K2

K
L1 L2
E, r
L L C

nax. 6.5

nax. 6.4
30
 K1 K2
K1 K2

L C L C
L1 L2

sur. 6.6
nax. 6.7

7. magnituri veli nivTierebaSi

eqsperimentulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom yvela nivTierebas met-

naklebad aqvs magnituri Tvisebebi. Tu or cal denian xvias movaTavsebT
raime garemoSi, maTi urTierTqmedebis Zala Seicvleba. es cda aCvenebs,
rom eleqtruli denebis magnituri velis induqcia nivTierebaSi
gansxvavdeba igive denebiT vakuumSi Seqmnili magnituri velis
induqciisgan.
fizikur sidides, romelic tolia erTgvarovan garemoSi magnituri
→ →

velis B induqciis da vakuumSi magnituri velis B0 induqciis

modulebis fardobis, nivTierebis μ magnituri SeRwevadoba ewodeba.
B
μ= (7.1)
B0
nivTierebaTa magnituri Tvisebebi ganisazRvreba atomebis
Semadgeneli elementaruli nawilakebis magnituri TvisebebiT. dReisaTvis
dadgenilia, rom protonebisa da neitronebis magnituri Tvisebebi
TiTqmis aTasjer ufro sustia, vidre eleqtronebis magnituri Tvisebebi.
amitom nivTierebaTa magnituri Tvisebebi ZiriTadad eleqtronebiT
ganisazRvreba.
eleqtronis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa, rom is qmnis ara
marto eleqtrul vels, aramed magnitursac. uZravi eleqtronis magnitur
vels spinuri magnituri veli ewodeba (spin brunvas niSnavs). eleqtroni
magnitur vels qmnis agreTve birTvis garSemo orbitaluri moZraobis
gamo. eleqtronebis orbitaluri moZraobiT Seqmnili da spinuri
magnituri velebi ganapirobeben nivTierebaTa magnituri Tvisebebis
farTo speqtrs.
nivTierebaTa umravlesobis magnituri Tvisebebi sustia. isini
iyofian or did jgufad: paramagnetikebi da diamagnetikebi. gareSe velSi
Setanisas paramagnituri nimuSebi ise magnitdebian, rom maTi sakuTari
magnituri veli gareSe velis mimarTulebisaa. maTTvis μ > 1.
paramagnetikebia, magaliTad, alumini, platina, haeri. gareSe velSi
Setanisas diamagnituri nimuSebi ise magnitdebian, rom maTi sakuTari
magnituri veli gareSe velis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa. maTTvis
μ < 1. diamagnetikebia, magaliTad, spilenZi, wyali, bismuti.

31
paramagnetikebis da diamagnetikebis μ erTisgan mcired gansxvavdeba.
araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi moTavsebuli paramagnituri nimuSi
Seizideba Zlieri velis areSi, xolo diamagnituri nimuSi gamoizideba
Zlieri velis aridan (nax. 7.1).

nax. 7.1
paramagnetiki (1) da diamagnetiki (2) araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi
gareSe magnituri velis ar arsebobisas, diamagnituri nivTierebebis
atomebSi myofi eleqtronebis orbitaluri moZraobiT Seqmnili da
spinuri magnituri velebi sruladaa kompensirebuli. magnitur velSi
Setanisas lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba eleqtronebis
orbitaluri moZraoba da, lencis wesis Sesabamisad, Cndeba gareSe velis
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli damatebiTi veli. swored es veli iqneba
atomis Seqmnili veli. gareSe da sakuTari velebis jamuri induqcia
gareSe velis induqciaze naklebi iqneba. jamuri velis induqcia gareSe
velis induqciis proporciulia. amitom diamagnetikebis magnituri
SeRwevadoba araa gareSe velze damokidebuli.
gareSe magnituri velis ar arsebobisas, paramagnituri nivTierebebis
atomebSi myofi eleqtronebis orbitaluri moZraobiT Seqmnili da
spinuri magnituri velebi ar aris kompensirebuli. atomi qmnis sakuTar
magnitur vels. sxvadasxva atomebi orientirebulni arian SemTxveviTad
da nivTierebis jamuri sakuTari velis induqcia nulis tolia. gareSe
magnituri veli axdens atomebis magnituri velebis orientirebas gareSe
velis mimarTulebiT. orientireba nawilobrivia siTburi moZraobis gamo.
gareSe magnituri velis gaZlierebisas orientaciis efeqti Zlierdeba
ise, rom paramagnituri nimuSis sakuTari velis induqcia gareSe velis
induqciis proporciulia. gareSe velis induqciis proporciuli iqneba
gareSe da sakuTari velebis jamuri induqciac. amitom paramagnetikebis
magnituri SeRwevadoba araa gareSe velze damokidebuli. ra Tqma unda
adgili eqneba diamagnitur efeqtsac anu eleqtronebis orbitebis
SecvliT gareSe velis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli damatebiTi magnituri
velis gaCenasac, magram mas gadafaravs ufro Zlieri paramagnituri
efeqti anu atomebis sakuTari magnituri velebis orientireba.
nivTierebebs, romlebic Zlierad magnitdebian gareSe magnitur
velSi, feromagnetikebs uwodeben. maT miekuTvneba, magaliTad, rkina,
kobalti, nikeli, foladi. feromagnetikebis magnituri SeRwevadoba
2 5
10 − 10 rigisaa.

32
yovel feromagnetiks axasiaTebs garkveuli temperatura _ kiuris
temperatura, romlis zeviT feromagnituri Tvisebebi qreba da nivTiereba
o
paramagnetiki xdeba. magaliTad, rkinisaTvis kiuris temperaturaa 770 C .
feromagnituri masalebi iyofa or did jgufad: rbili da xisti
feromagnetikebi. rbili feromagnetikebi gareSe velis gamorTvisas
TiTqmis srulad ganmagnitdebian. maT iyeneben cvladi denis
xelsawyoebSi, sadac mudmivad xdeba gadamagniteba (transformatorebi,
eleqtroZravebi). xisti feromagnetikebi inarCuneben damagnitebas gareSe
velis gamorTvis Semdegac. maTgan mzaddeba mudmivi magnitebi.
feromagnetikebis magnituri SeRwevadoba Zlieradaa damokidebuli
gareSe velis induqciaze. Cveulebriv, cxrilebSi moyavT
feromagnetikebis magnituri SeRwevadobis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba.
feromagnetikebis damagnitebis procesis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa
histerezisi anu damagnitebis damokidebuleba nimuSis wina istoriaze.
nax. 7.2-ze moyvanilia histerezisis maryuJi. aq B0 gareSe magnituri velis
induqciaa, xolo B _ feromagnitur nimuSis sakuTari velis induqcia.

nax. 7.2
feromagnetikis histerezisis maryuJi. isrebi miuTiTebs
damagnitebis da ganmagnitebis procesis mimarTulebebs
gareSe velis induqciis cvlilebisas

naxatidan Cans, rom garkveuli B0 s gareSe velidan dawyebuli miiRweva

najeroba _ nimuSis damagniteba maqsimums aRwevs. Tu amis Semdeg gareSe
velis induqcias nulamde SevamcirebT, feromagnetiki damagnitebuli
rCeba. sruli ganmagnitebisaTvis aucilebelia nimuSi movaTavsoT
Tavdapirveli velis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul B0 c induqciis velSi,
romelsac koercitiul Zalas uwodeben. rbili feromagnetikebis
koercitiuli Zala mcirea, xolo xistis _ didi.

