Apendices (Shigley Beer Mott Norton)

A
Useful Tables 1011
Useful Tables Appendix
Appendix Outline
A–1 Standard SI Prefixes 1013
A–2 Conversion Factors 1014
A–3 Optional SI Units for Bending, Torsion, Axial, and Direct Shear Stresses 1015
A–4 Optional SI Units for Bending and Torsional Deflections 1015
A–5 Physical Constants of Materials 1015
A–6 Properties of Structural-Steel Angles 1016–1017
A–7 Properties of Structural-Steel Channels 1018–1019
A–8 Properties of Round Tubing 1020
A–9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams 1021–1028
A–10 Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 1029–1030
A–11 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades—Metric Series 1030
A–12 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts—Metric Series 1031
A–13 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades—Inch Series 1032
A–14 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts—Inch Series 1033
A–15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors Kt 1034–1040
A–16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factors Kt or Kts of a Round Bar or Tube with

a Transverse Round Hole and loaded in Bending or Torsion 1041–1042
A–17 Preferred Sizes and Renard (R-Series) Numbers 1043
A–18 Geometric Properties 1044–1046
A–19 American Standard Pipe 1047
A–20 Deterministic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths

for HR and CD Steels 1048
A–21 Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels 1049–1050
A–22 Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metals 1051
A–23 Mean Monotonic and Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties of

Selected Steels 1052–1053
A–24 Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals 1054–1055
A–25 Stochastic Yield and Ultimate Strengths for Selected Materials 1056
1011
1012 Mechanical Engineering Design
A–26 Stochastic Parameters from Finite Life Fatigue Tests in Selected Metals 1057
A–27 Finite Life Fatigue Strengths of Selected Plain Carbon Steels 1058
A–28 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges 1059–1060
A–29 Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts 1061
A–30 Dimensions of Hexagonal Cap Screws and Heavy Hexagonal Screws 1062
A–31 Dimensions of Hexagonal Nuts 1063
A–32 Basic Dimensions of American Standard Plain Washers 1064
A–33 Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers 1065
A–34 Gamma Function 1066

Useful Tables 1013
Table A–1 Name Symbol Factor

†
Standard SI Prefixes* exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 5 1018
peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000 5 1015
tera T 1 000 000 000 000 5 1012
giga G 1 000 000 000 5 109
mega M 1 000 000 5 106
kilo k 1 000 5 103
hecto‡ h 100 5 102
‡
deka da 10 5 101
deci‡ d 0.1 5 1021
‡
centi c 0.01 5 1022
milli m 0.001 5 1023
micro m 0.000 001 5 1026
nano n 0.000 000 001 5 1029
pico p 0.000 000 000 001 5 10212
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 5 10215
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 5 10218
*If possible use multiple and submultiple prefixes in steps of 1000.

†
Spaces are used in SI instead of commas to group numbers to avoid confusion with the
practice in some European countries of using commas for decimal points.
‡
Not recommended but sometimes encountered.
Table A–2
Conversion Factors A to Convert Input X to Output Y Using the Formula Y 5 AX*
Multiply Input By Factor To Get Output Multiply Input By Factor To Get Output
X A Y X A Y
British thermal 1055 joule, J mile, mi 1.610 kilometer, km

unit, Btu mile/hour, mi/h 1.61 kilometer/hour, km/h
Btu/second, Btu/s 1.05 kilowatt, kW mile/hour, mi/h 0.447 meter/second, m/s
calorie 4.19 joule, J moment of inertia, 0.0421 kilogram-meter2,
centimeter of 1.333 kilopascal, kPa lbm ? ft2 kg ? m2
mercury (0°C) moment of inertia, 293 kilogram-millimeter2,
centipoise, cP 0.001 pascal-second, lbm ? in2 kg ? mm2
Pa ? s moment of section 41.6 centimeter4, cm4
degree (angle) 0.0174 radian, rad (second moment
of area), in4
foot, ft 0.305 meter, m
ounce-force, oz 0.278 newton, N
foot2, ft2 0.0929 meter2, m2
ounce-mass 0.0311 kilogram, kg
foot/minute, 0.0051 meter/second, m/s
ft/min pound, lbf † 4.45 newton, N
foot-pound, ft ? lbf 1.35 joule, J pound-foot, lbf ? ft 1.36 newton-meter, N ? m
foot-pound/ 1.35 watt, W pound/foot2, lbf/ft2 47.9 pascal, Pa
second, ft ? lbf/s pound-inch, lbf ? in 0.113 joule, J
foot/second, ft/s 0.305 meter/second, m/s pound-inch, lbf ? in 0.113 newton-meter, N ? m
gallon (U.S.), gal 3.785 liter, L pound/inch, lbf/in 175 newton/meter, N/m
horsepower, hp 0.746 kilowatt, kW pound/inch2, psi 6.89 kilopascal, kPa
inch, in 0.0254 meter, m (lbf/in2)
inch, in 25.4 millimeter, mm pound-mass, lbm 0.454 kilogram, kg
inch2, in2 645 millimeter2, mm2 pound-mass/ 0.454 kilogram/second,
second, lbm/s kg/s
inch of mercury 3.386 kilopascal, kPa
(32°F) quart (U.S. liquid), qt 946 milliliter, mL
3
kilopound, kip 4.45 kilonewton, kN section modulus, in 16.4 centimeter3, cm3
kilopound/inch2, 6.89 megapascal, MPa slug 14.6 kilogram, kg
kpsi (ksi) (N/mm2) ton (short 2000 lbm) 907 kilogram, kg
mass, lbf ? s2/in 175 kilogram, kg yard, yd 0.914 meter, m
*Approximate.
†
The U.S. Customary system unit of the pound-force is often abbreviated as lbf to distinguish it from the pound-mass, which is abbreviated as lbm.
Useful Tables 1015
Table A–3 Axial and

Optional SI Units for Bending and Torsion Direct Shear
Bending Stress M, T I, J c, r S, T F A S, T
s 5 Mcyl, Torsion Stress N ? m* m4 m Pa N* m2 Pa
4 2 †
t 5 TryJ, Axial Stress N?m cm cm MPa (N/mm ) N mm2 MPa (N/mm2)
s 5 FyA, and Direct N ? m† mm4 mm GPa kN m2 kPa
4 †
Shear Stress t 5 FyA kN ? m cm cm GPa kN mm2 GPa
† 4 2
N ? mm mm mm MPa (N/mm )
*Basic relation.
†
Often preferred.
Table A–4 Bending Deflection Torsional Deflection

Optional SI Units for F, wl l I E y T l J G U
Bending Deflection N* m m4 Pa m N ? m* m m4 Pa rad
y 5 f(Fl 3yEl) or kN †
mm mm 4
GPa mm N?m †
mm mm4 GPa rad
y 5 f(wl 4yEl) and kN m m4 GPa mm N ? mm mm mm4 MPa (N/mm2) rad
Torsional Deflection N mm mm 4
kPa m N?m cm cm 4
MPa (N/mm2) rad
u 5 TlyGJ
*Basic relation.
†
Often preferred.
Table A–5
Physical Constants of Materials
Modulus of Modulus of
Elasticity E Rigidity G Poisson’s Unit Weight w
Material Mpsi GPa Mpsi GPa Ratio N lbf/in3 lbf/ft 3 kN/m3
Aluminum (all alloys) 10.4 71.7 3.9 26.9 0.333 0.098 169 26.6
Beryllium copper 18.0 124.0 7.0 48.3 0.285 0.297 513 80.6
Brass 15.4 106.0 5.82 40.1 0.324 0.309 534 83.8
Carbon steel 30.0 207.0 11.5 79.3 0.292 0.282 487 76.5
Cast iron (gray) 14.5 100.0 6.0 41.4 0.211 0.260 450 70.6
Copper 17.2 119.0 6.49 44.7 0.326 0.322 556 87.3
Douglas fir 1.6 11.0 0.6 4.1 0.33 0.016 28 4.3
Glass 6.7 46.2 2.7 18.6 0.245 0.094 162 25.4
Inconel 31.0 214.0 11.0 75.8 0.290 0.307 530 83.3
Lead 5.3 36.5 1.9 13.1 0.425 0.411 710 111.5
Magnesium 6.5 44.8 2.4 16.5 0.350 0.065 112 17.6
Molybdenum 48.0 331.0 17.0 117.0 0.307 0.368 636 100.0
Monel metal 26.0 179.0 9.5 65.5 0.320 0.319 551 86.6
Nickel silver 18.5 127.0 7.0 48.3 0.322 0.316 546 85.8
Nickel steel 30.0 207.0 11.5 79.3 0.291 0.280 484 76.0
Phosphor bronze 16.1 111.0 6.0 41.4 0.349 0.295 510 80.1
Stainless steel (18-8) 27.6 190.0 10.6 73.1 0.305 0.280 484 76.0
Titanium alloys 16.5 114.0 6.2 42.4 0.340 0.160 276 43.4
Table A–6 w 5 weight per foot, lbf/ft

m 5 mass per meter, kg/m
3 2
Properties of Structural- A 5 area, in2 (cm2)
Steel Equal Legs I 5 second moment of area, in4 (cm4)
1 1
k 5 radius of gyration, in (cm)
Angles*† y
y 5 centroidal distance, in (cm)
Z 5 section modulus, in3, (cm3) 2 3
Size, in w A l1ⴚ1 k1ⴚ1 Z1ⴚ1 y k3ⴚ3
1 3 1 3 18 0.80 0.234 0.021 0.298 0.029 0.290 0.191

3 14 1.49 0.437 0.036 0.287 0.054 0.336 0.193
112 3 112 3 1
8 1.23 0.36 0.074 0.45 0.068 0.41 0.29
1
3 4 2.34 0.69 0.135 0.44 0.130 0.46 0.29
1
2323 8 1.65 0.484 0.190 0.626 0.131 0.546 0.398
1
3 4 3.19 0.938 0.348 0.609 0.247 0.592 0.391
3
3 8 4.7 1.36 0.479 0.594 0.351 0.636 0.389
212 3 212 3 1
4 4.1 1.19 0.703 0.769 0.394 0.717 0.491
3
3 8 5.9 1.73 0.984 0.753 0.566 0.762 0.487
1
3333 4 4.9 1.44 1.24 0.930 0.577 0.842 0.592
3
3 8 7.2 2.11 1.76 0.913 0.833 0.888 0.587
1
3 2 9.4 2.75 2.22 0.898 1.07 0.932 0.584
312 3 312 3 1
4 5.8 1.69 2.01 1.09 0.794 0.968 0.694
3
3 8 8.5 2.48 2.87 1.07 1.15 1.01 0.687
1
3 2 11.1 3.25 3.64 1.06 1.49 1.06 0.683
1
4343 4 6.6 1.94 3.04 1.25 1.05 1.09 0.795
3
3 8 9.8 2.86 4.36 1.23 1.52 1.14 0.788
1
3 2 12.8 3.75 5.56 1.22 1.97 1.18 0.782
5
3 8 15.7 4.61 6.66 1.20 2.40 1.23 0.779
3
6363 8 14.9 4.36 15.4 1.88 3.53 1.64 1.19
1
3 2 19.6 5.75 19.9 1.86 4.61 1.68 1.18
5
3 8 24.2 7.11 24.2 1.84 5.66 1.73 1.18
3
3 4 28.7 8.44 28.2 1.83 6.66 1.78 1.17
Useful Tables 1017
Table A–6 Size, mm m A l1ⴚ1 k1ⴚ1 Z1ⴚ1 y k3ⴚ3

Properties of Structural- 25 3 25 3 3 1.11 1.42 0.80 0.75 0.45 0.72 0.48
Steel Equal Legs 34 1.45 1.85 1.01 0.74 0.58 0.76 0.48
Angles*† 35 1.77 2.26 1.20 0.73 0.71 0.80 0.48
(Continued) 40 3 40 3 4 2.42 3.08 4.47 1.21 1.55 1.12 0.78
35 2.97 3.79 5.43 1.20 1.91 1.16 0.77
36 3.52 4.48 6.31 1.19 2.26 1.20 0.77
50 3 50 3 5 3.77 4.80 11.0 1.51 3.05 1.40 0.97
36 4.47 5.59 12.8 1.50 3.61 1.45 0.97
38 5.82 7.41 16.3 1.48 4.68 1.52 0.96
60 3 60 3 5 4.57 5.82 19.4 1.82 4.45 1.64 1.17
36 5.42 6.91 22.8 1.82 5.29 1.69 1.17
38 7.09 9.03 29.2 1.80 6.89 1.77 1.16
3 10 8.69 11.1 34.9 1.78 8.41 1.85 1.16
80 3 80 3 6 7.34 9.35 55.8 2.44 9.57 2.17 1.57
38 9.63 12.3 72.2 2.43 12.6 2.26 1.56
3 10 11.9 15.1 87.5 2.41 15.4 2.34 1.55
100 3100 3 8 12.2 15.5 145 3.06 19.9 2.74 1.96
3 12 17.8 22.7 207 3.02 29.1 2.90 1.94
3 15 21.9 27.9 249 2.98 35.6 3.02 1.93
150 3 150 3 10 23.0 29.3 624 4.62 56.9 4.03 2.97
3 12 27.3 34.8 737 4.60 67.7 4.12 2.95
3 15 33.8 43.0 898 4.57 83.5 4.25 2.93
3 18 40.1 51.0 1050 4.54 98.7 4.37 2.92
*Metric sizes also available in sizes of 45, 70, 90, 120, and 200 mm.
†
These sizes are also available in aluminum alloy.
Table A–7
Properties of Structural-Steel Channels*

2
a, b 5 size, in (mm)
w 5 weight per foot, lbf/ft t
m 5 mass per meter, kg/m
1 1 a
t 5 web thickness, in (mm)
A 5 area, in2 (cm2)
I 5 second moment of area, in4 (cm4)
k 5 radius of gyration, in (cm) x
x 5 centroidal distance, in (cm) 2
Z 5 section modulus, in3 (cm3) b
a, in b, in t A w l1ⴚ1 k1ⴚ1 Z1ⴚ1 l2ⴚ2 k2ⴚ2 Z2ⴚ2 x
3 1.410 0.170 1.21 4.1 1.66 1.17 1.10 0.197 0.404 0.202 0.436
3 1.498 0.258 1.47 5.0 1.85 1.12 1.24 0.247 0.410 0.233 0.438
3 1.596 0.356 1.76 6.0 2.07 1.08 1.38 0.305 0.416 0.268 0.455
4 1.580 0.180 1.57 5.4 3.85 1.56 1.93 0.319 0.449 0.283 0.457
4 1.720 0.321 2.13 7.25 4.59 1.47 2.29 0.433 0.450 0.343 0.459
5 1.750 0.190 1.97 6.7 7.49 1.95 3.00 0.479 0.493 0.378 0.484
5 1.885 0.325 2.64 9.0 8.90 1.83 3.56 0.632 0.489 0.450 0.478
6 1.920 0.200 2.40 8.2 13.1 2.34 4.38 0.693 0.537 0.492 0.511
6 2.034 0.314 3.09 10.5 15.2 2.22 5.06 0.866 0.529 0.564 0.499
6 2.157 0.437 3.83 13.0 17.4 2.13 5.80 1.05 0.525 0.642 0.514
7 2.090 0.210 2.87 9.8 21.3 2.72 6.08 0.968 0.581 0.625 0.540
7 2.194 0.314 3.60 12.25 24.2 2.60 6.93 1.17 0.571 0.703 0.525
7 2.299 0.419 4.33 14.75 27.2 2.51 7.78 1.38 0.564 0.779 0.532
8 2.260 0.220 3.36 11.5 32.3 3.10 8.10 1.30 0.625 0.781 0.571
8 2.343 0.303 4.04 13.75 36.2 2.99 9.03 1.53 0.615 0.854 0.553
8 2.527 0.487 5.51 18.75 44.0 2.82 11.0 1.98 0.599 1.01 0.565
9 2.430 0.230 3.91 13.4 47.7 3.49 10.6 1.75 0.669 0.962 0.601
9 2.485 0.285 4.41 15.0 51.0 3.40 11.3 1.93 0.661 1.01 0.586
9 2.648 0.448 5.88 20.0 60.9 3.22 13.5 2.42 0.647 1.17 0.583
10 2.600 0.240 4.49 15.3 67.4 3.87 13.5 2.28 0.713 1.16 0.634
10 2.739 0.379 5.88 20.0 78.9 3.66 15.8 2.81 0.693 1.32 0.606
10 2.886 0.526 7.35 25.0 91.2 3.52 18.2 3.36 0.676 1.48 0.617
10 3.033 0.673 8.82 30.0 103 3.43 20.7 3.95 0.669 1.66 0.649
12 3.047 0.387 7.35 25.0 144 4.43 24.1 4.47 0.780 1.89 0.674
12 3.170 0.510 8.82 30.0 162 4.29 27.0 5.14 0.763 2.06 0.674
Useful Tables 1019
Table A–7
Properties of Structural-Steel Channels* (Continued)
a 3 b, mm m t A I121 k121 Z121 I222 k222 Z222 x
76 3 38 6.70 5.1 8.53 74.14 2.95 19.46 10.66 1.12 4.07 1.19
102 3 51 10.42 6.1 13.28 207.7 3.95 40.89 29.10 1.48 8.16 1.51
127 3 64 14.90 6.4 18.98 482.5 5.04 75.99 67.23 1.88 15.25 1.94
152 3 76 17.88 6.4 22.77 851.5 6.12 111.8 113.8 2.24 21.05 2.21
152 3 89 23.84 7.1 30.36 1166 6.20 153.0 215.1 2.66 35.70 2.86
178 3 76 20.84 6.6 26.54 1337 7.10 150.4 134.0 2.25 24.72 2.20
178 3 89 26.81 7.6 34.15 1753 7.16 197.2 241.0 2.66 39.29 2.76
203 3 76 23.82 7.1 30.34 1950 8.02 192.0 151.3 2.23 27.59 2.13
203 3 89 29.78 8.1 37.94 2491 8.10 245.2 264.4 2.64 42.34 2.65
229 3 76 26.06 7.6 33.20 2610 8.87 228.3 158.7 2.19 28.22 2.00
229 3 89 32.76 8.6 41.73 3387 9.01 296.4 285.0 2.61 44.82 2.53
254 3 76 28.29 8.1 36.03 3367 9.67 265.1 162.6 2.12 28.21 1.86
254 3 89 35.74 9.1 45.42 4448 9.88 350.2 302.4 2.58 46.70 2.42
305 3 89 41.69 10.2 53.11 7061 11.5 463.3 325.4 2.48 48.49 2.18
305 3 102 46.18 10.2 58.83 8214 11.8 539.0 499.5 2.91 66.59 2.66
*These sizes are also available in aluminum alloy.

Table A–8 wa 5 unit weight of aluminum tubing, lbf/ft

ws 5 unit weight of steel tubing, lbf/ft
Properties of Round m 5 unit mass, kg/m
Tubing A 5 area, in2 (cm2)
I 5 second moment of area, in4 (cm4)
J 5 second polar moment of area, in4 (cm4)
k 5 radius of gyration, in (cm)
Z 5 section modulus, in3 (cm3)
d 3 t 5 size (OD) and thickness, in (mm)
Size, in wa ws A l k Z J
1 3 18 0.416 1.128 0.344 0.034 0.313 0.067 0.067

1 3 14 0.713 2.003 0.589 0.046 0.280 0.092 0.092
112 3 1
8 0.653 1.769 0.540 0.129 0.488 0.172 0.257
112 3 1
4 1.188 3.338 0.982 0.199 0.451 0.266 0.399
1
23 8 0.891 2.670 0.736 0.325 0.664 0.325 0.650
2 3 14 1.663 4.673 1.374 0.537 0.625 0.537 1.074
212 3 1
8 1.129 3.050 0.933 0.660 0.841 0.528 1.319
212 3 1
4 2.138 6.008 1.767 1.132 0.800 0.906 2.276
1
33 4 2.614 7.343 2.160 2.059 0.976 1.373 4.117
3 3 38 3.742 10.51 3.093 2.718 0.938 1.812 5.436
4 3 163 2.717 7.654 2.246 4.090 1.350 2.045 8.180
3
43 8 5.167 14.52 4.271 7.090 1.289 3.544 14.180
Size, mm m A l k Z J
12 3 2 0.490 0.628 0.082 0.361 0.136 0.163

16 3 2 0.687 0.879 0.220 0.500 0.275 0.440
16 3 3 0.956 1.225 0.273 0.472 0.341 0.545
20 3 4 1.569 2.010 0.684 0.583 0.684 1.367
25 3 4 2.060 2.638 1.508 0.756 1.206 3.015
25 3 5 2.452 3.140 1.669 0.729 1.336 3.338
30 3 4 2.550 3.266 2.827 0.930 1.885 5.652
30 3 5 3.065 3.925 3.192 0.901 2.128 6.381
42 3 4 3.727 4.773 8.717 1.351 4.151 17.430
42 3 5 4.536 5.809 10.130 1.320 4.825 20.255
50 3 4 4.512 5.778 15.409 1.632 6.164 30.810
50 3 5 5.517 7.065 18.118 1.601 7.247 36.226
Useful Tables 1021
Table A–9 1 Cantilever—end load

y R1 5 V 5 F M1 5 Fl
Shear, Moment, and
Deflection of Beams l M 5 F(x 2 l )
(Note: Force and F Fx 2
y5 (x 2 3l )
moment reactions are x 6EI
positive in the directions M1 Fl 3
R1 ymax 5 2
shown; equations for 3EI
shear force V and
V
bending moment
M follow the sign +
conventions given in
x
Sec. 3–2.)
M
x
–
2 Cantilever—intermediate load
y R1 5 V 5 F M1 5 Fa
l MAB 5 F(x 2 a) MBC 5 0
a b
F 2
Fx
A B C yAB 5 (x 2 3a)
x 6EI
M1 Fa2
R1 yBC 5 (a 2 3x)
6EI
V Fa 2
ymax 5 (a 2 3l )
6EI
+
x
–
(Continued)
Table A–9 3 Cantilever—uniform load

y wl 2
Shear, Moment, and R1 5 wl M1 5
l 2
Deflection of Beams
(Note: Force and w
x V 5 w(l 2 x) M52 (l 2 x) 2
2
moment reactions are M1
positive in the directions R1 wx 2
y5 (4lx 2 x2 2 6l 2 )
shown; equations for 24EI
V
shear force V and wl 4
ymax 5 2
bending moment 8EI
M follow the sign +
conventions given in x
Sec. 3–2.) M
(Continued)
x
–
4 Cantilever—moment load
y R1 5 V 5 0 M1 5 M 5 MB
l 2
MB x MB l 2
M1 MB y5 ymax 5
2EI 2EI
A
B x
R1
x
Useful Tables 1023
Table A–9 5 Simple supports—center load

y F
Shear, Moment, and l R1 5 R 2 5
2
Deflection of Beams l/2 F
(Note: Force and VAB 5 R1 VBC 5 2R2
A B C
moment reactions are x Fx F
R1 R2
MAB 5 MBC 5 (l 2 x)
positive in the directions 2 2
shown; equations for V Fx
yAB 5 (4x 2 2 3l 2 )
shear force V and 48EI
bending moment Fl 3
+
ymax 5 2
M follow the sign 48EI
x
conventions given in –
Sec. 3–2.)
(Continued) M
6 Simple supports—intermediate load

y Fb Fa
R1 5 R2 5
l l l
a b
F VAB 5 R1 VBC 5 2R2
A B C
x Fbx Fa
MAB 5 MBC 5 (l 2 x)
R1 R2 l l
Fbx 2
V yAB 5 (x 1 b2 2 l 2 )
6EI l
+
Fa (l 2 x) 2
yBC 5 (x 1 a2 2 2lx)
6EI l
x
–
(Continued)
Table A–9 7 Simple supports—uniform load

y wl wl
Shear, Moment, and R1 5 R2 5 V5 2 wx
l 2 2
Deflection of Beams
wx
(Note: Force and M5 (l 2 x)
x 2
moment reactions are R1 R2 wx
positive in the directions y5 (2lx 2 2 x 3 2 l 3 )
24EI
shown; equations for V
5wl 4
shear force V and ymax 5 2
384EI
bending moment +
M follow the sign x
–
conventions given in
Sec. 3–2.)
(Continued) M
+
x
8 Simple supports—moment load

y MB MB
R1 5 R 2 5 V5
l l l
a b
MB x MB
MB R2 MAB 5 MBC 5 (x 2 l)
l l
A C
B x MB x 2
R1 yAB 5 (x 1 3a2 2 6al 1 2l 2 )
6EI l
V MB 3
yBC 5 [x 2 3lx 2 1 x (2l 2 1 3a2 ) 2 3a2l ]
6EI l
+
– x
Useful Tables 1025
Table A–9 9 Simple supports—twin loads

y R1 5 R 2 5 F VAB 5 F VBC 5 0
Shear, Moment, and
l
Deflection of Beams a F F a
VCD 5 2F
(Note: Force and MAB 5 Fx MBC 5 Fa MCD 5 F(l 2 x)
A B C D
moment reactions are x
Fx 2
positive in the directions R1 R2 yAB 5 (x 1 3a2 2 3la)
6EI
shown; equations for
V Fa
shear force V and yBC 5 (3x 2 1 a2 2 3lx)
6EI
bending moment + Fa
M follow the sign ymax 5 (4a2 2 3l 2 )
x 24EI
conventions given in –
Sec. 3–2.)
(Continued) M
10 Simple supports—overhanging load

y Fa F
l a R1 5 R2 5 (l 1 a)
l l
R1 F
Fa
A B C VAB 5 2 VBC 5 F
x l
R2 Fax
MAB 5 2 MBC 5 F(x 2 l 2 a)
l
V
Fax 2
yAB 5 (l 2 x2 )
+ 6EI l
F(x 2 l)
– x yBC 5 [ (x 2 l) 2 2 a(3x 2 l ) ]
6EI
M Fa2
yc 5 2 (l 1 a)
3EI
x
–
(Continued)
Table A–9 11 One fixed and one simple support—center load

y 11F 5F 3Fl
Shear, Moment, and l R1 5 R2 5 M1 5
F 16 16 16
Deflection of Beams l/2
(Note: Force and VAB 5 R1 VBC 5 2R2

A B C
x
moment reactions are F 5F
M1 R2 MAB 5 (11x 2 3l ) MBC 5 (l 2 x)
positive in the directions 16 16
R1
shown; equations for Fx 2
yAB 5 (11x 2 9l)
shear force V and V 96EI
bending moment F(l 2 x)
yBC 5 (5x 2 1 2l 2 2 10lx)
M follow the sign + 96EI
conventions given in x
–
Sec. 3–2.)
(Continued)
M
– x
12 One fixed and one simple support—intermediate load

y Fb Fa2
l R1 5 (3l 2 2 b2 ) R2 5 (3l 2 a)
F 2l 3 2l 3
a b
Fb 2
A B C M1 5 (l 2 b2 )
x 2l 2
M1 R2
VAB 5 R1 VBC 5 2R2
R1
Fb 2
MAB 5 [b l 2 l 3 1 x (3l 2 2 b2 ) ]
V 2l 3
Fa2 2
MBC 5 (3l 2 3lx 2 al 1 ax)
+ 2l 3
x Fbx 2
– yAB 5 [3l(b2 2 l 2 ) 1 x(3l 2 2 b2 ) ]
12EI l 3
M F(x 2 a) 3
yBC 5 yAB 2
6EI
+
– x
Useful Tables 1027
Table A–9 13 One fixed and one simple support—uniform load

y 5wl 3wl wl2
Shear, Moment, and l R1 5 R2 5 M1 5
8 8 8
Deflection of Beams
(Note: Force and 5wl
x V5 2 wx
8
moment reactions are M1 R2
w
positive in the directions R1 M52 (4x 2 2 5lx 1 l 2 )
8
shown; equations for
shear force V and V wx 2
y5 (l 2 x) (2x 2 3l)
48EI
bending moment
M follow the sign
conventions given in +
– x
Sec. 3–2.)
(Continued)
M
+
– x
14 Fixed supports—center load

y F Fl
l
R 1 5 R2 5 M1 5 M2 5
2 8
l/2 F
F
A B C VAB 5 2VBC 5
x 2
M1 M2 F F
R1 R2 MAB 5 (4x 2 l ) MBC 5 (3l 2 4x)
8 8
V Fx 2
yAB 5 (4x 2 3l)
48EI
+
Fl 3
ymax 5 2
x 192EI
–
+
– – x
(Continued)
Table A–9 15 Fixed supports—intermediate load

y Fb2 Fa2
Shear, Moment, and l R1 5 (3a 1 b) R2 5 (3b 1 a)
l3 l3
Deflection of Beams a b
(Note: Force and
F Fab2 Fa2b
M1 5 M2 5
moment reactions are
A B C l2 l2
x
positive in the directions M1 M2 VAB 5 R1 VBC 5 2R2
R1 R2
shown; equations for Fb 2
MAB 5 [x(3a 1 b) 2 al ]
shear force V and V l3
bending moment MBC 5 MAB 2 F(x 2 a)
M follow the sign +
Fb2x 2
conventions given in yAB 5 [x(3a 1 b) 2 3al]
–
x 6EI l 3
Sec. 3–2.)
Fa2 (l 2 x) 2
(Continued) yBC 5 [ (l 2 x) (3b 1 a) 2 3bl]
M 6EI l 3
+
– – x
16 Fixed supports—uniform load

y wl wl2
l
R1 5 R2 5 M1 5 M2 5
2 12
w
x V5 (l 2 2x)
2
M1 M2
R1 R2 w
M5 (6lx 2 6x2 2 l 2 )
12
V
wx 2
y52 (l 2 x) 2
24EI
+
–
x wl 4
ymax 5 2
384EI
+
– – x
Useful Tables 1029
Table A–10
Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

za
u2
exp a2 b du
1
£ (z a ) 5 #
2q
12p 2
f (z)
F(z␣)
5 e
a za # 0
␣
12a za . 0
0 z␣
ZA 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3238 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.00990 0.00964 0.00939 0.00914 0.00889 0.00866 0.00842
2.4 0.00820 0.00798 0.00776 0.00755 0.00734 0.00714 0.00695 0.00676 0.00657 0.00639
2.5 0.00621 0.00604 0.00587 0.00570 0.00554 0.00539 0.00523 0.00508 0.00494 0.00480
2.6 0.00466 0.00453 0.00440 0.00427 0.00415 0.00402 0.00391 0.00379 0.00368 0.00357
2.7 0.00347 0.00336 0.00326 0.00317 0.00307 0.00298 0.00289 0.00280 0.00272 0.00264
2.8 0.00256 0.00248 0.00240 0.00233 0.00226 0.00219 0.00212 0.00205 0.00199 0.00193
2.9 0.00187 0.00181 0.00175 0.00169 0.00164 0.00159 0.00154 0.00149 0.00144 0.00139
(Continued)
Table A–10
Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution* (Continued)
ZA 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
3 0.00135 0.03968 0.03687 0.03483 0.03337 0.03233 0.03159 0.03108 0.04723 0.04481
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6
4 0.0 317 0.0 207 0.0 133 0.0 854 0.0 541 0.0 340 0.0 211 0.0 130 0.0 793 0.06479
5 0.06287 0.06170 0.07996 0.07579 0.07333 0.07190 0.07107 0.08599 0.08332 0.08182
9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11
6 0.0 987 0.0 530 0.0 282 0.0 149 0.0 777 0.0 402 0.0 206 0.0 104 0.0 523 0.011260
za 21.282 21.643 21.960 22.326 22.576 23.090 23.291 23.891 24.417

F(z a) 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.010 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0001 0.000005
R(z a) 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.990 0.995 0.999 0.9995 0.9999 0.999995
*The superscript on a zero after the decimal point indicates how many zeros there are after the decimal point. For example, 0.04481 5 0.000 048 1.
Table A–11 Tolerance Grades

Basic
A Selection of Sizes IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11
International Tolerance 0–3 0.006 0.010 0.014 0.025 0.040 0.060
Grades—Metric Series 3–6 0.008 0.012 0.018 0.030 0.048 0.075
(Size Ranges Are for 6–10 0.009 0.015 0.022 0.036 0.058 0.090
Over the Lower Limit 10–18 0.011 0.018 0.027 0.043 0.070 0.110
and Including the Upper 18–30 0.013 0.021 0.033 0.052 0.084 0.130
Limit. All Values Are 30–50 0.016 0.025 0.039 0.062 0.100 0.160
in Millimeters) 50–80 0.019 0.030 0.046 0.074 0.120 0.190
Source: Preferred Metric 80–120 0.022 0.035 0.054 0.087 0.140 0.220
Limits and Fits, ANSI B4.2-1978.
See also BSI 4500.
120–180 0.025 0.040 0.063 0.100 0.160 0.250
180–250 0.029 0.046 0.072 0.115 0.185 0.290
250–315 0.032 0.052 0.081 0.130 0.210 0.320
315–400 0.036 0.057 0.089 0.140 0.230 0.360
Useful Tables 1031
Table A–12
Fundamental Deviations for Shafts—Metric Series

(Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Limit and Including the Upper Limit. All Values Are in Millimeters)
Source: Preferred Metric Limits and Fits, ANSI B4.2-1978. See also BSI 4500.
Basic Upper-Deviation Letter Lower-Deviation Letter

Sizes c d f g h k n p s u
0–3 20.060 20.020 20.006 20.002 0 0 10.004 10.006 10.014 10.018

3–6 20.070 20.030 20.010 20.004 0 10.001 10.008 10.012 10.019 10.023
6–10 20.080 20.040 20.013 20.005 0 10.001 10.010 10.015 10.023 10.028
10–14 20.095 20.050 20.016 20.006 0 10.001 10.012 10.018 10.028 10.033
14–18 20.095 20.050 20.016 20.006 0 10.001 10.012 10.018 10.028 10.033
18–24 20.110 20.065 20.020 20.007 0 10.002 10.015 10.022 10.035 10.041
24–30 20.110 20.065 20.020 20.007 0 10.002 10.015 10.022 10.035 10.048
30–40 20.120 20.080 20.025 20.009 0 10.002 10.017 10.026 10.043 10.060
40–50 20.130 20.080 20.025 20.009 0 10.002 10.017 10.026 10.043 10.070
50–65 20.140 20.100 20.030 20.010 0 10.002 10.020 10.032 10.053 10.087
65–80 20.150 20.100 20.030 20.010 0 10.002 10.020 10.032 10.059 10.102
80–100 20.170 20.120 20.036 20.012 0 10.003 10.023 10.037 10.071 10.124
100–120 20.180 20.120 20.036 20.012 0 10.003 10.023 10.037 10.079 10.144
120–140 20.200 20.145 20.043 20.014 0 10.003 10.027 10.043 10.092 10.170
140–160 20.210 20.145 20.043 20.014 0 10.003 10.027 10.043 10.100 10.190
160–180 20.230 20.145 20.043 20.014 0 10.003 10.027 10.043 10.108 10.210
180–200 20.240 20.170 20.050 20.015 0 10.004 10.031 10.050 10.122 10.236
200–225 20.260 20.170 20.050 20.015 0 10.004 10.031 10.050 10.130 10.258
225–250 20.280 20.170 20.050 20.015 0 10.004 10.031 10.050 10.140 10.284
250–280 20.300 20.190 20.056 20.017 0 10.004 10.034 10.056 10.158 10.315
280–315 20.330 20.190 20.056 20.017 0 10.004 10.034 10.056 10.170 10.350
315–355 20.360 20.210 20.062 20.018 0 10.004 10.037 10.062 10.190 10.390
355–400 20.400 20.210 20.062 20.018 0 10.004 10.037 10.062 10.208 10.435
Table A–13 Tolerance Grades

Basic
A Selection of Sizes IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11
International Tolerance 0–0.12 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0010 0.0016 0.0024
Grades—Inch Series 0.12–0.24 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0012 0.0019 0.0030
(Size Ranges Are for 0.24–0.40 0.0004 0.0006 0.0009 0.0014 0.0023 0.0035
Over the Lower Limit 0.40–0.72 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 0.0017 0.0028 0.0043
and Including the Upper 0.72–1.20 0.0005 0.0008 0.0013 0.0020 0.0033 0.0051
Limit. All Values Are in 1.20–2.00 0.0006 0.0010 0.0015 0.0024 0.0039 0.0063
Inches, Converted from 2.00–3.20 0.0007 0.0012 0.0018 0.0029 0.0047 0.0075
Table A–11) 3.20–4.80 0.0009 0.0014 0.0021 0.0034 0.0055 0.0087
4.80–7.20 0.0010 0.0016 0.0025 0.0039 0.0063 0.0098
7.20–10.00 0.0011 0.0018 0.0028 0.0045 0.0073 0.0114
10.00–12.60 0.0013 0.0020 0.0032 0.0051 0.0083 0.0126
12.60–16.00 0.0014 0.0022 0.0035 0.0055 0.0091 0.0142
Table A–14
Fundamental Deviations for Shafts—Inch Series (Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Limit and Including the Upper Limit. All Values Are in
Inches, Converted from Table A–12)
Basic Upper-Deviation Letter Lower-Deviation Letter

Sizes c d f g h k n p s u
0–0.12 20.0024 20.0008 20.0002 20.0001 0 0 10.0002 10.0002 10.0006 10.0007

0.12–0.24 20.0028 20.0012 20.0004 20.0002 0 0 10.0003 10.0005 10.0007 10.0009
0.24–0.40 20.0031 20.0016 20.0005 20.0002 0 0 10.0004 10.0006 10.0009 10.0011
0.40–0.72 20.0037 20.0020 20.0006 20.0002 0 0 10.0005 10.0007 10.0011 10.0013
0.72–0.96 20.0043 20.0026 20.0008 20.0003 0 10.0001 10.0006 10.0009 10.0014 10.0016
0.96–1.20 20.0043 20.0026 20.0008 20.0003 0 10.0001 10.0006 10.0009 10.0014 10.0019
1.20–1.60 20.0047 20.0031 20.0010 20.0004 0 10.0001 10.0007 10.0010 10.0017 10.0024
1.60–2.00 20.0051 20.0031 20.0010 20.0004 0 10.0001 10.0007 10.0010 10.0017 10.0028
2.00–2.60 20.0055 20.0039 20.0012 20.0004 0 10.0001 10.0008 10.0013 10.0021 10.0034
2.60–3.20 20.0059 20.0039 20.0012 20.0004 0 10.0001 10.0008 10.0013 10.0023 10.0040
3.20–4.00 20.0067 20.0047 20.0014 20.0005 0 10.0001 10.0009 10.0015 10.0028 10.0049
4.00–4.80 20.0071 20.0047 20.0014 20.0005 0 10.0001 10.0009 10.0015 10.0031 10.0057
4.80–5.60 20.0079 20.0057 20.0017 20.0006 0 10.0001 10.0011 10.0017 10.0036 10.0067
5.60–6.40 20.0083 20.0057 20.0017 20.0006 0 10.0001 10.0011 10.0017 10.0039 10.0075
6.40–7.20 20.0091 20.0057 20.0017 20.0006 0 10.0001 10.0011 10.0017 10.0043 10.0083
7.20–8.00 20.0094 20.0067 20.0020 20.0006 0 10.0002 10.0012 10.0020 10.0048 10.0093
8.00–9.00 20.0102 20.0067 20.0020 20.0006 0 10.0002 10.0012 10.0020 10.0051 10.0102
9.00–10.00 20.0110 20.0067 20.0020 20.0006 0 10.0002 10.0012 10.0020 10.0055 10.0112
10.00–11.20 20.0118 20.0075 20.0022 20.0007 0 10.0002 10.0013 10.0022 10.0062 10.0124
11.20–12.60 20.0130 20.0075 20.0022 20.0007 0 10.0002 10.0013 10.0022 10.0067 10.0130
12.60–14.20 20.0142 20.0083 20.0024 20.0007 0 10.0002 10.0015 10.0024 10.0075 10.0154
14.20–16.00 20.0157 20.0083 20.0024 20.0007 0 10.0002 10.0015 10.0024 10.0082 10.0171
1033
Table A–15
Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t
Figure A–15–1 3.0
d
Bar in tension or simple
compression with a transverse 2.8
F w F
hole. s0 5 FyA, where
A 5 (w 2 d)t and t is the
2.6
thickness.
Kt
2.4
2.2
2.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w

d
Rectangular bar with a d /h = 0

w
transverse hole in bending. 2.6
s0 5 McyI, where 0.25
M M
I 5 (w 2 d)h3y12. 0.5
2.2 h
1.0
Kt
2.0
1.8
`
1.4
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w

r
w/d = 3
Notched rectangular bar in w
F d F
tension or simple compression. 2.6
s0 5 FyA, where A 5 dt
and t is the thickness. 1.5
2.2
1.2
Kt
1.1
1.8
1.05
1.4
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d
Useful Tables 1035
Table A–15
Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

