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Pam PPM PWM
Pam PPM PWM
Pulse Modulation
PAM PCM
PWM DPCM
Figure: (a) Sample and hold circuit generating flat top sampled PAM
(b) Waveforms of flat top sampled PAM
Sample and Hold Circuit for Generating
Flat-top sampled PAM
• The sample and hold circuit consists of two Field Effect
Transistor switches and a capacitor.
• The sampling switch is closed for a short duration by a short
pulse applied to the gate G1 of the transistor. During this
period, the capacitor C is quickly charged up to a voltage equal
to the instantaneous sample value of the incoming signal.
• Now, the sampling switch is opened and the capacitor holds
the charge. The discharge switch is then closed by a pulse
applied to gate G2 of the other transistor. Due to this, the
capacitor is discharged to zero volts. The discharges switch is
then opened and thus capacitor has no voltage. Hence the
output of the sample and hold circuit consists of a sequence of
flat-top samples as shown in figure.
Mathematical Representation of PAM
• We may express the PAM signal as
where
Ts = sampling period
m(nTs) = sample value of m(t) obtained at t = nTs
h(t) = standard rectangular pulse of unit amplitude and duration
T and it is defined as
Figure: System for recovering message signal m(t) from PAM signal s(t)
Advantages of PAM :
• It is the simple and simple process for modulation and
demodulation
• Transmitter and receiver circuits are simple and easy to
construct.
Drawbacks of PAM signal
• The bandwidth required for the transmission of a PAM
signal is very large in comparison to the maximum
frequency present in the modulating signal.
• Since the amplitude of the PAM pulses varies in
accordance with the modulating signal therefore the
interference of noise is maximum in a PAM signal. This
noise cannot be removed easily.
• Since the amplitude of the PAM pulses varies, therefore,
this also varies the peak power required by the transmitter
with modulating signal.
Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)
• In pulse time modulation, amplitude of pulse is held
constant, whereas position of pulse or width of pulse is
made proportional to the amplitude of signal at the
sampling instant.
• There are two types of pulse time modulation.
i. Pulse Width Modulation
ii. Pulse Position Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation
• PWM is also called Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM), Pulse
Length Modulation (PLM) and
Definition:
In PWM, Width of the pulses of the carrier pulse train is varied
in accordance with the modulating signal.
Figure: Illustration of PWM (a) Modulating signal (b) Pulse Carrier (c) PWM signal
PWM Generation
DirectMethod ofPWM generation using
Monostable
Multivibrator
• We know that stable state for this type of multivibrator is T1
Off and T2 On.
• The applied trigger pulse switches T1 ON, whereupon the
voltage at C1 falls as T1 now begins to draw collector current.
• The voltage at B2 follows C1 and T2 is switched off by
regenerative action.
• As soon as this happens, C begins to charge up to the collector
supply potential through R.
• After a time determined by the supply voltage and RC time
constant of the charging network, B2 becomes sufficiently
positive to switch T2 on.
• T1 is simultaneously switched off by regenerative action and
stays OFF until the arrival of the next trigger pulse.
• The voltage at the base of T2 must reach to allow T2 to turn
on, is slightly more positive than the voltage across the
common emitter resistor Rk. This voltage depends on the
current flowing through the circuit, which at the time is the
collector current of T1(at that
time T1 ON)
• The collector current depends on the base bias, which is
controlled by the instantaneous changes in the applied signal
voltage.
• The applied modulating voltage control the voltage to which
B2 must rise to switch T2 ON. Since the voltage rise is linear,
the modulating voltage is seen to control the period of time
during which T2 is OFF.
PWM Demodulation
PWM to
PWM Low-Pass Message
PAM
signal Filter signal
converter
Schmitt
Trigger
Ramp Level
Adder Rectifier
Generator Shifter
Synchronization LPF
Pulse Generator
Demodulated
Output
Figure: PWM Detector
PWM Demodulation Contd.,
Modulating wave
Pulse carrier
PWM wave
PPM wave
PPM Generation
PPM Generation
S.
PAM PWM/PDM PPM
No
6
Similar to Amplitude Similar to frequency Simple to Phase
modulation modulation modulation
SYNCHRONIZATION
• PAM
• PWM
• PPM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• An important feature of the sampling process is a conservation
of time. That is, the transmission of the message samples
engages the communication channel for only a fraction of the
sampling interval on a periodic basis, and in this way some of
the time interval between adjacent samples is cleared for use
by other independent message sources on a time-shared basis.
• Time Division Multiplex (TDM) is a system, which enables
the joint utilization of common communication channel by a
plurality of independent message sources without mutual
interference among them.
• The concept of TDM is illustrated by the block diagram shown
below.
TDM Contd.,
• Given that
N = 10, fm = 2 KHz, Ts = 125 microseconds
n = 5 bits/sample
Bit rate
Problem
10 sinusoidal message signals, each having
frequency of 10 KHz are multiplexed using
TDM. Sampling rate is 25% higher than the
NR. Maximum quantization error can be at
most of 1% of peak to peak amplitude of
message signal. 5 number of synchronization
bits are transmitted at the end of each frame.
Find Bit rate of the transmitter?
Solution
• Given that
N = 10, fm = 10 KHz, fs = 1.25NR , a = 5
Now
Solution contd.,
• Bit rate
Three message signals each bandlimited to 5 KHz are multiplexed
using FDM. Guard band is 1 Khz. Find multiplexed signal
bandwidth ,if the modulation schemes used are AM,DSB and SSB
respectively.
References