33
 feromagnetizmi aixsneba mezobeli eleqtronebis spinuri magnituri
velebis mowesrigebiT _ maTi paralelurad orientirebiT. amis Sedegad
−2 −4
warmoiqmneba 10 − 10 sm rigis zomebis damagnitebuli areebi. maT
domenebs uwodeben. gareSe magnituri velis ar arsebobisas,
feromagnetikis did kristalSi domenebis magnituri velebi qaosuradaa
orientirebuli. gareSe velSi moTavsebisas, domenebs Soris sazRvrebi
icvleba. zomaSi izrdebian is domenebi, romlebic gareSe velis
gaswvrivaa orientirebuli (nax. 7.3).

nax. 7.3
feromagnituri nimuSis damagniteba

34
 21. kvazistacionaruli procesi. RC- da RL- wredebi.

mudmivi denis wredebSi gamtarebze muxtebis ganawileba da wredis

ubnebze denebis ganawileba stacionarulia anu ar icvleba drois
ganmavlobaSi. aseT wredebSi eleqtromagnituri veli Sedgeba uZravi
muxtebis eleqtrostatikuri velisgan (ufro zustad veli zustad
iseTia, rogorc uZravi muxtebis veli) da mudmivi denebis magnituri
velisgan. es velebi arseboben erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad.
Tu wredis romelime ubanze icvleba denis Zala an Zabva, maSin am
cvlilebebs wredis sxva ubnebi igrZnoben garkveuli drois Semdeg.
daaxloebiT es dro wredis erTi ubnidan meoremde eleqtromagnituri
SeSfoTebis gavrcelebis drois tolia. eleqtromagnituri SeSfoTeba
vrceldeba c sinaTlis siCqariT. amitom wredis erT ubanze momxdar
cvlilebas yvela ubani igrZnobs τ ≈ l c droSi, sadac l aris wredis
uSores wertilebs Soris manZili. Tu es τ dro bevrad naklebia wredSi
mimdinare procesebis damaxasiaTebel drosTan SedarebiT, maSin SeiZleba
CaiTvalos, rom yovel momentSi denis Zalebi erTnairia wredis yvela
mimdevrobiT SeerTebul ubanze. wredSi aseTi saxis procesebs da TviT
aseT wredebs kvazistacionaruli ewodeba. kvazistacionaruli procesebi
SeiZleba SeviswavloT mudmivi denis kanonebiT, Tu maT gamoviyenebT
denis Zalebis da Zabvebis myisi mniSvnelobebisaTvis. sinaTlis siCqaris
didi mniSvnelobis gamo kvazistacionarulad SeiZleba miviCnioT
Cveulebrivi gagebiT Zalze swrafi procesebi. magaliTad, radioteqnikur
wredebSi rxevebi, romlebis sixSire milioni hercis rigisaa da metic ki,
jer kidev SeiZleba kvazistacionarulad miviCnioT.
kvazistacionaruli procesebis martivi magaliTebia R C − da R L −
wredebSi mudmivi denis wyaros CarTva-amorTvisas mimdinare procesebi.
nax. 21.1-ze gamosaxulia wredi, romelic Sedgeba C tevadobis
kondensatoris, R winaRobis rezistoris, E em Zalis idealuri denis
wyaros da K gadamrTvelisgan.

nax. 21.1
rezistoris gavliT
kondensatoris damuxtvis
da ganmuxtvis wredi

67
Tu gadamrTvels gadavrTavT 1 mdebareobaSi, maSin daiwyeba
kondensatoris damuxtva rezistoris gavliT. kirxhofis II kanonis
Tanaxmad gvaqvs
E = I R +U (21.1)
sadac I myisi denis Zalaa Semovlis mimarTulebiT, xolo U _ myisi
dq
Zabvaa kondensatoris marcxena da marjvena Semonafenebs Soris. I = ,
dt
sadac q = C U kondensatoris marcxena Semonafenis myisi muxtia (aq
gaTvaliswinebulia, rom Semovlis mimarTulebis deni zrdis
dU
kondensatoris marcxena Semonafenis muxts). amrigad I = C . amis CasmiT
dt
(21.1) formulaSi miiReba kondensatoris damuxtvis procesis aRmweri
diferencialuri gantoleba
dU
CR +U = E (21.2)
dt

dU dt
aqedan miiReba =− . CavTvaloT, rom kondensatori
U −E RC
Tavdapirvelad daumuxtavi iyo, maSin zeda gantolebis integreba
gvaZlevs
U (t ) t
dU 1 t U (t ) − E t
∫ =− ∫ dt , ln U (t ) − E − lnE = − , ln =− .
0 U −E RC 0 RC E RC
E − U (t ) t
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom U (t ) < E , maSin miiReba ln =− , saidanac
E RC
⎡ ⎛ t ⎞⎤
U (t ) = E ⎢1 − exp ⎜ − ⎟⎥ (21.3)
⎢⎣ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ RC ⎠⎦
τ = R C dro aris R C − wredSi mimdinare procesis maxasiaTebeli dro.
roca t >> τ , maSin U (t ) ≈ E da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kondensatoris
damuxtvis procesi damTavrebulia.
kondensatoris E Zabvamde damuxtvis Semdeg gadamrTveli gadavrToT
2 mdebareobaSi (nax. 21.1). daiwyeba rezistoris gavliT kondensatoris
ganmuxtvis procesi. kirxhofis II kanonis gamoyenebiT miiReba
I R −U = 0 (21.4)
sadac I aris Semovlis mimarTulebiT denis Zalis myisi mniSvneloba,
xolo U _ kondensatoris marcxena da marjvena Semonafenebs Soris
myisi Zabva. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Semovlis mimarTulebis deni
dq
amcirebs kondensatoris marcxena Semonafenis q muxts, gveqneba I = − .
dt
dU
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom q = C U , amis gamo I = −C . amis CasmiT (21.4)
dt

68
formulaSi miiReba rezistoris gavliT kondensatoris ganmuxtvis
procesis aRmweri diferencialuri gantoleba

dU
CR +U = 0 (21.5)
dt

dU t
ganvacalkevoT cvladebi =−
. movaxdinoT integreba sawyisi
U RC
momentidan t momentamde. am droSi kondensatorze Zabva icvleba E -dan
U (t ) t
dU 1 U (t ) t
U (t ) -mde. ∫ =− ∫ dt , ln =− . saidanac
E U RC 0 E RC

⎛ t ⎞
U (t ) = E exp⎜ − ⎟ (21.6)
⎜ RC ⎟
⎝ ⎠

τ = RC maxasiaTebel droSi kondensatorze Zabva e ≈ 2.7 -jer mcirdeba.