1.10 w/d = ` r
Notched rectangular bar in
bending. s0 5 McyI, where 2.6 M M
1.5 w d
c 5 dy2, I 5 td 3y12, and t is 1.05
the thickness.
2.2
Kt 1.02
1.8
1.4
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
r
Rectangular filleted bar in D/d = 1.50
tension or simple compression. 2.6
F D d F
s0 5 FyA, where A 5 dt and
t is the thickness. 1.10
2.2
Kt
1.05
1.8
1.02
1.4
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
r
Rectangular filleted bar in
bending. s0 5 McyI, where 2.6 M M
1.05 D d
c 5 dy2, I 5 td 3y12, t is the
thickness. 3
2.2
1.1 1.3
Kt
1.8
1.4 D/d = 1.02
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d (Continued)
*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March
1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design,
a Penton Media Inc. publication.
Table A–15
r
Round shaft with shoulder fillet
in tension. s0 5 FyA, where
2.2 F D d F
A 5 pd 2y4.
Kt 1.8 D/d
= 1.
50
1.0 1.10
5
1.4
1.02
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
r
in torsion. t0 5 TcyJ, where 2.6
D d
c 5 dy2 and J 5 pd 4y32. T T
2.2
Kts
1.8
D/d = 1.20 1.33

2
1.4
1.09
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
r
in bending. s0 5 McyI, where 2.6
M D d M
c 5 dy2 and I 5 pd 4y64.
2.2
Kt
1.8 D/d
=3
1.5
1.4 1.10 1.02
1.05
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
Useful Tables 1037
Table A–15
Figure A–15–10 4.0

T
d
Round shaft in torsion with
transverse hole. 3.6 T D
B A
Kts, A J ␲D dD2
3
Kts 3.2 c = 16 – 6 (approx)
Kts, B
2.8
2.4
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d/D
Figure A–15–11 3.0

d
Round shaft in bending
D
with a transverse hole. s0 5 2.6
My[(pD 3y32) 2 (dD2y6)],
M M
approximately.
2.2
Kt
1.8
1.4
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d/D
Figure A–15–12 11
t
Plate loaded in tension by a
pin through a hole. s0 5 FyA, 9 h
h/w = 0.35 d
where A 5 (w 2 d )t. When
clearance exists, increase Kt w F/2 F/2
7
35 to 50 percent. (M. M. Frocht
and H. N. Hill, “Stress- Kt
Concentration Factors around 5
a Central Circular Hole in a F
Plate Loaded through a Pin in h/w = 0.50
Hole,” J. Appl. Mechanics, 3
h/w $ 1.0
vol. 7, no. 1, March 1940,
p. A-5.)
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w (Continued)
*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March
1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a
Penton Media Inc. publication.
Table A–15
Figure A–15–13 3.0

r
1.15
Grooved round bar in tension.
s0 5 FyA, where A 5 pd 2y4. 2.6
1.05 F D d F
2.2
Kt
1.02 D/d = 1.50
1.8
1.4
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
Figure A–15–14 3.0

r
Grooved round bar in bending.
s0 5 McyI, where c 5 dy2 2.6 M M
D d
and I 5 pd 4y64.
1.05
2.2
Kt
1.02 D/d = 1.50
1.8
1.4
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
Figure A–15–15 2.6

r
Grooved round bar in torsion. T T
t0 5 TcyJ, where c 5 dy2 2.2
D d
and J 5 pd 4y32.
1.8
Kts 1.05
D/d = 1.30
1.4
1.02
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March 1951,
p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a Penton
Media Inc. publication.
Useful Tables 1039
Table A–15
Figure A–15–16
a
r r
Round shaft with flat-bottom t
9.0 F F
groove in bending and/or D d
M M
tension.
r
4F 32M 8.0 t
s0 5 1
pd 2 pd 3 0.03
Source: W. D. Pilkey and
7.0 0.04
D. F. Pilkey, Peterson’s Stress-
Concentration Factors, 3rd ed.
0.05
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken,
6.0
NJ, 2008, p. 115.
Kt 0.07
5.0 0.10
0.15
4.0 0.20
0.40
3.0 0.60
1.00
2.0
1.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
a/t
(Continued)
Table A–15
Figure A–15–17 r
a
r
T
t
Round shaft with flat-bottom
D d
groove in torsion.
16T
t0 5
pd 3 T
Source: W. D. Pilkey and 6.0
D. F. Pilkey, Peterson’s Stress-
Concentration Factors, 3rd ed.
r
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 5.0 t
NJ, 2008, p. 133
0.03
0.04
4.0
Kts 0.06
3.0
0.10
0.20
2.0
1.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
a/t
Useful Tables 1041
Table A–16 a
Approximate Stress- D d
Concentration Factor Kt
M M
of a Round Bar or Tube
with a Transverse Round
The nominal bending stress is s0 5 MyZnet where Znet is a reduced value
Hole and Loaded in
of the section modulus and is defined by
Bending
Source: R. E. Peterson, Stress- pA
Z net 5 (D 4 2 d 4 )
Concentration Factors, Wiley, 32D
New York, 1974, pp. 146, 235.
Values of A are listed in the table. Use d 5 0 for a solid bar
d/D
0.9 0.6 0
a/D A Kt A Kt A Kt
0.050 0.92 2.63 0.91 2.55 0.88 2.42

0.075 0.89 2.55 0.88 2.43 0.86 2.35
0.10 0.86 2.49 0.85 2.36 0.83 2.27
0.125 0.82 2.41 0.82 2.32 0.80 2.20
0.15 0.79 2.39 0.79 2.29 0.76 2.15
0.175 0.76 2.38 0.75 2.26 0.72 2.10
0.20 0.73 2.39 0.72 2.23 0.68 2.07
0.225 0.69 2.40 0.68 2.21 0.65 2.04
0.25 0.67 2.42 0.64 2.18 0.61 2.00
0.275 0.66 2.48 0.61 2.16 0.58 1.97
0.30 0.64 2.52 0.58 2.14 0.54 1.94
(Continued)
Table A–16 (Continued)
Approximate Stress-Concentration Factors Kts for a Round Bar or Tube Having a Transverse Round Hole and
Loaded in Torsion Source: R. E. Peterson, Stress-Concentration Factors, Wiley, New York, 1974, pp. 148, 244.
D a d
T
T
The maximum stress occurs on the inside of the hole, slightly below the shaft surface. The nominal shear stress is t0 5 TDy2Jnet, where Jnet
is a reduced value of the second polar moment of area and is defined by
pA(D 4 2 d 4 )
Jnet 5
32
Values of A are listed in the table. Use d 5 0 for a solid bar.
d/D
0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
a/D A Kts A Kts A Kts A Kts A Kts
0.05 0.96 1.78 0.95 1.77

0.075 0.95 1.82 0.93 1.71
0.10 0.94 1.76 0.93 1.74 0.92 1.72 0.92 1.70 0.92 1.68
0.125 0.91 1.76 0.91 1.74 0.90 1.70 0.90 1.67 0.89 1.64
0.15 0.90 1.77 0.89 1.75 0.87 1.69 0.87 1.65 0.87 1.62
0.175 0.89 1.81 0.88 1.76 0.87 1.69 0.86 1.64 0.85 1.60
0.20 0.88 1.96 0.86 1.79 0.85 1.70 0.84 1.63 0.83 1.58
0.25 0.87 2.00 0.82 1.86 0.81 1.72 0.80 1.63 0.79 1.54
0.30 0.80 2.18 0.78 1.97 0.77 1.76 0.75 1.63 0.74 1.51
0.35 0.77 2.41 0.75 2.09 0.72 1.81 0.69 1.63 0.68 1.47
0.40 0.72 2.67 0.71 2.25 0.68 1.89 0.64 1.63 0.63 1.44
Useful Tables 1043
Table A–17 Fraction of Inches

Preferred Sizes and 1 1 1 3 1 5 3 1 5 3 7 1 9 5 11 3 7
1, 114 , 112 , 134 , 2, 214 , 212 , 234 , 3,
64 , 32 , 16 , 32 , 8 , 32 , 16 , 4 , 16 , 8 , 16 , 2 , 16 , 8 , 16 , 4 , 8 ,
Renard (R-Series)
314 , 312 , 334 , 4, 414 , 412 , 434 , 5, 514 , 512 , 534 , 6, 612 , 7, 712 , 8, 812 , 9, 912 , 10, 1012 , 11, 1112 , 12,
Numbers
1212 , 13, 1312 , 14, 1412 , 15, 1512 , 16, 1612 , 17, 1712 , 18, 1812 , 19, 1912 , 20
(When a choice can be
made, use one of these Decimal Inches
sizes; however, not 0.010, 0.012, 0.016, 0.020, 0.025, 0.032, 0.040, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, 0.30,
all parts or items are 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2,
available in all the sizes 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 6.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5,
shown in the table.) 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, 20
Millimeters
0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2,
1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10, 11, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300
Renard Numbers*
1st choice, R5: 1, 1.6, 2.5, 4, 6.3, 10

2d choice, R10: 1.25, 2, 3.15, 5, 8
3d choice, R20: 1.12, 1.4, 1.8, 2.24, 2.8, 3.55, 4.5, 5.6, 7.1, 9
4th choice, R40: 1.06, 1.18, 1.32, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.12, 2.36, 2.65, 3, 3.35, 3.75, 4.25, 4.75, 5.3, 6,
6.7, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5
*May be multiplied or divided by powers of 10.

Table A–18 Part 1 Properties of Sections

Geometric Properties A 5 area
G 5 location of centroid
Ix 5# y d A 5 second moment of area about x axis

2
I 5 # x dA 5 second moment of area about y axis

y
2
I 5 # xy dA 5 mixed moment of area about x and y axes

xy
J 5 # r d A 5 # (x 1 y ) d A 5 I 1 I
G
2 2 2
x y
5 second polar moment of area about axis through G

k 2x 5 IxyA 5 squared radius of gyration about x axis
Rectangle y
b
2
h x
G h
2
b
bh3 b3h
A 5 bh Ix 5 Iy 5 Ixy 5 0
12 12
Circle y
D
G x
pD 2 pD 4 pD 4
A5 Ix 5 Iy 5 Ixy 5 0 JG 5
4 64 32
Hollow circle y
d D
x
G
p 2 p p 4
A5 (D 2 d 2 ) Ix 5 Iy 5 (D 4 2 d 4 ) Ixy 5 0 JG 5 (D 2 d 4 )
4 64 32
Useful Tables 1045
Table A–18
Geometric Properties y y
Right triangles
b b
(Continued) 3
h
3
G x
h h
G h x
3
b
b
3
bh bh3 b3h 2b2h2

A5 Ix 5 Iy 5 Ixy 5
2 36 36 72
Right triangles y y
b
b
3
h
3
G x
h h
h G x
3
b
b
3
bh bh3 b3h b2h2

A5 Ix 5 Iy 5 Ixy 5
2 36 36 72
Quarter-circles y y
4r
3␲ r
4r
3␲
G x
G 4r x
3␲
r 4r
3␲
pr 2
Ix 5 Iy 5 r 4 a b Ixy 5 r4 a 2 b
p 4 1 4
A5 2
4 16 9p 8 9p
Quarter-circles y y
4r
r 3␲
4r
3␲
G x
4r G x
3␲
4r r
3␲
pr 2
Ix 5 Iy 5 r 4 a b Ixy 5 r4 a 2 b
p 4 4 1
A5 2
4 16 9p 9p 8
(Continued)
Table A–18 Part 2 Properties of Solids (R ⴝ Mass Density, Mass per Unit Volume)
Geometric Properties Rods y
(Continued)
d
z l
x
pd 2lr ml 2
m5 Iy 5 Iz 5
4 12
Round disks y
t
d
x
z
pd 2tr md 2 md 2
m5 Ix 5 Iy 5 Iz 5
4 8 16
y
Rectangular prisms
z c
a x
m 2 m 2 m 2
m 5 abcr Ix 5 (a 1 b2 ) Iy 5 (a 1 c2 ) Iz 5 (b 1 c2 )
12 12 12
Cylinders y
d
z l
x
pd 2lr md 2 m
m5 Ix 5 Iy 5 Iz 5 (3d 2 1 4l 2 )
4 8 48
y
Hollow cylinders
di
do
z l
x
p(d o2 2 d 2i ) lr m 2 m
m5 Ix 5 (d o 1 d 2i ) Iy 5 Iz 5 (3do2 1 3d i2 1 4l 2 )
4 8 48
Useful Tables 1047
Table A–19 Wall Thickness, in

American Standard Pipe Nominal Outside Extra Double
Size, Diameter, Threads Standard Strong Extra
in in per inch No. 40 No. 80 Strong
1
8 0.405 27 0.070 0.098
1
4 0.540 18 0.090 0.122
3
8 0.675 18 0.093 0.129
1
2 0.840 14 0.111 0.151 0.307
3
4 1.050 14 0.115 0.157 0.318
1 1.315 1112 0.136 0.183 0.369
114 1.660 1112 0.143 0.195 0.393
112 1.900 1112 0.148 0.204 0.411
2 2.375 1112 0.158 0.223 0.447
212 2.875 8 0.208 0.282 0.565
3 3.500 8 0.221 0.306 0.615
312 4.000 8 0.231 0.325
4 4.500 8 0.242 0.344 0.690
5 5.563 8 0.263 0.383 0.768
6 6.625 8 0.286 0.441 0.884
8 8.625 8 0.329 0.510 0.895
Table A–20
Deterministic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths for Some Hot-Rolled (HR) and Cold-Drawn (CD) Steels
[The strengths listed are estimated ASTM minimum values in the size range 18 to 32 mm (34 to 114 in). These
strengths are suitable for use with the design factor defined in Sec. 1–10, provided the materials conform to ASTM
A6 or A568 requirements or are required in the purchase specifications. Remember that a numbering system is not a
specification.] Source: 1986 SAE Handbook, p. 2.15.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tensile Yield
SAE and/or Process- Strength, Strength, Elongation in Reduction in Brinell
UNS No. AISI No. ing MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) 2 in, % Area, % Hardness
G10060 1006 HR 300 (43) 170 (24) 30 55 86

CD 330 (48) 280 (41) 20 45 95
G10100 1010 HR 320 (47) 180 (26) 28 50 95
CD 370 (53) 300 (44) 20 40 105
G10150 1015 HR 340 (50) 190 (27.5) 28 50 101
CD 390 (56) 320 (47) 18 40 111
G10180 1018 HR 400 (58) 220 (32) 25 50 116
CD 440 (64) 370 (54) 15 40 126
G10200 1020 HR 380 (55) 210 (30) 25 50 111
CD 470 (68) 390 (57) 15 40 131
G10300 1030 HR 470 (68) 260 (37.5) 20 42 137
CD 520 (76) 440 (64) 12 35 149
G10350 1035 HR 500 (72) 270 (39.5) 18 40 143
CD 550 (80) 460 (67) 12 35 163
G10400 1040 HR 520 (76) 290 (42) 18 40 149
CD 590 (85) 490 (71) 12 35 170
G10450 1045 HR 570 (82) 310 (45) 16 40 163
CD 630 (91) 530 (77) 12 35 179
G10500 1050 HR 620 (90) 340 (49.5) 15 35 179
CD 690 (100) 580 (84) 10 30 197
G10600 1060 HR 680 (98) 370 (54) 12 30 201
G10800 1080 HR 770 (112) 420 (61.5) 10 25 229
G10950 1095 HR 830 (120) 460 (66) 10 25 248
Useful Tables 1049
Table A–21
Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels

[These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered
(Q&T) steels are from a single heat. Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In all
cases, data were obtained from specimens of diameter 0.505 in, machined from 1-in rounds, and of gauge length 2
in. unless noted, all specimens were oil-quenched.] Source: ASM Metals Reference Book, 2d ed., American Society for Metals,
Metals Park, Ohio, 1983.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tensile Yield
Temperature Strength Strength, Elongation, Reduction Brinell
AISI No. Treatment °C (°F) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % in Area, % Hardness
1030 Q&T* 205 (400) 848 (123) 648 (94) 17 47 495

Q&T* 315 (600) 800 (116) 621 (90) 19 53 401
Q&T* 425 (800) 731 (106) 579 (84) 23 60 302
Q&T* 540 (1000) 669 (97) 517 (75) 28 65 255
Q&T* 650 (1200) 586 (85) 441 (64) 32 70 207
Normalized 925 (1700) 521 (75) 345 (50) 32 61 149
Annealed 870 (1600) 430 (62) 317 (46) 35 64 137
1040 Q&T 205 (400) 779 (113) 593 (86) 19 48 262
Q&T 425 (800) 758 (110) 552 (80) 21 54 241
Q&T 650 (1200) 634 (92) 434 (63) 29 65 192
Normalized 900 (1650) 590 (86) 374 (54) 28 55 170
Annealed 790 (1450) 519 (75) 353 (51) 30 57 149
1050 Q&T* 205 (400) 1120 (163) 807 (117) 9 27 514
Q&T* 425 (800) 1090 (158) 793 (115) 13 36 444
Q&T* 650 (1200) 717 (104) 538 (78) 28 65 235
Normalized 900 (1650) 748 (108) 427 (62) 20 39 217
Annealed 790 (1450) 636 (92) 365 (53) 24 40 187
1060 Q&T 425 (800) 1080 (156) 765 (111) 14 41 311
Q&T 540 (1000) 965 (140) 669 (97) 17 45 277
Q&T 650 (1200) 800 (116) 524 (76) 23 54 229
Normalized 900 (1650) 776 (112) 421 (61) 18 37 229
Annealed 790 (1450) 626 (91) 372 (54) 22 38 179
1095 Q&T 315 (600) 1260 (183) 813 (118) 10 30 375
Q&T 425 (800) 1210 (176) 772 (112) 12 32 363
Q&T 540 (1000) 1090 (158) 676 (98) 15 37 321
Q&T 650 (1200) 896 (130) 552 (80) 21 47 269
Normalized 900 (1650) 1010 (147) 500 (72) 9 13 293
Annealed 790 (1450) 658 (95) 380 (55) 13 21 192
1141 Q&T 315 (600) 1460 (212) 1280 (186) 9 32 415
Q&T 540 (1000) 896 (130) 765 (111) 18 57 262
(Continued)
Table A–21 (Continued)
Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels

[These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered
(Q&T) steels are from a single heat. Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In all
cases, data were obtained from specimens of diameter 0.505 in, machined from 1-in rounds, and of gauge length 2 in.
unless noted, all specimens were oil-quenched.] Source: ASM Metals Reference Book, 2d ed., American Society for Metals,
Metals Park, Ohio, 1983.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tensile Yield
Temperature Strength Strength, Elongation, Reduction Brinell
AISI No. Treatment °C (°F) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % in Area, % Hardness
4130 Q&T* 205 (400) 1630 (236) 1460 (212) 10 41 467

Q&T* 315 (600) 1500 (217) 1380 (200) 11 43 435
Q&T* 425 (800) 1280 (186) 1190 (173) 13 49 380
Q&T* 540 (1000) 1030 (150) 910 (132) 17 57 315
Q&T* 650 (1200) 814 (118) 703 (102) 22 64 245
Normalized 870 (1600) 670 (97) 436 (63) 25 59 197
Annealed 865 (1585) 560 (81) 361 (52) 28 56 156
4140 Q&T 205 (400) 1770 (257) 1640 (238) 8 38 510
Q&T 315 (600) 1550 (225) 1430 (208) 9 43 445
Q&T 425 (800) 1250 (181) 1140 (165) 13 49 370
Q&T 540 (1000) 951 (138) 834 (121) 18 58 285
Q&T 650 (1200) 758 (110) 655 (95) 22 63 230
Normalized 870 (1600) 1020 (148) 655 (95) 18 47 302
Annealed 815 (1500) 655 (95) 417 (61) 26 57 197
4340 Q&T 315 (600) 1720 (250) 1590 (230) 10 40 486
Q&T 425 (800) 1470 (213) 1360 (198) 10 44 430
Q&T 540 (1000) 1170 (170) 1080 (156) 13 51 360
Q&T 650 (1200) 965 (140) 855 (124) 19 60 280
*Water-quenched
Table A–22
Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metals* Source: J. Datsko, “Solid Materials,” chap. 32 in Joseph E. Shigley, Charles R. Mischke, and Thomas H. Brown, Jr.
(eds.-in-chief), Standard Handbook of Machine Design, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004, pp. 32.49–32.52.
Strength (Tensile)
Yield Ultimate Fracture, Coefficient Strain
S y, S u, S f, S 0, Strength, Fracture
Number Material Condition MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) Exponent m Strain ⑀f
1018 Steel Annealed 220 (32.0) 341 (49.5) 628 (91.1)† 620 (90.0) 0.25 1.05
†
1144 Steel Annealed 358 (52.0) 646 (93.7) 898 (130) 992 (144) 0.14 0.49
1212 Steel HR 193 (28.0) 424 (61.5) 729 (106)† 758 (110) 0.24 0.85
†
1045 Steel Q&T 600°F 1520 (220) 1580 (230) 2380 (345) 1880 (273) 0.041 0.81
4142 Steel Q&T 600°F 1720 (250) 1930 (280) 2340 (340) 1760 (255)† 0.048 0.43
†
303 Stainless Annealed 241 (35.0) 601 (87.3) 1520 (221) 1410 (205) 0.51 1.16
steel
304 Stainless Annealed 276 (40.0) 568 (82.4) 1600 (233)† 1270 (185) 0.45 1.67
steel
2011 Aluminum T6 169 (24.5) 324 (47.0) 325 (47.2)† 620 (90) 0.28 0.10
alloy
2024 Aluminum T4 296 (43.0) 446 (64.8) 533 (77.3)† 689 (100) 0.15 0.18
alloy
7075 Aluminum T6 542 (78.6) 593 (86.0) 706 (102)† 882 (128) 0.13 0.18
alloy
*Values from one or two heats and believed to be attainable using proper purchase specifications. The fracture strain may vary as much as 100 percent.
†
Derived value.
1051
1052
Table A–23
Mean Monotonic and Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties of Selected Steels Source: ASM Metals Reference Book, 2nd ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park,
Ohio, 1983, p. 217.
True Fatigue
Tensile Strain Strength Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue
Hard- Strength
Reduction at Modulus of Coefficient Strength Ductility Ductility
Orienta- Description ness in Area Fracture Elasticity E
Sut S9f Exponent Coefficient Exponent
Grade (a) tion (e) (f) HB MPa ksi % Ef GPa 106 psi MPa ksi b E9F c
A538A (b) L STA 405 1515 220 67 1.10 185 27 1655 240 20.065 0.30 20.62
A538B (b) L STA 460 1860 270 56 0.82 185 27 2135 310 20.071 0.80 20.71
A538C (b) L STA 480 2000 290 55 0.81 180 26 2240 325 20.07 0.60 20.75
AM-350 (c) L HR, A 1315 191 52 0.74 195 28 2800 406 20.14 0.33 20.84
AM-350 (c) L CD 496 1905 276 20 0.23 180 26 2690 390 20.102 0.10 20.42
Gainex (c) LT HR sheet 530 77 58 0.86 200 29.2 805 117 20.07 0.86 20.65
Gainex (c) L HR sheet 510 74 64 1.02 200 29.2 805 117 20.071 0.86 20.68
H-11 L Ausformed 660 2585 375 33 0.40 205 30 3170 460 20.077 0.08 20.74
RQC-100 (c) LT HR plate 290 940 136 43 0.56 205 30 1240 180 20.07 0.66 20.69
RQC-100 (c) L HR plate 290 930 135 67 1.02 205 30 1240 180 20.07 0.66 20.69
10B62 L Q&T 430 1640 238 38 0.89 195 28 1780 258 20.067 0.32 20.56
1005-1009 LT HR sheet 90 360 52 73 1.3 205 30 580 84 20.09 0.15 20.43
1005-1009 LT CD sheet 125 470 68 66 1.09 205 30 515 75 20.059 0.30 20.51
1005-1009 L CD sheet 125 415 60 64 1.02 200 29 540 78 20.073 0.11 20.41
1005-1009 L HR sheet 90 345 50 80 1.6 200 29 640 93 20.109 0.10 20.39
1015 L Normalized 80 415 60 68 1.14 205 30 825 120 20.11 0.95 20.64
1020 L HR plate 108 440 64 62 0.96 205 29.5 895 130 20.12 0.41 20.51
1040 L As forged 225 620 90 60 0.93 200 29 1540 223 20.14 0.61 20.57
1045 L Q&T 225 725 105 65 1.04 200 29 1225 178 20.095 1.00 20.66
1045 L Q&T 410 1450 210 51 0.72 200 29 1860 270 20.073 0.60 20.70
1045 L Q&T 390 1345 195 59 0.89 205 30 1585 230 20.074 0.45 20.68
1045 L Q&T 450 1585 230 55 0.81 205 30 1795 260 20.07 0.35 20.69
1045 L Q&T 500 1825 265 51 0.71 205 30 2275 330 20.08 0.25 20.68
1045 L Q&T 595 2240 325 41 0.52 205 30 2725 395 20.081 0.07 20.60
1144 L CDSR 265 930 135 33 0.51 195 28.5 1000 145 20.08 0.32 20.58
1144 L DAT 305 1035 150 25 0.29 200 28.8 1585 230 20.09 0.27 20.53
1541F L Q&T forging 290 950 138 49 0.68 205 29.9 1275 185 20.076 0.68 20.65
1541F L Q&T forging 260 890 129 60 0.93 205 29.9 1275 185 20.071 0.93 20.65
4130 L Q&T 258 895 130 67 1.12 220 32 1275 185 20.083 0.92 20.63
4130 L Q&T 365 1425 207 55 0.79 200 29 1695 246 20.081 0.89 20.69
4140 L Q&T, DAT 310 1075 156 60 0.69 200 29.2 1825 265 20.08 1.2 20.59
4142 L DAT 310 1060 154 29 0.35 200 29 1450 210 20.10 0.22 20.51
4142 L DAT 335 1250 181 28 0.34 200 28.9 1250 181 20.08 0.06 20.62
4142 L Q&T 380 1415 205 48 0.66 205 30 1825 265 20.08 0.45 20.75
4142 L Q&T and 400 1550 225 47 0.63 200 29 1895 275 20.09 0.50 20.75
deformed
4142 L Q&T 450 1760 255 42 0.54 205 30 2000 290 20.08 0.40 20.73
4142 L Q&T and 475 2035 295 20 0.22 200 29 2070 300 20.082 0.20 20.77
deformed
4142 L Q&T and 450 1930 280 37 0.46 200 29 2105 305 20.09 0.60 20.76
deformed
4142 L Q&T 475 1930 280 35 0.43 205 30 2170 315 20.081 0.09 20.61
4142 L Q&T 560 2240 325 27 0.31 205 30 2655 385 20.089 0.07 20.76
4340 L HR, A 243 825 120 43 0.57 195 28 1200 174 20.095 0.45 20.54
4340 L Q&T 409 1470 213 38 0.48 200 29 2000 290 20.091 0.48 20.60
4340 L Q&T 350 1240 180 57 0.84 195 28 1655 240 20.076 0.73 20.62
5160 L Q&T 430 1670 242 42 0.87 195 28 1930 280 20.071 0.40 20.57
52100 L SH, Q&T 518 2015 292 11 0.12 205 30 2585 375 20.09 0.18 20.56
9262 L A 260 925 134 14 0.16 205 30 1040 151 20.071 0.16 20.47
9262 L Q&T 280 1000 145 33 0.41 195 28 1220 177 20.073 0.41 20.60
9262 L Q&T 410 565 227 32 0.38 200 29 1855 269 20.057 0.38 20.65
950C (d) LT HR plate 159 565 82 64 1.03 205 29.6 1170 170 20.12 0.95 20.61
950C (d) L HR bar 150 565 82 69 1.19 205 30 970 141 20.11 0.85 20.59
950X (d) L Plate channel 150 440 64 65 1.06 205 30 625 91 20.075 0.35 20.54
950X (d) L HR plate 156 530 77 72 1.24 205 29.5 1005 146 20.10 0.85 20.61
950X (d) L Plate channel 225 695 101 68 1.15 195 28.2 1055 153 20.08 0.21 20.53
Notes: (a) AISI/SAE grade, unless otherwise indicated. (b) ASTM designation. (c) Proprietary designation. (d) SAE HSLA grade. (e) Orientation of axis of specimen, relative to rolling direction;
L is longitudinal (parallel to rolling direction); LT is long transverse (perpendicular to rolling direction). (f) STA, solution treated and aged; HR, hot rolled; CD, cold drawn; Q&T, quenched and
1053
tempered; CDSR, cold drawn strain relieved; DAT, drawn at temperature; A, annealed. From ASM Metals Reference Book, 2nd edition, 1983; ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002;
table 217. Reprinted by permission of ASM International®, www.asminternational.org.
1054
Table A–24
Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals

(a) Typical Properties of Gray Cast Iron
[The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) numbering system for gray cast iron is such that the numbers correspond to the minimum
tensile strength in kpsi. Thus an ASTM No. 20 cast iron has a minimum tensile strength of 20 kpsi. Note particularly that the tabulations are typical
of several heats.]
Fatigue
Shear Stress-
Tensile Compressive Modulus Modulus of Endurance Brinell Concentration
ASTM Strength Strength of Rupture Elasticity, Mpsi Limit* Hardness Factor
Number Sut, kpsi Suc, kpsi Ssu, kpsi Tension† Torsion Se, kpsi HB Kf
20 22 83 26 9.6–14 3.9–5.6 10 156 1.00

25 26 97 32 11.5–14.8 4.6–6.0 11.5 174 1.05
30 31 109 40 13–16.4 5.2–6.6 14 201 1.10
35 36.5 124 48.5 14.5–17.2 5.8–6.9 16 212 1.15
40 42.5 140 57 16–20 6.4–7.8 18.5 235 1.25
50 52.5 164 73 18.8–22.8 7.2–8.0 21.5 262 1.35
60 62.5 187.5 88.5 20.4–23.5 7.8–8.5 24.5 302 1.50
*Polished or machined specimens.

†
The modulus of elasticity of cast iron in compression corresponds closely to the upper value in the range given for tension and is a more constant value than that for tension.
Useful Tables 1055
Table A–24
Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals (Continued)

(b) Mechanical Properties of Some Aluminum Alloys
[These are typical properties for sizes of about 12 in; similar properties can be obtained by using proper purchase
specifications. The values given for fatigue strength correspond to 50(107) cycles of completely reversed stress.
Alluminum alloys do not have an endurance limit. Yield strengths were obtained by the 0.2 percent offset method.]
Aluminum Strength Elongation Brinell

Association Yield, Sy, Tensile, Su, Fatigue, Sf, in 2 in, Hardness
Number Temper MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % HB
Wrought:
2017 O 70 (10) 179 (26) 90 (13) 22 45
2024 O 76 (11) 186 (27) 90 (13) 22 47
T3 345 (50) 482 (70) 138 (20) 16 120
3003 H12 117 (17) 131 (19) 55 (8) 20 35
H16 165 (24) 179 (26) 65 (9.5) 14 47
3004 H34 186 (27) 234 (34) 103 (15) 12 63
H38 234 (34) 276 (40) 110 (16) 6 77
5052 H32 186 (27) 234 (34) 117 (17) 18 62
H36 234 (34) 269 (39) 124 (18) 10 74
Cast:
319.0* T6 165 (24) 248 (36) 69 (10) 2.0 80
333.0† T5 172 (25) 234 (34) 83 (12) 1.0 100
T6 207 (30) 289 (42) 103 (15) 1.5 105
335.0* T6 172 (25) 241 (35) 62 (9) 3.0 80
T7 248 (36) 262 (38) 62 (9) 0.5 85
*Sand casting.
†
Permanent-mold casting.
(c) Mechanical Properties of Some Titanium Alloys
Yield, Sy Strength Elongation Hardness

(0.2% offset) Tensile, Sut in 2 in, (Brinell or
Titanium Alloy Condition MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % Rockwell)
†
Ti-35A Annealed 210 (30) 275 (40) 30 135 HB
†
Ti-50A Annealed 310 (45) 380 (55) 25 215 HB
Ti-0.2 Pd Annealed 280 (40) 340 (50) 28 200 HB
Ti-5 Al-2.5 Sn Annealed 760 (110) 790 (115) 16 36 HRC
Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1 V Annealed 900 (130) 965 (140) 15 39 HRC
Ti-6 Al-6 V-2 Sn Annealed 970 (140) 1030 (150) 14 38 HRC
Ti-6Al-4V Annealed 830 (120) 900 (130) 14 36 HRC
Ti-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al Sol. ⫹ aging 1207 (175) 1276 (185) 8 40 HRC
†
Commercially pure alpha titanium.
1056
Table A–25
Stochastic Yield and Ultimate Strengths for Selected Materials Source: Data compiled from “Some Property Data and
Corresponding Weibull Parameters for Stochastic Mechanical Design,” Trans. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 114
(March 1992), pp. 29–34.
Material MSut Sˆ Sut x0 U b MSy ˆ Sy

S x0 U b CSut CSy
1018 CD 87.6 5.74 30.8 90.1 12 78.4 5.90 56 80.6 4.29 0.0655 0.0753
1035 HR 86.2 3.92 72.6 87.5 3.86 49.6 3.81 39.5 50.8 2.88 0.0455 0.0768
1045 CD 117.7 7.13 90.2 120.5 4.38 95.5 6.59 82.1 97.2 2.14 0.0606 0.0690
1117 CD 83.1 5.25 73.0 84.4 2.01 81.4 4.71 72.4 82.6 2.00 0.0632 0.0579
1137 CD 106.5 6.15 96.2 107.7 1.72 98.1 4.24 92.2 98.7 1.41 0.0577 0.0432
12L14 CD 79.6 6.92 70.3 80.4 1.36 78.1 8.27 64.3 78.8 1.72 0.0869 0.1059
1038 HT bolts 133.4 3.38 122.3 134.6 3.64 0.0253
ASTM40 44.5 4.34 27.7 46.2 4.38 0.0975
35018 Malleable 53.3 1.59 48.7 53.8 3.18 38.5 1.42 34.7 39.0 2.93 0.0298 0.0369
32510 Malleable 53.4 2.68 44.7 54.3 3.61 34.9 1.47 30.1 35.5 3.67 0.0502 0.0421
Pearlitic Malleable 93.9 3.83 80.1 95.3 4.04 60.2 2.78 50.2 61.2 4.02 0.0408 0.0462
604515 Nodular 64.8 3.77 53.7 66.1 3.23 49.0 4.20 33.8 50.5 4.06 0.0582 0.0857
100-70-04 Nodular 122.2 7.65 47.6 125.6 11.84 79.3 4.51 64.1 81.0 3.77 0.0626 0.0569
201SS CD 195.9 7.76 180.7 197.9 2.06 0.0396
301SS CD 191.2 5.82 151.9 193.6 8.00 166.8 9.37 139.7 170.0 3.17 0.0304 0.0562
A 105.0 5.68 92.3 106.6 2.38 46.8 4.70 26.3 48.7 4.99 0.0541 0.1004
304SS A 85.0 4.14 66.6 86.6 5.11 37.9 3.76 30.2 38.9 2.17 0.0487 0.0992
310SS A 84.8 4.23 71.6 86.3 3.45 0.0499
403SS 105.3 3.09 95.7 106.4 3.44 78.5 3.91 64.8 79.9 3.93 0.0293 0.0498
17-7PSS 198.8 9.51 163.3 202.3 4.21 189.4 11.49 144.0 193.8 4.48 0.0478 0.0607
AM350SS A 149.1 8.29 101.8 152.4 6.68 63.0 5.05 38.0 65.0 5.73 0.0556 0.0802
Ti-6AL-4V 175.4 7.91 141.8 178.5 4.85 163.7 9.03 101.5 167.4 8.18 0.0451 0.0552
2024 0 28.1 1.73 24.2 28.7 2.43 0.0616
2024 T4 64.9 1.64 60.2 65.5 3.16 40.8 1.83 38.4 41.0 1.32 0.0253 0.0449
T6 67.5 1.50 55.9 68.1 9.26 53.4 1.17 51.2 53.6 1.91 0.0222 0.0219
7075 T6 .025⬙ 75.5 2.10 68.8 76.2 3.53 63.7 1.98 58.9 64.3 2.63 0.0278 0.0311
Table A–26
Stochastic Parameters for Finite Life Fatigue Tests in Selected Metals Source: E. B. Haugen, Probabilistic Mechanical Design, Wiley, New York, 1980,
Appendix 10–B.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TS YS Distri- Stress Cycles to Failure
Number Condition MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) bution 104 105 106 107
1046 WQ&T, 1210°F 723 (105) 565 (82) W x0 544 (79) 462 (67) 391 (56.7)
u 594 (86.2) 503 (73.0) 425 (61.7)
b 2.60 2.75 2.85
2340 OQ&T 1200°F 799 (116) 661 (96) W x0 579 (84) 510 (74) 420 (61)
u 699 (101.5) 588 (85.4) 496 (72.0)
b 4.3 3.4 4.1
3140 OQ&T, 1300°F 744 (108) 599 (87) W x0 510 (74) 455 (66) 393 (57)
u 604 (87.7) 528 (76.7) 463 (67.2)
b 5.2 5.0 5.5
2024 T-4 489 (71) 365 (53) N s 26.3 (3.82) 21.4 (3.11) 17.4 (2.53) 14.0 (2.03)
Aluminum m 143 (20.7) 116 (16.9) 95 (13.8) 77 (11.2)
Ti-6A1-4V HT-46 1040 (151) 992 (144) N s 39.6 (5.75) 38.1 (5.53) 36.6 (5.31) 35.1 (5.10)
m 712 (108) 684 (99.3) 657 (95.4) 493 (71.6)
Statistical parameters from a large number of fatigue tests are listed. Weibull distribution is denoted W and the parameters are x0, “guaranteed” fatigue strength; u, characteristic fatigue
strength; and b, shape factor. Normal distribution is denoted N and the parameters are m, mean fatigue strength; and s, standard deviation of the fatigue strength. The life is in stress-
cycles-to-failure. TS 5 tensile strength, YS 5 yield strength. All testing by rotating-beam specimen.
1057
1058
Table A–27
Finite Life Fatigue Strengths of Selected Plain Carbon Steels Source: Compiled from Table 4 in H. J. Grover, S. A. Gordon, and L. R. Jackson,
Fatigue of Metals and Structures, Bureau of Naval Weapons Document NAVWEPS 00-25-534, 1960.
Tensile Yield
Strength Strength Stress Cycles to Failure
Material Condition BHN* kpsi kpsi RA* 104 4(104) 105 4(105) 106 4(106) 107 108
1020 Furnace 58 30 0.63 37 34 30 28 25

cooled
1030 Air-cooled 135 80 45 0.62 51 47 42 38 38 38
1035 Normal 132 72 35 0.54 44 40 37 34 33 33
WQT 209 103 87 0.65 80 72 65 60 57 57 57
1040 Forged 195 92 53 0.23 40 47 33 33
1045 HR, N 107 63 0.49 80 70 56 47 47 47 47
1050 N, AC 164 92 47 0.40 50 48 46 40 38 34 34
WQT
1200 196 97 70 0.58 60 57 52 50 50 50 50
.56 MN N 193 98 47 0.42 61 55 51 47 43 41 41 41
WQT 277 111 84 0.57 94 81 73 62 57 55 55 55
1200
1060 As Rec. 67 Rb 134 65 0.20 65 60 55 50 48 48 48
1095 162 84 33 0.37 50 43 40 34 31 30 30 30
OQT 227 115 65 0.40 77 68 64 57 56 56 56 56
1200
10120 224 117 59 0.12 60 56 51 50 50 50
OQT 369 180 130 0.15 102 95 91 91 91 91
860
*BHN 5 Brinell hardness number; RA 5 fractional reduction in area.