⎛ t ⎞
rodesac U ≈ E ⎜1 −
t << τ , maSin⎟ anu kondensatorze Zabva drois
⎜ RC ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ganmavlobaSi miaxloebiT wrfivad icvleba. rodesac t >> τ , maSin U ≈ 0
da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kondensatoris ganmuxtvis procesi praqtikulad
damTavrebulia.

nax. 21.2
kondensatoris damuxtva (I) da ganmuxtva (II)
rezistoris gavliT

ganvixiloT L induqtivobis koWis da R winaRobis rezistoris

Semcveli wredis E em Zalis idealur denis wyarosTan mierTebisas
denis damyarebis da wyaros amorTvis Semdeg denis gaqrobis procesebi
(nax. 21.3).

69
 nax. 21.3

Tu gadamrTvels gadarTaven 1 mdebareobaSi, maSin daiwyeba denis

E
damyarebis procesi. damyarebuli denis Zala iqneba . miviRoT procesis
R
aRmweri gantoleba da amovxsnaT is:
E
I (t ) t − I (t )
dI dI R dI R R
E−L = I R, =− dt , ∫ =− ∫ dt , ln R =− t , saidanac
dt E L E L0 E L
I− 0 I−
R R R
sabolood miiReba

E⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤
I (t ) = ⎢1 − exp⎜ − t ⎟⎥ (21.7)
⎜ ⎟
R ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎥⎦

L
τ= aris wredSi mimdinare procesis maxasiaTebeli dro. rodesac
R
E
t >> τ , maSin I (t ) ≈
da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom koWaSi denis damyarebis
R
procesi praqtikulad damTavrebulia.
im momentSi, rodesac koWaSi gadis I 0 deni, gadavrToT gadamrTveli
2 mdebareobaSi. daiwyeba koWaSi denis gaqrobis procesi. miviRoT da
amovxsnaT am procesis aRmweri gantoleba:
I (t ) t
dI dI R dI R I (t ) R
−L
dt
= I R,
I
=−
L
dt , ∫ I
=−
L0
∫ dt , ln
I0
=−
L
t da sabolood
I0

⎛ R ⎞
I (t ) = I 0 exp⎜ − t ⎟ (21.8)
⎝ L ⎠

70
τ =L R maxasiaTebel droSi denis Zala koWaSi e ≈ 2.7 -jer mcirdeba.
⎛ R ⎞
rodesac t << τ , maSin I ≈ I 0 ⎜1 − t ⎟ anu denis Zala drois ganmavlobaSi
⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠
miaxloebiT wrfivad icvleba. rodesac t >> τ , maSin I ≈ 0 da SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom koWaSi denis gaqrobis procesi praqtikulad damTavrebulia.

22. RLC-konturi. Tavisufali eleqtromagnituri rxevebi

umartivesi eleqtruli sistema, romelSic SeiZleba warmoebdes

Tavisufali rxevebi aris mimdevrobiTi RLC -konturi anu rxeviTi
konturi (nax. 22.1).

nax. 22.1
RLC -konturi

Tu gadamrTveli 1 mdebareobaSia, maSin kondensatori imuxteba

E Zabvamde. gadamrTvelis 2 mdebareobaSi gadarTvis Semdeg iwyeba
rxevebi.
kirxhofis II kanonis Tanaxmad
dI
−L = I R +U (22.1)
dt
dq
sadac I= Semovlis mimarTulebiT myisi denis Zalaa, q _
dt
kondensatoris marcxena Semonafenis muxtis myisi mniSvneloba (miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom Semovlis mimarTulebis deni zrdis q muxts. is rom
dq q
amcirebdes q muxts, maSin gveqneboda I = − ), U = _ kondensatoris
dt C
marcxena da marjvena Semonafenebs Soris myisi Zabva. Tu SevitanT am
gamosaxulebebs (22.1) gantolebaSi, miviRebT gantolebas, romelsac
emorCileba kondensatoris muxti:

71
 R 1
q&& + q& + q=0 (22.2)
L LC
ganvixiloT idealuri SemTxveva, rodesac konturis winaRoba nulis
tolia ( R = 0 ), maSin miiReba gantoleba
1
q&& + q=0 (22.3)
LC
es aris harmoniuli rxevebis gantoleba, romlis cikluri sixSiris
kvadratia

2 1
ω = (22.4)
LC
rxeviT konturSi rxevebis periodia
2π
T= = 2π L C (22.5)
ω
muxtis damokidebuleba droze moicema formuliT
q = q m cos(ω t + ϕ 0 ) (22.6)

sadac q m aris kondensatoris Semonafenis moduliT maqsimaluri muxti

(muxtis amplituda), ϕ0 _ sawyisi faza, romelTa mniSvneloba
damokidebulia sawyis pirobebze.
Tu sawyis momentSi muxts aqvs maqsimaluri dadebiTi mniSvneloba, maSin
q = q m cos ω t . Tu sawyis momentSi denis Zalaa maqsimaluri da miedineba
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, maSin q = q m sin ω t .
denis ZalisaTvis miiReba
I = q& = −ω q m sin(ω t + ϕ 0 ) (22.7)
rogorc vxedavT, denis Zalis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa (moduliT)
I m = ω qm (22.8)
rxeviT konturSi eleqtruli rxevebi zambaraze mimagrebuli sxeulis
rxevebis analogiuria, rac ilustrirebulia nax. 22.2-ze.

72
 nax. 22.2
eleqtruli da meqanikuri rxevebis analogia

rxeviT konturSi eleqtruli rxevebis Sedareba zambaraze

mimagrebuli sxeulis meqanikur rxevebTan saSualebas gvaZlevs vipovoT
erTmaneTis analogiuri sidideebi. es analogiebi moyvanilia cxrilSi 1.

eleqtruli sidideebi meqanikuri sidideebi

kondensatoris muxti q (t ) koordinata x (t )

denis Zala siCqare

induqtivoba L masa m

tevadibis Sebrunebuli sidide sixiste k

Zabva kondensatorze drekadi Zala kx

kondensatoris eleqtruli zambaris potenciuri

velis energia energia

koWas magnituri velis energia kinetikuri energia

magnituri nakadi LI impulsi mυ

cxrili 1

73
 rxeviT konturSi xdeba kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energiis
perioduli gardaqmna koWas magnituri velis energiad da piriqiT. Tu
energiis danakargebi ar gvaqvs ( R = 0 ), maSin jamuri eleqtromagnituri
energia mudmivia:
2 2 2 2
q LI qm L Im
W = + = = = const (22.9)
2C 2 2C 2
realur rxeviT konturs aqvs garkveuli winaRoba. amis gamo xdeba
joulis siTbos gamoyofa da rxevebi milevadi xdeba (didi winaRobis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba rxevebi arc aRiZras) (nax. 22.3).

nax. 22.3
milevadi rxevebi rxeviT konturSi

milevadi rxevebis SemTxvevaSi unda amoixsnas gantoleba

R 1
q&& + q& + q=0
L LC
am gantolebis amonaxseni mcire winaRobis SemTxvevaSi aris
⎛ R ⎞
q = q 0 exp⎜ − t ⎟ cos(ω t + ϕ 0 ) (22.10)
⎜ 2L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1
sadac ω≈ , xolo q0 aris muxtis rxevebis amplituda sawyis
LC
⎛ R ⎞
momentSi. aq q 0 exp ⎜ − t ⎟ SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc drois mixedviT
⎜ 2L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
cvladi amplituda.

74
 amocanebi
1. rxeviTi konturis 2.6 × 10 −2 mkf eleqtrotevadobis kondensatoris
Semonafenebs Soris Zabva drois mixedviT icvleba kanoniT:
u (t ) = 10 cos(2 × 10 π t )
3
(sidideebi gazomilia SI –Si). gansazRvreT
eleqtromagnituri rxevebis periodi, rxeviTi konturis induqtivoba,
denis Zalis damokidebuleba droze, konturSi eleqtruli da
magnituri velebis maqsimaluri energiebi.
2. ganrTuli CamrTvel-amomrTvelis dros C eleqtrotevadobis
kondensatoris muxtia q (nax. 22.4). gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis
Zalebi L1 da L2 induqtivobis mqone koWebSi CamrTvel-amomrTvelis
CarTvis Semdeg.
3. ganrTuli CamrTvel-amomrTvelis dros C1 eleqtrotevadobis
kondensatori damuxtulia U Zabvamde, xolo C 2 eleqtrotevadobis
kondensatori daumuxtavia (nax. 22.5). gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis
Zala L induqtivobis koWaSi CamrTvel-amomrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg.
4. eleqtrul wredSi, romelic warmoadgens mimdevrobiT SeerTebul
R winaRobis rezistors, C eleqtrotevadobis kondensators da
L induqtivobis koWas, mimdinareobs milevadi rxevebi. garkveul
droSi denis Zalis amplituda Semcirda I 1 –dan I 2 –mde. gansazRvreT am
droSi rezistorSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba, Tu mileva
dakavSirebulia mxolod rezistoris gaTbobaze energiis
danakargebTan.
5. rxeviTi konturi K CamrTvel-amomrTveliT mierTebulia E em Zalis
da r Siga winaRobis denis wyarosTan (nax. 22.6). Tavdapirvelad
K CarTulia. stacionaluri reJimis damyarebis Semdeg K ganrTes da
konturSi daiwyo T periodis rxevebi. rxevebis procesSi
kondensatorze Zabvis amplituda denis wyaros em Zalaze n –jer meti
aRmoCnda. ipoveT kondensatoris tevadoba da koWas induqtivoba.
konturis winaRoba ugulebelyaviT.
6. nax. 2.7-ze gamosaxul sqemaSi kondensatori Tavdapirvelad
daumuxtavia. L , C da E sidideebi cnobilia. K CamrTvel-
gamomrTvels garkveuli droiT CarTaven, xolo Semdeg gamorTaven.
gansazRvreT I 0 denis Zala koWaSi K –s gamorTvis momentSi, Tu
maqsimaluri denis Zala masSi aRmoCnda 2 I 0 . koWas winaRoba
ugulebelyaviT.
7. ori daSorebuli R radiusiani gamtari birTvi erTmaneTTan
SeerTebulia wredis ubniT, romelic warmoadgens mimdevrobiT
SeerTebul C tevadobis kondensators, L induqtivobis koWas da K
CamrTvel-amomrTvels (nax. 22.8). sawyis momentSi kondensatori
damuxtulia U 0 Zabvamde, xolo birTvebi daumuxtavia. gansazRvreT
birTvis maqsimaluri muxti K –s CarTvis Semdeg. wredis omuri
winaRoba ugulebelyaviT.
8. wina amocanis pirobebSi gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis Zala wredSi
K –s CarTvis Semdeg.
9. ori daSorebuli R radiusiani gamtari birTvi erTmaneTTan
SeerTebulia wredis ubniT, romelic warmoadgens mimdevrobiT
SeerTebul E em Zalis mudmivi denis wyaros, L induqtivobis koWas

75
 da K CamrTvel-amomrTvels (nax. 22.9). sawyis momentSi K ganrTulia,
xolo birTvebi daumuxtavia. gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis Zala
wredSi K –s CarTvis Semdeg. wredis omuri winaRoba ugulebelyaviT
(denis wyaros Siga winaRobis CaTvliT).
10. wina amocanis pirobebSi gansazRvreT birTvis maqsimaluri muxti K –s
CarTvis Semdeg.
11. rxeviTi konturi, romelic Sedgeba C tevadobis kondensatorisgan da
L induqtivobisa da R winaRobis koWasgan, K CamrTvel-amomrTveliT
mierTebulia E em Zalis mudmivi denis idealur wyarosTan (nax. 22.10).
K –s CarTvidan garkveuli drois Semdeg myardeba stacionaruli
reJimi: denis Zalebi wredis elementebSi mudmivi iqneba. amis Semdeg
K –s xelaxla ganrTaven. ra siTbos raodenoba gamoiyofa koWaSi amis
Semdeg?

L2 C1 C2
C L1
L

sur. 22.5
sur. 22.4

E, r C
L K
L C
E
sur. 22.6

sur. 22.7

C L K

L K
nax. 22.8
C
R E

E
L K
nax. 22.10
nax. 22.9

76
12. C1 = 1 mkf tevadobis kondensatori damuxtulia U 0 = 300 v Zabvamde.
masTan K CamrTvel-amomrTvelis, D idealuri diodis da
L induqtivobis mqone koWas gavliT mierTebulia C2 = 2 mkf tevadobis
daumuxtavi kondensatori (nax. 22.11). ra Zabvamde daimuxteba es
kondensatori K –s CarTvis Semdeg? L induqtivoba sakmarisad didia,
amitom gadamuxtvis procesi imdenad nela mimdinareobs, rom
eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamosxiveba SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT.
13. nax. 22.12-ze gamosaxul sqemaSi tevadobis kondensatori Tavdapirvelad
damuxtulia muxtiT. gansazRvreT ra Zabvamde daimuxteba
kondensatori K –s CarTvis Semdeg. mudmivi denis idealuri wyaros em
Zalaa E . diodi idealuria. L induqtivoba sakmarisad didia, amitom
gadamuxtvis procesi imdenad nela mimdinareobs, rom
eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamosxiveba SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT.
14. rxeviT konturs, romelic Sedgeba L induqtivobis koWasgan, C
tevadobis kondensatorisgan da D idealuri diodisgan, K CamrTvel-
amomrTveliT τ droiT uerTeben E mudmivi em Zalis wyaros da Semdeg
ganrTaven (nax. 22.13). gansazRvreT, rogoraa droze damokidebuli
Zabva kondensatorze –s gamorTvis Semdeg. gamosaxeT es
damokidebuleba grafikulad. koWas da denis wyaros winaRobebi
ugulebelyaviT.
15. nax. 22.14-ze gamosaxul sqemaSi erTi denis wyaros E em Zala metia
0
meore wyaros E em Zalaze. gansazRvreT K –s CarTvis Semdeg E em
0
Zalis mqone wyaroSi gavlili muxti. wyaroebis da koWas winaRobebi
ugulebelyaviT. diodi idealurad miiCnieT. kondensatori K –s
CarTvamde daumuxtavia.