Table A–28
Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges* (All Sizes Are Given in Inches)
Steel Wire
Name American Birmingham United Manu- or Stubs
of or Brown or Stubs States facturers Washburn Music Steel Twist
Gauge: & Sharpe Iron Wire Standard † Standard & Moen Wire Wire Drill
Tubing,
Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous
Nonferrous Strip, Flat Sheet and Wire Steel Twist
Principal Sheet, Wire, Wire, and Plate, Ferrous Except Music Drill Drills and
Use: and Rod Spring Steel 480 lbf/ft3 Sheet Music Wire Wire Rod Drill Steel
7y0 0.500 0.490

6y0 0.580 0 0.468 75 0.461 5 0.004
5y0 0.516 5 0.437 5 0.430 5 0.005
4y0 0.460 0 0.454 0.406 25 0.393 8 0.006
3y0 0.409 6 0.425 0.375 0.362 5 0.007
2y0 0.364 8 0.380 0.343 75 0.331 0 0.008
0 0.324 9 0.340 0.312 5 0.306 5 0.009
1 0.289 3 0.300 0.281 25 0.283 0 0.010 0.227 0.228 0
2 0.257 6 0.284 0.265 625 0.262 5 0.011 0.219 0.221 0
3 0.229 4 0.259 0.25 0.239 1 0.243 7 0.012 0.212 0.213 0
4 0.204 3 0.238 0.234 375 0.224 2 0.225 3 0.013 0.207 0.209 0
5 0.181 9 0.220 0.218 75 0.209 2 0.207 0 0.014 0.204 0.205 5
6 0.162 0 0.203 0.203 125 0.194 3 0.192 0 0.016 0.201 0.204 0
7 0.144 3 0.180 0.187 5 0.179 3 0.177 0 0.018 0.199 0.201 0
8 0.128 5 0.165 0.171 875 0.164 4 0.162 0 0.020 0.197 0.199 0
9 0.114 4 0.148 0.156 25 0.149 5 0.148 3 0.022 0.194 0.196 0
10 0.101 9 0.134 0.140 625 0.134 5 0.135 0 0.024 0.191 0.193 5
11 0.090 74 0.120 0.125 0.119 6 0.120 5 0.026 0.188 0.191 0
12 0.080 81 0.109 0.109 357 0.104 6 0.105 5 0.029 0.185 0.189 0
13 0.071 96 0.095 0.093 75 0.089 7 0.091 5 0.031 0.182 0.185 0
14 0.064 08 0.083 0.078 125 0.074 7 0.080 0 0.033 0.180 0.182 0
15 0.057 07 0.072 0.070 312 5 0.067 3 0.072 0 0.035 0.178 0.180 0
16 0.050 82 0.065 0.062 5 0.059 8 0.062 5 0.037 0.175 0.177 0
1059
17 0.045 26 0.058 0.056 25 0.053 8 0.054 0 0.039 0.172 0.173 0

(Continued)
Table A–28
1060 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges* (All Sizes Are Given in Inches) (Continued)
Steel Wire
Name American Birmingham United Manu- or Stubs
of or Brown or Stubs States facturers Washburn Music Steel Twist
Gauge: & Sharpe Iron Wire Standard † Standard & Moen Wire Wire Drill
Tubing,
Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous
Nonferrous Strip, Flat Sheet and Wire Steel Twist
Principal Sheet, Wire, Wire, and Plate, Ferrous Except Music Drill Drills and
Use: and Rod Spring Steel 480 lbf/ft3 Sheet Music Wire Wire Rod Drill Steel
18 0.040 30 0.049 0.05 0.047 8 0.047 5 0.041 0.168 0.169 5

19 0.035 89 0.042 0.043 75 0.041 8 0.041 0 0.043 0.164 0.166 0
20 0.031 96 0.035 0.037 5 0.035 9 0.034 8 0.045 0.161 0.161 0
21 0.028 46 0.032 0.034 375 0.032 9 0.031 7 0.047 0.157 0.159 0
22 0.025 35 0.028 0.031 25 0.029 9 0.028 6 0.049 0.155 0.157 0
23 0.022 57 0.025 0.028 125 0.026 9 0.025 8 0.051 0.153 0.154 0
24 0.020 10 0.022 0.025 0.023 9 0.023 0 0.055 0.151 0.152 0
25 0.017 90 0.020 0.021 875 0.020 9 0.020 4 0.059 0.148 0.149 5
26 0.015 94 0.018 0.018 75 0.017 9 0.018 1 0.063 0.146 0.147 0
27 0.014 20 0.016 0.017 187 5 0.016 4 0.017 3 0.067 0.143 0.144 0
28 0.012 64 0.014 0.015 625 0.014 9 0.016 2 0.071 0.139 0.140 5
29 0.011 26 0.013 0.014 062 5 0.013 5 0.015 0 0.075 0.134 0.136 0
30 0.010 03 0.012 0.012 5 0.012 0 0.014 0 0.080 0.127 0.128 5
31 0.008 928 0.010 0.010 937 5 0.010 5 0.013 2 0.085 0.120 0.120 0
32 0.007 950 0.009 0.010 156 25 0.009 7 0.012 8 0.090 0.115 0.116 0
33 0.007 080 0.008 0.009 375 0.009 0 0.011 8 0.095 0.112 0.113 0
34 0.006 305 0.007 0.008 593 75 0.008 2 0.010 4 0.110 0.111 0
35 0.005 615 0.005 0.007 812 5 0.007 5 0.009 5 0.108 0.110 0
36 0.005 000 0.004 0.007 031 25 0.006 7 0.009 0 0.106 0.106 5
37 0.004 453 0.006 640 625 0.006 4 0.008 5 0.103 0.104 0
38 0.003 965 0.006 25 0.006 0 0.008 0 0.101 0.101 5
39 0.003 531 0.007 5 0.099 0.099 5
40 0.003 145 0.007 0 0.097 0.098 0
*Specify sheet, wire, and plate by stating the gauge number, the gauge name, and the decimal equivalent in parentheses.
†
Reflects present average and weights of sheet steel.
Useful Tables 1061
Table A–29
Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts

H
W
R
Head Type
Nominal Square Regular Hexagonal Heavy Hexagonal Structural Hexagonal
Size, in W H W H Rmin W H Rmin W H Rmin
1 3 11 7 11
4 8 64 16 64 0.01
5 1 13 1 7
16 2 64 2 32 0.01
3 9 1 9 1
8 16 4 16 4 0.01
7 5 19 5 19
16 8 64 8 64 0.01
1 3 21 3 11 7 11 7 5
2 4 64 4 32 0.01 8 32 0.01 8 16 0.009
5 15 27 15 27
8 16 64 16 64 0.02 1161 27
64 0.02 1161 25
64 0.021
3
4 118 1
2 118 1
2 0.02 114 1
2 0.02 114 15
32 0.021
1 112 21
32 112 43
64 0.03 158 43
64 0.03 158 39
64 0.062
118 111
16
3
4 111
16
3
4 0.03 113
16
3
4 0.03 113
16
11
16 0.062
114 178 27
32 178 27
32 0.03 2 27
32 0.03 2 25
32 0.062
138 2161 29
32 2161 29
32 0.03 2163 29
32 0.03 3163 27
32 0.062
112 214 1 214 1 0.03 238 1 0.03 238 15

16 0.062
Nominal
Size, mm
M5 8 3.58 8 3.58 0.2

M6 10 4.38 0.3
M8 13 5.68 0.4
M10 16 6.85 0.4
M12 18 7.95 0.6 21 7.95 0.6
M14 21 9.25 0.6 24 9.25 0.6
M16 24 10.75 0.6 27 10.75 0.6 27 10.75 0.6
M20 30 13.40 0.8 34 13.40 0.8 34 13.40 0.8
M24 36 15.90 0.8 41 15.90 0.8 41 15.90 1.0
M30 46 19.75 1.0 50 19.75 1.0 50 19.75 1.2
M36 55 23.55 1.0 60 23.55 1.0 60 23.55 1.5
Table A–30 Type of Screw

Minimum
Dimensions of Nominal Fillet Cap Heavy Height
Size, in Radius W W H
Hexagonal Cap Screws
1 7 5
and Heavy Hexagonal 4 0.015 16 32
5 1 13
Screws (W 5 Width 16 0.015 2 64
across Flats; H 5 Height 3
8 0.015 9
16
15
64
of Head; See Figure in 7
0.015 5 9
16 8 32
Table A–29) 1 3 7 5
2 0.015 4 8 16
5 15
8 0.020 16 1161 25
64
3
4 0.020 118 114 15
32
7
8 0.040 1165 1167 35
64
1 0.060 112 118 39

64
114 0.060 178 2 25

32
138 0.060 2161 2163 27

32
112 0.060 214 238 15

16
Nominal
Size, mm
M5 0.2 8 3.65
M6 0.3 10 4.15
M8 0.4 13 5.50
M10 0.4 16 6.63
M12 0.6 18 21 7.76
M14 0.6 21 24 9.09
M16 0.6 24 27 10.32
M20 0.8 30 34 12.88
M24 0.8 36 41 15.44
M30 1.0 46 50 19.48
M36 1.0 55 60 23.38
Useful Tables 1063
Table A–31 Height H

Dimensions of Nominal Width Regular Thick or
Size, in W Hexagonal Slotted JAM
Hexagonal Nuts
1 7 7 9 5
4 16 32 32 32
5 1 17 21 3
16 2 64 64 16
3 9 21 13 7
8 16 64 32 32
7 11 3 29 1
16 16 8 64 4
1 3 7 9 5
2 4 16 16 16
9 7 31 39 5
16 8 64 64 16
5 15 35 23 3
8 16 64 32 8
3
4 118 41
64
13
16
27
64
7
8 1165 3
4
29
32
31
64
1 112 55
64 1 35
64
118 111
16
31
32 1325 39
64
114 178 1161 114 23

32
138 2161 111

64 138 25
32
112 214 1329 112 27

32
Nominal
Size, mm
M5 8 4.7 5.1 2.7

M6 10 5.2 5.7 3.2
M8 13 6.8 7.5 4.0
M10 16 8.4 9.3 5.0
M12 18 10.8 12.0 6.0
M14 21 12.8 14.1 7.0
M16 24 14.8 16.4 8.0
M20 30 18.0 20.3 10.0
M24 36 21.5 23.9 12.0
M30 46 25.6 28.6 15.0
M36 55 31.0 34.7 18.0
Table A–32 Diameter
Fastener Washer
Basic Dimensions of Size Size ID OD Thickness
American Standard #6 0.138 0.156 0.375 0.049
Plain Washers (All #8 0.164 0.188 0.438 0.049
Dimensions in Inches) #10 0.190 0.219 0.500 0.049
#12 0.216 0.250 0.562 0.065
1
4 N 0.250 0.281 0.625 0.065
1
4 W 0.250 0.312 0.734 0.065
5
16 N 0.312 0.344 0.688 0.065
5
16 W 0.312 0.375 0.875 0.083
3
8 N 0.375 0.406 0.812 0.065
3
8 W 0.375 0.438 1.000 0.083
7
16 N 0.438 0.469 0.922 0.065
7
16 W 0.438 0.500 1.250 0.083
1
2 N 0.500 0.531 1.062 0.095
1
2 W 0.500 0.562 1.375 0.109
9
16 N 0.562 0.594 1.156 0.095
9
16 W 0.562 0.625 1.469 0.109
5
8 N 0.625 0.656 1.312 0.095
5
8 W 0.625 0.688 1.750 0.134
3
4 N 0.750 0.812 1.469 0.134
3
4 W 0.750 0.812 2.000 0.148
7
8 N 0.875 0.938 1.750 0.134
7
8 W 0.875 0.938 2.250 0.165
1N 1.000 1.062 2.000 0.134
1W 1.000 1.062 2.500 0.165
118 N 1.125 1.250 2.250 0.134
118 W 1.125 1.250 2.750 0.165
114 N 1.250 1.375 2.500 0.165
114 W 1.250 1.375 3.000 0.165
138 N 1.375 1.500 2.750 0.165
138 W 1.375 1.500 3.250 0.180
112 N 1.500 1.625 3.000 0.165
112 W 1.500 1.625 3.500 0.180
158 1.625 1.750 3.750 0.180
134 1.750 1.875 4.000 0.180
178 1.875 2.000 4.250 0.180
2 2.000 2.125 4.500 0.180
214 2.250 2.375 4.750 0.220
212 2.500 2.625 5.000 0.238
234 2.750 2.875 5.250 0.259
3 3.000 3.125 5.500 0.284
N 5 narrow; W 5 wide; use W when not specified.
1064
Useful Tables 1065
Table A–33
Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers (All Dimensions in Millimeters)
Washer Minimum Maximum Maximum Washer Minimum Maximum Maximum

Size* ID OD Thickness Size* ID OD Thickness
1.6 N 1.95 4.00 0.70 10 N 10.85 20.00 2.30

1.6 R 1.95 5.00 0.70 10 R 10.85 28.00 2.80
1.6 W 1.95 6.00 0.90 10 W 10.85 39.00 3.50
2N 2.50 5.00 0.90 12 N 13.30 25.40 2.80
2R 2.50 6.00 0.90 12 R 13.30 34.00 3.50
2W 2.50 8.00 0.90 12 W 13.30 44.00 3.50
2.5 N 3.00 6.00 0.90 14 N 15.25 28.00 2.80
2.5 R 3.00 8.00 0.90 14 R 15.25 39.00 3.50
2.5 W 3.00 10.00 1.20 14 W 15.25 50.00 4.00
3N 3.50 7.00 0.90 16 N 17.25 32.00 3.50
3R 3.50 10.00 1.20 16 R 17.25 44.00 4.00
3W 3.50 12.00 1.40 16 W 17.25 56.00 4.60
3.5 N 4.00 9.00 1.20 20 N 21.80 39.00 4.00
3.5 R 4.00 10.00 1.40 20 R 21.80 50.00 4.60
3.5 W 4.00 15.00 1.75 20 W 21.80 66.00 5.10
4N 4.70 10.00 1.20 24 N 25.60 44.00 4.60
4R 4.70 12.00 1.40 24 R 25.60 56.00 5.10
4W 4.70 16.00 2.30 24 W 25.60 72.00 5.60
5N 5.50 11.00 1.40 30 N 32.40 56.00 5.10
5R 5.50 15.00 1.75 30 R 32.40 72.00 5.60
5W 5.50 20.00 2.30 30 W 32.40 90.00 6.40
6N 6.65 13.00 1.75 36 N 38.30 66.00 5.60
6R 6.65 18.80 1.75 36 R 38.30 90.00 6.40
6W 6.65 25.40 2.30 36 W 38.30 110.00 8.50
8N 8.90 18.80 2.30
8R 8.90 25.40 2.30
8W 8.90 32.00 2.80
N 5 narrow; R 5 regular; W 5 wide.

*Same as screw or bolt size.
#
Table A–34
Values of G(n) 5 e2xx n21 dx
Gamma Function* 0
Source: Reprinted with n G(n) n G(n) n G(n) n G(n)

permission from William H.
Beyer (ed.), Handbook of 1.00 1.000 00 1.25 .906 40 1.50 .886 23 1.75 .919 06
Tables for Probability and
1.01 .994 33 1.26 .904 40 1.51 .886 59 1.76 .921 37
Statistics, 2nd ed., 1966.
Copyright CRC Press, Boca 1.02 .988 84 1.27 .902 50 1.52 .887 04 1.77 .923 76
Raton, Florida. 1.03 .983 55 1.28 .900 72 1.53 .887 57 1.78 .926 23
1.04 .978 44 1.29 .899 04 1.54 .888 18 1.79 .928 77
1.05 .973 50 1.30 .897 47 1.55 .888 87 1.80 .931 38
1.06 .968 74 1.31 .896 00 1.56 .889 64 1.81 .934 08
1.07 .964 15 1.32 .894 64 1.57 .890 49 1.82 .936 85
1.08 .959 73 1.33 .893 38 1.58 .891 42 1.83 .939 69
1.09 .955 46 1.34 .892 22 1.59 .892 43 1.84 .942 61
1.10 .951 35 1.35 .891 15 1.60 .893 52 1.85 .945 61
1.11 .947 39 1.36 .890 18 1.61 .894 68 1.86 .948 69
1.12 .943 59 1.37 .889 31 1.62 .895 92 1.87 .951 84
1.13 .939 93 1.38 .888 54 1.63 .897 24 1.88 .955 07
1.14 .936 42 1.39 .887 85 1.64 .898 64 1.89 .958 38
1.15 .933 04 1.40 .887 26 1.65 .900 12 1.90 .961 77
1.16 .929 80 1.41 .886 76 1.66 .901 67 1.91 .965 23
1.17 .936 70 1.42 .886 36 1.67 .903 30 1.92 .968 78
1.18 .923 73 1.43 .886 04 1.68 .905 00 1.93 .972 40
1.19 .920 88 1.44 .885 80 1.69 .906 78 1.94 .976 10
1.20 .918 17 1.45 .885 65 1.70 .908 64 1.95 .979 88
1.21 .915 58 1.46 .885 60 1.71 .910 57 1.96 .983 74
1.22 .913 11 1.47 .885 63 1.72 .912 58 1.97 .987 68
1.23 .910 75 1.48 .885 75 1.73 .914 66 1.98 .991 71
1.24 .908 52 1.49 .885 95 1.74 .916 83 1.99 .995 81
2.00 1.000 00
*For n . 2, use the recursive formula

G(n) 5 (n 2 1) G(n 2 1)
For example, G(5.42) 5 4.42(3.42) (2.42) G(1.42) 5 4.42(3.42) (2.42) (0.886 36) 5 32.4245
†For large positive values of x, G(x) can be expressed by the asymptotic series based on Stirling’s
approximation
a1 1 b
2p 1 1 139 571
G(x) < xxe2x 1 2 2
A x 12 x 288 x 2 51 840 x 3 2 488 320 x 4
Appendix B A13
Appendix B Typical Properties of Selected Materials Used in Engineering1,5
(U.S. Customary Units)
Ultimate Strength Yield Strength3
Modulus Modulus Coefficient Ductility,
Specific Compres- of of of Thermal Percent
Weight, Tension, sion, 2 Shear, Tension, Shear, Elasticity, Rigidity, Expansion, Elongation
Material lb/in3 ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi 106 psi 106 psi 1026/8F in 2 in.
Steel
Structural (ASTM-A36) 0.284 58 36 21 29 11.2 6.5 21
High-strength-low-alloy
ASTM-A709 Grade 50 0.284 65 50 29 11.2 6.5 21
ASTM-A913 Grade 65 0.284 80 65 29 11.2 6.5 17
ASTM-A992 Grade 50 0.284 65 50 29 11.2 6.5 21
Quenched & tempered
ASTM-A709 Grade 100 0.284 110 100 29 11.2 6.5 18
Stainless, AISI 302
Cold-rolled 0.286 125 75 28 10.8 9.6 12
Annealed 0.286 95 38 22 28 10.8 9.6 50
Reinforcing Steel
Medium strength 0.283 70 40 29 11 6.5
High strength 0.283 90 60 29 11 6.5
Cast Iron
Gray Cast Iron
4.5% C, ASTM A-48 0.260 25 95 35 10 4.1 6.7 0.5
Malleable Cast Iron
2% C, 1% Si,
ASTM A-47 0.264 50 90 48 33 24 9.3 6.7 10
Aluminum
Alloy 1100-H14
(99% Al) 0.098 16 10 14 8 10.1 3.7 13.1 9
Alloy 2014-T6 0.101 66 40 58 33 10.9 3.9 12.8 13
Alloy 2024-T4 0.101 68 41 47 10.6 12.9 19
Alloy 5456-H116 0.095 46 27 33 19 10.4 13.3 16
Alloy 6061-T6 0.098 38 24 35 20 10.1 3.7 13.1 17
Alloy 7075-T6 0.101 83 48 73 10.4 4 13.1 11
Copper
Oxygen-free copper
(99.9% Cu)
Annealed 0.322 32 22 10 17 6.4 9.4 45
Hard-drawn 0.322 57 29 53 17 6.4 9.4 4
Yellow Brass
(65% Cu, 35% Zn)
Cold-rolled 0.306 74 43 60 36 15 5.6 11.6 8
Annealed 0.306 46 32 15 9 15 5.6 11.6 65
Red Brass
(85% Cu, 15% Zn)
Cold-rolled 0.316 85 46 63 17 6.4 10.4 3
Annealed 0.316 39 31 10 17 6.4 10.4 48
Tin bronze 0.318 45 21 14 10 30
(88 Cu, 8Sn, 4Zn)
Manganese bronze 0.302 95 48 15 12 20
(63 Cu, 25 Zn, 6 Al, 3 Mn, 3 Fe)
Aluminum bronze 0.301 90 130 40 16 6.1 9 6
(81 Cu, 4 Ni, 4 Fe, 11 Al)
(Table continued on page A14)
A14 Appendix B

(SI Units)
Compres- of of of Thermal Percent
Density Tension, sion, 2 Shear, Tension, Shear, Elasticity, Rigidity, Expansion, Elongation
Material kg/m3 MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa GPa GPa 1026/8C in 50 mm
Steel
Structural (ASTM-A36) 7860 400 250 145 200 77.2 11.7 21
High-strength-low-alloy
ASTM-A709 Grade 345 7860 450 345 200 77.2 11.7 21
ASTM-A913 Grade 450 7860 550 450 200 77.2 11.7 17
ASTM-A992 Grade 345 7860 450 345 200 77.2 11.7 21
Quenched & tempered
ASTM-A709 Grade 690 7860 760 690 200 77.2 11.7 18
Stainless, AISI 302
Cold-rolled 7920 860 520 190 75 17.3 12
Annealed 7920 655 260 150 190 75 17.3 50
Reinforcing Steel
Medium strength 7860 480 275 200 77 11.7
High strength 7860 620 415 200 77 11.7
Cast Iron
Gray Cast Iron
4.5% C, ASTM A-48 7200 170 655 240 69 28 12.1 0.5
Malleable Cast Iron
2% C, 1% Si,
ASTM A-47 7300 345 620 330 230 165 65 12.1 10
Aluminum
Alloy 1100-H14
(99% Al) 2710 110 70 95 55 70 26 23.6 9
Alloy 2014-T6 2800 455 275 400 230 75 27 23.0 13
Alloy-2024-T4 2800 470 280 325 73 23.2 19
Alloy-5456-H116 2630 315 185 230 130 72 23.9 16
Alloy 6061-T6 2710 260 165 240 140 70 26 23.6 17
Alloy 7075-T6 2800 570 330 500 72 28 23.6 11
Copper
Oxygen-free copper
(99.9% Cu)
Annealed 8910 220 150 70 120 44 16.9 45
Hard-drawn 8910 390 200 265 120 44 16.9 4
Yellow-Brass
(65% Cu, 35% Zn)
Cold-rolled 8470 510 300 410 250 105 39 20.9 8
Annealed 8470 320 220 100 60 105 39 20.9 65
Red Brass
(85% Cu, 15% Zn)
Cold-rolled 8740 585 320 435 120 44 18.7 3
Annealed 8740 270 210 70 120 44 18.7 48
Tin bronze 8800 310 145 95 18.0 30
(88 Cu, 8Sn, 4Zn)
Manganese bronze 8360 655 330 105 21.6 20
(63 Cu, 25 Zn, 6 Al, 3 Mn, 3 Fe)
Aluminum bronze 8330 620 900 275 110 42 16.2 6
(81 Cu, 4 Ni, 4 Fe, 11 Al)
(Table continued on page A15
Appendix B A15
Continued from page A14
Specific Compres- of of of Thermal Percent
Weight, Tension, sion, 2 Shear, Tension, Shear, Elasticity, Rigidity, Expansion, Elongation
Material lb/in3 ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi 106 psi 106 psi 1026/8F in 2 in.
Magnesium Alloys
Alloy AZ80 (Forging) 0.065 50 23 36 6.5 2.4 14 6
Alloy AZ31 (Extrusion) 0.064 37 19 29 6.5 2.4 14 12
Titanium
Alloy (6% Al, 4% V) 0.161 130 120 16.5 5.3 10
Monel Alloy 400(Ni-Cu)
Cold-worked 0.319 98 85 50 26 7.7 22
Annealed 0.319 80 32 18 26 7.7 46
Cupronickel
(90% Cu, 10% Ni)
Annealed 0.323 53 16 20 7.5 9.5 35
Cold-worked 0.323 85 79 20 7.5 9.5 3
Timber, air dry
Douglas fir 0.017 15 7.2 1.1 1.9 .1 Varies
Spruce, Sitka 0.015 8.6 5.6 1.1 1.5 .07 1.7 to 2.5
Shortleaf pine 0.018 7.3 1.4 1.7
Western white pine 0.014 5.0 1.0 1.5
Ponderosa pine 0.015 8.4 5.3 1.1 1.3
White oak 0.025 7.4 2.0 1.8
Red oak 0.024 6.8 1.8 1.8
Western hemlock 0.016 13 7.2 1.3 1.6
Shagbark hickory 0.026 9.2 2.4 2.2
Redwood 0.015 9.4 6.1 0.9 1.3
Concrete
Medium strength 0.084 4.0 3.6 5.5
High strength 0.084 6.0 4.5 5.5
Plastics
Nylon, type 6/6, 0.0412 11 14 6.5 0.4 80 50
(molding compound)
Polycarbonate 0.0433 9.5 12.5 9 0.35 68 110
Polyester, PBT 0.0484 8 11 8 0.35 75 150
(thermoplastic)
Polyester elastomer 0.0433 6.5 5.5 0.03 500
Polystyrene 0.0374 8 13 8 0.45 70 2
Vinyl, rigid PVC 0.0520 6 10 6.5 0.45 75 40
Rubber 0.033 2 90 600
Granite (Avg. values) 0.100 3 35 5 10 4 4
Marble (Avg. values) 0.100 2 18 4 8 3 6
Sandstone (Avg. values) 0.083 1 12 2 6 2 5
Glass, 98% silica 0.079 7 9.6 4.1 44
1
Properties of metals vary widely as a result of variations in composition, heat treatment, and mechanical working.
2
For ductile metals the compression strength is generally assumed to be equal to the tension strength.
3
Offset of 0.2 percent.
4
Timber properties are for loading parallel to the grain.
5
See also Marks’ Mechanical Engineering Handbook, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996; Annual Book of ASTM, American Society for Testing Materials,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio; and Aluminum Design Manual, The Aluminum Association, Washington, DC.
A16 Appendix B

(SI Units)
Compres- of of of Thermal Percent
Density Tension, sion, 2 Shear, Tension, Shear, Elasticity, Rigidity, Expansion, Elongation
Material kg/m3 MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa GPa GPa 1026/8C in 50 mm
Magnesium Alloys
Alloy AZ80 (Forging) 1800 345 160 250 45 16 25.2 6
Alloy AZ31 (Extrusion) 1770 255 130 200 45 16 25.2 12
Titanium
Alloy (6% Al, 4% V) 4730 900 830 115 9.5 10
Monel Alloy 400(Ni-Cu)
Cold-worked 8830 675 585 345 180 13.9 22
Annealed 8830 550 220 125 180 13.9 46
Cupronickel
(90% Cu, 10% Ni)
Annealed 8940 365 110 140 52 17.1 35
Cold-worked 8940 585 545 140 52 17.1 3
Timber, air dry
Douglas fir 470 100 50 7.6 13 0.7 Varies
Spruce, Sitka 415 60 39 7.6 10 0.5 3.0 to 4.5
Shortleaf pine 500 50 9.7 12
Western white pine 390 34 7.0 10
Ponderosa pine 415 55 36 7.6 9
White oak 690 51 13.8 12
Red oak 660 47 12.4 12
Western hemlock 440 90 50 10.0 11
Shagbark hickory 720 63 16.5 15
Redwood 415 65 42 6.2 9
Concrete
Medium strength 2320 28 25 9.9
High strength 2320 40 30 9.9
Plastics
Nylon, type 6/6, 1140 75 95 45 2.8 144 50
(molding compound)
Polycarbonate 1200 65 85 35 2.4 122 110
Polyester, PBT 1340 55 75 55 2.4 135 150
(thermoplastic)
Polyester elastomer 1200 45 40 0.2 500
Polystyrene 1030 55 90 55 3.1 125 2
Vinyl, rigid PVC 1440 40 70 45 3.1 135 40
Rubber 910 15 162 600
Granite (Avg. values) 2770 20 240 35 70 4 7.2
Marble (Avg. values) 2770 15 125 28 55 3 10.8
Sandstone (Avg. values) 2300 7 85 14 40 2 9.0
Glass, 98% silica 2190 50 65 4.1 80
1
Properties of metals very widely as a result of variations in composition, heat treatment, and mechanical working.
2
For ductile metals the compression strength is generally assumed to be equal to the tension strength.
3
Offset of 0.2 percent.
4
Timber properties are for loading parallel to the grain.
5
See also Marks’ Mechanical Engineering Handbook, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996; Annual Book of ASTM, American Society for Testing Materials,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Metals Handbook, American Society of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio; and Aluminum Design Manual, The Aluminum Association, Washington, DC.
Appendix C A17
tf
Y
Appendix C Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes d X X

tw
W Shapes Y
(Wide-Flange Shapes) bf
Flange
Web
Thick- Thick- Axis X-X Axis Y-Y
Area Depth Width ness ness
Designation† A, in2 d, in. bf, in. tf, in. tw, in. Ix, in4 Sx, in3 rx, in. Iy, in4 Sy, in3 ry, in.
W36 3 302 88.8 37.3 16.7 1.68 0.945 21100 1130 15.4 1300 156 3.82
135 39.7 35.6 12.0 0.790 0.600 7800 439 14.0 225 37.7 2.38
W33 3 201 59.2 33.7 15.7 1.15 0.715 11600 686 14.0 749 95.2 3.56
118 34.7 32.9 11.5 0.740 0.550 5900 359 13.0 187 32.6 2.32
W30 3 173 51.0 30.4 15.0 1.07 0.655 8230 541 12.7 598 79.8 3.42
99 29.1 29.7 10.50 0.670 0.520 3990 269 11.7 128 24.5 2.10
W27 3 146 43.1 27.4 14.0 0.975 0.605 5660 414 11.5 443 63.5 3.20
84 24.8 26.70 10.0 0.640 0.460 2850 213 10.7 106 21.2 2.07
W24 3 104 30.6 24.1 12.8 0.750 0.500 3100 258 10.1 259 40.7 2.91
68 20.1 23.7 8.97 0.585 0.415 1830 154 9.55 70.4 15.7 1.87
W21 3 101 29.8 21.4 12.3 0.800 0.500 2420 227 9.02 248 40.3 2.89
62 18.3 21.0 8.24 0.615 0.400 1330 127 8.54 57.5 14.0 1.77
44 13.0 20.7 6.50 0.450 0.350 843 81.6 8.06 20.7 6.37 1.26
W18 3 106 31.1 18.7 11.2 0.940 0.590 1910 204 7.84 220 39.4 2.66
76 22.3 18.2 11.0 0.680 0.425 1330 146 7.73 152 27.6 2.61
50 14.7 18.0 7.50 0.570 0.355 800 88.9 7.38 40.1 10.7 1.65
35 10.3 17.7 6.00 0.425 0.300 510 57.6 7.04 15.3 5.12 1.22
W16 3 77 22.6 16.5 10.3 0.760 0.455 1110 134 7.00 138 26.9 2.47
57 16.8 16.4 7.12 0.715 0.430 758 92.2 6.72 43.1 12.1 1.60
40 11.8 16.0 7.00 0.505 0.305 518 64.7 6.63 28.9 8.25 1.57
31 9.13 15.9 5.53 0.440 0.275 375 47.2 6.41 12.4 4.49 1.17
26 7.68 15.7 5.50 0.345 0.250 301 38.4 6.26 9.59 3.49 1.12
W14 3 370 109 17.9 16.5 2.66 1.66 5440 607 7.07 1990 241 4.27
145 42.7 14.8 15.5 1.09 0.680 1710 232 6.33 677 87.3 3.98
82 24.0 14.3 10.1 0.855 0.510 881 123 6.05 148 29.3 2.48
68 20.0 14.0 10.0 0.720 0.415 722 103 6.01 121 24.2 2.46
53 15.6 13.9 8.06 0.660 0.370 541 77.8 5.89 57.7 14.3 1.92
43 12.6 13.7 8.00 0.530 0.305 428 62.6 5.82 45.2 11.3 1.89
38 11.2 14.1 6.77 0.515 0.310 385 54.6 5.87 26.7 7.88 1.55
30 8.85 13.8 6.73 0.385 0.270 291 42.0 5.73 19.6 5.82 1.49
26 7.69 13.9 5.03 0.420 0.255 245 35.3 5.65 8.91 3.55 1.08
22 6.49 13.7 5.00 0.335 0.230 199 29.0 5.54 7.00 2.80 1.04
†
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.

A18 Appendix C
tf
Y
Appendix C Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes d X X

tw
(SI Units)
W Shapes Y
Flange
Web Axis X-X Axis Y-Y
Thick- Thick-
Area Depth Width ness ness Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry
Designation† A, mm2 d, mm. bf, mm tf, mm tw mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm
W920 3 449 57300 947 424 42.7 24.0 8780 18500 391 541 2560 97.0
201 25600 904 305 20.1 15.2 3250 7190 356 93.7 618 60.5
W840 3 299 38200 856 399 29.2 18.2 4830 11200 356 312 1560 90.4
176 22400 836 292 18.8 14.0 2460 5880 330 77.8 534 58.9
W760 3 257 32900 772 381 27.2 16.6 3430 8870 323 249 1310 86.9
147 18800 754 267 17.0 13.2 1660 4410 297 53.3 401 53.3
W690 3 217 27800 696 356 24.8 15.4 2360 6780 292 184 1040 81.3
125 16000 678 254 16.3 11.7 1190 3490 272 44.1 347 52.6
W610 3 155 19700 612 325 19.1 12.7 1290 4230 257 108 667 73.9
101 13000 602 228 14.9 10.5 762 2520 243 29.3 257 47.5
W530 3 150 19200 544 312 20.3 12.7 1010 3720 229 103 660 73.4
92 11800 533 209 15.6 10.2 554 2080 217 23.9 229 45.0
66 8390 526 165 11.4 8.89 351 1340 205 8.62 104 32.0
W460 3 158 20100 475 284 23.9 15.0 795 3340 199 91.6 646 67.6
113 14400 462 279 17.3 10.8 554 2390 196 63.3 452 66.3
74 9480 457 191 14.5 9.02 333 1460 187 16.7 175 41.9
52 6650 450 152 10.8 7.62 212 944 179 6.37 83.9 31.0
W410 3 114 14600 419 262 19.3 11.6 462 2200 178 57.4 441 62.7
85 10800 417 181 18.2 10.9 316 1510 171 17.9 198 40.6
60 7610 406 178 12.8 7.75 216 1060 168 12.0 135 39.9
46.1 5890 404 140 11.2 6.99 156 773 163 5.16 73.6 29.7
38.8 4950 399 140 8.76 6.35 125 629 159 3.99 57.2 28.4
W360 3 551 70300 455 419 67.6 42.2 2260 9950 180 828 3950 108
216 27500 376 394 27.7 17.3 712 3800 161 282 1430 101
122 15500 363 257 21.7 13.0 367 2020 154 61.6 480 63.0
101 12900 356 254 18.3 10.5 301 1690 153 50.4 397 62.5
79 10100 353 205 16.8 9.40 225 1270 150 24.0 234 48.8
64 8130 348 203 13.5 7.75 178 1030 148 18.8 185 48.0
57.8 7230 358 172 13.1 7.87 160 895 149 11.1 129 39.4
44 5710 351 171 9.78 6.86 121 688 146 8.16 95.4 37.8
39 4960 353 128 10.7 6.48 102 578 144 3.71 58.2 27.4
32.9 4190 348 127 8.51 5.84 82.8 475 141 2.91 45.9 26.4
†
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms permeter.