K D L K D L

+ +
C1 C2 E C

nax. 22.11 nax. 22.12

K
L D
D K

E L
C E C E0

nax. 22.13
nax. 22.14

77
16. C 0 tevadobis kondensatorisa da L induqtivobis koWasgan Sedgenil
wredSi CarTes K CamrTvel-amomrTveli (nax. 22.15). ra kanoniT unda
icvlebodes drois mixedviT kondensatoris tevadoba amis Semdeg, rom
wredSi denis Zala drois pirdapir proporciulad izrdebodes?
17. rxeviT konturSi, romelic Sedgeba L = 0.1 hn induqtivobis koWasgan da
C = 10 mkf tevadobis kondensatorisgan CarTulia “eleqtronuli
gasaRebi”, romelic warmoadgens paralelurad SeerTebul or erTnair
diods (nax. 22.16). diodebis volt-amperuli maxasiaTebeli moyvanilia
nax. 22.17-ze. zRurbluri Zabva, romlis drosac iReba diodi aris
U z = 0.7 v . K CamrTvel-amomrTvelis CarTvamde kondensatorze Zabvaa
U 0 = 4.5 v . gansazRvreT: K -s CarTvidan ra drois Semdeg Sewydeba
rxevebi konturSi da damyardeba stacionaruli reJimi; risi toli
iqneba damyarebuli (narCeni) Zabva kondensatorze; aageT
kondensatorze Zabvis droze damokidebulebis grafiki.

K
+
C0 L
L C

nax. 22.15 K
O Uz U
nax. 22.16 nax. 22.17

78
 23. iZulebiTi rxevebi. cvladi deni
eleqtrul wredebSi periodulad cvladi gareSe ZabviT aRZrul
procesebs iZulebiTi eleqtromagnituri rxevebi ewodeba.
iZulebiTi rxevebi Tavisufalisagan gansxvavebiT araa milevadi.
energiis gareSe wyaro periodulad awvdis energias sistemas da ar
aZlevs rxevebs milevis saSualebas energiis danakargebis arsebobis
miuxedavad.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa SemTxveva, rodesac harmoniulad cvladi
Zabva modebulia sistemaze, romelsac SeuZlia Tavisufali rxevebis
Sesruleba.
sistemaSi aRZruli procesi iqneba milevadi Tavisufali rxevebis da
gareSe Zabvis sixSiris harmoniuli rxevebis jami. garkveul droSi
Tavisufali rxevebi miileva da damyardeba gareSe Zabvis sixSiris
harmoniuli rxeva. amrigad damyarebuli iZulebiTi rxevebis sixSire
emTxveva gareSe Zabvis sixSires.
damyarebul iZulebiT eleqtromagnitur rxevebs cvladi deni
ewodeba.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT harmoniulad cvladi Zabvis wredSi
CarTuli rezistori, kondensatori da koWa cal-calke.
1. rezistori cvladi Zabvis wredSi
omis kanonis Tanaxmad gvaqvs
I R = U m cos ω t
saidanac
Um
I= cosω t
R
denis Zalis amplitudaa
Um
Im = (23.1)
R
denis Zalis rxevebis faza emTxveva Zabvis rxevebis fazas
ϕ I = ϕU (23.2)

rezistoris R winaRobas cvladi Zabvis pirobebSi aqtiuri winaRoba

ewodeba.
2. kondensatori cvladi Zabvis wredSi
q
am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs U C = = U m cos ω t ,saidanac q = C U m cosω t . denis
C
ZalisaTvis miiReba

79
 dq ⎛ π⎞
I= = −ω C U m sinω t = ω C U m cos⎜ ω t + ⎟
⎜ ⎟
dt ⎝ 2⎠
denis Zalis amplitudaa
Um
Im = ω CUm = (23.3)
1
ωC
1
fizikur sidides Z C = kondensatoris tevaduri winaRoba ewodeba.
ωC
π
denis Zalis rxevebi faziT uswrebs Zabvis rxevebs
2
π
ϕ I = ϕU + (23.4)
2
3. koWa cvladi Zabvis wredSi
omis ganzogadoebuli kanonis (an kirxhofis II kanonis) Tanaxmad
gvaqvs
dI
U m cosω t − L =0
dt
saidanac

Um Um Um ⎛ π⎞
I =∫ cos ω t dt = sinω t = cos⎜ ω t − ⎟
L ωL ω L ⎜⎝ ⎟
2⎠
denis Zalis amplitudaa
Um
Im = (23.5)
ωL
fizikur sidides Z L = ω L koWas induqciuri winaRoba ewodeba.

π
denis Zalis rxevebi faziT CamorCeba Zabvis rxevebs
2
π
ϕ I = ϕU − (23.6)
2
4. mimdevrobiTi RLC -konturi cvladi Zabvis wredSi
sanam gadavalT RLC -konturis ganxilvaze, manamde viswavloT
harmoniuli rxevis warmodgena veqtorebis saxiT veqtorul diagramaze.

80
harmoniulad merxev sidides, magaliTad Zabvas U = U m cos(ω t + ϕ 0 ) ,
warmovadgenT rogorc amplitudis toli sigrZis veqtors, romelic
arCeul RerZTan qmnis sawyisi fazis tol kuTxes. Tu warmovidgenT, rom
es veqtori brunavs cikluri sixSiris toli kuTxuri siCqariT, maSin
misi gegmili RerZze drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba sididis rxevis
kanoniis mixedviT. erTi sixSiriT merxevi ori sididis jamis povna
daiyvaneba rxevebis gamomsaxveli veqtorebis Sekrebaze, radganac
veqtorebis gegmilebis jami veqtorebis jamis gegmilis tolia (nax. 23.1).

nax. 23.1
A cos(ω t + ϕ1 ), B cos(ω t + ϕ 2 ) harmoniuli rxevebis da
maTi C cos(ω t + ϕ ) jamis warmodgena veqtorebis
saxiT veqtorul diagramaze

axla ganvixiloT mimdverobiTi RLC -konturi, romelzec 1 da 2

wertilebs Soris modebulia harmoniulad cvladi Zabva U = U m cos ω t
(nax. 23.2).

nax. 23.2
iZulebiTi rxevebi rxeviT konturSi

igulisxmeba, rom eleqtrul wredSi Sesrulebulia

kvazistacionarulobis piroba, amitom myisi sidideebisaTvis gamoviyenoT
wesi, rom elementebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTebiT miRebul ubanze Zabva
tolia TiToeul elementze Zabvebis jamis
U R + U C + U L = U m cosω t

81
viciT, rom damyarebuli rxevis cikluri sixSire emTxveva cvladi Zabvis
ω ciklur sixSires. mimdevrobiT SeerTebul elementebSi denis Zala
erTnairia, amitom veqtoruli diagramis ageba mosaxerxebelia denis
Zalis gamomsaxveli veqtoris mimarT (nax. 23.3). denis Zalis gamomsaxveli
veqtoris sigrZe iqneba I m . rezistorze U R Zabvis gamomsaxvel veqtors
eqneba denis Zalis gamomsaxveli veqtoris mimarTuleba da I m R sigrZe.
kondensatorze U C Zabvis gamomsaxveli veqtori (− π 2 ) kuTxes adgens
denis Zalis gamomsaxvel veqtorTan (radgan Zabvis rxevebi π 2 faziT
CamorCeba denis Zalis rxevebs), xolo misi sigrZea I m ω C . koWaze Zabvis
gamomsaxveli veqtori π 2 kuTxes adgens denis Zalis gamomsaxvel
veqtorTan, radgan Zabvis rxevebi π 2 faziT uswrebs denis Zalis
rxevebs, xolo misi sigrZea ω L I m .

nax. 23.3
veqtoruli diagrama mimdevrobiTi
RLC -konturisaTvis
1
veqtoruli diagrama daxazulia ωL> SemTxvevisaTvis, Tumca
ωC
miRebuli formulebi nebismier SemTxvevaSi sworia.
Zabvis rxevebis gamomsaxveli veqtori miiReba veqtoruli SekrebiT.
Zabvisa da denis Zalis rxevebs Soris ϕ fazaTa sxvaobisaTvis
miiReba formula

82
 1
ωL−
ωC
tg ϕ = (23.7)
R
denis Zalis amplitudisaTvis miiReba
Um
Im = (23.8)
2
2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
R + ⎜ω L − ⎟
⎜ ω C ⎟⎠
⎝
radgan Zabvis rxevebi xdeboda U = U m cos ω t kanoniT, amitom denis Zalis
rxevebi xdeba I = I m cos(ω t − ϕ ) kanoniT.
2
⎛ 2 1 ⎞
fizikur sidides Z = R + ⎜ω L − ⎟ ewodeba mimdevrobiTi
⎜ ω C ⎟
⎝ ⎠
RLC -konturis sruli winaRoba cvladi Zabvis wredSi. formula (23.8)
aris omis kanoni cvladi denis wredisaTvis. is akavSirebs ara denis
Zalasa da Zabvas, aramed maT amplitudebs.
formulidan (23.8) Cans, rom denis Zalis amplituda maqsimaluria,
rodesac
1 1
ωL− = 0 anu ω = ω 0 = (23.9)
ωC LC
(23.8) formuliT mocemuli I m (ω ) damokidebulebis grafikebi
sxvadasxva winaRobebis SemTxvevaSi meqanikuri rezonansuli mrudebis
msgavsia. denis Zalis amplitudis zrda ω 0 -is maxloblobaSi miT ufro
mkveTria, rac ufro naklebia winaRoba. gansxvaveba imaSi iqneba, rom nul
sixSireze denis amplituda nulis toli iqneba. muxtis amplitudis
sixSireze damokidebulebis grafiki ki yvelanairad msgavsi iqneba
koordinatis amplitudis sixSireze damokidebulebis grafikis.
denis Zalis rxevebis amplitudis mkveTr zrdas, rodesac gareSe
Zabvis sixSire uaxlovdeba Tavisufali rxevebis sixSires, eleqtruli
rezonansi ewodeba.
Um
rezonansis dros denis Zalis amplitudaa (I m )rez = , xolo fazaTa
R
sxvaoba densa da Zabvas Soris nulis tolia.
rezonansis dros koWasa da kondensatorze Zabvebis amplitudebia:
1 Um Um L
(U )
L m rez = ω 0 L (I m )rez = L = (23.10)
LC R R C
1 LC Um Um L
(U )
C m rez = (I m )rez = = (23.11)
ω0 C C R R C
L
Tu aqtiuri winaRoba mcirea, kerZod R << , maSin rezonansis dros
C
koWasa da kondensatorze Zabvebis amplitudebi bevrad metia mimdverobiT

83
RLC -konturze modebuli Zabvis amplitudaze: (U L m )rez = (U C m )rez >> U m . amis
gamo rezonanss mimdverobiT RLC -konturSi Zabvebis rezonanss uwodeben.

5. paraleluri RLC -konturi cvladi Zabvis wredSi

axla ganvixiloT paraleluri RLC -konturi, romelzec 1 da 2

wertilebs Soris modebulia harmoniulad cvladi Zabva U = U m cos ω t
(nax. 23.4).

nax. 23.4
paraleluri RLC -konturi

am SemTxvevaSi, denis Zala mTel konturSi yovel momentSi tolia

elementebSi denis Zalebis jamis. konturSi denis Zalis povnisaTvis
veqtorul diagramaze gamovsaxoT denis Zalebi konturis elementebSi da
SevkriboT isini (nax. 23.5).

nax. 23.5
veqtoruli diagrama paraleluri RLC -konturisaTvis

84
diagramidan miiReba
2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Im = Um ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ω C − ⎟ (23.12)
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝R⎠ ⎝ ω L ⎟⎠

maSasadame, paraleluri RLC -konturis sruli winaRobaa

1
Z= (23.13)
2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ω C − ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝R⎠ ⎝ ω L ⎟⎠

fazaTa sxvaobisaTvis densa da Zabvas Soris miiReba

⎛ 1 ⎞
tgϕ = R⎜ ω C − ⎟ (23.14)
⎜
⎝ ω L ⎟⎠

rodesac U = U m cos ω t , maSin I = I m cos(ω t + ϕ ) .

1
paralelur RLC -konturSi rezonansis dros ( ω = ω 0 =) sruli
LC
winaRoba maqsimaluria da rezistoris aqtiuri winaRobis tolia. sruli
Um
denis Zalis amplituda (I m )rez = am dros minimaluria, xolo fazaTa
R
sxvaoba densa da Zabvas Soris nulis tolia.
rezonansis dros denis Zalebis amplitudebi rezistorSi, koWasa da
kondensatorSi tolia:
Um
(I )R m rez = = Im (23.15)
R
Um Im R R
(I )
L m rez = =
1
= Im (23.16)
ω0 L L
L
LC C
1 R
(I )
C m rez = ω0 C U m = C Im R = Im (23.17)
LC L
C
rogorc vxedavT paralelur RLC -konturSi rezonansis dros, denis
Zalis amplituda rezistorSi tolia sruli denis Zalis amplitudis,
xolo denis Zalebis amplitudebi koWasa da kondensatorze tolia da
L
mcire aqtiuri winaRobis SemTxvevaSi ( R << ) bevrad metia sruli denis
C
Zalis amplitudaze. amitom rezonanss denebis rezonanss uwodeben.

85
 24. cvladi denis simZlavre
vTqvaT wredis ubanze cvladi Zabvaa U = U m cos ω t , xolo cvladi
denis Zalaa I = I m cos(ω t + ϕ ) , sadac ϕ fazaTa sxvaobaa densa da Zabvas
Soris. myisi simZlavre iqneba P = I U . praqtikuli interesi aqvs saSualo
simZlavres cvladi denis periodTan SedarebiT bevrad met droSi,
romelic periodSi saSualo simZlavris toli iqneba.
Im Um Im Um
P = I m U m cosω t cos(ω t + ϕ ) = (cosϕ + cos(2ω t + ϕ )) = cosϕ (24.1)
2 2
periodTan SedarebiT bevrad met droSi (agreTve mTel periodebSi)
ubanze gamoyofili energia iqneba

W = Pt (24.2)
Tu wredis ubani aris R winaRobis rezistori, maSin ϕ =0 da
U m = I m R , amitom gveqneba
2 2
Im Um Im R Um
PR = = = (24.3)
2 2 2R
periodTan SedarebiT bevrad met droSi (agreTve mTel periodebSi)
rezistorSi gamoyofili energia iqneba joulis siTbo