Appendix C A19
tf
Y
Appendix C Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes

d X X
(U.S. Customary Units) tw
W Shapes Y
Flange
Web
W12 3 96 28.2 12.7 12.2 0.900 0.550 833 131 5.44 270 44.4 3.09
72 21.1 12.3 12.0 0.670 0.430 597 97.4 5.31 195 32.4 3.04
50 14.6 12.2 8.08 0.640 0.370 391 64.2 5.18 56.3 13.9 1.96
40 11.7 11.9 8.01 0.515 0.295 307 51.5 5.13 44.1 11.0 1.94
35 10.3 12.5 6.56 0.520 0.300 285 45.6 5.25 24.5 7.47 1.54
30 8.79 12.3 6.52 0.440 0.260 238 38.6 5.21 20.3 6.24 1.52
26 7.65 12.2 6.49 0.380 0.230 204 33.4 5.17 17.3 5.34 1.51
22 6.48 12.3 4.03 0.425 0.260 156 25.4 4.91 4.66 2.31 0.848
16 4.71 12.0 3.99 0.265 0.220 103 17.1 4.67 2.82 1.41 0.773
W10 3 112 32.9 11.4 10.4 1.25 0.755 716 126 4.66 236 45.3 2.68
68 20.0 10.4 10.1 0.770 0.470 394 75.7 4.44 134 26.4 2.59
54 15.8 10.1 10.0 0.615 0.370 303 60.0 4.37 103 20.6 2.56
45 13.3 10.1 8.02 0.620 0.350 248 49.1 4.32 53.4 13.3 2.01
39 11.5 9.92 7.99 0.530 0.315 209 42.1 4.27 45.0 11.3 1.98
33 9.71 9.73 7.96 0.435 0.290 171 35.0 4.19 36.6 9.20 1.94
30 8.84 10.5 5.81 0.510 0.300 170 32.4 4.38 16.7 5.75 1.37
22 6.49 10.2 5.75 0.360 0.240 118 23.2 4.27 11.4 3.97 1.33
19 5.62 10.2 4.02 0.395 0.250 96.3 18.8 4.14 4.29 2.14 0.874
15 4.41 10.0 4.00 0.270 0.230 68.9 13.8 3.95 2.89 1.45 0.810
W8 3 58 17.1 8.75 8.22 0.810 0.510 228 52.0 3.65 75.1 18.3 2.10
48 14.1 8.50 8.11 0.685 0.400 184 43.2 3.61 60.9 15.0 2.08
40 11.7 8.25 8.07 0.560 0.360 146 35.5 3.53 49.1 12.2 2.04
35 10.3 8.12 8.02 0.495 0.310 127 31.2 3.51 42.6 10.6 2.03
31 9.12 8.00 8.00 0.435 0.285 110 27.5 3.47 37.1 9.27 2.02
28 8.24 8.06 6.54 0.465 0.285 98.0 24.3 3.45 21.7 6.63 1.62
24 7.08 7.93 6.50 0.400 0.245 82.7 20.9 3.42 18.3 5.63 1.61
21 6.16 8.28 5.27 0.400 0.250 75.3 18.2 3.49 9.77 3.71 1.26
18 5.26 8.14 5.25 0.330 0.230 61.9 15.2 3.43 7.97 3.04 1.23
15 4.44 8.11 4.01 0.315 0.245 48.0 11.8 3.29 3.41 1.70 0.876
13 3.84 7.99 4.00 0.255 0.230 39.6 9.91 3.21 2.73 1.37 0.843
W6 3 25 7.34 6.38 6.08 0.455 0.320 53.4 16.7 2.70 17.1 5.61 1.52
20 5.87 6.20 6.02 0.365 0.260 41.4 13.4 2.66 13.3 4.41 1.50
16 4.74 6.28 4.03 0.405 0.260 32.1 10.2 2.60 4.43 2.20 0.967
12 3.55 6.03 4.00 0.280 0.230 22.1 7.31 2.49 2.99 1.50 0.918
9 2.68 5.90 3.94 0.215 0.170 16.4 5.56 2.47 2.20 1.11 0.905
W5 3 19 5.56 5.15 5.03 0.430 0.270 26.3 10.2 2.17 9.13 3.63 1.28
16 4.71 5.01 5.00 0.360 0.240 21.4 8.55 2.13 7.51 3.00 1.26
W4 3 13 3.83 4.16 4.06 0.345 0.280 11.3 5.46 1.72 3.86 1.90 1.00
†
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.
A20 Appendix C
tf
Y

d X X
(SI Units) tw
W Shapes Y
Flange
Thick- Thick-
Designation† A, mm2 d, mm bf, mm tf, mm tw, mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm
W310 3 143 18200 323 310 22.9 14.0 347 2150 138 112 728 78.5
107 13600 312 305 17.0 10.9 248 1600 135 81.2 531 77.2
74 9420 310 205 16.3 9.40 163 1050 132 23.4 228 49.8
60 7550 302 203 13.1 7.49 128 844 130 18.4 180 49.3
52 6650 318 167 13.2 7.62 119 747 133 10.2 122 39.1
44.5 5670 312 166 11.2 6.60 99.1 633 132 8.45 102 38.6
38.7 4940 310 165 9.65 5.84 84.9 547 131 7.20 87.5 38.4
32.7 4180 312 102 10.8 6.60 64.9 416 125 1.94 37.9 21.5
23.8 3040 305 101 6.73 5.59 42.9 280 119 1.17 23.1 19.6
W250 3 167 21200 290 264 31.8 19.2 298 2060 118 98.2 742 68.1
101 12900 264 257 19.6 11.9 164 1240 113 55.8 433 65.8
80 10200 257 254 15.6 9.4 126 983 111 42.9 338 65.0
67 8580 257 204 15.7 8.89 103 805 110 22.2 218 51.1
58 7420 252 203 13.5 8.00 87.0 690 108 18.7 185 50.3
49.1 6260 247 202 11.0 7.37 71.2 574 106 15.2 151 49.3
44.8 5700 267 148 13.0 7.62 70.8 531 111 6.95 94.2 34.8
32.7 4190 259 146 9.14 6.10 49.1 380 108 4.75 65.1 33.8
28.4 3630 259 102 10.0 6.35 40.1 308 105 1.79 35.1 22.2
22.3 2850 254 102 6.86 5.84 28.7 226 100 1.20 23.8 20.6
W200 3 86 11000 222 209 20.6 13.0 94.9 852 92.7 31.3 300 53.3
71 9100 216 206 17.4 10.2 76.6 708 91.7 25.3 246 52.8
59 7550 210 205 14.2 9.14 60.8 582 89.7 20.4 200 51.8
52 6650 206 204 12.6 7.87 52.9 511 89.2 17.7 174 51.6
46.1 5880 203 203 11.0 7.24 45.8 451 88.1 15.4 152 51.3
41.7 5320 205 166 11.8 7.24 40.8 398 87.6 9.03 109 41.1
35.9 4570 201 165 10.2 6.22 34.4 342 86.9 7.62 92.3 40.9
31.3 3970 210 134 10.2 6.35 31.3 298 88.6 4.07 60.8 32.0
26.6 3390 207 133 8.38 5.84 25.8 249 87.1 3.32 49.8 31.2
22.5 2860 206 102 8.00 6.22 20.0 193 83.6 1.42 27.9 22.3
19.3 2480 203 102 6.48 5.84 16.5 162 81.5 1.14 22.5 21.4
W150 3 37.1 4740 162 154 11.6 8.13 22.2 274 68.6 7.12 91.9 38.6
29.8 3790 157 153 9.27 6.60 17.2 220 67.6 5.54 72.3 38.1
24 3060 160 102 10.3 6.60 13.4 167 66.0 1.84 36.1 24.6
18 2290 153 102 7.11 5.84 9.20 120 63.2 1.24 24.6 23.3
13.5 1730 150 100 5.46 4.32 6.83 91.1 62.7 0.916 18.2 23.0
W130 3 28.1 3590 131 128 10.9 6.86 10.9 167 55.1 3.80 59.5 32.5
23.8 3040 127 127 9.14 6.10 8.91 140 54.1 3.13 49.2 32.0
W100 3 19.3 2470 106 103 8.76 7.11 4.70 89.5 43.7 1.61 31.1 25.4
†
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms per meter.
Appendix C A21
tf
Y
d X X
Appendix C Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes tw
S Shapes
Y
(American Standard Shapes)
bf
Flange
Web
S24 3 121 35.5 24.5 8.05 1.09 0.800 3160 258 9.43 83.0 20.6 1.53
106 31.1 24.5 7.87 1.09 0.620 2940 240 9.71 76.8 19.5 1.57
100 29.3 24.0 7.25 0.870 0.745 2380 199 9.01 47.4 13.1 1.27
90 26.5 24.0 7.13 0.870 0.625 2250 187 9.21 44.7 12.5 1.30
80 23.5 24.0 7.00 0.870 0.500 2100 175 9.47 42.0 12.0 1.34
S20 3 96 28.2 20.3 7.20 0.920 0.800 1670 165 7.71 49.9 13.9 1.33
86 25.3 20.3 7.06 0.920 0.660 1570 155 7.89 46.6 13.2 1.36
75 22.0 20.0 6.39 0.795 0.635 1280 128 7.62 29.5 9.25 1.16
66 19.4 20.0 6.26 0.795 0.505 1190 119 7.83 27.5 8.78 1.19
S18 3 70 20.5 18.0 6.25 0.691 0.711 923 103 6.70 24.0 7.69 1.08
54.7 16.0 18.0 6.00 0.691 0.461 801 89.0 7.07 20.7 6.91 1.14
S15 3 50 14.7 15.0 5.64 0.622 0.550 485 64.7 5.75 15.6 5.53 1.03
42.9 12.6 15.0 5.50 0.622 0.411 446 59.4 5.95 14.3 5.19 1.06
S12 3 50 14.6 12.0 5.48 0.659 0.687 303 50.6 4.55 15.6 5.69 1.03
40.8 11.9 12.0 5.25 0.659 0.462 270 45.1 4.76 13.5 5.13 1.06
35 10.2 12.0 5.08 0.544 0.428 228 38.1 4.72 9.84 3.88 0.980
31.8 9.31 12.0 5.00 0.544 0.350 217 36.2 4.83 9.33 3.73 1.00
S10 3 35 10.3 10.0 4.94 0.491 0.594 147 29.4 3.78 8.30 3.36 0.899
25.4 7.45 10.0 4.66 0.491 0.311 123 24.6 4.07 6.73 2.89 0.950
S8 3 23 6.76 8.00 4.17 0.425 0.441 64.7 16.2 3.09 4.27 2.05 0.795
18.4 5.40 8.00 4.00 0.425 0.271 57.5 14.4 3.26 3.69 1.84 0.827
S6 3 17.2 5.06 6.00 3.57 0.359 0.465 26.2 8.74 2.28 2.29 1.28 0.673
12.5 3.66 6.00 3.33 0.359 0.232 22.0 7.34 2.45 1.80 1.08 0.702
S5 3 10 2.93 5.00 3.00 0.326 0.214 12.3 4.90 2.05 1.19 0.795 0.638
S4 3 9.5 2.79 4.00 2.80 0.293 0.326 6.76 3.38 1.56 0.887 0.635 0.564
7.7 2.26 4.00 2.66 0.293 0.193 6.05 3.03 1.64 0.748 0.562 0.576
S3 3 7.5 2.20 3.00 2.51 0.260 0.349 2.91 1.94 1.15 0.578 0.461 0.513
5.7 1.66 3.00 2.33 0.260 0.170 2.50 1.67 1.23 0.447 0.383 0.518
†
An American Standard Beam is designated by the letter S followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.
A22 Appendix C
tf
Y
d X X
tw
(SI Units)
S Shapes
Y
(American Standard Shapes)
bf
Flange
Thick- Thick-
Designation† A, mm2 d, mm bf, mm tf, mm tw, mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm
S610 3 180 22900 622 204 27.7 20.3 1320 4230 240 34.5 338 38.9
158 20100 622 200 27.7 15.7 1220 3930 247 32.0 320 39.9
149 18900 610 184 22.1 18.9 991 3260 229 19.7 215 32.3
134 17100 610 181 22.1 15.9 937 3060 234 18.6 205 33.0
119 15200 610 178 22.1 12.7 874 2870 241 17.5 197 34.0
S510 3 143 18200 516 183 23.4 20.3 695 2700 196 20.8 228 33.8
128 16300 516 179 23.4 16.8 653 2540 200 19.4 216 34.5
112 14200 508 162 20.2 16.1 533 2100 194 12.3 152 29.5
98.2 12500 508 159 20.2 12.8 495 1950 199 11.4 144 30.2
S460 3 104 13200 457 159 17.6 18.1 384 1690 170 10.0 126 27.4
81.4 10300 457 152 17.6 11.7 333 1460 180 8.62 113 29.0
S380 3 74 9480 381 143 15.8 14.0 202 1060 146 6.49 90.6 26.2
64 8130 381 140 15.8 10.4 186 973 151 5.95 85.0 26.9
S310 3 74 9420 305 139 16.7 17.4 126 829 116 6.49 93.2 26.2
60.7 7680 305 133 16.7 11.7 112 739 121 5.62 84.1 26.9
52 6580 305 129 13.8 10.9 94.9 624 120 4.10 63.6 24.9
47.3 6010 305 127 13.8 8.89 90.3 593 123 3.88 61.1 25.4
S250 3 52 6650 254 125 12.5 15.1 61.2 482 96.0 3.45 55.1 22.8
37.8 4810 254 118 12.5 7.90 51.2 403 103 2.80 47.4 24.1
S200 3 34 4360 203 106 10.8 11.2 26.9 265 78.5 1.78 33.6 20.2
27.4 3480 203 102 10.8 6.88 23.9 236 82.8 1.54 30.2 21.0
S150 3 25.7 3260 152 90.7 9.12 11.8 10.9 143 57.9 0.953 21.0 17.1
18.6 2360 152 84.6 9.12 5.89 9.16 120 62.2 0.749 17.7 17.8
S130 3 15 1890 127 76.2 8.28 5.44 5.12 80.3 52.1 0.495 13.0 16.2
S100 3 14.1 1800 102 71.1 7.44 8.28 2.81 55.4 39.6 0.369 10.4 14.3
11.5 1460 102 67.6 7.44 4.90 2.52 49.7 41.7 0.311 9.21 14.6
S75 3 11.2 1420 76.2 63.8 6.60 8.86 1.21 31.8 29.2 0.241 7.55 13.0
8.5 1070 76.2 59.2 6.60 4.32 1.04 27.4 31.2 0.186 6.28 13.2
†
An American Standard Beam is designated by the letter S followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms per meter.
Appendix C A23
tf
Y
tw
X X d
x
C Shapes
Y
(American Standard Channels)
bf
Flange
Web
Designation† A, in2 d, in bf, in tf, in tw, in Ix, in4 Sx, in3 rx, in Iy, in4 Sy, in3 ry, in x, in
C15 3 50 14.7 15.0 3.72 0.650 0.716 404 53.8 5.24 11.0 3.77 0.865 0.799
40 11.8 15.0 3.52 0.650 0.520 348 46.5 5.45 9.17 3.34 0.883 0.778
33.9 10.0 15.0 3.40 0.650 0.400 315 42.0 5.62 8.07 3.09 0.901 0.788
C12 3 30 8.81 12.0 3.17 0.501 0.510 162 27.0 4.29 5.12 2.05 0.762 0.674
25 7.34 12.0 3.05 0.501 0.387 144 24.0 4.43 4.45 1.87 0.779 0.674
20.7 6.08 12.0 2.94 0.501 0.282 129 21.5 4.61 3.86 1.72 0.797 0.698
C10 3 30 8.81 10.0 3.03 0.436 0.673 103 20.7 3.42 3.93 1.65 0.668 0.649
25 7.34 10.0 2.89 0.436 0.526 91.1 18.2 3.52 3.34 1.47 0.675 0.617
20 5.87 10.0 2.74 0.436 0.379 78.9 15.8 3.66 2.80 1.31 0.690 0.606
15.3 4.48 10.0 2.60 0.436 0.240 67.3 13.5 3.87 2.27 1.15 0.711 0.634
C9 3 20 5.87 9.00 2.65 0.413 0.448 60.9 13.5 3.22 2.41 1.17 0.640 0.583
15 4.41 9.00 2.49 0.413 0.285 51.0 11.3 3.40 1.91 1.01 0.659 0.586
13.4 3.94 9.00 2.43 0.413 0.233 47.8 10.6 3.49 1.75 0.954 0.666 0.601
C8 3 18.7 5.51 8.00 2.53 0.390 0.487 43.9 11.0 2.82 1.97 1.01 0.598 0.565
13.7 4.04 8.00 2.34 0.390 0.303 36.1 9.02 2.99 1.52 0.848 0.613 0.554
11.5 3.37 8.00 2.26 0.390 0.220 32.5 8.14 3.11 1.31 0.775 0.623 0.572
C7 3 12.2 3.60 7.00 2.19 0.366 0.314 24.2 6.92 2.60 1.16 0.696 0.568 0.525
9.8 2.87 7.00 2.09 0.366 0.210 21.2 6.07 2.72 0.957 0.617 0.578 0.541
C6 3 13 3.81 6.00 2.16 0.343 0.437 17.3 5.78 2.13 1.05 0.638 0.524 0.514
10.5 3.08 6.00 2.03 0.343 0.314 15.1 5.04 2.22 0.860 0.561 0.529 0.500
8.2 2.39 6.00 1.92 0.343 0.200 13.1 4.35 2.34 0.687 0.488 0.536 0.512
C5 3 9 2.64 5.00 1.89 0.320 0.325 8.89 3.56 1.83 0.624 0.444 0.486 0.478
6.7 1.97 5.00 1.75 0.320 0.190 7.48 2.99 1.95 0.470 0.372 0.489 0.484
C4 3 7.2 2.13 4.00 1.72 0.296 0.321 4.58 2.29 1.47 0.425 0.337 0.447 0.459
5.4 1.58 4.00 1.58 0.296 0.184 3.85 1.92 1.56 0.312 0.277 0.444 0.457
C3 3 6 1.76 3.00 1.60 0.273 0.356 2.07 1.38 1.08 0.300 0.263 0.413 0.455
5 1.47 3.00 1.50 0.273 0.258 1.85 1.23 1.12 0.241 0.228 0.405 0.439
4.1 1.20 3.00 1.41 0.273 0.170 1.65 1.10 1.17 0.191 0.196 0.398 0.437
†
An American Standard Channel is designated by the letter C followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.
A24 Appendix C
tf
Y
tw
X X d
x
(SI Units)
C Shapes
Y
(American Standard Channels)
bf
Flange
Web
Area Depth Width ness ness Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry x
Designation† A, mm2 d, mm bf, mm tf, mm tw, mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm mm
C380 3 74 9480 381 94.5 16.5 18.2 168 882 133 4.58 61.8 22.0 20.3
60 7610 381 89.4 16.5 13.2 145 762 138 3.82 54.7 22.4 19.8
50.4 6450 381 86.4 16.5 10.2 131 688 143 3.36 50.6 22.9 20.0
C310 3 45 5680 305 80.5 12.7 13.0 67.4 442 109 2.13 33.6 19.4 17.1
37 4740 305 77.5 12.7 9.83 59.9 393 113 1.85 30.6 19.8 17.1
30.8 3920 305 74.7 12.7 7.16 53.7 352 117 1.61 28.2 20.2 17.7
C250 3 45 5680 254 77.0 11.1 17.1 42.9 339 86.9 1.64 27.0 17.0 16.5
37 4740 254 73.4 11.1 13.4 37.9 298 89.4 1.39 24.1 17.1 15.7
30 3790 254 69.6 11.1 9.63 32.8 259 93.0 1.17 21.5 17.5 15.4
22.8 2890 254 66.0 11.1 6.10 28.0 221 98.3 0.945 18.8 18.1 16.1
C230 3 30 3790 229 67.3 10.5 11.4 25.3 221 81.8 1.00 19.2 16.3 14.8
22 2850 229 63.2 10.5 7.24 21.2 185 86.4 0.795 16.6 16.7 14.9
19.9 2540 229 61.7 10.5 5.92 19.9 174 88.6 0.728 15.6 16.9 15.3
C200 3 27.9 3550 203 64.3 9.91 12.4 18.3 180 71.6 0.820 16.6 15.2 14.4
20.5 2610 203 59.4 9.91 7.70 15.0 148 75.9 0.633 13.9 15.6 14.1
17.1 2170 203 57.4 9.91 5.59 13.5 133 79.0 0.545 12.7 15.8 14.5
C180 3 18.2 2320 178 55.6 9.30 7.98 10.1 113 66.0 0.483 11.4 14.4 13.3
14.6 1850 178 53.1 9.30 5.33 8.82 100 69.1 0.398 10.1 14.7 13.7
C150 3 19.3 2460 152 54.9 8.71 11.1 7.20 94.7 54.1 0.437 10.5 13.3 13.1
15.6 1990 152 51.6 8.71 7.98 6.29 82.6 56.4 0.358 9.19 13.4 12.7
12.2 1540 152 48.8 8.71 5.08 5.45 71.3 59.4 0.286 8.00 13.6 13.0
C130 3 13 1700 127 48.0 8.13 8.26 3.70 58.3 46.5 0.260 7.28 12.3 12.1
10.4 1270 127 44.5 8.13 4.83 3.11 49.0 49.5 0.196 6.10 12.4 12.3
C100 3 10.8 1370 102 43.7 7.52 8.15 1.91 37.5 37.3 0.177 5.52 11.4 11.7
8 1020 102 40.1 7.52 4.67 1.60 31.5 39.6 0.130 4.54 11.3 11.6
C75 3 8.9 1140 76.2 40.6 6.93 9.04 0.862 22.6 27.4 0.125 4.31 10.5 11.6
7.4 948 76.2 38.1 6.93 6.55 0.770 20.2 28.4 0.100 3.74 10.3 11.2
6.1 774 76.2 35.8 6.93 4.32 0.687 18.0 29.7 0.0795 3.21 10.1 11.1
†
An American Standard Channel is designated by the letter C followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms per meter.
Appendix C A25
Y
x
Z
X X
Angles y
Equal Legs
Z
Y
Axis X-X and Axis Y-Y Axis
Weight per Z-Z
Size and Thickness, in. Foot, lb/ft Area, in2 I, in4 S, in3 r, in. x or y, in. rz, in.
L8 3 8 3 1 51.0 15.0 89.1 15.8 2.43 2.36 1.56
3
⁄4 38.9 11.4 69.9 12.2 2.46 2.26 1.57
1
⁄2 26.4 7.75 48.8 8.36 2.49 2.17 1.59
L6 3 6 3 1 37.4 11.0 35.4 8.55 1.79 1.86 1.17
3
⁄4 28.7 8.46 28.1 6.64 1.82 1.77 1.17
5
⁄8 24.2 7.13 24.1 5.64 1.84 1.72 1.17
1
⁄2 19.6 5.77 19.9 4.59 1.86 1.67 1.18
3
⁄8 14.9 4.38 15.4 3.51 1.87 1.62 1.19
L5 3 5 3 3⁄4 23.6 6.94 15.7 4.52 1.50 1.52 0.972
5
⁄8 20.0 5.86 13.6 3.85 1.52 1.47 0.975
1
⁄2 16.2 4.75 11.3 3.15 1.53 1.42 0.980
3
⁄8 12.3 3.61 8.76 2.41 1.55 1.37 0.986
L4 3 4 3 3⁄4 18.5 5.44 7.62 2.79 1.18 1.27 0.774
5
⁄8 15.7 4.61 6.62 2.38 1.20 1.22 0.774
1
⁄2 12.8 3.75 5.52 1.96 1.21 1.18 0.776
3
⁄8 9.80 2.86 4.32 1.50 1.23 1.13 0.779
1
⁄4 6.60 1.94 3.00 1.03 1.25 1.08 0.783
L312 3 312 3 1⁄2 11.1 3.25 3.63 1.48 1.05 1.05 0.679
3
⁄8 8.50 2.48 2.86 1.15 1.07 1.00 0.683
1
⁄4 5.80 1.69 2.00 0.787 1.09 0.954 0.688
L3 3 3 3 1⁄2 9.40 2.75 2.20 1.06 0.895 0.929 0.580
3
⁄8 7.20 2.11 1.75 0.825 0.910 0.884 0.581
1
⁄4 4.90 1.44 1.23 0.569 0.926 0.836 0.585
L212 3 212 3 ½ 7.70 2.25 1.22 0.716 0.735 0.803 0.481
3
⁄8 5.90 1.73 0.972 0.558 0.749 0.758 0.481
1
⁄4 4.10 1.19 0.692 0.387 0.764 0.711 0.482
3
⁄16 3.07 0.900 0.535 0.295 0.771 0.687 0.482
L2 3 2 3 3⁄8 4.70 1.36 0.476 0.348 0.591 0.632 0.386
1
⁄4 3.19 0.938 0.346 0.244 0.605 0.586 0.387
1
⁄8 1.65 0.484 0.189 0.129 0.620 0.534 0.391
A26 Appendix C
Y
x
Z
(SI Units)
X X
Angles y
Equal Legs
Z
Y
Axis X-X Axis
Z-Z
Mass per I S r x or y rz
Size and Thickness, mm Meter, kg/m Area, mm2 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm mm mm
L203 3 203 3 25.4 75.9 9680 37.1 259 61.7 59.9 39.6
19 57.9 7350 29.1 200 62.5 57.4 39.9
12.7 39.3 5000 20.3 137 63.2 55.1 40.4
L152 3 152 3 25.4 55.7 7100 14.7 140 45.5 47.2 29.7
19 42.7 5460 11.7 109 46.2 45.0 29.7
15.9 36.0 4600 10.0 92.4 46.7 43.7 29.7
12.7 29.2 3720 8.28 75.2 47.2 42.4 30.0
9.5 22.2 2830 6.41 57.5 47.5 41.1 30.2
L127 3 127 3 19 35.1 4480 6.53 74.1 38.1 38.6 24.7
15.9 29.8 3780 5.66 63.1 38.6 37.3 24.8
12.7 24.1 3060 4.70 51.6 38.9 36.1 24.9
9.5 18.3 2330 3.65 39.5 39.4 34.8 25.0
L102 3 102 3 19 27.5 3510 3.17 45.7 30.0 32.3 19.7
15.9 23.4 2970 2.76 39.0 30.5 31.0 19.7
12.7 19.0 2420 2.30 32.1 30.7 30.0 19.7
9.5 14.6 1850 1.80 24.6 31.2 28.7 19.8
6.4 9.80 1250 1.25 16.9 31.8 27.4 19.9
L89 3 89 3 12.7 16.5 2100 1.51 24.3 26.7 26.7 17.2
9.5 12.6 1600 1.19 18.8 27.2 25.4 17.3
6.4 8.60 1090 0.832 12.9 27.7 24.2 17.5
L76 3 76 3 12.7 14.0 1770 0.916 17.4 22.7 23.6 14.7
9.5 10.7 1360 0.728 13.5 23.1 22.5 14.8
6.4 7.30 929 0.512 9.32 23.5 21.2 14.9
L64 3 64 3 12.7 11.4 1450 0.508 11.7 18.7 20.4 12.2
9.5 8.70 1120 0.405 9.14 19.0 19.3 12.2
6.4 6.10 768 0.288 6.34 19.4 18.1 12.2
4.8 4.60 581 0.223 4.83 19.6 17.4 12.2
L51 3 51 3 9.5 7.00 877 0.198 5.70 15.0 16.1 9.80
6.4 4.70 605 0.144 4.00 15.4 14.9 9.83
3.2 2.40 312 0.0787 2.11 15.7 13.6 9.93
Appendix C A27
Y
x
Appendix C Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes X X

y
Angles
Unequal Legs ␣
Z
Y
Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z

Size and Weight per
Thickness, in. Foot, lb/ft Area, in2 Ix, in4 Sx, in3 rx, in. y, in. Iy, in4 Sy, in3 ry, in. x, in. rz, in. tan a
L8 3 6 3 1 44.2 13.0 80.9 15.1 2.49 2.65 38.8 8.92 1.72 1.65 1.28 0.542
3
⁄4 33.8 9.94 63.5 11.7 2.52 2.55 30.8 6.92 1.75 1.56 1.29 0.550
1
⁄2 23.0 6.75 44.4 8.01 2.55 2.46 21.7 4.79 1.79 1.46 1.30 0.557
L6 3 4 3 3⁄4 23.6 6.94 24.5 6.23 1.88 2.07 8.63 2.95 1.12 1.07 0.856 0.428
1
⁄2 16.2 4.75 17.3 4.31 1.91 1.98 6.22 2.06 1.14 0.981 0.864 0.440
3
⁄8 12.3 3.61 13.4 3.30 1.93 1.93 4.86 1.58 1.16 0.933 0.870 0.446
L5 3 3 3 1⁄2 12.8 3.75 9.43 2.89 1.58 1.74 2.55 1.13 0.824 0.746 0.642 0.357
3
⁄8 9.80 2.86 7.35 2.22 1.60 1.69 2.01 0.874 0.838 0.698 0.646 0.364
1
⁄4 6.60 1.94 5.09 1.51 1.62 1.64 1.41 0.600 0.853 0.648 0.652 0.371
L4 3 3 3 1⁄2 11.1 3.25 5.02 1.87 1.24 1.32 2.40 1.10 0.858 0.822 0.633 0.542
3
⁄8 8.50 2.48 3.94 1.44 1.26 1.27 1.89 0.851 0.873 0.775 0.636 0.551
1
⁄4 5.80 1.69 2.75 0.988 1.27 1.22 1.33 0.585 0.887 0.725 0.639 0.558
L312 3 212 3 1⁄2 9.40 2.75 3.24 1.41 1.08 1.20 1.36 0.756 0.701 0.701 0.532 0.485
3
⁄8 7.20 2.11 2.56 1.09 1.10 1.15 1.09 0.589 0.716 0.655 0.535 0.495
1
⁄4 4.90 1.44 1.81 0.753 1.12 1.10 0.775 0.410 0.731 0.607 0.541 0.504
L3 3 2 3 1⁄2 7.70 2.25 1.92 1.00 0.922 1.08 0.667 0.470 0.543 0.580 0.425 0.413
3
⁄8 5.90 1.73 1.54 0.779 0.937 1.03 0.539 0.368 0.555 0.535 0.426 0.426
1
⁄4 4.10 1.19 1.09 0.541 0.953 0.980 0.390 0.258 0.569 0.487 0.431 0.437
L212 3 2 3 3⁄8 5.30 1.55 0.914 0.546 0.766 0.826 0.513 0.361 0.574 0.578 0.419 0.612
1
⁄4 3.62 1.06 0.656 0.381 0.782 0.779 0.372 0.253 0.589 0.532 0.423 0.624
A28 Appendix C
Y
x
Appendix C Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes X X

y
(SI Units)
Angles
Unequal Legs ␣
Z
Y
Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z

Size and Mass per
Thickness, Meter Area Ix Sx rx y Iy Sy ry x rz
mm kg/m mm2 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm mm 106 mm4 103 mm3 mm mm mm tan a
L203 3 152 3 25.4 65.5 8390 33.7 247 63.2 67.3 16.1 146 43.7 41.9 32.5 0.542
19 50.1 6410 26.4 192 64.0 64.8 12.8 113 44.5 39.6 32.8 0.550
12.7 34.1 4350 18.5 131 64.8 62.5 9.03 78.5 45.5 37.1 33.0 0.557
L152 3 102 3 19 35.0 4480 10.2 102 47.8 52.6 3.59 48.3 28.4 27.2 21.7 0.428
12.7 24.0 3060 7.20 70.6 48.5 50.3 2.59 33.8 29.0 24.9 21.9 0.440
9.5 18.2 2330 5.58 54.1 49.0 49.0 2.02 25.9 29.5 23.7 22.1 0.446
L127 3 76 3 12.7 19.0 2420 3.93 47.4 40.1 44.2 1.06 18.5 20.9 18.9 16.3 0.357
9.5 14.5 1850 3.06 36.4 40.6 42.9 0.837 14.3 21.3 17.7 16.4 0.364
6.4 9.80 1250 2.12 24.7 41.1 41.7 0.587 9.83 21.7 16.5 16.6 0.371
L102 3 76 3 12.7 16.4 2100 2.09 30.6 31.5 33.5 0.999 18.0 21.8 20.9 16.1 0.542
9.5 12.6 1600 1.64 23.6 32.0 32.3 0.787 13.9 22.2 19.7 16.2 0.551
6.4 8.60 1090 1.14 16.2 32.3 31.0 0.554 9.59 22.5 18.4 16.2 0.558
L89 3 64 3 12.7 13.9 1770 1.35 23.1 27.4 30.5 0.566 12.4 17.8 17.8 13.5 0.485
9.5 10.7 1360 1.07 17.9 27.9 29.2 0.454 9.65 18.2 16.6 13.6 0.495
6.4 7.30 929 0.753 12.3 28.4 27.9 0.323 6.72 18.6 15.4 13.7 0.504
L76 3 51 3 12.7 11.5 1450 0.799 16.4 23.4 27.4 0.278 7.70 13.8 14.7 10.8 0.413
9.5 8.80 1120 0.641 12.8 23.8 26.2 0.224 6.03 14.1 13.6 10.8 0.426
6.4 6.10 768 0.454 8.87 24.2 24.9 0.162 4.23 14.5 12.4 10.9 0.437
L64 3 51 3 9.5 7.90 1000 0.380 8.95 19.5 21.0 0.214 5.92 14.6 14.7 10.6 0.612
6.4 5.40 684 0.273 6.24 19.9 19.8 0.155 4.15 15.0 13.5 10.7 0.624
Appendix D A29
Appendix D Beam Deflections and Slopes
Maximum
Beam and Loading Elastic Curve Deflection Slope at End Equation of Elastic Curve
1
P y
L
x
O PL3 PL2 P
ymax 2 2 y5 1x 3 2 3Lx 2 2
L 3EI 2EI 6EI
2
w
y
L
x
O wL4 wL3 w
ymax 2 2 y52 1x4 2 4Lx 3 1 6L2x 2 2
L 8EI 6EI 24EI
3
y
L
x
O ML2 ML M 2
ymax 2 2 y52 x
L 2EI EI 2EI
M
4
1 P y
2
L L
x For x # 12L:
O
PL3 PL2 P
1
2 6 y5 14x 3 2 3L2x2
L L ymax 48EI 16EI 48EI
2
5
P
For a . b: For x , a:
y Pb 1L2 2 b2 2
L Pb 1L2 2 b2 2 3y2 Pb
a
b
b 2 uA 5 2 y5 3 x 3 2 1L2 2 b 2 2x4
a 913EIL 6EIL 6EIL
B x
A B A ymax
L2 2 b2 Pa 1L2 2 a2 2 Pa2b2
at xm 5 uB 5 1 For x 5 a: y 5 2
L xm B 3 6EIL 3EIL
6
w y
L
x
O 5wL4 wL3 w
2 6 y52 1x4 2 2Lx 3 1 L3x2
1 384EI 24EI 24EI
L 2
L ymax
7
y L
M ML2 ML M
B x uA 5 1 y52 1x 3 2 L2x2
A B A 913EI 6EI 6EIL
L ymax
3 ML
L uB 5 2
3EI
A01_MOTT1184_06_SE_FM.indd 16 02/05/2017 16:10
782 Appendix
APPENDIX 1 Properties of Areas

A = area r = radius of gyration = I/A
I = moment of inertia J = polar moment of inertia
S = section modulus Zp = polar section modulus
(a) Circle
A = pD2/4 r = D/4
I = pD 4/64 J = pD4/32
S = pD3/32 Zp = pD3/16
(b) Hollow circle (tube)
(D2 + d 2)
A = p(D2 – d2)/4 r=
4
I = p(D4 – d4)/64 J = p(D4 – d4)/32
S = p(D4 – d4)/32D Zp = p(D4 – d4)/16D
(c) Square
A = H2 r = H/ 12
H
H/2 I= H4/12
S = H3/6
H
(d) Rectangle A = BH rx = H/ 12
Ix = BH3/12 ry = B/ 12
y = H/2 Iy = HB3/12
Sx = BH2/6
Sy = HB2/6
(e) Hollow rectangle Y t = (H – h)/2 uniform
A = BH – bh
h BH3 – bh3 BH3 – bh3 3
rx = 0.289 BH – bh
3
X X H Ix = Sx =
12 6H BH – bh
b H/2 HB3 – hb3 3 3
HB3 – hb3 Sy = ry = 0.289 HB – hb
Iy = 6B HB – hb
B/2 12
Y
B
(f ) Triangle
A = BH/2 r = H/ 18
I= BH3/36
S = BH2/24
Z01_MOTT1184_06_SE_APP.indd 782 3/17/17 3:15 PM

Appendix 783
(g) Semicircle
A = pD2/8 r = 0.132D
I= 0.007D4
S = 0.024D3
(h) Regular hexagon
A = 0.866D2 r = 0.264D
I = 0.06D4
S = 0.12D3
(i) Trapezoid a A = H(a + B)/2 2 2 2

S = H (a + 4aB + B )
H(a + 2B) 12(a + 2B)
y y=
3(a + B)
X X H H 3(a2 + 4aB + B2) H2(a2 + 4aB + B2)
Ix = r=
36(a + B) 18(a + B)2
y = Maximum distance from x-axis to
B outer surface of section
(j) Ellipse
A = pbh
h ph3b
I=
4
ph2b
S=
4
r = h/2
b

784 Appendix
APPENDIX 2 Preferred Basic Sizes and Screw Threads
TABLE A2–1 Preferred Basic Sizes
Fractional (in) Decimal (in) SI metric (mm)
1/64 0.015 625 5 5.000 0.010 2.00 8.50 1.0 40

1/32 0.031 25 5 14 5.250 0.012 2.20 9.00 1.1 45
1/16 0.0625 5 12 5.500 0.016 2.40 9.50 1.2 50
3/32 0.093 75 5 34 5.750 0.020 2.60 10.00 1.4 55
1/8 0.1250 6 6.000 0.025 2.80 10.50 1.6 60

5/32 0.156 25 6 12 6.500 0.032 3.00 11.00 1.8 70
3/16 0.1875 7 7.000 0.040 3.20 11.50 2.0 80

1/4 0.2500 7 12 7.500 0.05 3.40 12.00 2.2 90
5/16 0.3125 8 8.000 0.06 3.60 12.50 2.5 100

3/8 0.3750 8 12 8.500 0.08 3.80 13.00 2.8 110
7/16 0.4375 9 9.000 0.10 4.00 13.50 3.0 120

1/2 0.5000 9 12 9.500 0.12 4.20 14.00 3.5 140
9/16 0.5625 10 10.000 0.16 4.40 14.50 4.0 160

5/8 0.6250 10 12 10.500 0.20 4.60 15.00 4.5 180
11/16 0.6875 11 11.000 0.24 4.80 15.50 5.0 200

3/4 0.7500 11 12 11.500 0.30 5.00 16.00 5.5 220
7/8 0.8750 12 12.000 0.40 5.20 16.50 6 250

1 1.000 12 12 12.500 0.50 5.40 17.00 7 280
1 14 1.250 13 13.000 0.60 5.60 17.50 8 300
1 12 1.500 13 12 13.500 0.80 5.80 18.00 9 350
1 34 1.750 14 14.000 1.00 6.00 18.50 10 400
2 2.000 14 12 14.500 1.20 6.50 19.00 11 450
2 14 2.250 15 15.000 1.40 7.00 19.50 12 500
2 12 2.500 15 12 15.500 1.60 7.50 20.00 14 550
2 34 2.750 16 16.000 1.80 8.00 16 600
3 3.000 16 12 16.500 18 700
3 14 3.250 17 17.000 20 800
3 12 3.500 17 12 17.500 22 900
3 34 3.750 18 18.000 25 1000
4 4.000 18 12 18.500 28
4 14 4.250 19 19.000 30
4 12 4.500 19 12 19.500 35
4 34 4.750 20 20.000

Appendix 785
TABLE A2–2 American Standard Screw Threads
A. American Standard thread dimensions, numbered sizes
Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF

Basic major
diameter, D Size-Threads Tensile Size-Threads Tensile stress
(in) per inch, n stress area (in2) per inch, n area (in2)
0.0600 — — 0–80 0.001 80

0.0730 1–64 0.002 63 1–72 0.002 78
0.0860 2–56 0.003 70 2–64 0.003 94
0.0990 3–48 0.004 87 3–56 0.005 23
0.1120 4–40 0.006 04 4–48 0.006 61
0.1250 5–40 0.007 96 5–44 0.008 30
0.1380 6–32 0.009 09 6–40 0.010 15
0.1640 8–32 0.0140 8–36 0.014 74
0.1900 10–24 0.0175 10–32 0.0200
0.2160 12–24 0.0242 12–28 0.0258
B. American Standard thread dimensions, fractional sizes
Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF

Basic major
diameter, D Size-Threads Tensile Size-Threads Tensile stress
(in) per inch, n stress area (in2) per inch, n area (in2)
0.2500 1/4–20 0.0318 1/4–28 0.0364