W = Q = Pt (24.4)
mudmiv dens, romlis simZlavre rezistorSi tolia periodSi cvladi
denis saSualo simZlavris, cvladi denis efeqturi mniSvneloba ewodeba.
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, cvladi denis efeqturi mniSvneloba tolia iseTi
mudmivi denis, romelic periodis ganmavlobaSi (agreTve periodTan
SedarebiT bevrad met droSi) rezistorSi igive siTbos raodenobas
gamoyofs, rasac cvladi deni.
mudmiv Zabvas, romlis simZlavre rezistorze modebisas tolia
periodSi cvladi Zabvis simZlavris, cvladi Zabvis efeqturi mniSvneloba
ewodeba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, cvladi Zabvis efeqturi mniSvneloba
tolia iseTi mudmivi Zabvis, romelic periodis ganmavlobaSi (agreTve
periodTan SedarebiT bevrad met droSi) rezistorSi igive siTbos
raodenobas gamoyofs, rasac cvladi Zabva.
2
2 U ef
PR = I ef U ef = I ef R = (24.5)
R
rogorc (24.3) formulidan Cans, harmoniulad cvladi denisa da Zabvis
SemTxvevaSi
Im Um
I ef = , U ef = (24.6)
2 2
efeqturi denisa da Zabvis gamoyenebiT harmoniulad cvladi denisaTvis
simZlavris zogadi formula miiRebs saxes

86
 P = I ef U ef cosϕ (24.7)

π
Tu ubani Seicavs mxolod koWas an kondensators, maSin ϕ = an
2
π
ϕ=− da gveqneba
2

PL = PC = 0 (24.8)
amrigad, cvladi denis wredSi simZlavre gamoiyofa mxolod
rezistorze. saSualo simZlavre koWasa da kondensatorze nulis tolia.
swored amitom uwodeben rezistoris winaRobas aqtiurs, xolo koWas
induqtiur winaRobas da kondensatoris tevadur winaRobas reaqtiuls.
amocanebi
1. eleqtruli sarCilavi gaTvaliswinebulia 127 v Zabvis cvladi denis
qselSi CarTvisaTvis. am dros misi simZlavrea 50 vt. ra simZlavre
gamoiyofa sarCilavSi, Tu mas CabrTavT 220 v Zabvis cvladi denis
qselSi idealur diodTan mimdevrobiT? sarCilavis winaRoba mudmivad
CaTvaleT.
2. nax. 24.1-ze gamosaxuli wredis 1 da 2 momWerebs Soris modebulia
220 v cvladi Zabva. rezistorebis winaRobaa 200 omi. erT-erTi
rezistoris paralelurad CarTulia idealuri diodi. gansazRvreT
wredSi gamoyofili simZlavre.
3. gansazRvreT nax. 24.2-ze gamosaxuli wredis R1 = 10 komi winaRobis
rezistorze gamoyofili simZlavre. 1 da 2 momWerebs Soris modebulia
U = 127 v cvladi Zabva. danarCeni rezistorebis winaRobebia
R2 = R3 = 5 komi . diodebi idealuria.
4. idealur diodiani gammarTveli CarTulia U = 220 v Zabvisa da f = 50 hc
sixSiris cvladi Zabvis qselSi (nax. 24.3). gansazRvreT, ramdenjer
Seicvleba rezistorze gamoyofili simZlavre CamrTvel-gamomrTvelis
CarTvis Semdeg, Tu cnobilia, rom cvladi denis periodis
ganmavlobaSi kondensatori praqtikulad ver aswrebs ganmuxtvas. ra
pirobas unda akmayofilebdes wredis parametrebi?
1

R2

R1
R
C

R3 nax. 24.3
1 nax. 24.1 2 2

nax. 24.2

87
 25. transformatori
teqnikaSi farTo gamoyeneba aqvs cvladi denis xelsawyos _
transformators. is gamoiyeneba cvladi Zabvis amplitudis gazrdisa an
SemcirebisaTvis. transformatoris moqmedeba emyareba eleqtromagnituri
induqciis movlenas. umartivesi transformatori Sedgeba rbili
feromagnituri nivTierebisgan damzadebuli Sekruli gularisgan (am
SemTxvevaSi mcirea gularis gadamagnitebaze energiis danakargebi),
romelzedac wamocmulia mavTulis gragniliani ori koWa: pirveladi da
meoradi (nax. 25.1).

nax. 25.1
umartivesi transformatori da misi pirobiTi gamosaxva
sqemebze. n1 da n2 xveulaTa ricxvia gragnilebSi.

pirveladi gragnilis boloebs miuerTeben u1 (t ) cvladi Zabvis

wyaros, amitom masSi Cndeba i1 (t ) cvladi deni, romelic transformatoris
gularSi qmnis cvlad magnitur nakads. magnituri nakadi praqtikulad
gabnevis gareSe ganWolavs mTel magnitur gulars. amis gamo orive
gragnilis TiToeul xviaSi magnituri nakadi erTnairia.
fuWi svlis reJimSi, anu rodesac meoradi gragnilis wredi
ganrTulia, denis Zala pirvelad gragnilSi Zalze mcirea gragnilis
didi induqciuri winaRobis gamo. am reJimSi transformatori mcire
simZlavres moixmars.
situacia mkveTrad icvleba, rodesac meorad gragnils miuerTeben
R winaRobis datvirTvas da masSi, eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlenis
gamo, Cndeba i2 (t ) cvladi deni. es deni, lencis wesis Tanaxmad, pirvelad
gragnilSi qmnis i1 deniT Seqmnili nakadis sawinaaRmdegod gamWol
nakads. maSasadame, denis Zalebi irxevian urTierT sawinaaRmdego fazebSi.
radgan induqciis em Zala pirvelad gragnilSi tolia modebuli Zabvis
(pirveladi wredis mcire omuri winaRobis gamo), amitom pirveladi
gragnilis gamWoli nakadi igive unda darCes, rac iyo fuWi svlis
reJimSi. amis gamo datvirTvis CarTvis Semdeg pirvelad gragnilSi denis
Zala da moxmarebuli simZlavrec izrdeba.
Tu magnitur nakads erT xviaSi aRvniSnavT Φ -Ti, maSin pirveladi
gragnilis gamWoli nakadi iqneba Φ 1 = n1 Φ , xolo meoradis _ Φ 2 = n2 Φ .
pirveladi gragnilisaTvis SegviZlia davweroT
88
 dΦ
u1 = −e1ind = n1 (25.1)
dt
meoradi gragnilisaTvis
dΦ
u 2 = i2 R = e2 ind = − n2 (25.2)
dt
maSasadame
u2 n2
=− (25.3)
u1 n1
niSani "_" niSnavs, rom Zabvebis rxevebis fazebi urTierT sawinaaRmdegoa,
iseve, rogorc denis Zalebis. amis gamo fazaTa sxvaoba denis Zalasa da
Zabvas Soris pirvelad gragnilSi iseTivea, rogorc meorad gragnilSi.
rodesac meorad gragnilTan mierTebulia mxolod aqtiuri winaRoba,
maSin es fazaTa sxvaoba nulis tolia.
Zabvebis amplitudebis, agreTve efeqturi mniSvnelobebis SefardebisaTvis
SegviZlia davweroT
U 2 ef U 2m n2
= = =K (5.4)
U 1ef U 1m n1