0.3125 5/16–18 0.0524 5/16–24 0.0580
0.3750 3/8–16 0.0775 3/8–24 0.0878
0.4375 7/16–14 0.1063 7/16–20 0.1187
0.5000 1/2–13 0.1419 1/2–20 0.1599
0.5625 9/16–12 0.182 9/16–18 0.203
0.6250 5/8–11 0.226 5/8–18 0.256
0.7500 3/4–10 0.334 3/4–16 0.373
0.8750 7/8–9 0.462 7/8–14 0.509
1.000 1 18 98 0.606 1 18 912 0.663
1.125 1 18 97 0.763 1 18 912 0.856
1.250 1 14 97 0.969 1 14 912 1.073
1.375 1 38 96 1.155 1 38 912 1.315

1.500 1 12 96 1.405 1 12 912 1.581
1.750 1 34 95 1.90
2.000 294 12 2.50

786 Appendix
TABLE A2–3 Metric Sizes of Screw Threads
Coarse threads Fine threads
Basic thread
designation
Basic major Tensile Tensile
diameter, D MD : Pitch stress area MD : Pitch stress area
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm2)
1 M1 * 0.25 0.460 — —
1.6 M1.6 * 0.35 1.27 M1.6 * 0.20 1.57
2 M2 * 0.4 2.07 M2 * 0.25 2.45
2.5 M2.5 * 0.45 3.39 M2.5 * 0.35 3.70
3 M3 * 0.5 5.03 M3 * 0.35 5.61
4 M4 * 0.7 8.78 M4 * 0.5 9.79
5 M5 * 0.8 14.2 M5 * 0.5 16.1
6 M6 * 1 20.1 M6 * 0.75 22.0
8 M8 * 1.25 36.6 M8 * 1 39.2
10 M10 * 1.5 58.0 M10 * 1.25 61.2
12 M12 * 1.75 84.3 M12 * 1.25 92.1
16 M16 * 2 157 M16 * 1.5 167
20 M20 * 2.5 245 M20 * 1.5 272
24 M24 * 3 353 M24 * 2 384
30 M30 * 3.5 561 M30 * 2 621
36 M36 * 4 817 M36 * 3 865
42 M42 * 4.5 1121
48 M48 * 5 1473

Appendix 787
APPENDIX 3 Design Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Tensile Yield Ductility

Material strength strength (percent Brinell
designation elongation hardness
(SAE number) Condition (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) in 2 in) (HB)
1020 Hot-rolled 55 379 30 207 25 111

1020 Cold-drawn 61 420 51 352 15 122
1020 Annealed 60 414 43 296 38 121
10401 Hot-rolled 72 496 42 290 18 144
1040 Cold-drawn 80 552 71 490 12 160
1040 OQT 1300 88 607 61 421 33 183
1040 OQT 400 113 779 87 600 19 262
1050 Hot-rolled 90 620 49 338 15 180
1050 Cold-drawn 100 690 84 579 10 200
1050 OQT 1300 96 662 61 421 30 192
1050 OQT 400 143 986 110 758 10 321
1117 Hot-rolled 65 448 40 276 33 124
1117 Cold-drawn 80 552 65 448 20 138
1117 WQT 350 89 614 50 345 22 178
1137 Hot-rolled 88 607 48 331 15 176
1137 Cold-drawn 98 676 82 565 10 196
1137 OQT 1300 87 600 60 414 28 174
1137 OQT 400 157 1083 136 938 5 352
11441 Hot-rolled 94 648 51 352 15 188
1144 Cold-drawn 100 690 90 621 10 200
1144 OQT 1300 96 662 68 469 25 200
1144 OQT 400 127 876 91 627 16 277
1213 Hot-rolled 55 379 33 228 25 110
1213 Cold-drawn 75 517 58 340 10 150
12L13 Hot-rolled 57 393 34 234 22 114
12L13 Cold-drawn 70 483 60 414 10 140
13401 Annealed 102 703 63 434 26 207
1340 OQT 1300 100 690 75 517 25 235
1340 OQT 1000 144 993 132 910 17 363
1340 OQT 700 221 1520 197 1360 10 444
1340 OQT 400 285 1960 234 1610 8 578
3140 Annealed 95 655 67 462 25 187
3140 OQT 1300 115 792 94 648 23 233
3140 OQT 1000 152 1050 133 920 17 311
3140 OQT 700 220 1520 200 1380 13 461
3140 OQT 400 280 1930 248 1710 11 555
4130 Annealed 81 558 52 359 28 156
4130 WQT 1300 98 676 89 614 28 202
4130 WQT 1000 143 986 132 910 16 302
4130 WQT 700 208 1430 180 1240 13 415
4130 WQT 400 234 1610 197 1360 12 461
41401 Annealed 95 655 54 372 26 197
4140 OQT 1300 117 807 100 690 23 235
4140 OQT 1000 168 1160 152 1050 17 341
4140 OQT 700 231 1590 212 1460 13 461
4140 OQT 400 290 2000 251 1730 11 578
4150 Annealed 106 731 55 379 20 197
4150 OQT 1300 127 880 116 800 20 262
4150 OQT 1000 197 1360 181 1250 11 401
4150 OQT 700 247 1700 229 1580 10 495
4150 OQT 400 300 2070 248 1710 10 578
(Continued)

788 Appendix
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
Tensile Yield Ductility

Material strength strength (percent Brinell
designation elongation hardness
(SAE number) Condition (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) in 2 in) (HB)
1
4340 Annealed 108 745 68 469 22 217
4340 OQT 1300 140 965 120 827 23 280
4340 OQT 1000 171 1180 158 1090 16 363
4340 OQT 700 230 1590 206 1420 12 461
4340 OQT 400 283 1950 228 1570 11 555
5140 Annealed 83 572 42 290 29 167
5140 OQT 1300 104 717 83 572 27 207
5140 OQT 1000 145 1000 130 896 18 302
5140 OQT 700 220 1520 200 1380 11 429
5140 OQT 400 276 1900 226 1560 7 534
5150 Annealed 98 676 52 359 22 197
5150 OQT 1300 116 800 102 700 22 241
5150 OQT 1000 160 1100 149 1030 15 321
5150 OQT 700 240 1650 220 1520 10 461
5150 OQT 400 312 2150 250 1720 8 601
5160 Annealed 105 724 40 276 17 197
5160 OQT 1300 115 793 100 690 23 229
5160 OQT 1000 170 1170 151 1040 14 341
5160 OQT 700 263 1810 237 1630 9 514
5160 OQT 400 322 2220 260 1790 4 627
61501 Annealed 96 662 59 407 23 197
6150 OQT 1300 118 814 107 738 21 241
6150 OQT 1000 183 1260 173 1190 12 375
6150 OQT 700 247 1700 223 1540 10 495
6150 OQT 400 315 2170 270 1860 7 601
8650 Annealed 104 717 56 386 22 212
8650 OQT 1300 122 841 113 779 21 255
8650 OQT 1000 176 1210 155 1070 14 363
8650 OQT 700 240 1650 222 1530 12 495
8650 OQT 400 282 1940 250 1720 11 555
8740 Annealed 100 690 60 414 22 201
8740 OQT 1300 119 820 100 690 25 241
8740 OQT 1000 175 1210 167 1150 15 363
8740 OQT 700 228 1570 212 1460 12 461
8740 OQT 400 290 2000 240 1650 10 578
9255 Annealed 113 780 71 490 22 229
9255 Q&T 1300 130 896 102 703 21 262
9255 Q&T 1000 181 1250 160 1100 14 352
9255 Q&T 700 260 1790 240 1650 5 534
9255 Q&T 400 310 2140 287 1980 2 601
Notes: Properties common to all carbon and alloy steels:
Poisson’s ratio: 0.27.
Shear modulus: 11.5 * 106 psi; 80 GPa.
Coefficient of thermal expansion: 6.5 * 10 -6°F -1.
Density: 0.283 lb/in3; 7680 kg/m3.
Modulus of elasticity: 30 * 106 psi; 207 GPa.
1
See Appendix 4 for graphs of properties versus heat treatment.

Appendix 789
APPENDIX 4 Properties of Heat-Treated Steels

Treatment: Normalized at 1650°F; reheated to 1550°F; quenched in water. Treatment: Normalized at 1650°F; reheated to 1550°F; quenched in oil.
1-in Round Treated; 0.505-in Round Tested. As-quenched HB 534. 1-in Round Treated; 0.505-in Round Tested. As-quenched HB 285.
MPa ksi MPa ksi
1400 200 1400 200
1200 1200
150 150
1000 1000
Tens Tensile stre
il
Strength of Material
e stre ngth
ngth
800 800
100 Yield point 100 Yield po

in t
600 600
70% 70%
n of area
400 Reductio 60% 400 60%
50% 50 ea 50%
50 Reduction of ar
40% 40%
30% 30%
200 Elongation 200
Elongation
20% 20%
10% 10%
0 0 0 0
Temper, °F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temper, °F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Temper, °C 200 300 400 500 600 700 Temper, °C 200 300 400 500 600 700
Hardness, HB 514 495 444 401 352 293 269 235 201 187 Hardness, HB 277 269 262 255 248 241 235 229 217 201
FIGURE A4-1 Properties of heat-treated SAE 1040, FIGURE A4-2 Properties of heat-treated SAE 1144,
water-quenched and tempered oil-quenched and tempered
Treatment: Normalized at 1600°F; reheated to 1525°F; quenched in agitated oil.

0.565-in Round Treated; 0.505-in Round Tested. As-quenched HB 601.
MPa ksi
1800
250
1600
Ten
1400
si
200
le s
Yi
tre
el
ng
dp
th
1200
oi
nt
150
1000
70%
800 a
on o f are 60%
100 Re ducti 50%
600 40%
30%
Elongation 20%
10%
50
Temper, °F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Temper, °C 200 300 400 500 600 700 FIGURE A4-3 Properties of heat-treated SAE 1340,
Hardness, HB 578 534 495 444 415 388 363 331 293 235 oil-quenched and tempered

790 Appendix
Treatment: Normalized at 1600°F; reheated to 1550°F; quenched in agitated oil. Treatment: Normalized at 1600°F; reheated to 1475°F; quenched in agitated oil.
0.530-in Round Treated; 0.505-in Round Tested. As-quenched HB 601. 0.530-in Round Treated; 0.505-in Round Tested. As-quenched HB 601.
MPa ksi MPa ksi
2000
1800
250
1800
1600 250
1600
Tensile strength 290 000 psi
1400
Te
200
ns ield
ile
Te
Y
str oin
n
1400
sil
en
1200 200
e
gt
p
str eld
h
en
t
Yi
gt oint
h
150 1200
1000
p
70% 150
1000
800
tion of area 60%
Reduc
100 50% 70%
40% of ar ea 60%
600 800 Reduction
30% 50%
Elongation 20% 100 40%
10% 30%
50 600
E lo ng at io n 20%
Temper, °F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
10%
Temper, °F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Temper, °C 200 300 400 500 600 700
Hardness, HB 578 534 495 461 429 388 341 311 277 235
Temper, °C 200 300 400 500 600 700
FIGURE A4-4 Properties of heat-treated SAE 4140, Hardness, HB 555 514 477 461 415 388 363 321 293 –
oil-quenched and tempered FIGURE A4-5 Properties of heat-treated SAE 4340,
oil-quenched and tempered
Treatment: Normalized at 1600°F; reheated to 1550°F; quenched in agitated oil.

0.565-in Round Treated; 0.505-in Round Tested. As-quenched HB 627.
MPa ksi
1800
250
1600
Yi
Te
el
ns
d
il
po
es
1400 in
tre
200 t
ng
th
1200
150
1000
70%
800
60%
rea
100 on of a 50%
Reducti 40%
600
30%
20%
Elongation
400 10%
50
Temper, °F 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Temper, °C 200 300 400 500 600 700 FIGURE A4-6 Properties of heat-treated SAE 6150,
Hardness, HB 601 578 534 495 444 401 375 341 293 241 oil-quenched and tempered

Appendix 791
APPENDIX 5 Properties of Carburized Steels

Core properties
Material Ductility
designation (percent Brinell Case
(SAE Tensile strength Yield strength elongation hardness hardness
number) Condition (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) in 2 in) (HB) (HRC)
1015 SWQT 350 106 731 60 414 15 217 62

1020 SWQT 350 129 889 72 496 11 255 62
1022 SWQT 350 135 931 75 517 14 262 62
1117 SWQT 350 125 862 66 455 10 235 65
1118 SWQT 350 144 993 90 621 13 285 61
4118 SOQT 300 143 986 93 641 17 293 62
4118 DOQT 300 126 869 63 434 21 241 62
4118 SOQT 450 138 952 89 614 17 277 56
4118 DOQT 450 120 827 63 434 22 229 56
4320 SOQT 300 218 1500 178 1230 13 429 62
4320 DOQT 300 151 1040 97 669 19 302 62
4320 SOQT 450 211 1450 173 1190 12 415 59
4320 DOQT 450 145 1000 94 648 21 293 59
4620 SOQT 300 119 820 83 572 19 277 62
4620 DOQT 300 122 841 77 531 22 248 62
4620 SOQT 450 115 793 80 552 20 248 59
4620 DOQT 450 115 793 77 531 22 235 59
4820 SOQT 300 207 1430 167 1150 13 415 61
4820 DOQT 300 204 1405 165 1140 13 415 60
4820 SOQT 450 205 1410 184 1270 13 415 57
4820 DOQT 450 196 1350 171 1180 13 401 56
8620 SOQT 300 188 1300 149 1030 11 388 64
8620 DOQT 300 133 917 83 572 20 269 64
8620 SOQT 450 167 1150 120 827 14 341 61
8620 DOQT 450 130 896 77 531 22 262 61
E9310 SOQT 300 173 1190 135 931 15 363 62
E9310 DOQT 300 174 1200 139 958 15 363 60
E9310 SOQT 450 168 1160 137 945 15 341 59
E9310 DOQT 450 169 1170 138 952 15 352 58
Notes: Properties given are for a single set of tests on 1/2-in round bars.
SWQT: single water-quenched and tempered.
SOQT: single oil-quenched and tempered.
DOQT: double oil-quenched and tempered.
300 and 450 are the tempering temperatures in °F. Steel was carburized for 8 h. Case depth ranged from 0.045 to 0.075 in.

792 Appendix
APPENDIX 6 Properties of Stainless Steels

Ductility
(percent
Material designation Tensile strength Yield strength elongation
SAE number UNS Condition (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) in 2 in)
Austenitic steels
201 S20100 Annealed 115 793 55 379 55
1/4 hard 125 862 75 517 20
1/2 hard 150 1030 110 758 10
3/4 hard 175 1210 135 931 5
Full hard 185 1280 140 966 4
301 S30100 Annealed 110 758 40 276 60
1/4 hard 125 862 75 517 25
1/2 hard 150 1030 110 758 15
3/4 hard 175 1210 135 931 12
Full hard 185 1280 140 966 8
304 S30400 Annealed 85 586 35 241 60
310 S31000 Annealed 95 655 45 310 45
316 S31600 Annealed 80 552 30 207 60
Ferritic steels
405 S40500 Annealed 70 483 40 276 30
430 S43000 Annealed 75 517 40 276 30
Full hard 90 621 80 552 15
446 S44600 Annealed 80 552 50 345 25
Martensitic steels
410 S41000 Annealed 75 517 40 276 30
416 S41600 Q&T 600 180 1240 140 966 15
Q&T 1000 145 1000 115 793 20
Q&T 1400 90 621 60 414 30
431 S43100 Q&T 600 195 1344 150 1034 15
440A S44002 Q&T 600 280 1930 270 1860 3
501 S50100 Annealed 70 483 30 207 28
OQT 1000 175 1210 135 931 15
Precipitation-hardening steels
17-4PH S17400 H 900 210 1450 185 1280 14
H 1150 145 1000 125 862 19
17-7PH S17700 RH 950 200 1380 175 1210 10
TH 1050 175 1210 155 1070 12
PH 13-8 Mo S13800 H 950 220 1517 205 1413 10
H 1050 175 1207 165 1138 12
H 1150 135 931 90 621 14

Appendix 793
APPENDIX 7 Properties of Structural Steels

Ultimate strength, su 1 Yield strength, sy 1 Percent
elongation
Material ASTM no. and products ksi MPa ksi MPa in 2 in
A36—Carbon steel: shapes, 58 400 36 248 21

plates, and bars
A 53—grade B-pipe 60 414 35 240 23
A242—HSLA corrosion resistant:
shapes, plates, and bars
… 3
in thick 70 483 50 345 21
4
3
to 1 12 in thick 67 462 46 317 21
4
1 12 to 4 in thick 63 434 42 290 21
A500—Cold-formed structural tubing

Round, grade B 58 400 42 290 23
Round, grade C 62 427 46 317 21
Shaped, grade B 58 400 46 317 23
Shaped, grade C 65 427 50 345 21
A501—Hot-formed structural tubing, 58 400 36 248 23
round or shaped
A514—Quenched and tempered alloy
steel: plate
… 2 12 in thick 110 758 100 690 18
2 12 to 6 in thick 100 690 90 620 16
A572—HSLA columbium-vanadium
steel: shapes, plates, and bars
Grade 42 60 414 42 290 24
Grade 50 65 448 50 345 21
Grade 60 75 517 60 414 18
Grade 65 80 552 65 448 17
A913—HSLA, grade 65: shapes 80 552 65 448 17
A992—HSLA: W-Shapes only 65 448 50 345 21
1
Notes: Minimum values; may range higher.
HSLA—High strength low-alloy.
The American Institute of Steel Construction specifies E = 29 * 106 psi (200 GPa) for structural steel.

794 Appendix
APPENDIX 8 Design Properties of Cast Iron—U.S. Units Basis3

U.S. units Ultimate strength Yield strength
1
Modulus of Percent
1 1
su suc sus syt elasticity, E elongation
Material type
2 2 2 2 2
and grade ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa 106 psi GPa %
Gray iron—ASTM A48

No. 20A 20 138 80 552 32 221 — — 12.2 84 61.0
No. 30A 30 207 113 779 47 324 — — 16.9 117 61.0
No. 40A 40 276 140 965 57 393 — — 19.4 134 61.0
No. 50A 50 345 158 1089 66 455 — — 20.8 143 61.0
No. 60A 60 414 170 1172 72 496 — — 21.5 148 61.0
Ductile iron—ASTM A536
60-40-18 60 414 — — 57 393 40 276 24 165 18
65-45-12 65 448 — — — — 45 310 24 165 12
80-55-08 80 552 — — — — 55 379 24 165 6
100-70-03 100 690 — — — — 70 483 24 165 3
120-90-02 120 827 180 1241 — — 90 621 23 159 2
Austempered ductile iron (ADI)—ASTM A897
110/70/11 110 758 — — — — 70 483 22 152 11
130/90/09 130 896 — — — — 90 621 22 152 9
150/110/07 150 1034 — — — — 110 758 22 152 7
175/125/04 175 1207 — — — — 125 862 22 152 4
200/155/02 200 1379 — — — — 155 1069 22 152 2
230/185/01 230 1586 — — — — 185 1276 22 152 1
Ferritic malleable iron—ASTM A47
32510 50 345 — — — — 32.5 224 25 172 10
Pearlitic malleable iron—ASTM A220
40010 60 414 240 1655 43 296 40 276 26 179 10
45008 65 448 240 1655 49 338 45 310 26 179 8
45006 65 448 240 1655 49 338 45 310 26 179 6
50005 70 483 240 1655 55 379 50 345 26 179 5
60004 80 552 240 1655 65 448 60 414 26 179 4
70003 85 586 240 1655 68 469 70 483 26 179 3
80002 95 655 240 1655 75 517 80 552 26 179 2
90001 105 724 240 1655 78 538 90 621 26 179 1
1
Notes: Approximate values; not part of the standards; If critical, negotiate with supplier.
2
Metric data computed using: (6.895 * U.S. data); Not part of the standards.
3
The density of cast irons ranges from 0.25 lbm/in3 to 0.27 lbm/in3 (6920 kg/m3 to 7480 kg/m3).

Appendix 795
APPENDIX 8A Design Properties of Cast Iron—SI Units Basis3

SI units Ultimate strength Yield strength
1
Modulus of Percent
1 1
su suc sus syt elasticity, E elongation
Material type
2 2 2 2
and grade ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa 106 psi GPa %
Gray iron—ASTM A48M

No. 150A 22 150 — — — — — — 12.2 84 61.0
No. 200A 29 200 — — — — — — 16.9 117 61.0
No. 275A 40 275 — — — — — — 19.4 134 61.0
No. 350A 51 350 — — — — — — 20.8 143 61.0
No. 400A 58 400 — — — — — — 21.5 148 61.0
Ductile iron—ASTM A536 Note: No metric grades included in the standard.
Austempered ductile iron (ADI)—ASTM A897M

750/500/11 109 750 — — — — 73 500 22 152 11
900/650/09 131 900 — — — — 94 650 22 152 9
1050/750/07 152 1050 — — — — 109 750 22 152 7
1200/850/04 174 1200 — — — — 123 850 22 152 4
1400/1100/02 203 1400 — — — — 160 1100 22 152 2
1600/1300/01 232 1600 — — — — 189 1300 22 152 1
Ferritic malleable iron—ASTM A47M
22010 49 340 — — — — 32 220 25 172 10
Pearlitic malleable iron—ASTM A220M
280M10 58 400 — — — — 41 280 26 179 10
310M8 65 450 — — — — 45 310 26 179 8
310M6 65 450 — — — — 45 310 26 179 6
340M5 70 480 — — — — 49 340 26 179 5
410M4 80 550 — — — — 59 410 26 179 4
480M3 86 590 — — — — 70 480 26 179 3
550M2 94 650 — — — — 80 550 26 179 2
620M1 104 720 — — — — 90 620 26 179 1
Notes: Five additional intermediate grades are included in standard A48M for gray iron.
1
Approximate values; not part of the standards; If critical, negotiate with supplier.
2
U.S. data computed using: (SI data/6.895); Not part of the standards.
3
The density of cast irons ranges from 6920 kg/m3 to 7480 kg/m3 (0.25 lbm/in3 to 0.27 lbm/in3).

796 Appendix
APPENDIX 9 Typical Properties of Aluminum

Tensile Yield Ductility Shearing Endurance
Alloy strength strength (percent strength strength
and elongation
temper (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) in 2 in) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa)
1060-O 10 69 4 28 43 7 48 3 21
1060-H14 14 97 13 90 12 9 62 5 34
1060-H18 19 131 18 124 6 11 121 6.5 41
1350-O 12 83 4 28 28 8 55
1350-H14 16 110 14 97 10 69
1350-H19 27 186 24 165 15 103 7 48
2014-O 27 186 14 97 18 18 124 13 90
2014-T4 62 427 42 290 20 38 262 20 138
2014-T6 70 483 60 414 13 42 290 18 124
2024-O 27 186 11 76 22 18 124 13 90
2024-T4 68 469 47 324 19 41 283 20 138
2024-T361 72 496 57 393 13 42 290 18 124
2219-O 25 172 11 76 18
2219-T62 60 414 42 290 10 15 103
2219-T87 69 476 57 393 10 15 103
3003-O 16 110 6 41 40 11 121 7 48
3003-H14 22 152 21 145 16 14 97 9 62
3003-H18 29 200 27 186 10 16 110 10 69
5052-O 28 193 13 90 30 18 124 16 110
5052-H34 38 262 31 214 14 21 145 18 124
5052-H38 42 290 37 255 8 24 165 20 138
6061-O 18 124 8 55 30 12 83 9 62
6061-T4 35 241 21 145 25 24 165 14 97
6061-T6 45 310 40 276 17 30 207 14 97
6063-O 13 90 7 48 10 69 8 55
6063-T4 25 172 13 90 22
6063-T6 35 241 31 214 12 22 152 10 69
7178-O 33 228 15 103 16
7178-T6 88 607 78 538 11
7075-O 33 228 15 103 16 22 152
7075-T6 83 572 73 503 11 48 331 23 159
Casting alloys (permanent mold casting)
204.0-14 48 331 29 200 8 — —
206.0-T6 65 445 59 405 6 — —
356.0-T6 41 283 30 207 10 — —
Note: Common properties:
Density: 0.095 to 0.102 lb/in3 (2635 to 2829 kg/m3).
Endurance strength at 5 * 108 cycles.
Modulus of elasticity Alloys

6
10.0 * 10 psi (69.0 GPa) 1100, 3003, 6061, 6063
6
10.2 * 10 psi (70.3 GPa) 5154
10.4 * 106 psi (71.7 GPa) 7075

6
10.6 * 10 psi (73.1 GPa) 2014

Z01_MOTT1184_06_SE_APP.indd 797
APPENDIX 10–1 Properties of Die-Cast Zinc Alloys
Tensile Yield Compression Percent Modulus of Impact
strength strength strength elongation Density elasticity strength
Material
designation (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (%) (lbm/in3) (kg/m3) (106 psi) (GPa) (ft # lb) (J or N # m
ZAMAK #3 41 283 32 221 60 414 10 0.240 6600 12.4 85.5 43.0 58

ZAMAK #5 48 331 33 228 87 600 7 0.240 6600 12.4 85.5 48.0 65
ZA-8 54 374 42 290 37 252 8 0.227 6300 12.4 85.5 31.0 42
ZA-12 59 404 46 320 39 269 5.5 0.216 6000 12.0 82.7 21.0 29
ZA-27 61 421 55 379 52 385 2 0.181 5000 11.3 77.9 9.0 5
Note: Strength values are typical average values; may range higher or lower.
APPENDIX 10–2 Properties of Die-Cast Magnesium Alloys

1
Tensile Yield Compression Percent Modulus of Impact
strength strength strength elongation Density elasticity strength
Material
designation (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (%) (lbm/in3) (kg/m3) (106 psi) (GPa) (ft # lb) (J or N # m
AZ-91 33.4 230 22.5 155 21.5 148 3 0.0654 1810 6.5 45 4.4 6
MgA19Zn1(A)
AM-60 31.9 220 19.6 135 — — 9 0.0650 1800 6.5 45 12.5 17
MgA16Mn
AM-50 29.7 205 17.4 120 16.4 113 10 0.0639 1770 6.5 45 13.3 18
MgA15Mn
AM-20 26.8 185 13.1 90 10.7 74 13 0.0632 1750 6.5 45 13.3 18
MgA12Mn
Notes: Strength values are typical average values; may range higher or lower.
1
Also called 0.2% proof stress.
797
3/17/17 3:15 PM
798
APPENDIX 11–1 Properties of Nickel-Based Alloys
Tensile Yield Percent Modulus of
strength strength elongation Density elasticity
Material
designation (ksi) (Mpa) (ksi) (MPa) (%) (lbm /in3) (kg/m3) (106 psi) GPa
N06600 Annealed 93 640 37 255 45 0.304 8420 30 207
N06110 40% cold worked 175 1205 150 1034 18 0.302 8330 30 207
N04400 Annealed 80 550 30 207 50 0.318 8800 26 181
N04400 cold drawn 100 690 75 517 30 0.318 8800 26 181
APPENDIX 11–2 Properties of Titanium Alloys

Tensile Yield Percent Modulus of
strength strength elongation Density elasticity
Material
designation (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (%) (lbm/in3) (kg/m3) (106 psi) (GPa)
Commercially Pure alpha

titanium
Ti-35A Wrought 35 241 25 172 24 0.163 4515 15.0 103
Ti-50A Wrought 50 345 40 276 20 0.163 4515 15.0 103
Ti-65 Wrought 65 448 55 379 18 0.163 4515 15.0 103
Alpha alloy
Ti-0.2Pd Wrought 50 345 40 276 20 0.163 4515 14.9 103
Beta alloy
Ti-3Al-13V-11Cr 135 931 130 896 16 0.176 4875 14.7 101
Air cooled from 1400°F
Ti-3Al-13V-11Cr 185 1280 175 1210 6 0.176 4875 16.0 110
Air cooled from 1400°F
and aged
Alpha–beta alloy
Ti-6Al-4V 130 896 120 827 10 0.160 4432 16.5 114
Annealed
Ti-6Al-4V 160 1100 150 1030 7 0.160 4432 16.5 114
Quenched and aged
at 1000°F
3/17/17 3:15 PM
APPENDIX 12 Properties of Bronzes, Brasses, and Other Copper Alloys
Modulus of
Tensile strength Yield strength elasticity Density
UNS number Ductility
Material designation (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (% elongation) (106 psi) (GPa) lbm/in3 kg/m3
Bronzes—Wrought bars, rods

Leaded phosphor bronze C54400-H04 68 469 57 393 20 15.0 103 0.320 8890
Silicon bronze C65500-H06 108 745 60 414 13 15.0 103 0.308 8530
Manganese bronze C67500-H02 84 579 60 414 19 15.0 103 0.302 8360
Bronzes—Sand cast
Manganese bronze C86200-M01 95 655 48 331 20 15.0 103 0.288 7970
Bearing bronze C93200-M01 35 241 18 124 20 14.5 100 0.322 8910
Aluminum bronze C95400-M01 85 586 35 241 18 15.5 107 0.269 7450
Copper-nickel-iron alloy C96200-M01 45 310 25 172 20 18.0 124 0.323 8940
Copper-nickel-zinc alloy (also called C97300-M01 35 241 17 117 20 16.0 110 0.321 8890
nickel silver)
Brasses—Wrought bars, rods
Extra high-leaded brass C35600-H02 55 379 25 172 10 97 14.0 0.307 8500
Free-cutting brass C36000-H04 65 448 30 207 6 103 15.0 0.307 8500
Free-cutting Muntz metal C37000-H04 80 552 60 414 6 103 15.0 0.304 8410
Naval brass C46400-H02 75 517 53 365 20 103 15.0 0.304 8410
Notes:
1. Strength and ductility values listed are typical at the approximate middle of available ranges and not guaranteed.
2. Properties vary widely for different section sizes, strain hardening, and thermal treatment conditions.
3. Strain hardening conditions: 1/8 hard (H00), 1/4 hard (H01), 1/2 hard (H02), 3/4 hard (H03), full hard (H04), extra hard (H06), spring (H08), and higher.
4. More details and data for numerous additional alloys can be found at www.copper.org/resources/properties.
799
3/17/17 3:15 PM
800
APPENDIX 13 Typical Properties of Selected Plastics
Tensile Tensile Flexural Flexural Impact
strength modulus strength modulus strength IZOD
(ft # lb/in
Material Type (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) of notch)
1
Nylon 66 Dry 21.0 146 1200 8700 32.0 221 1100 7900
30% Glass 50% R.H. 15.0 102 800 5500
2
ABS Medium-impact 6.0 41 360 2480 11.5 79 310 2140 4.0
High-impact 5.0 34 250 1720 8.0 55 260 1790 7.0
Polycarbonate General-purpose 9.0 62 340 2340 11.0 76 300 2070 12.0
Acrylic Standard 10.5 72 430 2960 16.0 110 460 3170 0.4
High-impact 5.4 37 220 1520 7.0 48 230 1590 1.2
3
PVC Rigid 6.0 41 350 2410 300 2070 0.4–20.0
(varies widely)
Polyimide 25% graphite 5.7 39 12.8 88 900 6210 0.25
powder filler
Glass-fiber filler 27.0 186 50.0 345 3250 22 400 17.0
Laminate 50.0 345 70.0 483 4000 27 580 13.0
Acetal Copolymer 8.0 55 410 2830 13.0 90 375 2590 1.3
Polyurethane Elastomer 5.0 34 100 690 0.6 4 No break
Phenolic General 6.5 45 1100 7580 9.0 62 1100 7580 0.3
4
Polyester with glass-fiber mat reinforcement (approx. 30% glass by weight)
Lay-up, contact mold 9.0 62 16.0 110 800 5520
Cold-press molded 12.0 83 22.0 152 1300 8960
Compression molded 25.0 172 10.0 69 1300 8960
1
Notes: Also known as Polyamide 66 or PA 66.
2
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene.
3
Polyvinyl chloride.
4
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thermoplastic polyester resin.
3/17/17 3:15 PM
Appendix 801
APPENDIX 14 Beam-Deflection Formulas
TABLE A14–1 Beam-Deflection Formulas for Simply Supported Beams
- PL3 P
yB = ymax = at center y
48EI L/2
A B C
Between A and B:
x
- Px L
y = (3L2 - 4x 2)
48EI
(a)
- Pab(L + b) 23a(L + b)
ymax =
27EIL
at x1 = 2a(L + b)/3
- Pa2b 2
yB = at load
3EIL a>b P
c
Between A and B (the longer segment): a b
A x1 B C D
- Pbx 2
y = (L - b 2 - x 2)
6EIL
x v
L
Between B and C (the shorter segment):
- Pav 2
y = (L - v 2 - a2)
6EIL
At end of overhang at D:
Pabc
yD = (L + a)
6EIL (b)
- Pa
yE = ymax = (3L2 - 4a2) at center
24EI
- Pa2
yB = yC = (3L - 4a) at loads P P
6EI
a a
Between A and B: E
A B C D
- Px
y = (3aL - 3a2 - x 2) x
6EI L
Between B and C:
- Pa
y = (3Lx - 3x 2 - a2)
6EI
(c)
- 5wL4 - 5WL3
yB = ymax = = at center
384EI 384EI Total load = W = wL
Between A and B: w = uniformly distributed load
A B C
- wx 3 D
y = (L - 2Lx 2 + x 3) x L/2 a
24EI
L
At D at end:
wL3a
yD =
24EI (d)
(Continued)

802 Appendix
Table A14–1 (Continued )
Between A and B: w = uniformly

A distributed load B
- wx 2
y = [a (2L - a)2 - 2ax 2(2L - a) + Lx 3] C
24EIL
a
Between B and C:
x
- wa2(L - x) L
y = (4Lx - 2x 2 - a2)
24EIL
(e)
MB = concentrated moment at B y
x
Between A and B: MB
- MB 3a2 x3 A B C
y = J a 6a - - 2L b x - R
6EI L L a b
Between B and C: L
MB x3 3a2
y = J 3a2 + 3x 2 - - a 2L + bx R
6EI L L (f)
RA P
At C at end of overhang:
- Pa2
yC = (L + a)
3EI A x D B C
0.577L
At D, maximum upward deflection: RB
PaL2 L a
yD = 0.06415
EI (g)
At C at center: Total load = W = wL

- W(L - 2a) 53
24 a 2 w = uniformly distributed load
y = c (L - 2a) - a bR
384EI L L L - 2a A
B D E
C
At A and E at ends: a a
- W(L - 2a)3a a 2
a 3 L
y = J -1 + 6a b + 3a b R
24EIL L - 2a L - 2a
(h)
At C at center: P P
2
PL a B D
y =
8EI
A C E
At A and E at ends at loads: a a
- Pa2 3 L/2
y = aa + Lb L
3EI 2
(i)
At B: w = uniformly distributed load

2 2
wa L
y = 0.03208
EI
A B C D
At D at end:
0.577L
- wa3 a
y = (4L + 3a) L
24EI
(j)
Source: Engineering Data for Aluminum Structures (Washington, DC: The Aluminum Association, 1986), pp. 63–77.