n2
K= koeficients transformaciis koeficienti ewodeba. rodesac K > 1 ,
n1
maSin transformatori amamaRlebelia, xolo rodesac K < 1 , maSin _
damadablebeli.
zeviT moyvanili formulebi zustia idealuri transformatoris
SemTxvevaSi, romelSic ar xdeba magnituri nakadis gabneva, energiis
xarjva gularis gadamagnitebaze, agreTve joulis siTbos gamoyofa
gragnilebSi da gularSi. gularSi siTbos gamoyofas iwvevs masSi
aRZruli induqciuri denebi (fukos denebi). fukos denebis Sesamcireblad
transformatoris gulars amzadeben erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli
foladis Txeli firfitebisgan. gularis periodul gadamagnitebaze
energiis danakargebis Sesamcireblad, mas amzadeben specialuri xarisxis
foladisgan, romelSi es danakargebi mcirea (rbili feromagniti).
mavTulis gragnilebze danakargebis Sesamcireblad, maT mcire aqtiuri
winaRoba aqvT.
idealuri transformatorisTvis pirveladi gragnilis mier
moxmarebuli simZlavre tolia datvirTvisaTvis gadacemuli simZlavris.
rodesac datvirTva mxolod aqtiuri winaRobaa, maSin gveqneba
I 1ef U 1ef = I 2 ef U 2 ef (5.5)

anu Zabvis amaRlebas Tan axlavs denis Zalis Semcireba da piriqiT.

89
 26. eleqtromagnituri talRebi
eleqtromagnituri talRebis arseboba iwinaswarmetyvela ingliselma
fizikosma jeims klerk maqsvelma 1864 wels. man faradeis mier
aRmoCenili eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlenis analiziT daaskvna,
rom uZravi Sekruli gamtaris gamWoli magnituri nakadis cvlilebisas
denis aRZvra aixsneboda imis daSvebiT, rom droSi cvladi magnituri
veli garemomcvel sivrceSi qmnis grigalur eleqtrul vels. maqsvelma
gamoTqva hipoTeza, rom droSi cvladi eleqtruli veli garemomcvel
sivrceSi qmnis magnitur vels. es movlenebi ilustrirebulia 26.1 da 26.2
naxatebze.

nax. 26.1 nax. 26.2

cvladi magnituri veliT cvladi eleqtruli veliT
grigaluri eleqtruli velis magnituri velis warmoqmna
warmoqmna

maqsvelma dawera gantolebaTa sistema, romelic aRwers am

procesebs. am gantolebebidan gamomdinareobs Semdegi mniSvnelovani
daskvnebi:
1. arsebobs eleqtromagnituri talRa anu sivrceSi gavrcelebadi
→
periodulad cvladi eleqtromagnituri veli. es talRa ganivia _ E da
→
B veqtorebi erTmaneTis marTobulia da irxevian erT fazaSi talRis
gavrcelebis mimarTulebis marTobul sibrtyeSi (nax. 26.3).

90
 nax. 26.3
harmoniuli eleqtromagnituri talRa

2. eleqtromagnituri talRis siCqarea

1
υ= , (26.1)
ε 0 μ0 ε μ
sadac ε 0 eleqtruli mudmivaa, μ 0 _ magnituri mudmiva, ε _ nivTierebis
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoab, μ _ magnituri SeRwevadoba. vakuumSi
eleqtromagnituri talRis siCqarea
1 m
c= ≈ 3 × 10 8 (26.2)
ε 0 μ0 wm
3. eleqtromagnitur talRaSi mimdinareobs eleqtruli da magnituri
velebis energiebis urTierTgardaqmnebi. eleqtruli da magnituri
velebis energiis moculobiTi simkvriveebi erTmaneTis tolia
ε 0 ε E 2 μ0 μ B 2
=
2 2
saidanac
E εμ
B= E = (26.3)
c υ
4. eleqtromagnitur talRas gadaaqvs energia. talRis gavrcelebis
mimarTulebis marTobul S farTobis brtyel zedapirSi (sur. 6.3) mcire
( )
Δt droSi gadis ΔW = wel + wmag υ S Δt energia.
talRis gavrcelebis mimarTulebis marTobul erTeulovani farTobis
brtyel zedapirSi drois erTeulSi gadatanil energias energiis nakadis
simkvrive an intensioba ( I ) ewodeba. misTvis miiReba
ΔW ε0 ε EB
I= ( )
= wel + wmag υ = E2 = (26.4)
S ⋅ Δt μ0 μ μ0 μ

91
vakuumSi gavrcelebad harmoniul eleqtromagnitur talRaSi saSualo
intensioba tolia
1 ε0
I= E m2 (26.5)
2 μ0
sadac E m eleqtruli velis rxevebis amplitudaa.
intensiobis erTeulia vati kvadratul metrze (vt/m2).
5. maqsvelis Teoriis Tanaxmad eleqtromagnituri talRa wnevas unda
axdendes mSTanTqmel an amrekl zedapirebze. eleqtromagnituri
gamosxivebis wneva imiT aixsneba, rom talRis eleqtruli velis
moqmedebiT zedapiris gaswvriv gaCndeba susti denebi anu damuxtul
nawilakTa mowesrigebuli moZraoba. am nawilakebze imoqmedebs lorencis
Zalebi, romlebic qmnis wnevas. es wneva Cveulebriv Zalian mcirea. wnevis
arseboba eqsperimentulad daamtkica lebedevma 1900 wels.
6. maqsvelis Teoria eqsperimentulad daamtkica hercma Teoriis
Seqmnidan daaxloebiT 15 wlis Semdeg. man daamtkica eleqtromagnituri
talRebis arseboba da Seiswavla misi Tvisebebi: gardatexa sxvadasxva
nivTierebis sazRvarze, arekvla liTonis zedapiridan da sxva. man gazoma
talRis sigrZe da talRis gavrcelebis siCqare.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg eleqtromagniturma talRebma hpova gamoyeneba
umavTulo kavSirgabmulobaSi.
7. eleqtromagnitur talRebs asxivebs mxolod aCqarebiT moZravi
damuxtuli nawilaki. mudmivi denis wredebi, sadac damuxtuli
nawilakebi Tanabrad moZraoben, ar warmoadgens eleqtromagnituri
talRebis wyaros. Tanamedrove radioteqnikaSi eleqtromagnituri
talRebi gamosxivdebs sxvadasxva konstruqciis antenebiT, romlebSic
gadis swrafad cvladi denebi.
eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamomsxivebeli umartivesi sistemaa
mcire zomis eleqtruli dipoli, romlis dipoluri momenti swrafad
icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT elementarul dipols hercis dipoli
ewodeba. is ekvivalenturia antenis, romlis zoma bevrad naklebia
talRis sigrZeze (nax. 26.4).

nax. 26.4
elementaruli dipoli

nax. 26.5-ze gamosaxulia aseTi dipolis mier gamosxivebuli

eleqtromagnituri talRis struqtura. dipolis RerZis gaswvriv
eleqtromagnituri energia ar gamosxivdeba. maqsimaluri gamosxiveba
gvaqvs dipolis RerZis marTobuli mimarTulebiT. hercma,
eleqtromagnituri talRebis arsebobis damtkicebisas, elementaruli
dipoli gamoiyena gamomsxivebeli da mimRebi antenebis rolSi.
92
 nax. 26.5
elementaruli dipolis gamosxiveba

93