Appendix 803
TABLE A14–2 Beam-Deflection Formulas for Cantilevers
At B at end:
y P
- PL3
yB = ymax = L
3EI A B
Between A and B:
x
2
- Px
y = (3L - x)
6EI (a)
At B at load:
- Pa3
yB =
3EI
L
At C at end:
- Pa2 P
yC = ymax = (3L - a) a b
6EI
A B C
Between A and B:
- Px 2 x
y = (3a - x)
6EI
Between B and C:
- Pa2
y = (3x - a)
6EI (b)
W = total load = wL
L
At B at end:
w = uniformly distributed load
- WL3 A B
yB = ymax =
8EI
x
Between A and B:
- Wx 2
y = [2L2 + (2L - x)2]
24EIL (c)
MB = concentrated moment at end

L
At B at end:
- MBL2 B
yB = ymax = A
2EI
Between A and B: x MB
2
- MBx
y =
2EI (d)

804 Appendix
TABLE A14–3 Beam Diagrams and Beam-Deflection Formulas for Statically Indeterminate Beams
Deflections
P y
At B at load:
L/2 L/2
- 7 PL3 A B D C
yB =
768 EI
0.447L
ymax is at v = 0.447L at D: MA L
RA = 11∕ P RC = 5∕16 P
16
x v
- PL3
yD = ymax = 11∕
16 P
107EI
Between A and B: Shearing

force, V 0
- Px 2
y = (9L - 11x) – 5∕16 P
96EI 5PL
= MB
Between B and C: 32
Bending
- Pv moment,
y = (3L2 - 5v 2)
96EI M
0
–3PL
= –MA
16
(a)
Reactions
Pb
RA = (3L2 - b 2)
2L3
Pa2 L
RC = (b + 2L) P
2L3 a b
Moments A B C
- Pab
MA = (b + L) MA
2L2 RA RC
2 x v
Pa b
MB = (b + 2L) RA
2L3
Shearing
Deflections force, V
At B at load: 0
3 2
- Pa b –RC
yB = (3L + b) MB
12EIL3
Between A and B: Bending
moment, 0
2
- Px b M
y = 3
(3C1 - C2x)
12EIL
–MA
C1 = aL(L + b); C2 = (L + a)(L + b) + aL
Between B and C:
- Pa2v
y = [3L2b - v 2(3L - a)]
12EIL3 (b)

Appendix 805
Reactions
W = total load = wL y
5
RA = W
8 w = uniformly distributed load
A
3
RB = W D C B
8 L/2
MA 0.579L
Moments RA RB
L
MA = - 0.125WL
x
ME = 0.0703WL RA
Deflections Shearing 3∕ L
8
force, V
At C at x = 0.579L: 0
E
- WL3 –RB
yC = ymax =
185EI L∕ ME = Mmax
4
At D at center: Bending
A B
3
moment, 0
- WL M
yD =
192EI
–MA
Between A and B:
- Wx 2(L - x)
y = (3L - 2x)
48EIL
(c)
Reactions RA P
- 3Pa MA L a
RA =
2L A C
3a
RB = Pa 1 + b B
2L
RB
Moments
P
Pa
MA =
2
MB = - Pa Shearing
0
force, V
Deflection
–RA
At C at end:
MA
- PL3 a2 a3
yC = a 2 + b Bending
EI 4L 3L3 0
moment,
M
–MB
(d)
(Continued)

806 Appendix
Moments L
y
MB = PL/8; MA = MC = - PL/8 P
L/2
Deflections
A B C
At B at center:
- PL3 MA MC
yB = ymax = RA = P∕2 RC = P∕2
192EI
x
Between A and B: RA
Shearing
force, V
- Px 2 0
y = (3L - 4x)
48EI
–RC
L∕
4 MB = PL∕8
Bending
0
moment,
M
–MA –MC
(e)
Reactions
Pb 2
RA = (3a + b)
L3
Pa2
RC = (3b + a)
L3
Moments L
P
- Pab 2
MA = a b
L2 (a > b) D
A B C
2Pa2b 2
MB =
L3 x v
MA x1 MC
- Pa2b RA RC
MC =
L2
Deflections
At B at load: RA
Shearing
- Pa3b 3 force, V
0
yB =
3EIL3
2aL –RC
At D at x1 =
3a + b
MB
- 2Pa3b 2
yD = ymax =
3EI(3a + b)2 Bending 0
moment,
Between A and B (longer segment): M –MA
–MC
2 2
- Px b
y = [2a(L - x) + L(a - x)]
6EIL3
Between B and C (shorter segment):
- Pv 2a2
y = [2b(L - v) + L(b - v)]
6EIL3 (f )

Appendix 807
Moments L
- WL y W = total load = wL
MA = MC =
12
WL w = uniformly distributed load
A
MB =
24 B C
MA x MC
Deflections L/2
At B at center: RA = W/2 RC = W/2
3
- WL
yB = ymax =
384EI
RA
Between A and C:
Shearing
- wx 2 force, V 0
y = (L - x)2
24EI
–RC
MB
Bending
moment, 0
M
–MA –MC
(g)
Reactions w = uniformly distributed load

3wL
RA = RC = A x1 B x1 C
8
RB = 1.25wL L L
RA RB RC
Shearing forces
3wL
VA = VC = RA = RC =
8 VB
5wL VA
VB = Shearing
8
force, V 0
Moments
–VC
MD = ME = 0.0703wL2 –VB
MB = - 0.125wL2 3L 3L
Deflections 8 8
MD ME
At x1 = 0.4215L from A or C:
Bending
- wL4 moment,
ymax = 0
185EI M
A D E C
Between A and B:
–MB
-w 3
y = (L x - 3Lx 3 + 2x 4) B
48EI
(h)
(Continued)

808 Appendix
Reactions y
RA = RD = 0.4wL w = uniformly distributed load
RB = RC = 1.10wL
A B C D
Moments MA L L L
RA RB RC RD
ME = MF = 0.08wL2
MB = MC = - 0.10wL2 = Mmax
MG = 0.025wL2 0.6wL
0.4wL 0.5wL
Shearing 0.5L 0.4L
force, V 0
–0.5wL –0.4wL
0.4L –0.6wL
Bending ME MF
moment,
M MG
0
E G F
–MB –MC
(i )
Reactions
w = uniformly distributed load
RA = RE = 0.393wL
RB = RD = 1.143wL A B C D E
MA L L L L
RC = 0.928wL RA RB RC RD RE
Shearing forces
VA = + 0.393wL
0.39L +VB +VD
- VB = - 0.607wL +VA +VC 0.39L
+ VB = + 0.536wL Shearing 0.54L
- VC = - 0.464wL 0
force, V
+ VC = + 0.464wL 0.54L –VE
–VC –VD
- VD = - 0.536wL –VB
+ VD = + 0.607wL
- VE = - 0.393wL MF MI
Bending
Moments moment, MG MH
M
MB = MD = - 0.1071wL2 = Mmax
0
MF = MI = 0.0772wL2
MC = - 0.0714wL2
MC
MG = MH = 0.0364wL2
MB MD
(j )

Appendix 809
APPENDIX 15 Commercially Available Shapes Used for Load-Carrying Members

Table No. Units Description
15–1 U.S. Angles: Steel and aluminum, equal and unequal legs, L-shapes, larger sizes: 2 in to 8 in
15–2 U.S. Angles: Steel and aluminum, equal and unequal legs, smaller sizes: 0.50 in to 2.5 in
15–3 SI Angles: Steel and aluminum, equal and unequal legs, 10 mm to 100 mm
15–4 U.S. Channels: Steel and aluminum, American Standard, C-shapes, larger sizes: 3 in to 15 in
depth
15–5 U.S. Channels: Aluminum, smaller sizes: 0.5 in to 2.0 in depth
15–6 U.S. Channels: Aluminum, Aluminum Association Standard shapes, larger sizes: 2 in to 12 in
depth
15–7 SI Channels: Aluminum, European standard shapes: 10 mm to 160 mm depth
15–8 SI Channels: Steel, European standard shapes: 30 mm to 400 mm depth
15–9 U.S. I-beam shapes: Steel wide-flange shapes, W-shapes: 4 in to 24 in depth
15–10 U.S. I-beam shapes: Steel, American Standard, S-shapes: 3 in to 24 in depth
15–11 U.S. I-beam shapes: Aluminum Association standard shapes: 3 in to 12 in depth
15–12 U.S. I-beam shapes: Aluminum, small extruded shapes: 0.70 in to 2.11 in depth
15–13 SI I-beam shapes: Steel, European standard shapes: 80 mm to 600 mm depth
15–14 U.S. Hollow tubing: Steel, square and rectangular, standard structural HSS shapes: 2 in to 8 in
depth
15–15 U.S. Hollow tubing: Steel and aluminum, square and rectangular, smaller sizes: 0.375 in to
3.00 in depth
15–16 SI Hollow tubing: Steel and aluminum, square and rectangular: 20 mm to 300 mm depth
15–17 U.S. Pipe: Steel, American National Standard Schedule 40 and AISC standard: 1/8 in to 18 in
sizes
15–18 U.S. Mechanical tubing: Steel and aluminum: 0.50 in to 5.0 in outside diameters
15–19 SI Mechanical tubing: Steel and aluminum: 10 mm to 150 mm outside diameters
Notes: Each table lists sample sizes of shapes commonly used for beam, column, or tension members.
Included are standard size designations, detailed dimensions, and section properties.
Section properties include cross-sectional area, moment of inertia, and section modulus.
For some sections, torsional moment of inertia, section modulus, and radius of gyration are also listed.
Numerous additional shapes are typically commercially available.
Internet sites for companies supplying each kind of shape are listed to aid in finding other sizes.
However, not all sites incude the section properties data. See Appendix 1 for formulas for section properties.
Actual data listed obtained from a variety of sources.

810 Appendix
Angles: Equal and unequal legs

Tables 15–1 to 15–3
a a
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–1 Angles: Steel and Aluminum, Equal and Unequal Legs, L-Shapes, Larger Sizes: 2 in to 8 in
*Section properties
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y Axis Z–Z

Area A Weight per
Designation (in2) foot (lb/ft) I x (in4) Sx (in3) y (in) I y (in4) Sy (in3) x (in) r (in) A (deg)
L8 * 8 * 1 15.0 51.0 89.0 15.8 2.37 89.0 15.8 2.37 1.56 45.0
L8 * 8 * 1/2 7.75 26.4 48.6 8.36 2.19 48.6 8.36 2.19 1.59 45.0
L8 * 4 * 1 11.0 37.4 69.6 14.1 3.05 11.6 3.94 1.05 0.846 13.9
L8 * 4 * 1/2 5.75 19.6 38.5 7.49 2.86 6.74 2.15 0.859 0.865 14.9
L6 * 6 * 3/4 8.44 28.7 28.2 6.66 1.78 28.2 6.66 1.78 1.17 45.0
L6 * 6 * 3/8 4.36 14.9 15.4 3.53 1.64 15.4 3.53 1.64 1.19 45.0
L6 * 4 * 3/4 6.94 23.6 24.5 6.25 2.08 8.68 2.97 1.08 0.860 23.2
L6 * 4 * 3/8 3.61 12.3 13.5 3.32 1.94 4.90 1.60 0.941 0.877 24.0
L4 * 4 * 1/2 3.75 12.8 5.56 1.97 1.18 5.56 1.97 1.18 0.782 45.0
L4 * 4 * 1/4 1.94 6.6 3.04 1.05 1.09 3.04 1.05 1.09 0.795 45.0
L4 * 3 * 1/2 3.25 11.1 5.05 1.89 1.33 2.42 1.12 0.827 0.639 28.5
L4 * 3 * 1/4 1.69 5.8 2.77 1.00 1.24 1.36 0.599 0.896 0.651 29.2
L3 * 3 * 1/2 2.75 9.4 2.22 1.07 0.932 2.22 1.07 0.932 0.584 45.0
L3 * 3 * 1/4 1.44 4.9 1.24 0.577 0.842 1.24 0.577 0.842 0.592 45.0
L2 * 2 * 3/8 1.36 4.7 0.479 0.351 0.636 0.479 0.351 0.636 0.389 45.0
L2 * 2 * 1/4 0.938 3.19 0.348 0.247 0.592 0.348 0.247 0.592 0.391 45.0
L2 * 2 * 1/8 0.484 1.65 0.190 0.131 0.546 0.190 0.131 0.546 0.398 45.0
Note: *I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration.
Example designation: L4 * 3 * 1/2.
4 = length of longer leg (in); 3 = length of shorter leg (in); 1/2 = thickness of legs (in).
Z–Z is axis of minimum moment of inertia (I) and radius of gyration (r).
Sources for data for additional sizes: Central Steel & Wire Co., multiple locations.
Earl M. Jorgensen Co., multiple locations.

Appendix 811
x Y
w Centroid
X X
y
h
Y
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–2 Angles: Steel and Aluminum, Equal and Unequal Legs, Smaller Sizes: 0.50 in to 2.5 in
*Section properties
**Weight/ft Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

Short Long
side side Thickness Area Steel Aluminum Ix Sx y Iy Sy x
h w t A
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in2) (lb/ft) (lb/ft) 4
(in ) 3
(in ) (in) (in ) 4
(in )3
(in)
a 1/2 1/2 1/8 0.109 0.372 0.131 0.00230 0.00698 0.170 0.00230 0.00698 0.170
b 5/8 5/8 1/8 0.141 0.478 0.169 0.00479 0.0113 0.201 0.00479 0.0113 0.201
c 7/8 7/8 1/8 0.203 0.691 0.244 0.01420 0.0233 0.264 0.0142 0.0233 0.264
d 5/8 1 1/8 0.188 0.637 0.225 0.00553 0.0121 0.167 0.0185 0.0286 0.354
e 3/4 1 1/8 0.203 0.691 0.244 0.00947 0.0174 0.207 0.0197 0.0295 0.332
f 1 1 1/8 0.234 0.797 0.281 0.0217 0.0309 0.296 0.0217 0.0309 0.296
g 1 1 1/4 0.438 1.487 0.525 0.0369 0.0558 0.339 0.0369 0.0558 0.339
h 1 1/4 1 1/4 1/8 0.297 1.009 0.356 0.0439 0.0493 0.359 0.0439 0.0493 0.359
i 1 1/4 1 1/4 1/4 0.563 1.912 C.675 0.0767 0.0905 0.403 0.0767 0.0905 0.403
j 7/8 13/8 1/8 0.266 0.903 0.319 0.0162 0.0247 0.217 0.0509 0.0560 0.467
k 1 1/4 1 1/2 3/16 0.480 1.633 0.577 0.0651 0.0726 0.353 0.1035 0.1013 0.478
l 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/8 0.359 1.222 0.431 0.0778 0.0721 0.421 0.0778 0.0721 0.421
m 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/4 0.688 2.337 0.825 0.1385 0.1340 0.466 0.139 0.1340 0.466
n 1 1/4 1 3/4 1/8 0.359 1.222 0.431 0.0486 0.0515 0.307 0.113 0.0943 0.557
o 1 3/4 1 3/4 1/8 0.422 1.434 0.506 0.1256 0.0992 0.484 0.126 0.0992 0.484
p 1 3/4 1 3/4 1/4 0.813 2.762 0.975 0.2272 0.1860 0.529 0.227 0.186 0.529
q 1 1/4 2 3/16 0.574 1.952 0.689 0.0707 0.0752 0.311 0.232 0.177 0.686
r 1 1/2 2 1/8 0.422 1.434 0.506 0.0847 0.0748 0.368 0.173 0.125 0.618
s 1 1/2 2 1/4 0.813 2.762 0.975 0.1515 0.139 0.413 0.316 0.236 0.663
t 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 0.715 2.430 0.858 0.1275 0.111 0.352 0.461 0.279 0.852
Notes: *I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and their locations x and y.
Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to Inside and/or outside corners.
Numerous additional sizes available. Consult vendors.
** Using density of steel = 0.283 lbm/in3; density of aluminum = 0.100 lbm/in3. (May range from 0.095 lbm in3 to 0.102 lbm in3.)
Some sizes are also available in stainless steel. Check with vendor.
Sources for data for additional sizes: Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co./Earl M. Jorgensen Co., multiple locations.
Central Steel & Wire Co., multiple locations.
OnlineMetals.com, Seattle, WA.
Paramount Extrusions, Co., Paramount, CA.
Metals Depot, Winchester, KY.

812 Appendix
x Y
w Centroid
X X
y
h
Y
SI Units
TABLE 15–3 Angles: Steel and Aluminum, Equal and Unequal Legs, 10 mm to 100 mm
*Section properties
Short Long **Weight/m Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

side side Thickness Area
h w t A Steel Aluminum Ix Sx y Iy Sy x
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (N/m) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 10 15 3 66.0 4.973 1.79 477 69.1 3.09 1375 146 5.59

b 10 20 3 81.0 6.103 2.20 520 72.1 2.80 3140 257 7.80
c 15 20 3 96.0 7.233 2.61 1743 163 4.31 3653 277 6.81
d 15 25 3 111 8.363 3.01 1856 168 3.93 6876 428 8.93
e 15 30 3 126 9.493 3.42 1946 171 3.64 1.146E + 04 608 11.1
f 20 20 3 111 8.363 3.01 4030 290 6.09 4030 290 6.09
g 20 30 3 141 10.623 3.83 4551 306 5.12 1.272E + 04 640 10.1
h 20 40 3 171 12.883 4.64 4897 316 4.48 2.829E + 04 1109 14.5
i 25 25 3 141 10.623 3.83 8204 465 7.35 8.204E + 03 465 7.35
j 30 30 5 275 20.719 7.47 2.216E + 04 1072 9.32 2.216E + 04 1072 9.32
k 30 50 4 304 22.904 8.25 2.152E + 04 941 7.13 7.800E + 04 2373 17.1
l 40 40 5 375 28.253 10.18 5.561E + 04 1974 11.8 5.561E + 04 1974 11.8
m 40 60 5 475 35.787 12.90 6.270E + 04 2081 9.87 1.740E + 05 4334 19.9
n 40 80 6 684 51.533 18.57 7.836E + 04 2525 8.96 4.526E + 05 8868 29.0
o 50 50 5 475 35.787 12.90 1.125E + 05 3155 14.3 1.125E + 05 3155 14.3
p 50 75 5 600 45.205 16.29 1.266E + 05 3322 11.9 3.485E + 05 6884 24.4
q 50 100 6 864 65.095 23.46 1.590E + 05 4039 10.6 9.058E + 05 14073 35.6
r 60 60 6 684 51.533 18.57 2.333E + 05 5452 17.2 2.333E + 05 5452 17.2
s 75 75 6 864 65.095 23.46 4.688E + 05 8677 21.0 4.688E + 05 8677 21.0
t 100 100 10 1900 143.148 51.59 1.800E + 06 25240 28.7 1.800E + 06 25240 28.7
Notes: *l = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and their locations x and y.
Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners.
**Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3; density of aluminum = 2768 kg/m3. (May range from 2635 kg/m3 to 2829 kg/m3.)
Source for data for additional sizes: Parker Steel Company—Metric Sized Metals, Toledo, Ohio.

Appendix 813
Channels
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–4 Channels: Steel and Aluminum, American Standard C-Shapes, Larger Sizes: 3 in to 15 in Depth
*Section properties
Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Area Web Average

A thickness Width thickness
Designation (in2) Depth (in) (in) (in) (in) I x (in4) Sx (in3) I y (in4) Sy (in3) x (in)
C15 * 50 14.7 15.00 0.716 3.716 0.650 404 53.8 11.0 3.78 0.798
C15 * 40 11.8 15.00 0.520 3.520 0.650 349 46.5 9.23 3.37 0.777
C12 * 30 8.82 12.00 0.510 3.170 0.501 162 27.0 5.14 2.06 0.674
C12 * 25 7.35 12.00 0.387 3.047 0.501 144 24.1 4.47 1.88 0.674
C10 * 30 8.82 10.00 0.673 3.033 0.436 103 20.7 3.94 1.65 0.649
C10 * 20 5.88 10.00 0.379 2.739 0.436 78.9 15.8 2.81 1.32 0.606
C9 * 20 5.88 9.00 0.448 2.648 0.413 60.9 13.5 2.42 1.17 0.583
C9 * 15 4.41 9.00 0.285 2.485 0.413 51.0 11.3 1.93 1.01 0.586
C8 * 18.75 5.51 8.00 0.487 2.527 0.390 44.0 11.0 1.98 1.01 0.565
C8 * 11.5 3.38 8.00 0.220 2.260 0.390 32.6 8.14 1.32 0.781 0.571
C6 * 13 3.83 6.00 0.437 2.157 0.343 17.4 5.80 1.05 0.642 0.514
C6 * 8.2 2.40 6.00 0.200 1.920 0.343 13.1 4.38 0.693 0.492 0.511
C5 * 9 2.64 5.00 0.325 1.885 0.320 8.90 3.56 0.632 0.450 0.478
C5 * 6.7 1.97 5.00 0.190 1.750 0.320 7.49 3.00 0.479 0.378 0.484
C4 * 7.25 2.13 4.00 0.321 1.721 0.296 4.59 2.29 0.433 0.343 0.459
C4 * 5.4 1.59 4.00 0.184 1.584 0.296 3.85 1.93 0.319 0.283 0.457
C3 * 6 1.76 3.00 0.356 1.596 0.273 2.07 1.38 0.305 0.268 0.455
C3 * 4.1 1.21 3.00 0.170 1.410 0.273 1.66 1.10 0.197 0.202 0.436
Note: Example designation: C15 * 50.
15 = depth (in); 50 = weight per unit length (lb/ft).
*I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus.
Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co./Earl M. Jorgensen Co., multiple locations.

814 Appendix
t
X X
d Centroid
x
B
Y
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–5 Channels: Aluminum, Smaller Sizes: 0.5 in to 2.0 in Depth
*Section properties
Flange
Depth width Thickness Area Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
d B t **Weight/ft A
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in2) I x (in4) Sx (ln3) I y (in4) Sy (in3) x (in)
a 0.500 0.375 0.125 0.150 0.1250 0.00358 0.0143 0.001506 0.00688 0.156
b 0.500 0.500 0.094 0.148 0.123 0.00418 0.0167 0.00290 0.00970 0.202
c 0.500 0.750 0.125 0.263 0.219 0.0070 0.0280 0.01145 0.0273 0.330
d 0.625 0.625 0.125 0.244 0.203 0.0105 0.0337 0.00740 0.01999 0.255
e 0.750 0.375 0.125 0.188 0.156 0.0106 0.0282 0.001766 0.0074 0.138
f 0.750 0.750 0.125 0.300 0.250 0.0199 0.0530 0.01345 0.02968 0.297
g 1.000 0.500 0.125 0.263 0.219 0.0285 0.057 0.00461 0.0140 0.170
h 1.000 1.000 0.125 0.413 0.344 0.0526 0.105 0.03401 0.0549 0.381
i 1.250 0.500 0.125 0.300 0.250 0.0501 0.080 0.00496 0.0144 0.156
j 1.250 1.250 0.125 0.525 0.438 0.1097 0.176 0.06910 0.0879 0.464
k 1.500 0.500 0.125 0.338 0.281 0.080 0.106 0.00525 0.0148 0.146
I 1.750 0.500 0.125 0.375 0.313 0.118 0.135 0.00549 0.0151 0.138
m 1.750 0.750 0.125 0.450 0.375 0.159 0.182 0.01819 0.0342 0.219
n 1.750 1.000 0.125 0.525 0.438 0.201 0.229 0.04159 0.0605 0.313
o 2.000 0.500 0.125 0.413 0.344 0.166 0.166 0.00569 0.01539 0.131
Notes: *I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and the location x for the axis Y–Y.
Section properties computed assuming square corners and constant thickness of web and flanges.
** Using density for aluminum of 0.100 lbm/in3. May range from 0.095 lbm/in3 to 0.102 lbm/in3 for different alloys.
Sources for data for additional sizes: Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co./Earl M. Jorgensen Co., multiple locations.

Appendix 815
t t1
X X
d R Centroid
x
B
Y
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–6 Channels: Aluminum, Aluminum Association Standard Shapes, Larger Sizes: 2 in to 12 in Depth
1
Size Section properties
Flange Web Fillet
Depth Width Area thickness thickness radius Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
d B A Weight2 t1 t R
(in) (in) (in2) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in) I x (in4) Sx (in3) rx (in) I y (in4) Sy (in3) ry (in) x (in)
2.00 1.00 0.491 0.577 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.288 0.288 0.766 0.045 0.064 0.303 0.298
2.00 1.25 0.911 1.071 0.26 0.17 0.15 0.546 0.546 0.774 0.139 0.178 0.391 0.471
3.00 1.50 0.965 1.135 0.20 0.13 0.25 1.41 0.94 1.21 0.22 0.22 0.47 0.49
3.00 1.75 1.358 1.597 0.26 0.17 0.25 1.97 1.31 1.20 0.42 0.37 0.55 0.62
4.00 2.00 1.478 1.738 0.23 0.15 0.25 3.91 1.95 1.63 0.60 0.45 0.64 0.65
4.00 2.25 1.982 2.331 0.29 0.19 0.25 5.21 2.60 1.62 1.02 0.69 0.72 0.78
5.00 2.25 1.881 2.212 0.26 0.15 0.30 7.88 3.15 2.05 0.98 0.64 0.72 0.73
5.00 2.75 2.627 3.089 0.32 0.19 0.30 11.14 4.45 2.06 2.05 1.14 0.88 0.95
6.00 2.50 2.410 2.834 0.29 0.17 0.30 14.35 4.78 2.44 1.53 0.90 0.80 0.79
6.00 3.25 3.427 4.030 0.35 0.21 0.30 21.04 7.01 2.48 3.76 1.76 1.05 1.12
7.00 2.75 2.725 3.205 0.29 0.17 0.30 22.09 6.31 2.85 2.10 1.10 0.88 0.84
7.00 3.50 4.009 4.715 0.38 0.21 0.30 33.79 9.65 2.90 5.13 2.23 1.13 1.20
8.00 3.00 3.526 4.147 0.35 0.19 0.30 37.40 9.35 3.26 3.25 1.57 0.96 0.93
8.00 3.75 4.923 5.789 0.41 0.25 0.35 52.69 13.17 3.27 7.13 2.82 1.20 1.22
9.00 3.25 4.237 4.983 0.35 0.23 0.35 54.41 12.09 3.58 4.40 1.89 1.02 0.93
9.00 4.00 5.927 6.970 0.44 0.29 0.35 78.31 17.40 3.63 9.61 3.49 1.27 1.25
10.00 3.50 5.218 6.136 0.41 0.25 0.35 83.22 16.64 3.99 6.33 2.56 1.10 1.02
10.00 4.25 7.109 8.360 0.50 0.31 0.40 116.15 23.23 4.04 13.02 4.47 1.35 1.34
12.00 4.00 7.036 8.274 0.47 0.29 0.40 159.76 26.63 4.77 11.03 3.86 1.25 1.14
12.00 5.00 10.053 11.822 0.62 0.35 0.45 239.69 39.95 4.88 25.74 7.60 1.60 1.61
1
Notes: I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration.
2
Weights per foot are based on nominal dimensions and a density of 0.098 lb/in3, which is the density of alloy 6061. (May Range from 0.095 lbm/in3 to
0.102 lbm/in3.)
Sources for data for additional sizes: Aluminum Association, Aluminum Standards and Data, 11th ed., Washington, DC, © 1993, p. 187.

816 Appendix
t
X X
d Centroid
x
B
Y
SI Units
TABLE 15–7 Channels: Aluminum, European Standard Shapes: 10 mm to 160 mm Depth
1
Section properties
Flange
2
d B t Weight/m A
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (N/m) (mm2) I x (mm4) Sx (mm3) I y (mm4) Sy (mm3) x (mm)
a 10 10 2 1.10 40.5 590.4 118.1 392 64.32 3.90

b 12 12 2 1.74 64.0 1301 216.9 881 121.6 4.75
c 15 15 2 2.23 82.0 2777 370.2 1812 196.1 5.76
d 20 20 3 4.40 162 9446 944.6 6279 514.5 7.80
e 25 20 2 3.31 122 1.215E + 04 972.0 4911 375.0 6.90
f 25 25 3 5.62 207 1.998E + 04 1598 1.285E + 04 827.7 9.47
g 35 35 3 8.06 297 6.001E + 04 3429 3.725E + 04 1679 12.81
h 40 30 4 9.99 368 8.900E + 04 4450 3.228E + 04 1653 10.48
i 50 30 4 11.08 408 1.520E + 05 6079 3.493E + 04 1716 9.65
j 50 40 4 13.25 488 1.944E + 05 7776 7.858E + 04 3000 13.80
k 60 40 4 14.34 528 2.982E + 05 9939 8.379E + 04 3093 12.91
i 80 40 4 16.51 608 5.869E + 05 1.467E + 04 9.216E + 04 3231 11.47
m 100 50 5 25.79 950 1.433E + 06 2.866E + 04 2.250E + 05 6310 14.34
n 125 80 8 58.43 2152 5.251E + 06 8.401E + 04 1.360E + 06 24905 25.41
o 160 80 10 81.46 3000 1.130E + 07 1.413E + 05 1.780E + 06 31592 23.67
Notes: 1I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and the location x for the axis Y–Y.
Some producers use filleted corners and tapered flanges. Adjustments to computed values may be needed for precision.
2
Using density of aluminum = 2768 kg/m3. (May range from 2635 kg/m3 to 2829 kg/m3.)
Sources for data for additional sizes: Parker Steet Company—Metric Sized Metals, Toledo, Ohio.

Appendix 817
tf
X X
d
Centroid
tw
x
B
Y
SI Units
TABLE 15–8 Channels: Steel, European Standard Shapes: 30 mm to 400 mm Depth
1
Section properties

Depth Web
d Width Thickness thickness 2Weight/m Area Ix Sx Iy Sy x
Ref. (mm) B (mm) tf (mm) tw (mm) (N/m) A (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 30 15 4.5 4.0 16.5 219.0 2.399E + 04 1.599 4.210E + 03 438 5.39

b 30 33 7.0 5.0 40.8 542.0 5.558E + 04 3706 5.546E + 04 2987 14.43
c 40 20 5.5 5.0 27.5 365.0 7.292E + 04 3646 1.255E + 04 967 7.02
d 40 35 7.0 5.0 46.7 620.0 1.192E + 05 5958 7.341E + 04 3556 14.35
e 50 25 6.0 5.0 36.9 490.0 1.538E + 05 6150 2.765E + 04 1688 8.62
f 50 38 7.0 5.0 53.6 712.0 2.198E + 05 8793 1.010E + 05 4359 14.83
g 60 30 6.0 6.0 48.8 648.0 3.188E + 05 1.063E + 04 5.090E + 04 2503 9.67
h 80 45 8.0 6.0 83.2 1104.0 8.981E + 05 2.245E + 04 2.179E + 05 7441 15.72
i 100 50 8.5 6.0 101.6 1348.0 1.668E + 06 3.336E + 04 3.306E + 05 9.978E + 03 16.87
j 140 60 10.0 7.0 153.7 2040.0 4.885E + 06 6.979E + 04 7.104E + 05 1.736E + 04 19.09
k 200 75 11.5 8.5 243.3 3229.5 1.604E + 07 1.604E + 05 1.706E + 06 3.220E + 04 22.01
I 260 90 14.0 10.0 364.7 4840.0 3.966E + 07 3.051E + 05 3.653E + 06 5.692E + 04 25.83
m 300 100 16.0 10.0 443.0 5880.0 6.036E + 07 4.024E + 05 5.642E + 06 8.002E + 04 29.49
n 350 100 16.0 14.0 576.5 7652.0 1.180E + 08 6.744E + 05 6.182E + 06 8.240E + 04 24.98
o 400 110 18.0 14.0 682.3 9056.0 1.748E + 08 8.742E + 05 9.210E + 06 1.123E + 05 27.99
1
Notes: I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and the location x for the axis Y–Y.
Some producers use filleted corners and tapered flanges. Adjustments to computed values may be needed for precision.
2
Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

818 Appendix
I-Beam Shapes
B
Y Flange
Depth, d Web
X tw X
tf
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–9 I-Beam Shapes: Steel Wide Flange Shapes, W-Shapes: 4 in to 24 in Depth
*Section properties
Web Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

Area Depth thickness
A d tw Width, B Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Designation (in2) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in4) (in3) (in4) (in3)
W24 * 76 22.4 23.92 0.440 8.990 0.680 2100 176 82.5 18.4
W24 * 68 20.1 23.73 0.415 8.965 0.585 1830 154 70.4 15.7
W21 * 73 21.5 21.24 0.455 8.295 0.740 1600 151 70.6 17.0
W21 * 57 16.7 21.06 0.405 6.555 0.650 1170 111 30.6 9.35
W18 * 55 16.2 18.11 0.390 7.530 0.630 890 98.3 44.9 11.9
W18 * 40 11.8 17.90 0.315 6.015 0.525 612 68.4 19.1 6.35
W14 * 43 12.6 13.66 0.305 7.995 0.530 428 62.7 45.2 11.3
W14 * 26 7.69 13.91 0.255 5.025 0.420 245 35.3 8.91 3.54
W12 * 30 8.79 12.34 0.260 6.520 0.440 238 38.6 20.3 6.24
W12 * 16 4.71 11.99 0.220 3.990 0.265 103 17.1 2.82 1.41
W10 * 15 4.41 9.99 0.230 4.000 0.270 69.8 13.8 2.89 1.45
W10 * 12 3.54 9.87 0.190 3.960 0.210 53.8 10.9 2.18 1.10
W8 * 15 4.44 8.11 0.245 4.015 0.315 48.0 11.8 3.41 1.70
W8 * 10 2.96 7.89 0.170 3.940 0.205 30.8 7.81 2.09 1.06
W6 * 15 4.43 5.99 0.230 5.990 0.260 29.1 9.72 9.32 3.11
W6 * 12 3.55 6.03 0.230 4.000 0.280 22.1 7.31 2.99 1.50
W5 * 19 5.54 5.15 0.270 5.030 0.430 26.2 10.2 9.13 3.63
W5 * 16 4.68 5.01 0.240 5.000 0.360 21.3 8.51 7.51 3.00
W4 * 13 3.83 4.16 0.280 4.060 0.345 11.3 5.46 3.86 1.90
Note: Example designation: W14 * 43.
14 = nominal depth (in); 43 = weight per unit length (lb/ft).

Appendix 819
B
Y Flange
Depth, d Web
X X
tw
tf
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–10 I-Beam Shapes: Steel, American Standard Shapes, S-Shapes: 3 in to 24 in Depth
*Section properties

Web
Area Depth thickness Width Average
Ix Sx Iy Sy
A d tw B thickness
Designation (in2) (in) (in) (in) tf (in) 4
(in ) 3
(in ) 4
(in ) (in3)
S24 * 90 26.5 24.00 0.625 7.125 0.870 2250 187 44.9 12.6
S20 * 96 28.2 20.30 0.800 7.200 0.920 1670 165 50.2 13.9
S20 * 75 22.0 20.00 0.635 6.385 0.795 1280 128 29.8 9.32
S20 * 66 19.4 20.00 0.505 6.255 0.795 1190 119 27.7 8.85
S18 * 70 20.6 18.00 0.711 6.251 0.691 926 103 24.1 7.72
S15 * 50 14.7 15.00 0.550 5.640 0.622 486 64.8 15.7 5.57
S12 * 50 14.7 12.00 0.687 5.477 0.659 305 50.8 15.7 5.74
S12 * 35 10.3 12.00 0.428 5.078 0.544 229 38.2 9.87 3.89
S10 * 35 10.3 10.00 0.594 4.944 0.491 147 29.4 8.36 3.38
S10 * 25.4 7.46 10.00 0.311 4.661 0.491 124 24.7 6.79 2.91
S8 * 23 6.77 8.00 0.441 4.171 0.426 64.9 16.2 4.31 2.07
S8 * 18.4 5.41 8.00 0.271 4.001 0.426 57.6 14.4 3.73 1.86
S7 * 20 5.88 7.00 0.450 3.860 0.392 42.4 12.1 3.17 1.64
S6 * 12.5 3.67 6.00 0.232 3.332 0.359 22.1 7.37 1.82 1.09
S5 * 10 2.94 5.00 0.214 3.004 0.326 12.3 4.92 1.22 0.809
S4 * 7.7 2.26 4.00 0.193 2.663 0.293 6.08 3.04 0.764 0.574
S3 * 5.7 1.67 3.00 0.170 2.330 0.260 2.52 1.68 0.455 0.390
Note: Example designation: S10 * 35.
10 = nominal depth (in); 35 = weight per unit length (lb/ft).

820 Appendix
Y
B tf
R
tw
X X d
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–11 I-Beam shapes: Aluminum, Aluminum Association Standard Shapes, Larger Sizes:
3 in to 12 in Depth
1
Size Section properties
Flange Web Fillet
Dept Width Area thickness thickness radius Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
2
d B A Weight tf tw R
(in) (in) (in2) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in) I x (in4) Sx (in3) rx (in) I y (in4) Sy (in3) ry (in)
3.00 2.50 1.392 1.637 0.20 0.13 0.25 2.24 1.49 1.27 0.52 0.42 0.61
3.00 2.50 1.726 2.030 0.26 0.15 0.25 2.71 1.81 1.25 0.68 0.54 0.63
4.00 3.00 1.965 2.311 0.23 0.15 0.25 5.62 2.81 1.69 1.04 0.69 0.73
4.00 3.00 2.375 2.793 0.29 0.17 0.25 6.71 3.36 1.68 1.31 0.87 0.74
5.00 3.50 3.146 3.700 0.32 0.19 0.30 13.94 5.58 2.11 2.29 1.31 0.85
6.00 4.00 3.427 4.030 0.29 0.19 0.30 21.99 7.33 2.53 3.10 1.55 0.95
6.00 4.00 3.990 4.692 0.35 0.21 0.30 25.50 8.50 2.53 3.74 1.87 0.97
7.00 4.50 4.932 5.800 0.38 0.23 0.30 42.89 12.25 2.95 5.78 2.57 1.08
8.00 5.00 5.256 6.181 0.35 0.23 0.30 59.69 14.92 3.37 7.30 2.92 1.18
8.00 5.00 5.972 7.023 0.41 0.25 0.30 67.78 16.94 3.37 8.55 3.42 1.20
9.00 5.50 7.110 8.361 0.44 0.27 0.30 102.02 22.67 3.79 12.22 4.44 1.31
10.00 6.00 7.352 8.646 0.41 0.25 0.40 132.09 26.42 4.24 14.78 4.93 1.42
10.00 6.00 8.747 10.286 0.50 0.29 0.40 155.79 31.16 4.22 18.03 6.01 1.44
12.00 7.00 9.925 11.672 0.47 0.29 0.40 255.57 42.60 5.07 26.90 7.69 1.65
12.00 7.00 12.153 14.292 0.62 0.31 0.40 317.33 52.89 5.11 35.48 10.14 1.71
1 3
Notes: Weights per foot are based on nominal dimensions and a density of 0.098 lb/in , which is the density of alloy 6061.
2
Areas listed are based on nominal dimensions.
I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration.
Sources for data for additional sizes: Aluminum Association, Aluminum Standards and Data, 11th ed., Washington, DC, © 1993, p. 187.

Appendix 821
Y t
B
t
X X d
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–12 I-Beam Shapes: Aluminum, Small Extruded Shapes: 0.70 in to 2.11 in Depth
1
Section properties
Flange
2
d B t Weight/ft A
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in2) I x (in4) Sx (in3) rx (in) I y (in4) Sy (in3) ry (in)
a 0.700 1.060 0.050 0.160 0.136 0.0121 0.0346 0.299 0.00993 0.0187 0.270
b 1.040 1.074 0.050 0.185 0.154 0.0298 0.0573 0.439 0.0103 0.0192 0.259
c 1.950 1.000 0.050 0.230 0.193 0.117 0.120 0.778 0.00835 0.0167 0.208
d 1.120 1.724 0.050 0.268 0.223 0.0538 0.0961 0.491 0.0427 0.0495 0.437
e 1.034 1.500 0.062 0.290 0.242 0.0479 0.0926 0.444 0.0349 0.0465 0.379
f 2.110 1.500 0.055 0.329 0.275 0.211 0.200 0.876 0.0310 0.0413 0.336
g 0.876 1.500 0.188 0.790 0.658 0.0704 0.161 0.327 0.106 0.141 0.401
h 1.000 2.375 0.250 1.575 1.313 0.176 0.352 0.366 0.559 0.471 0.653
Notes: These shapes are designed for special applications and not made to common dimensions. Calculations assume square corners.
1
I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration, used for column analysis; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.
2
Using density of aluminum = 0.100 lbm/in3. (May range from 0.095 lbm/in3 to 0.102 lbm/in3.)
Sources for data for additional sizes: Paramount Extrusions, Co., Paramount, CA.

822 Appendix
B
Y Flange
Depth, d Web
X tw X
tf
SI Units
TABLE 15–13 I-Beam Shapes: Steel, European Standard (2IPE) Shapes: 80 mm to 600 mm Depth
1
Section properties
Thickness Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

Flange
Depth width Flange Web Area
3 Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry
d B tf tw Weight/m A
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (N/m) (mm2) (mm ) 4
(mm ) 3
(mm) (mm ) 4
(mm ) 3
(mm)
a 80 46 5.2 3.8 57.6 764 8.014E + 05 2.003E + 04 32.4 8.487E + 04 3.690E + 03 10.54
b 100 55 5.7 4.1 77.8 1032 1.710E + 06 3.420E + 04 40.7 1.591E + 05 5.786E + 03 12.4
c 120 64 6.3 4.4 99.5 1321 3.177E + 06 5.296E + 04 49.0 2.766E + 05 8.644E + 03 14.5
d 140 73 6.9 4.7 123.8 1643 5.412E + 06 7.732E + 04 57.4 4.491E + 05 1.230E + 04 16.5
e 160 82 7.4 5.0 151.4 2009 8.693E + 06 1.087E + 05 65.8 6.829E + 05 1.666E + 04 18.4
f 180 91 8.0 5.3 180.4 2395 1.317E + 07 1.463E + 05 74.2 1.008E + 06 2.216E + 04 20.5
g 200 100 8.5 5.6 214.6 2848 1.943E + 07 1.943E + 05 82.6 1.423E + 06 2.846E + 04 22.4
h 220 110 9.2 5.9 251.4 3337 2.772E + 07 2.520E + 05 91.1 2.048E + 06 3.724E + 04 24.8
I 240 120 9.8 6.2 294.7 3912 3.891E + 07 3.243E + 05 99.7 2.835E + 06 4.725E + 04 26.9
j 270 135 10.2 6.6 346.2 4595 5.790E + 07 4.289E + 05 112.3 4.197E + 06 6.218E + 04 30.2
k 300 150 10.7 7.1 405.4 5381 8.356E + 07 5.571E + 05 124.6 6.036E + 06 8.048E + 04 33.5
I 330 160 11.5 7.5 471.7 6261 1.177E + 08 7.131E + 05 137.1 7.878E + 06 9.848E + 04 35.5
m 360 170 12.7 8.0 547.9 7273 1.627E + 08 9.036E + 05 149.5 1.043E + 07 1.227E + 05 37.9
n 400 180 13.5 8.8 642.0 8521 2.321E + 08 1.161E + 06 165.1 1.317E + 07 1.464E + 05 39.3
o 450 190 14.6 9.4 744.5 9882 3.374E + 08 1.500E + 06 184.8 1.675E + 07 1.763E + 05 41.2
p 500 200 16.0 10.2 870.4 11552 4.820E + 08 1.928E + 06 204.3 2.141E + 07 2.141E + 05 43.1
q 550 210 17.2 11.1 1013 13442 6.712E + 08 2.441E + 06 223.5 2.667E + 07 2.540E + 05 44.5
r 600 220 19.0 12.0 1175 15598 9.208E + 08 3.069E + 06 243.0 3.386E + 07 3.078E + 05 46.6
1
Notes: I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration, used for column analysis; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.
2
IPE sections have medium-width flanges. Narrow and wide-flange sections also available.
3
Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

Tubing: Square and rectangular
Tables 15–14 to 15–16
Y
tw
Y
X X
tw
X X
Y Y
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–14 Hollow Tubing: Steel, Square and Rectangular, Standard Structural HSS Shapes: 2 in to 8 in Depth
1
Section properties
Design wall
Shape 2 Axis X–X Axis Y–Y Torsional constants
thickness Weight Area
tw per foot A
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in2) I x (in4) Sx (in3) rx (in) ly (in4) Sy (in3) ry (in) J (in4) C (in3)
a HSS 8 * 8 * 12 0.465 48.7 13.5 125 31.2 3.04 125 31.2 3.04 204 52.4
b HSS 8 * 8 * 14 0.233 25.8 7.10 70.7 17.7 3.15 70.7 17.7 3.15 111 28.1
c HSS 8 * 4 * 12 0.465 35.1 9.74 71.8 17.9 2.71 23.6 11.8 1.56 61.1 24.4
d HSS 8 * 4 * 14 0.233 19.0 5.24 42.5 10.6 2.85 14.4 7.21 1.66 35.3 13.6
e HSS 8 * 2 * 14 0.233 15.6 4.30 28.5 7.12 2.57 2.94 2.94 0.827 9.36 6.35
f HSS 6 * 6 * 12 0.465 35.1 9.74 48.3 16.1 2.23 48.3 16.1 2.23 81.1 28.1
g HSS 6 * 6 * 14 0.233 19.0 5.24 28.6 9.54 2.34 28.6 9.54 2.34 45.6 15.4
h HSS 6 * 4 * 14 0.233 15.6 4.30 20.9 6.96 2.20 11.1 5.56 1.61 23.6 10.1
i HSS 6 * 2 * 14 0.233 12.2 3.37 13.1 4.37 1.97 2.21 2.21 0.810 6.55 4.70
j HSS 4 * 4 * 12 0.465 21.5 6.02 11.9 5.97 1.41 11.9 5.97 1.41 21.0 11.2
k HSS 4 * 4 * 14 0.233 12.2 3.37 7.80 3.90 1.52 7.80 3.90 1.52 12.8 6.56
l HSS 4 * 2 * 14 0.233 8.78 2.44 4.49 2.25 1.36 1.48 1.48 0.779 3.82 3.05
m HSS 3 * 3 * 14 0.233 8.78 2.44 3.02 2.01 1.11 3.02 2.01 1.11 5.08 3.52
n HSS 3 * 2 * 14 0.233 7.08 1.97 2.13 1.42 1.04 1.11 1.11 0.751 2.52 2.23
o HSS 2 * 2 * 14 0.233 5.38 1.51 0.747 0.747 0.704 0.747 0.747 0.704 1.31 1.41
Notes: Example size: 6 * 4 * 1/4; 6 = vertical depth (in); 4 = width (in); 1/4 = wall thickness (in).
1
I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration.
2
Using Density of steel = 0.283 lbm/in3.
Sources for data for additional sizes: Metals Depot, Winchester KY.
823
Bull Moose Tube Co.
Steel Tube Institute of North America, Glenview, IL.
3/17/17 3:15 PM
Y
824
tw
Y
X X
tw
X X
Y Y
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–15 Hollow Tubing: Steel and Aluminum, Square and Rectangular, Smaller Sizes: 0.375 in to 3.00 in Depth
1
Outside dimensions Inside dimensions Section properties
Wall
2
Short side Long side thickness Short side Long side Area Weight/ft Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
a b t c d A Steel Aluminum
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in2) (lb/ft) (lb/ft) I x (in4) Sx (in3) rx (in) ly (in4) Sy (in3) ry (in)
a 0.375 0.375 0.049 0.277 0.277 0.064 0.217 0.077 0.00116 0.00617 0.13458 0.00116 0.00617 0.135
b 0.500 0.500 0.065 0.370 0.370 0.113 0.384 0.136 0.00365 0.0146 0.180 0.00365 0.0146 0.180
c 0.500 1.000 0.065 0.370 0.870 0.178 0.605 0.214 0.0214 0.0427 0.346 0.00674 0.0270 0.195
d 0.500 1.500 0.065 0.370 1.370 0.243 0.826 0.292 0.0613 0.0818 0.502 0.0098 0.0394 0.201
e 0.500 1.500 0.120 0.260 1.260 0.422 1.434 0.507 0.0973 0.130 0.480 0.0138 0.0551 0.181
f 0.625 0.625 0.065 0.495 0.495 0.146 0.494 0.175 0.00771 0.0247 0.230 0.00771 0.0247 0.230
g 0.750 0.750 0.065 0.620 0.620 0.178 0.605 0.214 0.0141 0.0375 0.281 0.0141 0.0375 0.281
h 0.750 1.500 0.065 0.620 1.370 0.276 0.936 0.331 0.0781 0.104 0.532 0.0255 0.0681 0.304
i 0.875 0.875 0.049 0.777 0.777 0.162 0.550 0.194 0.0185 0.042 0.338 0.0185 0.0422 0.338
j 1.000 1.000 0.065 0.870 0.870 0.243 0.826 0.292 0.0356 0.071 0.383 0.0356 0.0712 0.383
k 1.000 1.000 0.120 0.760 0.760 0.422 1.434 0.507 0.0555 0.111 0.363 0.0555 0.111 0.363
l 1.000 1.500 0.065 0.870 1.370 0.308 1.046 0.370 0.0948 0.126 0.555 0.0498 0.100 0.402
m 1.000 1.500 0.120 0.760 1.260 0.542 1.842 0.651 0.155 0.206 0.534 0.0789 0.158 0.381
n 1.000 2.000 0.065 0.870 1.870 0.373 1.267 0.448 0.193 0.193 0.718 0.0640 0.128 0.414
o 1.000 3.000 0.065 0.870 2.870 0.503 1.709 0.604 0.536 0.357 1.032 0.0925 0.185 0.429
p 1.250 1.250 0.065 1.120 1.120 0.308 1.046 0.370 0.0723 0.116 0.485 0.0723 0.116 0.485
q 1.375 1.375 0.058 1.259 1.259 0.306 1.038 0.367 0.0885 0.129 0.538 0.0885 0.129 0.538
r 1.500 1.500 0.065 1.370 1.370 0.373 1.267 0.448 0.128 0.171 0.586 0.128 0.171 0.586
s 1.500 1.500 0.120 1.260 1.260 0.662 2.250 0.795 0.212 0.282 0.566 0.212 0.282 0.566
t 1.500 2.000 0.065 1.370 1.870 0.438 1.488 0.526 0.253 0.253 0.761 0.162 0.216 0.608
u 1.500 2.000 0.120 1.260 1.760 0.782 2.657 0.939 0.428 0.428 0.739 0.269 0.359 0.586
v 1.500 3.000 0.120 1.260 2.760 1.022 3.472 1.227 1.167 0.778 1.069 0.384 0.512 0.613
Notes: 1I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration, used in column analysis; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.
Wall thickness gages: 0.049 in = 18 gage; 0.058 in = 17 gage; 0.065 in = 16 gage; 0.120 in = 11 gage.
Other gages and sizes are available from many manufacturers and vendors. See Appendix A15–14 for larger structural tubing.
2
Using density of steel = 0.283 lbm/in3; density of aluminum = 0.100 lbm/in3. (May range from 0.095 lbm/in3 to 0.102 lbm/in3.)
Sources for data for additional sizes: Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co./Earl M. Jorgensen Co., multiple locations, Central Steel & Wire Co., multiple locations, OnlineMetals.com, Seattle, WA, Bull Moose Tube Co., Metals Depot, Winchester, KY.
3/17/17 3:15 PM
Y
tw
Y
X X
tw
X X
Y Y
SI Units
TABLE 15–16 Hollow Tubing: Steel and Aluminum, Square and Rectangular: 20 mm to 300 mm Depth
1
Outside dimensions Inside dimensions Section properties
Wall
2
Short side Long side thickness Short side Long side Area Weight/ft Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
a b t c d A Steel Aluminum
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (N/m) I x (in4) Sx (mm3) rx (mm) ly (mm4) Sy (mm3) ry (mm)
a 10 20 2 6 16 104 7.84 2.82 4.619E + 03 462 6.66 1.379E + 03 276 3.64
b 20 20 2 16 16 144 10.8 3.91 7.872E + 03 787 7.39 7.872E + 03 787 7.39
c 20 30 3 14 24 264 19.9 7.17 2.887E + 04 1925 10.5 1.451E + 04 1451 7.41
d 30 30 3 24 24 324 24.4 8.80 3.985E + 04 2657 11.1 3.985E + 04 2657 11.1
e 20 40 3 14 34 324 24.4 8.80 6.081E + 04 3041 13.7 1.889E + 04 1889 7.64
f 40 40 3 34 34 444 33.5 12.1 1.020E + 05 5099 15.2 1.020E + 05 5099 15.2
g 30 50 3 24 44 444 33.5 12.1 1.421E + 05 5685 17.9 6.181E + 04 4121 11.8
h 50 50 3 44 44 564 42.5 15.3 2.085E + 05 8340 19.2 2.085E + 05 8340 19.2
i 40 80 4 32 72 896 67.5 24.3 7.113E + 05 1.778E + 04 28.2 2.301E + 05 1.150E + 04 16.0
j 80 80 3 74 74 924 69.6 25.1 9.145E + 05 2.286E + 04 31.5 9.145E + 05 2.286E + 04 31.5
k 50 100 4 42 92 1136 85.6 30.8 1.441E + 06 2.883E + 04 35.6 4.737E + 05 1.895E + 04 20.4
l 100 100 4 92 92 1536 116 41.7 2.363E + 06 4.727E + 04 39.2 2.363E + 06 4.727E + 04 39.2
m 50 150 4 42 142 1536 116 41.7 4.041E + 06 5.388E + 04 51.3 6.858E + 05 2.743E + 04 21.1
n 150 150 5 140 140 2900 218 78.7 1.017E + 07 1.357E + 05 59.2 1.017E + 07 1.357E + 05 59.2
o 200 200 4 192 192 3136 236 85.1 2.009E + 07 2.009E + 05 80.0 2.009E + 07 2.009E + 05 80.0
p 100 200 4 92 192 2336 176 63.4 1.240E + 07 1.240E + 05 72.9 4.208E + 06 8.415E + 04 42.4
q 50 200 4 42 192 1936 146 52.6 8.561E + 06 8.561E + 04 66.5 8.979E + 05 3.592E + 04 21.5
r 250 250 8 234 234 7744 583 210.3 7.567E + 07 6.054E + 05 98.9 7.567E + 07 6.054E + 05 98.9
s 300 300 8 284 284 9344 704 253.7 1.329E + 08 8.859E + 05 119.3 1.329E + 08 8.859E + 05 119.3
t 300 300 12.5 275 275 14375 1083 390.3 1.984E + 08 1.323E + 06 117.5 1.984E + 08 1.323E + 06 117.5
Notes: 1I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration, used in column analysis; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.
Numerous additional sizes and wall thicknesses are available from many manufacturers and vendors.
2
Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3; density of aluminum = 2768 kg/m3. (May range from 2635 kg/m3 to 2829 kg/m3.)
825
Sources for data for additional sizes: Parker Steel Company—Metric Sized Metals, Toledo, Ohio.
Bull Moose Tube Co.
3/17/17 3:15 PM
Pipe and round tubing
826
Tables 15–17 to 15–19
Do Di
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–17 Pipe: American National Standard Schedule 40 and AISC Standard: 1/8 in to 18 in Sizes
Section properties
Outside Wall Torsional constants

1
Nominal size diameter Inside diameter thickness Area Weight/ft I S r
Ref. (in) (in) (in) tw (in) A (in2) Steel (lb/ft) (in4) (in3) (in) J (in4) Zp (in3)
Schedule 40 pipe
a 1/8 in 0.405 0.269 0.068 0.072 0.245 1.06E−03 5.25E−03 0.122 2.13E−03 1.05E−02
b 1/4 in 0.540 0.364 0.088 0.125 0.425 3.31E−03 1.23E−02 0.163 6.62E−03 2.45E−02
c 3/8 in 0.675 0.493 0.091 0.167 0.568 7.29E−03 2.16E−02 0.209 1.46E−02 4.32E−02
d PIPE 1/2 STD 0.840 0.622 0.109 0.250 0.851 1.71E−02 4.07E−02 0.261 3.42E−02 8.14E−02
e PIPE 3/4 STD 1.050 0.824 0.113 0.333 1.131 3.70E−02 7.05E−02 0.334 7.41E−02 0.1411
f PIPE 1 STD 1.315 1.049 0.133 0.494 1.679 8.73E−02 0.1328 0.421 0.1747 0.2657
g PIPE 1-1/4 STD 1.660 1.380 0.140 0.669 2.273 0.1947 0.2346 0.540 0.3894 0.4692
h PIPE 1-1/2 STD 1.900 1.610 0.145 0.799 2.718 0.3099 0.3262 0.623 0.6198 0.6524
i PIPE 2 STD 2.375 2.067 0.154 1.075 3.653 0.6657 0.5606 0.787 1.331 1.121
j PIPE 2-1/2 STD 2.876 2.469 0.203 1.704 5.793 1.530 1.064 0.947 3.059 2.128
k PIPE 3 STD 3.500 3.068 0.216 2.228 7.576 3.017 1.724 1.164 6.034 3.448
l PIPE 3-1/2 STD 4.000 3.548 0.226 2.680 9.109 4.788 2.394 1.337 9.575 4.788
m PIPE 4 STD 4.500 4.026 0.237 3.714 10.790 7.233 3.214 1.510 14.47 6.429
n PIPE 5 STD 5.563 5.047 0.258 4.300 14.618 15.16 5.451 1.878 30.32 10.90
o PIPE 6 STD 6.625 6.065 0.280 5.581 18.974 28.14 8.496 2.245 56.28 16.99
p PIPE 8 STD 8.625 7.981 0.322 8.399 28.554 72.49 16.81 2.938 145.0 33.62
q PIPE 10 STD 10.750 10.020 0.365 11.908 40.483 160.7 29.90 3.674 321.5 59.81
r 12 in 12.750 11.938 0.406 15.745 53.525 300.2 47.09 4.367 600.4 94.18
s 16 in 16.000 15.000 0.500 24.347 82.771 731.9 91.49 5.483 1464 183.0
t 18 in 18.000 16.876 0.562 30.788 104.667 1171 130.2 6.168 2343 260.3
Notes: 1All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steep pipe.
Rows d–q conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe, Rows a–c and r–t do not.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual.
Sources for data for additional sizes: American Piping Products, Chesterfield, MO.
Davidson Group, Specialty Pipe & Tube, Brooklyn, NY.
3/17/17 3:15 PM
Appendix 827
Do Di
U.S. Units
TABLE 15–18 Mechanical Tubing: Steel and Aluminum: 0.5 in to 5.0 in Outside Diameter
1
Section properties
2
Nominal size Outside Inside Wall Weight/ft Bending properties Torsion properties
diameter diameter thickness
OD Wall Do Di tw Area A Steel Aluminum I S r J Zp
Ref. (in) gauge (in) (in) (in) (in2) (lb/ft) (lb/ft) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3)
a 1/2 17 0.500 0.384 0.058 0.081 0.274 0.097 0.00200 0.00800 0.158 0.00400 0.0160
b 1/2 14 0.500 0.334 0.083 0.109 0.370 0.130 0.00246 0.00983 0.150 0.00491 0.0197
c 1 16 1.000 0.870 0.065 0.191 0.649 0.229 0.0210 0.0419 0.331 0.0419 0.0839
d 1 10 1.000 0.732 0.134 0.365 1.239 0.437 0.0350 0.0700 0.310 0.0700 0.140
e 11/2 16 1.500 1.370 0.065 0.293 0.996 0.352 0.0756 0.101 0.508 0.151 0.202
f 11/2 10 1.500 1.232 0.134 0.575 1.955 0.690 0.135 0.181 0.485 0.271 0.361
g 2 16 2.000 1.870 0.065 0.395 1.343 0.474 0.185 0.185 0.685 0.370 0.370
h 2 10 2.000 1.732 0.134 0.786 2.671 0.943 0.344 0.344 0.661 0.687 0.687
i 21/2 10 2.500 2.232 0.134 0.996 3.386 1.195 0.699 0.559 0.838 1.398 1.119
j 21/2 5 2.500 2.060 0.220 1.576 5.357 1.891 1.034 0.827 0.810 2.067 1.654
k 3 10 3.000 2.732 0.134 1.207 4.102 1.448 1.241 0.828 1.014 2.483 1.655
l 3 5 3.000 2.560 0.220 1.921 6.532 2.306 1.868 1.245 0.986 3.736 2.490
m 31/2 10 3.500 3.232 0.134 1.417 4.817 1.700 2.010 1.149 1.191 4.020 2.297
n 31/2 5 3.500 3.060 0.220 2.267 7.707 2.720 3.062 1.750 1.162 6.125 3.500
o 4 5 4.000 3.560 0.220 2.613 8.882 3.135 4.682 2.341 1.339 9.364 4.682
p 4 3/8 in 4.000 3.250 0.375 4.271 14.518 5.125 7.090 3.545 1.288 14.180 7.090
q 41/2 5 4.500 4.060 0.220 2.958 10.056 3.550 6.791 3.018 1.515 13.583 6.037
r 41/2 3/8 in 4.500 3.750 0.375 4.860 16.521 5.832 10.422 4.632 1.464 20.843 9.264
s 5 5 5.000 4.560 0.220 3.304 11.231 3.964 9.456 3.782 1.692 18.911 7.564
t 5 3/8 in 5.000 4.250 0.375 5.449 18.523 6.538 14.665 5.866 1.641 29.329 11.732
1
Notes: I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration, used in column analysis; J = polar moment of inertia; Zp = polar section modulus.
2
Using density of steel = 0.283 lbm/in3; density of aluminum = 0.100 lbm/in3. (May range from 0.095 lbm/in3 to 0.102 lbm in3.)
Sources for data for additional sizes: Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co./Earl M. Jorgensen Co.
Central Steel & Wire Co.
Webco Industries, Inc.
Bull Moose Tube Co.
Wheatland Tube Company, Sharon, PA (smaller sizes).
Davidson Group, Specialty Pipe & Tube, Brooklyn, NY (larger sizes and heavier wall).

828 Appendix
Do Di
SI Units
TABLE 15–19 Mechanical Tubing: Steel and Aluminum: 10 mm to 150 mm Outside Diameters
1
Section properties
2
Outside Inside Wall Weight/m
Bending properties Torsion properties
diameter diameter thickness Area Steel Aluminum
Ref. Do (mm) Di (mm) t (mm) A (mm2) (N/m) (N/m) 4
I (mm ) S (mm ) 3
r (mm) J (mm4) Zp (mm3)
a 10 8 1.0 28.27 2.130 0.768 289.8 57.96 3.20 579.6 115.9

b 10 6 2.0 50.27 3.787 1.365 427.3 85.45 2.92 854.5 170.9
c 20 17 1.5 87.18 6.568 2.367 3754 375.4 6.56 7508.3 750.8
d 20 15 2.5 137.4 10.36 3.732 5369 536.9 6.25 1.074E + 04 1074
e 30 26 2.0 175.9 13.25 4.777 1.733E + 04 1155 9.92 3.466E + 04 2311
f 30 22 4.0 326.7 24.62 8.872 2.826E + 04 1884 9.30 5.652E + 04 3768
g 45 40 2.5 333.8 25.15 9.064 7.563E + 04 3361 15.05 1.513E + 05 6722
h 45 37 4.0 515.2 38.82 13.990 1.093E + 05 4857 14.56 2.186E + 05 9715
i 60 52 4.0 703.7 53.02 19.109 2.773E + 05 9242 19.85 5.545E + 05 1.848E + 04
j 60 48 6.0 1017.9 76.69 27.639 3.756E + 05 1.252E + 04 19.21 7.512E + 05 2.504E + 04
k 75 70 2.5 569.4 42.90 15.462 3.746E + 05 9.988E + 03 25.65 7.491E + 05 1.998E + 04
l 75 65 5.0 1100 82.84 29.857 6.769E + 05 1.805E + 04 24.81 1.354E + 06 3.610E + 04
m 90 84 3.0 820 61.78 22.265 7.767E + 05 1.726E + 04 30.78 1.553E + 06 3.452E + 04
n 90 80 5.0 1335 100.6 36.255 1.210E + 06 2.689E + 04 30.10 2.420E + 06 5.378E + 04
o 110 104 3.0 1008 76.0 27.383 1.444E + 06 2.626E + 04 37.85 2.889E + 06 5.252E + 04
p 110 100 5.0 1649 124.3 44.786 2.278E + 06 4.142E + 04 37.17 4.556E + 06 8.284E + 04
q 130 124 3.0 1197 90.2 32.502 2.415E + 06 3.715E + 04 44.91 4.829E + 06 7.429E + 04
r 130 120 5.0 1963 147.9 53.317 3.841E + 06 5.909E + 04 44.23 7.682E + 06 1.182E + 05
s 150 144 3.0 1385 104.4 37.620 3.744E + 06 4.992E + 04 51.98 7.488E + 06 9.983E + 04
t 150 140 5.0 2278 171.6 61.847 5.993E + 06 7.991E + 04 51.30 1.199E + 07 1.598E + 05
Notes: 1I = moment of inertia; S = section modulus; r = radius of gyration, used in column analysis; J = polar moment of inertia; Zp = polar section modulus.
2
Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3; density of aluminum = 2768 kg/m3. (May range from 2635 kg/m3 to 2829 kg/m3.)

Appendix 829
APPENDIX 16 Conversion Factors
Mass Standard SI unit: Kilogram (kg). Equivalent unit: N # s2/m.

14.59 kg 32.174 lbm 2.205 lbm 453.6 grams 2000 lbm 1000 kg
slug slug kg lbm tonm metric tonm
Force Standard SI unit: Newton (N). Equivalent unit: kg # m/s2.

4.448 N 105 dynes 4.448 * 105 dynes 224.8 lbf 1000 lb
lbf N lbf kN K
Length
3.281 ft 39.37 in 12 in 25.4 mm 1.609 km 5280 ft
m m ft in mi mi
Area
144 in2 10.76 ft2 645.2 mm2 106 mm2 43 560 ft2 104 m2
ft 2
m 2
in 2
m 2 acre hectare
Volume
1728 in3 231 in3 7.48 gal 264 gal 3.785 L 35.3 ft3
ft 3 gal ft 3
m 3 gal m3
Pressure, Stress, or Loading Standard SI unit: Pascal (Pa). Equivalent units: N/m2 or kg/m # s2.
144 lb/ft2 47.88 Pa 6895 Pa 1 Pa 6.895 MPa
lb/in 2 lb/ft2 lb/in2 N/m2 ksi
Energy Standard SI unit: Joule (J). Equivalent units: N # m or kg # m2/s2.

1.356 J 1.0 J 8.85 lb # in 1.055 kJ 3.600 kJ 778 ft # lb
lb # ft N#m J Btu W#h Btu
Power Standard SI unit: Watt (W). Equivalent unit: J/s or N # m/s.

745.7 W 1.0 W 550 lb # ft/s 1.356 W 3.412 Btu/h 1.341 hp
hp N # m/s hp lb # ft/s W kW
Density (Mass/Unit Volume)

515.4 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 32.17 lbm/ft3 16.018 kg/m3
3 3
slug/ft gram/cm slug/ft 3
lbm/ft3
Specific Weight (Weight/Unit Volume)

157.1 N/m3 1728 lb/ft3
3
General approach to applying conversion factors: Arrange the
lbf/ft lb/in3
conversion factor from this table such that, when multiplied by the
Bending Moment or Torque given quantity, the original units cancel out, leaving the desired units.
8.851 lb # in 1.356 N # m
See examples below.
N#m lb # ft Example 1. Convert a stress of 36 ksi to MPa.
Section Modulus 6.895 MPa
s = 36 ksi * = 248 MPa.
1.639 * 104 mm3 109 mm3 ksi
in 3
m3 Example 2. Convert a stress of 1272 MPa to ksi.
Moment of Inertia or Second Moment of an Area 1.0 ksi
s = 1272 MPa * = 184 ksi.
4.162 * 105 mm4 1012 mm4 6.895 MPa
4
in m4

830 Appendix
APPENDIX 17 Hardness Conversion Table

Steel: tensile Steel: tensile
Brinell Rockwell Vickers strength, Brinell Rockwell Vickers strength,
(1000 psi (1000 psi
No.1 B C No.2 approx.) No.1 B C No.2 approx.)
(745) 65.3 262 (103.0) 26.6 277 127

(712) 63.3 255 (102.0) 25.4 268 123
(682) 61.7 248 (101.0) 24.2 261 120
(653) 60.0 241 100.0 22.8 252 116
(627) 58.7 235 99.0 21.7 246 114
601 57.3 639 229 98.2 20.5 241 111
578 56.0 614 223 97.3 (18.8) 235 108
555 54.7 590 298 217 96.4 (17.5) 228 105
534 53.5 569 288 212 95.5 (16.0) 222 102
514 52.1 546 274 207 94.6 (15.2) 217 100
495 51.6 527 269 201 93.8 (13.8) 211 98
477 50.3 508 258 197 92.8 (12.7) 207 95
461 48.8 490 244 192 91.9 (11.5) 202 93
444 47.2 472 231 187 90.7 (10.0) 196 90
429 45.7 455 219 183 90.0 (9.0) 184 89
415 44.5 440 212 179 89.0 (8.0) 188 87
401 43.1 424 202 174 87.8 (6.4) 183 85
388 41.8 410 193 170 86.8 (5.4) 179 83
375 40.4 396 184 167 86.0 (4.4) 175 81
363 39.1 383 177 163 85.0 (3.3) 171 79
352 (110.0) 37.9 371 171 156 82.9 (0.9) 164 76
341 (109.0) 36.6 360 164 149 80.8 73
331 (108.5) 35.5 349 159 143 78.7 71
321 (108.0) 34.3 338 154 137 76.4 67
311 (107.5) 33.1 327 149 131 74.0 65
302 (107.0) 32.1 319 146 126 72.0 63
293 (106.0) 30.9 309 141 121 69.8 60
285 (105.5) 29.9 301 138 116 67.6 58
277 (104.5) 28.8 292 134 111 65.7 56
269 (104.0) 27.6 284 130
Notes: This is a condensation of Table 2, Report J417b, SAE 1971 Handbook. Values in ( ) are beyond normal range and are presented for information only.
1
Values above 500 are for tungsten carbide ball; below 500 are for standard ball.
2
Vickers: Diamond pyramid Hardness Number; 50 kg load.

Appendix 831
APPENDIX 18 Stress Concentration Factors
3.0 Tension
smax
Kt = s
nom
F F F
2.6 snom =
Amin
d 2
r
2.2 Amin = pd
D 4
Kt
1.8
1.1 D/d = 2.0

1.4 1.2
1.01
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
r/d
Figure A18–1 Stepped round bar in tension
3.4 Tension
Thickness = t smax
Kt = s
F F nom
3.0
snom = F
h Amin
r
2.6
H Amin = th
Kt 2.2
1.8 H/h = 2.0
1.2
1.4 1.1
1.01
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
r/h
Figure A18–2 Stepped flat plate in tension
11.0
10.0 F F
d
9.0 D
F F
8.0 Basic geometry sgross = =
A pD2/4
7.0
smax = Ktg sgross
Ktg 6.0
5.0
Note: Ktg is based on the nominal stress in a
4.0 round bar without a hole (gross section).
3.0
2.0
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
d/D
Figure A18–3 Round bar with a transverse hole in tension

832 Appendix
Curve A
Direct tension
5.0 on plate
Thickness = t
F F
snom = =
Anet (w – d)t
d
4.0 w
F F = total load
Basic geometry
Plate carries uniform tensile load throughout.
Kt 3.0
A B smax Curve B
Kt = s Tension-load
nom
applied through
a pin in the hole
F F
snom = =
2.0 Anet (w – d)t
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Plate carries uniform tensile load on one side;
d/w load is applied by a pin in the hole.
Figure A18–4 Flat plate with a central hole in tension
Bending in the plane

2.0 of the plate
Mc M 6Mw
snom = =
Kt Inet Snet (w3 – d3)t
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
M M
d/w
Note: Kt = 1.0 for d/w < 0.5 t = Thickness of the plate.
Figure A18–5 Flat plate with a central hole in bending
3.0 Bending s
Kt = smax
nom
2.6
snom = Mc = M
I S
M d M
2.2 r 3
D/d = 2.00 D S = pd
Kt 32
1.20
1.8
1.05
1.4
1.1
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
r/d
Figure A18–6 Stepped round bar in bending

Appendix 833
3.4 Bending smax

Kt = s
Thickness = t nom
3.0
snom = Mc = M
I S
2.6 h M th2
r S= 6
M
H
Kt 2.2
1.8
H/h = 2.0
1.4
1.2
1.01 1.05
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
r/h
Figure A18–7 Stepped flat plate in bending
11.0 Bending
10.0
d
9.0 M M
D
M M
8.0 Basic geometry sgross = =
S pD3/32
7.0
Ktg smax = Ktg sgross
6.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
d/D
Figure A18–8 Round bar with a transverse hole in bending
1.5 Torsion t
Kt = tmax
nom
1.4 T T
tnom = T
Zp
r d
1.3 3
D Zp = pd
Kt 16
1.2
D/d = 2.0
D/d = 1.25
1.4 D/d = 1.11
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
r/d
Figure A18–9 Stepped round bar in torsion

834 Appendix
11.0 Torsion
10.0 T T
d
9.0
D
8.0 Basic geometry T T
tgross = =
Zp pD3/16
7.0
Ktg 6.0 tmax = Kt tgross
g
5.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
d/D
Figure A18–10 Round bar with a transverse hole in torsion
APPENDIX 19 Geometry Factor, I, for Pitting for Spur Gears

Section 9–6 introduced the geometry factor, I, for pitting resistance for spur gears as a factor that relates the gear
tooth geometry to the radius of curvature of the teeth. The value of I is to be determined at the lowest point of single
tooth contact (LPSTC). The AGMA defines I as
I = Cc Cx
where
Cc is the curvature factor at the pitch line
Cx is the factor to adjust for the specific height of the LPSTC
The variables involved are to be the pressure angle, f, the number of teeth in the pinion, NP, and the gear ratio
mG = NG/NP. Note that mG is always greater than or equal to 1.0, regardless of which gear is driving. The value of
Cc is easily calculated directly from
cos f sin f mG
Cc =
2 mG + 1
The computation of the value of Cx requires the evaluation of several other terms.
R1R2
Cx =
RPRG
where each term is developed in the following equations in terms of f, NP, and mG along with Pd. It will be shown
that the diametral pitch appears in the denominator of each term, and it can then be canceled. We also express each
term in the form C/Pd for convenience.
RP = Radius of curvature for pinion at the pitch point
DP sin f NP sin f C1
RP = = =
2 2 Pd Pd
RG = Radius of curvature for gear at the pitch point

DG sin f DP mG sin f NP mG sin f C2 mG C1
RG = = = = =
2 2 2 Pd Pd Pd
R1 = Radius of curvature of the pinion at the LPSTC = RP - Zc

R2 = Radius of curvature of the gear at the LPSTC = RG + Zc
Zc = pb - Za

Appendix 835
p cos f C3
pb = Base pitch = =
Pd Pd
Za = 0.5 c 2Dop2 - Dbp2 - 2Dp2 - Dbp2 d
We now express all of the diameters in this equation in terms of f, NP, mG, and Pd.
DoP = Outside diameter of the pinion = (NP + 2)/Pd

DP = Pinion diameter = NP/Pd
DbP = Base diameter for the pinion = DP cos f = (NP cos f)/Pd
Note that each term has the diametral pitch Pd in the denominator. It can then be factored outside the square root
sign. The resulting equation for Za is
0.5 C4
Za = c 2(NP + 2)2 - (NP cos f)2 - 2N 2P - (NP cos f)2 d =
Pd Pd
Now we can define Zc.

C3 C4 C3 - C4
Zc = pb - Za = - =
Pd Pd Pd
We can now complete the equations for R1 and R2.

C1 C3 - C4 C1 - C3 + C4
R1 = RP - Zc = - =
Pd Pd Pd
C2 C3 - C4 C2 + C3 - C4
R2 = RG + Zc = + =
Pd Pd Pd
Finally, all of these terms can be substituted into the equation for Cx.
R1R2 [(C1 - C3 + C4/Pd] [(C2 + C3 - C4)/Pd]
Cx = =
RPRG (C1/Pd)(C2/Pd)
Now you can see that the diametral pitch Pd cancels out, resulting in the final form,
R1R2 (C1 - C3 + C4)(C2 + C3 - C4)

Cx = =
RPRG (C1)(C2)
The algorithm for computing I can now be stated. First compute each of the C terms.
C1 = (NP sin f)/2
C2 = (NP mG sin f)/2 = (C1)(mG)
C3 = p cos f
C4 = 0.5 3 2(Np + 2)2 - (Np cos f)2 - 2N 2p - (Np cos f)2 4
R1R2 (C1 - C3 + C4)(C2 + C3 - C4)

Cx = =
RPRG (C1)(C2)
cos f sin f mG
Cc =
2 mG + 1
Finally, I = CcCx

836 Appendix
Example Problem Compute the value for the geometry factor, I, for pitting for the following data: Two spur gears in mesh
A19–1 with a pressure angle of 20°, NP = 30, NG = 150.
Solution First compute: mG = NG/NP = 150/30 = 5.0

Then C1 = (NP sin f)/2 = (30)(sin 20°)/2 = 5.1303
C2 = (NP mG sin f)/2 = (C1)(mG) = 25.652
C3 = p cos f = p cos 20° = 2.9521
C4 = 0.5 3 2(NP + 2)2 - (NP cos f)2 - 2N P2 - (NP cos f)2 4
C4 = 0.5 3 2(30 + 2)2 - (30 cos 20°)2 - 2302 - (30 cos 20°)2 4 = 2.4407
R1 R2 (C1 - C3 + C4)(C2 + C3 - C4)

Cx = =
RPRG (C1)(C2)
(5.1303 - 2.9521 + 2.4407)(25.652 + 2.9521 - 2.4407)

Cx = = 0.91826
(5.1303)(25.652)
cos f sin f mG cos 20° sin 20° (5)
Cc = = = 0.13391
2 mG + 1 2(5 + 1)
Finally, I = CcCx = (0.13391)(0.91826) = 0.12297 ≈ 0.123
This process lends itself well to programming in a spreadsheet, MATLAB, BASIC, or any other convenient
computational aid.

DISEÑO DE
MÁQUINAS
Un enfoque integrado
Cuarta edición
Robert L. Norton
Appendix A
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
The following tables contain approximate values for strengths and other specifications
of a variety of engineering materials compiled from various sources. In some cases the
data are minimum recommended values and in other cases they are from a single test
specimen. These data are suitable for use in the engineering exercises contained in this
text, but should not be considered as statistically valid representations of specifications
for any particular alloy or material. The designer should consult the materials’ manu-
facturers for more accurate and up-to-date strength information on materials used in en-
gineering applications, or conduct independent tests of the selected materials to
determine their ultimate suitability to any application.
Much more information on material properties is available on the world-wide-web.
Some sites are:
http://www.matweb.com
http://metals.about.com
Table No. Description

A-1 Physical Properties of Some Engineering Materials
A-2 Mechanical Properties for Some Wrought-Aluminum Alloys
A-3 Mechanical Properties for Some Aluminum Casting Alloys
A-4 Mechanical Properties for Some Wrought- and Cast-Copper Alloys
A-5 Mechanical Properties for Some Titanium Alloys
A-6 Mechanical Properties for Some Magnesium Alloys
A-7 Mechanical Properties for Some Cast Iron Alloys
A-8 Mechanical Properties for Some Stainless Steel Alloys
A-9 Mechanical Properties for Some Carbon Steels
A-10 Mechanical Properties for Some Alloy and Tool Steels
A-11 Mechanical Properties for Some Engineering Plastics
987
App A 4ed new 987 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

988 MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach
Table A-1 Physical Properties of Some Engineering Materials

Data from Various Sources.* These Properties Are Essentially Similar for All Alloys of the Particular Material
Poisson's Weight Mass Specific
Material Modulus of Elasticity E Modulus of Rigidity G
Ratio ν Density γ Density ρ Gravity
Mpsi GPa Mpsi GPa lb/in3 Mg/m3
Aluminum Alloys 10.4 71.7 3.9 26.8 0.34 0.10 2.8 2.8
Beryllium Copper 18.5 127.6 7.2 49.4 0.29 0.30 8.3 8.3
Brass, Bronze 16.0 110.3 6.0 41.5 0.33 0.31 8.6 8.6
Copper 17.5 120.7 6.5 44.7 0.35 0.32 8.9 8.9
Iron, Cast, Gray 15.0 103.4 5.9 40.4 0.28 0.26 7.2 7.2
Iron, Cast, Ductile 24.5 168.9 9.4 65.0 0.30 0.25 6.9 6.9
Iron, Cast, Malleable 25.0 172.4 9.6 66.3 0.30 0.26 7.3 7.3
Magnesium Alloys 6.5 44.8 2.4 16.8 0.33 0.07 1.8 1.8
Nickel Alloys 30.0 206.8 11.5 79.6 0.30 0.30 8.3 8.3
Steel, Carbon 30.0 206.8 11.7 80.8 0.28 0.28 7.8 7.8
Steel, Alloys 30.0 206.8 11.7 80.8 0.28 0.28 7.8 7.8
Steel, Stainless 27.5 189.6 10.7 74.1 0.28 0.28 7.8 7.8
Titanium Alloys 16.5 113.8 6.2 42.4 0.34 0.16 4.4 4.4
Zinc Alloys 12.0 82.7 4.5 31.1 0.33 0.24 6.6 6.6
* Properties of Some Metals and Alloys, International Nickel Co., Inc., N.Y.; Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, Ohio.
index flag for Table C1

Table A-2 Mechanical Properties for Some Wrought-Aluminum Alloys

Data from Various Sources.* Approximate Values. Consult Material Manufacturers for More Accurate Information
Wrought- Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Fatigue Strength Elongation Brinell
Aluminum Condition (0.2% offset) Strength at 5E8 cycles over 2 in Hardness
Alloy kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa % -HB
1100 sheet annealed 5 34 13 90 35 23
cold rolled 22 152 24 165 5 44
2024 sheet annealed 11 76 26 179 20 -
heat treated 42 290 64 441 20 138 19 -
3003 sheet annealed 6 41 16 110 30 28
cold rolled 27 186 29 200 4 55
5052 sheet annealed 13 90 28 193 25 47
cold rolled 37 255 42 290 7 77
6061 sheet annealed 8 55 18 124 25 30
heat treated 40 276 45 310 14 97 12 95
7075 bar annealed 15 103 33 228 16 60
heat treated 73 503 83 572 14 97 11 150
*Properties of Some Metals and Alloys, International Nickel Co., Inc., N.Y.; Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, Ohio.
App A 4ed new 988 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

Appendix A MATERIAL PROPERTIES 989
Table A-3 Mechanical Properties for Some Aluminum Casting Alloys

Data from INCO.* Approximate Values. Consult Material Manufacturers for More Accurate Information
Aluminum Condition Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Brinell
Casting (0.2% offset) Strength over 2 in Hardness
Alloy kpsi MPa kpsi MPa % -HB
43 permanent mold casting—as cast 9 62 23 159 10 45

195 sand casting—as cast 24 165 36 248 5 -
220 sand casting—solution heat treated 26 179 48 331 16 75
380 die casting—as cast 24 165 48 331 3 -
A132 permanent mold casting—heat treated + 340°F 43 296 47 324 0.5 125
A142 sand casting—heat treated + 650°F 30 207 32 221 0.5 85
* Properties of Some Metals and Alloys, International Nickel Co., Inc., New York.
Table A-4 Mechanical Properties for Some Wrought- and Cast-Copper Alloys
Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Brinell or
Copper Alloy Condition
(0.2% offset) Strength over 2 in Rockwell
kpsi MPa kpsi MPa Hardness
%
CA110—Pure Copper strip annealed 10 69 32 221 45 40HRF
spring temper 50 345 55 379 4 60HRB
CA170—Beryllium Copper strip annealed plus age 145 1 000 165 1 138 7 35HRC
hard plus age 170 1 172 190 1 310 3 40HRC
CA220—Commercial Bronze strip annealed 10 69 37 255 45 53HRF
CA230—Red Brass strip annealed 15 103 40 276 50 50HB
hard temper 60 414 75 517 7 135HB
CA260—Cartridge Brass strip annealed 11 76 44 303 66 54HRF
CA270—Yellow Brass strip annealed 14 97 46 317 65 58HRF
CA510—Phosphor Bronze annealed 19 131 47 324 64 73HRF
CA614—Aluminum Bronze soft 45 310 82 565 40 84HRB
hard 60 414 89 614 32 87HRB
CA655—High Silicon Bronze annealed 21 145 56 386 63 76HRF
CA675—Manganese Bronze soft 30 207 65 448 33 65HRB
half-hard 60 414 84 579 19 90HRB
Leaded-Tin Bronze as cast 19 131 34 234 18 60HB
Nickel-Tin Bronze as cast 20 138 50 345 40 85HB
cast and heat treated 55 379 85 586 10 180HB
index flag for Table C3 B
A
App A 4ed new 989 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

Table A-5 Mechanical Properties for Some Titanium Alloys

Titanium Alloy Condition Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Brinell or
(0.2% offset) Strength over 2 in Rockwell
Hardness
kpsi MPa kpsi MPa %
Ti-35A sheet annealed 30 207 40 276 30 135HB
Ti-0.2Pd Alloy sheet annealed 45 310 55 379 25 215HB
Ti-5 Al-2.5 Sn Alloy annealed 125 862 135 931 13 39HRC
Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1 V Alloy sheet annealed 130 896 140 965 13 39HRC
Ti-8 Al-2 Sn-4 Zr-2 Mo Alloy bar annealed 130 896 140 965 15 39HRC
Ti-8 Al-6 V-2 Sn Alloy sheet annealed 155 1 069 165 1 138 12 41HRC
Ti-6 Al-4 V Alloy sheet annealed 130 896 140 13 2.5 39HRC
Ti-6 Al-4 V Alloy heat treated 165 1 138 175 1 207 12 –
T1-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al Alloy sheet annealed 130 896 135 931 13 37HRC
T1-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al Alloy heat treated 170 1 172 180 1 241 6 –

Table A-6 Mechanical Properties for Some Magnesium Alloys

Magnesium Condition
Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Brinell or
Alloy (0.2% offset) Strength over 2 in Rockwell
Hardness
kpsi MPa kpsi MPa %
AZ 31B sheet annealed 22 152 37 255 21 56HB
hard sheet 32 221 42 290 15 73HB
AZ 80A as forged 33 228 48 331 11 69HB
forged and aged 36 248 50 345 6 72HB
AZ91A & AZ91B die cast 22 152 33 228 3 63HB
AZ91C as cast 14 97 24 165 2.5 60HB
cast, solution treated and aged 19 131 40 276 5 70HB
AZ92A as cast 14 97 25 172 2 65HB
cast, solution treated 14 97 40 276 10 63HB
cast, solution treated and aged 22 152 40 276 3 81HB
EZ33A cast and aged 16 110 23 159 3 50HB
HK31A strain hardened 29 200 37 255 8 68HB
cast and heat treated 15 103 32 221 8 66HRB
HZ32A cast - solution treated and aged 13 90 27 186 4 55HB
ZK60A as extruded 38 262 49 338 14 75HB
extruded and aged 44 303 53 365 11 82HB
App A 4ed new 990 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

Table A-7 Mechanical Properties for Some Cast-Iron Alloys

Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Compressive Brinell
Cast Iron Alloy Condition (0.2% offset) Strength Strength Hardness
kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa -HB
Gray Cast Iron—Class 20 as cast – – 22 152 83 572 156
Gray Cast Iron—Class 50 as cast – – 52 359 164 1 131 262
Gray Cast Iron—Class 60 as cast – – 62 427 187 1 289 302
Ductile Iron 60-40-18 annealed 47 324 65 448 52 359 160
Ductile Iron 120-90-02 Q&T 120 827 140 965 134 924 325
* Properties of Some Metals and Alloys, International Nickel Co., Inc., N.Y.; Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, Ohio.

Table A-8 Mechanical Properties for Some Stainless Steel Alloys
Stainless Steel Condition Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Brinell or
Alloy (0.2% offset) Strength over 2 in Rockwell
Hardness
kpsi MPa kpsi MPa %
Type 301 strip annealed 40 276 110 758 60 85HRB
cold rolled 165 1 138 200 1 379 8 41HRC
Type 302 sheet annealed 40 276 90 621 50 85HRB
cold rolled 165 1 138 190 1 310 5 40HRC
cold rolled 160 1 103 185 1 276 4 40HRC
Type 314 bar annealed 50 345 100 689 45 180HB
Type 330 hot rolled 55 379 100 689 35 200HB
annealed 35 241 80 552 50 150HB
heat treated 140 965 180 1 241 15 39HRC
Type 420 bar annealed 50 345 95 655 25 92HRB
heat treated 195 1 344 230 1 586 8 500HB
Type 431 bar annealed 95 655 125 862 25 260HB
heat treated 150 1 034 195 1 344 15 400HB
Type 440C bar annealed 65 448 110 758 14 230HB
Q & T @ 600°F 275 1 896 285 1 965 2 57HRC
17-4 PH (AISI 630) hardened 185 1 276 200 1 379 14 44HRC
17-7 PH (AISI 631) hardened 220 1 517 235 1 620 6 48HRC
B
A
App A 4ed new 991 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

Table A-9 Mechanical Properties for Some Carbon Steels

SAE / AISI Condition Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Brinell
Number (0.2% offset) Strength over 2 in Hardness
kpsi MPa kpsi MPa % -HB
1010 hot rolled 26 179 47 324 28 95
cold rolled 44 303 53 365 20 105
1020 hot rolled 30 207 55 379 25 111
cold rolled 57 393 68 469 15 131
1030 hot rolled 38 259 68 469 20 137
normalized @ 1 650°F 50 345 75 517 32 149
cold rolled 64 441 76 524 12 149
quench & temper @ 1 000°F 75 517 97 669 28 255
quench & temper @ 800°F 84 579 106 731 23 302
quench & temper @ 400°F 94 648 123 848 17 495
1035 hot rolled 40 276 72 496 18 143
cold rolled 67 462 80 552 12 163
1040 hot rolled 42 290 76 524 18 149
normalized @ 1 650°F 54 372 86 593 28 170
cold rolled 71 490 85 586 12 170
quench & temper @ 1 200°F 63 434 92 634 29 192
quench & temper @ 800°F 80 552 110 758 21 241
quench & temper @ 400°F 86 593 113 779 19 262
1045 hot rolled 45 310 82 565 16 163
cold rolled 77 531 91 627 12 179
1050 hot rolled 50 345 90 621 15 179
normalized @ 1 650°F 62 427 108 745 20 217
cold rolled 84 579 100 689 10 197
quench & temper @ 1 200°F 78 538 104 717 28 235
quench & temper @ 800°F 115 793 158 1 089 13 444
quench & temper @ 400°F 117 807 163 1 124 9 514
1060 hot rolled 54 372 98 676 12 200
normalized @ 1 650°F 61 421 112 772 18 229
quench & temper @ 1 200°F 76 524 116 800 23 229
quench & temper @ 1 000°F 97 669 140 965 17 277
quench & temper @ 800°F 111 765 156 1 076 14 311
1095 hot rolled 66 455 120 827 10 248
normalized @ 1 650°F 72 496 147 1 014 9 13
quench & temper @ 1 200°F 80 552 130 896 21 269
quench & temper @ 800°F 112 772 176 1 213 12 363
quench & temper @ 600°F 118 814 183 1 262 10 375
* SAE Handbook, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.; Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, Ohio.
index flags for Table C9

A
App A 4ed new 992 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

Table A-10 Mechanical Properties for Some Alloy and Tool Steels
SAE / AISI Condition Tensile Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Brinell or
Number (0.2% offset) Strength over 2 in Rockwell
Hardness
kpsi MPa kpsi MPa %
1340 annealed 63 434 102 703 25 204HB
quench & temper 109 752 125 862 21 250HB
4027 annealed 47 324 75 517 30 150HB
quench & temper 113 779 132 910 12 264HB
4130 annealed @ 1 450°F 52 359 81 558 28 156HB
normalized @ 1 650°F 63 434 97 669 25 197HB
quench & temper @ 1 200°F 102 703 118 814 22 245HB
quench & temper @ 800°F 173 1 193 186 1 282 13 380HB
4140 annealed @ 1 450°F 61 421 95 655 26 197HB
normalized @ 1 650°F 95 655 148 1 020 18 302HB
quench & temper @ 1 200°F 95 655 110 758 22 230HB
4340 quench & temper @ 1 200°F 124 855 140 965 19 280HB
quench & temper @ 1 000°F 156 1 076 170 1 172 13 360HB
6150 annealed 59 407 96 662 23 192HB
quench & temper 148 1 020 157 1 082 16 314HB
8740 annealed 60 414 95 655 25 190HB
quench & temper 133 917 144 993 18 288HB
H-11 annealed @ 1 600°F 53 365 100 689 25 96HRB
quench & temper @ 1 000°F 250 1 724 295 2 034 9 55HRC
L-2 annealed @ 1 425°F 74 510 103 710 25 96HRB
quench & temper @ 400°F 260 1 793 290 1 999 5 54HRC
L-6 annealed @ 1 425°F 55 379 95 655 25 93HRB
P-20 annealed @ 1 425°F 75 517 100 689 17 97HRB
S-1 annealed @ 1 475°F 60 414 100 689 24 96HRB
S-5 annealed @ 1 450°F 64 441 105 724 25 96HRB
S-7 annealed @ 1 525°F 55 379 93 641 25 95HRB
A-8 annealed @ 1 550°F 65 448 103 710 24 97HRB
quench & temper @ 1 050°F 225 1 551 265 1 827 9 52HRC
* Machine Design Materials Reference Issue, Penton Publishing, Cleveland Ohio; Metals Handbook, ASM, Materials Park, Ohio.

B
A
App A 4ed new 993 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

Table A-11 Mechanical Properties of Some Engineering Plastics

Approximate Ultimate Ultimate Elongation Specific
Material Modulus of Tensile Max
Compressive over 2 in Gravity
Strength Temp
Elasticity E Strength
Mpsi GPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa % °F

ABS 0.3 2.1 6.0 41.4 10.0 68.9 5 to 25 160–200 1.05
20–40% glass filled 0.6 4.1 10.0 68.9 12.0 82.7 3 200–230 1.30
Acetal 0.5 3.4 8.8 60.7 18.0 124.1 60 220 1.41
20–30% glass filled 1.0 6.9 10.0 68.9 18.0 124.1 7 185–220 1.56
Acrylic 0.4 2.8 10.0 68.9 15.0 103.4 5 140–190 1.18
Fluoroplastic (PTFE) 0.2 1.4 5.0 34.5 6.0 41.4 100 350–330 2.10
Nylon 6/6 0.2 1.4 10.0 68.9 10.0 68.9 60 180–300 1.14
Nylon 11 0.2 1.3 8.0 55.2 8.0 55.2 300 180–300 1.04
20–30% glass filled 0.4 2.5 12.8 88.3 12.8 88.3 4 250–340 1.26
Polycarbonate 0.4 2.4 9.0 62.1 12.0 82.7 100 250 1.20
10–40% glass filled 1.0 6.9 17.0 117.2 17.0 117.2 2 275 1.35
HMW Polyethylene 0.1 0.7 2.5 17.2 – – 525 – 0.94
Polyphenylene Oxide 0.4 2.4 9.6 66.2 16.4 113.1 20 212 1.06
20–30% glass filled 1.1 7.8 15.5 106.9 17.5 120.7 5 260 1.23
Polypropylene 0.2 1.4 5.0 34.5 7.0 48.3 500 250–320 0.90
20–30% glass filled 0.7 4.8 7.5 51.7 6.2 42.7 2 300–320 1.10
Impact Polystyrene 0.3 2.1 4.0 27.6 6.0 41.4 2 to 80 140–175 1.07
20–30% glass filled 0.1 0.7 12.0 82.7 16.0 110.3 1 180–200 1.25
Polysulfone 0.4 2.5 10.2 70.3 13.9 95.8 50 300–345 1.24
* Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, New York; Machine Design Materials Reference Issue, Penton Publishing, Cleveland, Ohio.
App A 4ed new 994 10/18/09, 11:37 PM

Appendix B
BEAM TABLES
Loading, shear, moment, slope, and deflection functions for a selection of common beam
configurations and loadings are presented in these tables. Cantilever, simply sup-
ported, and overhung beams with either a concentrated load at any point or a uni-
formly distributed load across any portion of the span are defined. A general set of
equations is derived for each beam. Special cases, such as those with the load at cen-
ter span, are accommodated by appropriate choice of dimensions in the general formu-
las. In all cases, singularity functions are used to write the beam equations, which gives
a single expression for the entire span for each function. See Section 3.9 (p. 112) for a
discussion of singularity functions. The equations for the beam cases in this appendix
have been encoded in computer files, which are provided on the CD included with this
text. In some cases, the computer files allow multiple loads to be applied at different
locations on the beam, but the derivations in this appendix each accommodate only one
load per beam. Use superposition to combine various beam cases when more than one
type of load is present on a beam. For a more complete collection of beam formulas
see Roark and Young, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,
1989. A key to the figures in this appendix and their related files follows.
Figure No. Case File Name

B-1a Cantilever beam with concentrated load CANTCONC
B-1b Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load CANTUNIF
B-2a Simply supported beam with concentrated load SIMPCONC
B-2b Simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load SIMPUNIF
B-3a Overhung beam with concentrated load OVHGCONC
B-3b Overhung beam with uniformly distributed load OVHGUNIF
995
App B new PM7 995 10/18/09, 11:39 PM

(a) Cantilever beam with concentrated loading (b) Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed loading
l l
F 〈x–a〉 – 1 w 〈x–a〉 0 R1 = w(l − a)
a
M1 R1 = F M1 a
x x
M1 = Fa M1 =
2
(
w 2
l − a2 )
R1 R1
−2 −1 −1 −2 −1 0
Loading q = M1 x + R1 x −F x−a Loading q = M1 x + R1 x −w x−a
V V
Vmax Vmax = R1 = F Vmax Vmax = R1 = w(l − a)
−1 0 −1 1
V = M1 x + R1 − F x − a V = M1 x + R1 − w x − a
0 x 0 x
Shear
(
= F 1− x − a 0
) Shear
[
= w (l − a ) − x − a 1
]
0 x Mmax = − Fa 0 x Mmax = M1 =
w 2
2
l − a2 ( )
when a = l : Mmax = − Fl wl 2
when a = 0 : Mmax =
2
Mmax 1 Mmax M = − M1 + R1 x − w x − a 2
M M = − M1 + R1 x − F x − a M
Moment (
= F −a + x − x − a 1
) Moment =
w
2 [ ( )
2( l − a ) x − l 2 − a 2 − 2 x − a 2
]
0 x 0 x
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ R ⎞
− M1 x + 1 x 2 − M1 x + 1 x 2
1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ 1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
θ= ⎜ ⎟ θ=
EI ⎜ F EI ⎜⎜ w ⎟
− x − a 2⎟ − x−a 3⎟
θ θmax ⎝ 2 ⎠ θ θmax ⎝ 6 ⎠
Slope
θ=
F
2 EI
(−2 ax + x 2 − x − a 2
) Slope
θ=
w
6 EI
( ( )
3(l − a) x 2 − 3 l 2 − a 2 x − x − a 3
)
0 x
ymax =
Fa 2
6 EI
(a − 3l ) 0 x y
max =
w
24 EI
(
−3l 4 + 4 a 3l − a 4 )
Fl 3 wl 4
ymax when a = l : ymax = − ymax when a = 0 : ymax = −
3EI 8 EI
y y
1 ⎛ M1 2 R1 3 F ⎞ 1 ⎛ M1 2 R1 3 w ⎞
y= − x + x − x−a 3 y= − x + x − x−a 4
EI ⎝ 2 6 6 ⎠ EI ⎝ 2 6 24 ⎠
Deflection
=
F
6 EI
(
x 3 − 3ax 2 − x − a 3 ) Deflection
=
w
24 EI
( (
4(l − a) x 3 − 6 l 2 − a 2 x 2 − x − a ) 4
)
FIGURE B-1
B Cantilever Beams with Concentrated or Distributed Loading. Note: < > Denotes a Singularity Function
App B new PM7 996 10/18/09, 11:39 PM

Appendix B BEAM TABLES 997
(a) Simply supported beam with concentrated loading (b) Simply supported beam with uniformly distributed loading
l l
R1 = F ⎛1 − ⎞
a w
a F 〈x–a〉 –1
⎝ w 〈x–a〉 0 R1 = (l − a ) 2
l⎠ a 2l
x R2 = F ⎛ ⎞
a
⎝ l⎠
x R2 =
w 2
2l
(
l − a2 )
R1 R2 R1 R2
−1 −1 −1 −1 0 −1
Loading q = R1 x −F x−a + R2 x − l Loading q = R1 x −w x−a + R2 x − l
V V
Vmax = MAX( R1 , R2 ) Vmax = MAX( R1 , R2 )
0 x
0 x
0 0 1 0
V = R1 − F x − a + R2 x − l V = R1 − w x − a + R2 x − l
= F ⎛1 − − x − a 0 ⎞ = w ⎡⎢ (l − a)2 − x − a 1 ⎤⎥
a 1
Shear ⎝ l ⎠ Shear ⎣ l
2 ⎦
Mmax = Fa⎛1 − ⎞
M Mmax a Mmax
⎝ M
l⎠ wx
when a = 0 : M = (l − x )
l Fl 2
when a = : Mmax =
0 x 2 4 0 x
w 2 1
1
M = R1 x − F x − a + R2 x − l 1 M = R1 x − x−a + R2 x − l
2
⎡ ⎤
= F ⎢⎛1 − ⎞ x − x − a 1 ⎥
w ⎡x
(l − a)2 − x − a 2 ⎤⎥
a
=
Moment
⎣⎝ l⎠ ⎦
Moment
2 ⎣⎢ l ⎦
θ θmax θmax
0 x 0 x
⎧⎛ ⎫ ⎧6x2 ⎫
1 − ⎞ x2 − x − a 2
a
F ⎪⎪⎝ l⎠ ⎪⎪ θ
w ⎪⎪ l
(l − a ) 2 − 4 x − a 3 ⎪⎪
θ= ⎨ ⎬ θ= ⎨ ⎬
Slope
2 EI ⎪
⎪⎩
+
a
3l
(
− a 2 + 3al − 2l 2 ) ⎪
⎪⎭ Slope
24 EI ⎪
⎪⎩
1
[
+ (l − a ) 4 − 2 l 2 (l − a ) 2
l ] ⎪
⎪⎭
0 x 0 x when a = 0 :
F ⎛ 3 a4 ⎞
ymax
ymax = ⎜
3EI ⎝
2a −
l
− la 2 ⎟
⎠ ymax
y=
wx
24 EI
(
2lx 2 − x 3 − l 3 )
y
⎧⎛ ⎫ y ⎧2x3 ⎫
1 − ⎞ x3 − x − a 3
a
F ⎪⎪⎝ l⎠ ⎪⎪ w ⎪⎪ l
(l − a ) 2 − x − a 4 ⎪⎪
y= ⎨ ⎬ y= ⎨ ⎬
Deflection
6 EI ⎪
⎪⎩
a
l
(
+ − a 2 + 3al − 2l 2 x ⎪
⎪⎭ ) Deflection
24 EI ⎪
⎪⎩
x
[
+ (l − a ) 4 − 2 l 2 (l − a ) 2
l ] ⎪
⎪⎭
FIGURE B-2
Simply Supported Beams with Concentrated or Distributed Loading. Note: < > Denotes a Singularity Function B
B
App B new PM7 997 10/18/09, 11:39 PM

(a) Overhung beam with concentrated loading (b) Overhung beam with uniformly distributed loading
l l
b − a⎞
R1 = F ⎛ R1 = wa⎛1 − ⎞
a a a
b ⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ 2b ⎠
F 〈x–a〉 –1
w 〈x–a〉 0
x x
wa 2
R2 = F ⎛ ⎞
a
R2 =
⎝ b⎠ b 2b
R1 R2 R1 R2
−1 −1 −1 −1 0 0 −1
Loading q = R1 x −F x−a + R2 x − b Loading q = R1 x −w x +w x−a + R2 x − b
V V
0 x
0 x
⎡ ⎤
Shear
V = F ⎡⎢
b−a
⎣ b
x 0
+
a
b
x−b 0
− x − a 0 ⎤⎥
⎦ Shear
V = w ⎢a − x + x − a 1 +
⎢⎣
a2
2b
x−b ( 0
)
−1 ⎥
⎥⎦
Mmax
0 x
0 x
⎡⎛ ⎤
a2 ⎞
⎢⎜ 2 a − x − x2 ⎥
Mmax w ⎢⎝ b ⎟⎠ ⎥
M
M M= ⎢ ⎥
b−a 2
a2
M = F ⎡⎢ x − b 1 − x − a 1 ⎤⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
1 a
+ 2
⎢⎣ + x − a + b x − b
x
Moment ⎣ b b ⎦ Moment ⎥⎦
θ θ θmax
0 x ⎡1 ⎛ 2 2 3 1 4⎞⎤
⎢ ⎝ 2 a b − 4 ab + b − b − a ⎠ ⎥
0 ⎢ 24 b ⎥
w ⎢ ⎛ a a2 ⎞ 2 1 3 ⎥
θmax θ= ⎢ +⎜ − x − x ⎥
⎡b − a 2 a ⎟
x + x−b 2
− x − a 2 ⎤⎥ EI ⎢ ⎝ 2 4b ⎠ 6 ⎥
F ⎢ b b θmin ⎢ ⎥
θ= ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
2
2 EI ⎢ b a 2 1
+ ( a − b) ⎥ ⎢ + x − b + x − a ⎥
Slope ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ Slope ⎣ 4b 6 ⎦
0 x 0 x
⎡⎛ 2 2 3 1 4⎞ ⎤
⎢⎝ 2 a b − 4 ab + b − b b − a ⎠ x ⎥
⎢ ⎥
y
ymax y w ⎢ ⎛ 2a 2 ⎞ 3 ⎥
ymax y= ⎢ +⎜ 4 a − ⎟ x − x4 ⎥
⎡b − a x 3 + a x − b 3
− x − a 3 ⎤⎥
24 EI ⎢ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎥
F ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
y= b b ⎢ 2a 2
3⎥
6 EI ⎢ ⎥ 4
⎢ + x−a + x−b ⎥
Deflection ⎢⎣ + b( a − b) x ⎥⎦ Deflection ⎣ b ⎦
FIGURE B-3
B Overhung Beams with Concentrated or Distributed Loading. Note: < > Denotes a Singularity Function
App B new PM7 998 10/18/09, 11:39 PM

Appendix C
STRESS-
CONCENTRATION
FACTORS
Stress-concentration factors for 14 common cases are presented in this appendix as listed
below. All curves are taken from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concen-
tration, Parts 1 to 5, ” Machine Design, February–July, 1951, Penton Publishing, Cleve-
land, Ohio, with permission. Approximate equations for these curves have been fitted
and are defined in each figure. These equations have been encoded as computerized
functions (noted below) that can be incorporated in computer models to allow automatic
generation of approximate stress-concentration factors during calculations.
Figure Case File Name

C-1 Shaft with Shoulder Fillet in Axial Tension APP_C-01
C-2 Shaft with Shoulder Fillet in Bending APP_C-02
C-3 Shaft with Shoulder Fillet in Torsion APP_C-03
C-4 Shaft with Groove in Axial Tension APP_C-04
C-5 Shaft with Groove in Bending APP_C-05
C-6 Shaft with Groove in Torsion APP_C-06
C-7 Shaft with Transverse Hole in Bending APP_C-07
C-8 Shaft with Transverse Hole in Torsion APP_C-08
C-9 Flat Bar with Fillet in Axial Tension APP_C-09
C-10 Flat Bar with Fillet in Bending APP_C-10
C-11 Flat Bar with Notch in Axial Tension APP_C-11
C-12 Flat Bar with Notch in Bending APP_C-12
C-13 Flat Bar with Transverse Hole in Axial Tension APP_C-13
C-14 Flat Bar with Transverse Hole in Bending APP_C-14
999
App C new PM7 999 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

3.0 b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
r
2.8 D / d = 2.0 r ⎝ d⎠
2.6 where :
1.50
P P
2.4 1.30 D/d A b
D d
2.00 1.014 70 –0.300 35
2.2 1.20
1.50 0.999 57 –0.282 21
Kt 2.0 1.05 1.15 1.30 0.996 82 –0.257 51
1.10 1.20 0.962 72 –0.255 27
1.8 1.02 1.07
1.05 1.15 0.980 84 –0.224 85
1.6 1.01 1.10 0.984 50 –0.208 18
1.07 0.984 98 –0.195 48
1.4
1.05 1.004 80 –0.170 76
1.2 1.02 1.012 20 –0.124 74
1.01 0.984 13 –0.104 74
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-1
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Shaft with a Shoulder Fillet in Axial Tension
b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
3.0 r
⎝ d⎠
2.8 r
where :
2.6 D d
D / d = 6.0 D/d A b
2.4 6.00 0.878 68 –0.332 43
3.0 M M
2.0 3.00 0.893 34 –0.308 60
2.2
1.50 2.00 0.908 79 –0.285 98
Kt 2.0 1.20 1.50 0.938 36 –0.257 59
1.10
1.05 1.20 0.970 98 –0.217 96
1.8 1.03 1.10 0.951 20 –0.237 57
1.02
1.6 1.01 1.07 0.975 27 –0.209 58
1.05 0.981 37 –0.196 53
1.4
1.03 0.980 61 –0.183 81
1.2 1.02 0.960 48 –0.177 11
1.01 0.919 38 –0.170 32
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-2
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Shaft with a Shoulder Fillet in Bending
C
App C new PM7 1000 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

Appendix C STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTORS 1001
3.0
2.8 r b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
r
⎝ d⎠
2.6 T T
where :
2.4
D d
2.2 D/d A b
D / d = 2.0 2.00 0.863 31 –0.238 65
Kt 2.0
1.33 0.848 97 –0.231 61
1.8 1.33 1.20 0.834 25 –0.216 49
1.09 0.903 37 –0.126 92
1.6 1.20
1.09
1.4
1.2
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-3
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Shaft with a Shoulder Fillet in Torsion
b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
r
⎝ d⎠
3.0
D / d = 1.07 r where :
1.05 D
2.8
1.10
D/d A b
2.6 1.03
1.15
∞ 0.993 72 –0.393 52
P P
2.4 1.20 2.00 0.993 83 –0.382 31
1.02 d
1.50 0.998 08 –0.369 55
2.2
1.30 1.30 1.004 90 –0.355 45
1.01 1.50
Kt 2.0 2.0 1.20 1.010 70 –0.337 65
∞ 1.15 1.026 30 –0.316 73
1.8
1.10 1.027 20 –0.294 84
1.6 1.07 1.023 80 –0.276 18
1.05 1.027 20 –0.252 56
1.4
1.03 1.036 70 –0.216 03
1.2 1.02 1.037 90 –0.187 55
1.01 1.000 30 –0.156 09
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-4
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Grooved Shaft in Axial Tension
B
C
App C new PM7 1001 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
r
⎝ d⎠
3.0 where :
D r d
2.8 D/d A b
D / d = 1.05 ∞ 0.948 01 –0.333 02
2.6
1.03 1.07 2.00 0.936 19 –0.330 66
2.4 1.10 M M 1.50 0.938 94 –0.323 80
1.02 1.15 1.30 0.942 99 –0.315 04
2.2
1.20 0.946 81 –0.305 82
1.01 1.30
Kt 2.0 2.0 1.15 0.953 11 –0.297 39
∞
1.12 0.955 73 –0.288 86
1.8
1.10 0.954 54 –0.282 68
1.6 1.07 0.967 74 –0.264 52
1.05 0.987 55 –0.241 34
1.4
1.03 0.990 33 –0.215 17
1.2 1.02 0.977 53 –0.197 93
1.01 0.993 93 –0.152 38
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-5
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Grooved Shaft in Bending
3.0
D r d b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
2.8 r
⎝ d⎠
2.6 D / d = 1.10
T T where :
1.20
2.4
1.30 D/d A b
2.2
∞ 0.881 26 –0.252 04
2.0
Kt 2.0 2.00 0.890 35 –0.240 75
∞
1.05 1.30 0.894 60 –0.232 67
1.8
1.20 0.901 82 –0.223 34
1.02
1.6 1.10 0.923 11 –0.197 40
1.01
1.05 0.938 53 –0.169 41
1.4
1.02 0.968 77 –0.126 05
1.2 1.01 0.972 45 –0.101 62
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-6
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Grooved Shaft in Torsion
C
App C new PM7 1002 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

3.0
2.9
M M
2.8
2.7 D
2.6
2.5 1.50 d
Kt ≅ 1.589 90 − 0.635 50 log⎛ ⎞
Kt 2.0 d
2.4 ⎝ D⎠
2.3
2.2
on s
2.1 urfac
e of
shaf
t at h
2.0 ole
1.9
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d/D
FIGURE C-7
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Shaft with a Transverse Hole in Bending
4.0 d
Kt B ≅ 3.9702 − 9.292
3.9 D
T T d 2 d 3
+27.159⎛ ⎞ + 30.231⎛ ⎞
3.8
3.7 ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
D
3.6 d 4 d 5
−393.19⎛ ⎞ + 650.39⎛ ⎞
3.5 ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
3.4
d 6
Kt 3.3
B
d +15.451⎛ ⎞
⎝ D⎠
3.2
3.1 below d
A
shaft
surfa Kt A ≅ 3.921 50 − 24.435
3.0 ce in D
hole
2.9 d 2 d 3
on surfa +234.06⎛ ⎞ − 1 200.5⎛ ⎞
2.8 ce of sha ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
ft at hole
2.7 d 4 d 5
+3 059.5⎛ ⎞ − 3042.4⎛ ⎞
2.6 ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d/D
FIGURE C-8
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Shaft with a Transverse Hole in Torsion
B
C
App C new PM7 1003 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

3.0 b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
D / d = 2.0 h
r
d
2.8 ⎝ d⎠
1.15 1.50
2.6 where :
1.30 P P
1.10
2.4 D/d A b
1.07 1.20
2.00 1.099 60 –0.320 77
2.2 D r 1.50 1.076 90 –0.295 58
1.05
Kt 2.0 1.30 1.054 40 –0.270 21
3.0
1.20 1.035 10 –0.250 84
1.8 1.02 1.15 1.014 20 –0.239 35
1.6 1.01 1.10 1.013 00 –0.215 35
1.07 1.014 50 –0.193 66
1.4
1.05 0.987 97 –0.138 48
1.2 1.02 1.025 90 –0.169 78
1.01 0.976 62 –0.106 56
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-9
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Filleted Flat Bar in Axial Tension
b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
3.0 r
h ⎝ d⎠
2.8 D / d = 6.0
where :
2.6 3.0
D/d A b
D d
2.4 2.0 6.00 0.895 79 –0.358 47
M M 3.00 0.907 20 –0.333 33
2.2 1.30 r
2.00 0.932 32 –0.303 04
Kt 2.0 1.20 1.30 0.958 80 –0.272 69
1.10 1.20 0.995 90 –0.238 29
1.8 1.07 1.10 1.016 50 –0.215 48
1.6 1.07 1.019 90 –0.203 33
1.05 1.022 60 –0.191 56
1.4
1.01 1.03 1.016 60 –0.178 02
1.2 1.02 1.02 0.995 28 –0.170 13
1.03
1.05
1.01 0.966 89 –0.154 17
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
FIGURE C-10
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Filleted Flat Bar in Bending
C
App C new PM7 1004 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
r
⎝ d⎠
D / d = 2.0
D h where :
3.0 1.50
D/d A b
2.8 1.30 P P
d ∞ 1.109 50 –0.417 12
2.6 1.20
3.00 1.113 90 –0.409 23
1.15
2.4 1.10 r 2.00 1.133 90 –0.385 86
1.50 1.132 60 –0.365 92
Kt 2.2 1.07
∞ 1.30 1.158 60 –0.332 60
1.05 1.20 1.147 50 –0.315 07
2.0
1.03 1.15 1.095 20 –0.325 17
1.8 1.10 1.085 10 –0.299 97
1.02
1.6 1.07 1.091 20 –0.268 57
1.01 1.05 1.090 60 –0.241 63
1.4 1.03 1.051 80 –0.222 16
1.2 1.02 1.054 00 –0.188 79
0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 1.01 1.042 60 –0.141 45
r/d
FIGURE C-11
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Notched Flat Bar in Axial Tension
b
Kt ≅ A⎛ ⎞
r
⎝ d⎠
3.0
D / d = 1.10 h where :
1.07 D
2.8
1.05 1.15 D/d A b
2.6
1.20 ∞ 0.970 79 –0.356 72
d
2.4 1.03 1.30 3.00 0.971 94 –0.350 47
M M 2.00 0.968 01 –0.349 15
2.2 1.02 r
1.50 0.983 15 –0.333 95
Kt 2.0 1.50 1.30 0.982 88 –0.326 06
1.01 2.0 1.20 0.990 55 –0.313 19
1.8 ∞
1.15 0.993 04 –0.302 63
1.6 1.10 1.007 10 –0.283 79
1.07 1.014 70 –0.261 45
1.4
1.05 1.025 00 –0.240 08
1.2 1.03 1.029 40 –0.211 61
1.02 1.037 40 –0.184 28
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 1.01 1.060 50 –0.133 69
r/d
FIGURE C-12
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Notched Flat Bar in Bending B
C
App C new PM7 1005 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

3.0
2.9 d
W d for ≤ 0.65 :
2.8 P P W
h d
Kt ≅ 3.003 9 − 3.753
2.7 W
d 2
2.6 +7.973 5⎛ ⎞
⎝W⎠
Kt
2.5 d 3
−9.265 9⎛ ⎞
⎝W⎠
2.4
d 4
+1.814 5⎛ ⎞
2.3 ⎝W⎠
5
+2.968 4⎛ ⎞
2.2 d
⎝W⎠
2.1
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
d/W
FIGURE C-13
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Flat Bar with Transverse Hole in Axial Tension
d d
3.0 for ⇒ 0 and ≤ 0.65 :
h W
2.8 d
W d Kt ≅ 2.994 7 − 3.483 3
W
2.6
d 2 d 3
+5.826 8⎛ ⎞ − 4.198 6⎛ ⎞
M h
M
2.4 0 ⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠
≥ 0.25 : Kt ≅ Ae[ b( d W) ]
2.2 d
for
0.25 h
Kt 2.0 where :
0.50
1.8 d/h
1.0 d/h A b
1.5 0.25 2.687 50 –0.751 28
1.6
2.0
0.50 2.466 20 –0.772 15
1.4
∞ 1.00 2.240 00 –0.787 39
1.2 1.50 2.024 30 –0.808 21
2.00 2.105 60 –0.798 78
1.0
∞ 1.808 20 –0.667 02
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
d/W
FIGURE C-14
Geometric Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for a Flat Bar with Transverse Hole in Bending
C
App C new PM7 1006 10/18/09, 11:40 PM

Apendices (Shigley Beer Mott Norton)

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A

Useful Tables 1011

Useful Tables Appendix

A–2 Conversion Factors 1014

A–4 Optional SI Units for Bending and Torsional Deflections 1015

A–5 Physical Constants of Materials 1015

A–6 Properties of Structural-Steel Angles 1016–1017

A–7 Properties of Structural-Steel Channels 1018–1019

A–8 Properties of Round Tubing 1020

A–9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams 1021–1028

A–10 Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 1029–1030

A–11 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades—Metric Series 1030

A–12 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts—Metric Series 1031

A–13 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades—Inch Series 1032

A–14 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts—Inch Series 1033

A–15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors Kt 1034–1040

A–16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factors Kt or Kts of a Round Bar or Tube with

A–18 Geometric Properties 1044–1046

A–19 American Standard Pipe 1047

A–20 Deterministic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths

A–22 Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metals 1051

A–23 Mean Monotonic and Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties of

A–28 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges 1059–1060

A–29 Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts 1061

A–31 Dimensions of Hexagonal Nuts 1063

A–32 Basic Dimensions of American Standard Plain Washers 1064

A–33 Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers 1065

A–34 Gamma Function 1066

Table A–1 Name Symbol Factor

*If possible use multiple and submultiple prefixes in steps of 1000.

Conversion Factors A to Convert Input X to Output Y Using the Formula Y 5 AX*

British thermal 1055 joule, J mile, mi 1.610 kilometer, km

Table A–3 Axial and

Table A–4 Bending Deflection Torsional Deflection

Physical Constants of Materials

Table A–6 w 5 weight per foot, lbf/ft

Size, in w A l1ⴚ1 k1ⴚ1 Z1ⴚ1 y k3ⴚ3

1 3 1 3 18 0.80 0.234 0.021 0.298 0.029 0.290 0.191

Table A–6 Size, mm m A l1ⴚ1 k1ⴚ1 Z1ⴚ1 y k3ⴚ3

Properties of Structural-Steel Channels*

a, in b, in t A w l1ⴚ1 k1ⴚ1 Z1ⴚ1 l2ⴚ2 k2ⴚ2 Z2ⴚ2 x

Properties of Structural-Steel Channels* (Continued)

a 3 b, mm m t A I121 k121 Z121 I222 k222 Z222 x

*These sizes are also available in aluminum alloy.

Table A–8 wa 5 unit weight of aluminum tubing, lbf/ft

1 3 18 0.416 1.128 0.344 0.034 0.313 0.067 0.067

12 3 2 0.490 0.628 0.082 0.361 0.136 0.163

Table A–9 1 Cantilever—end load

Table A–9 3 Cantilever—uniform load

Table A–9 5 Simple supports—center load

6 Simple supports—intermediate load

Table A–9 7 Simple supports—uniform load

8 Simple supports—moment load

Table A–9 9 Simple supports—twin loads

10 Simple supports—overhanging load

Table A–9 11 One fixed and one simple support—center load

(Note: Force and VAB 5 R1 VBC 5 2R2

12 One fixed and one simple support—intermediate load

Table A–9 13 One fixed and one simple support—uniform load

14 Fixed supports—center load

Table A–9 15 Fixed supports—intermediate load

16 Fixed supports—uniform load

Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution