GROUP1

PRESENTATIONTOPIC(STATISTICSSYSTEMS)

GROUPMEMBERS

ISAACSAMSONUSMAN
(PSC/20/STA/0027)
ODODAVICTORIANOSAKHAIRE
(PSC/20/STA/00242)
APPHIAAMARIABU
(PSC/22/STA/00551)
YUNUSANURUDEENKAWU
(PSC/22/STA/00557)
SALIHUSULAIMANMUHAMMAD
(PSC/20/STA/00247)
 WHATARESTATISTICSSYSTEMS
Statisticssystemsarethemethodsandtoolsthatareusedtocollect,organize,analyze,inter
pret,andpresentdata.Theyareessentialformakingsounddecisionsbasedon
evidenceandfacts.Statisticssystemscanbedividedintotwomaintypes:descriptiveand
inferential.
Descriptivestatisticssummarizedatafromasampleorapopulationusingindexessuchasth
emean,median,mode,standarddeviation,range,frequency,andpercentage.Theyalsousecharts
andgraphstoshowthedistribution,relationship,ortrendofthedata.Descriptivestatisticshelptod
escribethebasicfeaturesofthedataandprovideasimpleoverviewofthedata.
Inferentialstatisticsdrawconclusionsfromdatathataresubjecttorandomvariation,sucha
ssamplingerrorsorobservationalerrors.Theyusetechniquessuchashypothesistesting,confiden
ceintervals,correlation,regression,ANOVA,andchi-
squaretesttoinferthecharacteristicsofapopulationfromasample,ortocomparetwoormorepop
ulationsorgroups.Inferentialstatisticshelptotesthypotheses,estimateparameters,andmakepr
edictionsbasedonthedata.
Foranyorganization,company,institutionorbusinesstothrive,itneedstofunctionbasedo
natestedandtrustedsystem,takeforexampleBUKasaninstitutionoflearningthatcomprisesofstu
dents,lecturersetc.thisimpliesthatit'llhaveacollectionofdatarangingfromstudentstolecturers,
wheretheykeepatrackofstudents’progressandregress,numberofstudentstheyadmitinasessio
n,totalnumberofcurrentstudentsandsoon,inorderfortheinstitutiontofunctionproperly,itneed
stohaveasystemofoperation,inthesameway,inotherforstatisticstobecomeuseful,itneedstoha
veasystemofoperation,andhence,theconceptStatisticsSystemisintroducedandstudied.

DESCRIPTIVESTATISTICS
MeaningofDescriptiveStatistics

Asfromtheworddescriptivemeans(representation,illustrative)andStatisticsisthedisciplinethat
concernthecollection,organizing,analyzing,interpreting,andpresentingadata.SoDescriptiveSt
atisticsisthemethodofcollecting,organizing,analyzing,interpretingandpresentingadatainacon
venientandinformativeways.

However,DescriptiveStatisticsinvolvemethodsforsummarizinganddescribingthemainfeatures
ofadataset.Itisfundamentalinprovidingaconciseoverviewofdata,makingiteasiertocomprehen
dandanalyze.
MEASURESOFCENTRALTENDENCY(Typicalvalueofasetofdata)
Thereare3commonlyusedmeasuresofcentraltendency,theseare:-Mean,MedianandMode
i. Mean:-
Thearithmeticaverageofasetofvalues,providingameasureofthecentrallocationoftheda
ta.
ii. Median:-Themiddlevaluewhenthedataisarrangedinascendingorder;
(itslessinfluencedbyextremevalues).
iii. Mode:-Themostfrequentlyoccurringvalueinthedataset.
MEASURESOFDISPERSION
Thereare5mostcommonlyusedmeasuresofdispersion,theseare:-
i. Range:-
Thedifferencebetweenthemaximumandtheminimumvalues,indicatingthespreadofthe
data.
ii. Variance:-
Theaverageofthesquareddifferencefromthemean,providingameasureofdatadispersio
n.
iii. Standarddeviation:-
Thesquarerootofthevariance,offeringamoreinterpretablemeasureofdataspread.
 GRAPHICALREPRESENTATION
Graphicalrepresentationisthebestwaytopresentyourdata.Therearemanygraphicstorepresent
yourdata,herearesomethemwiththeirusesandexamples;

DIAGRAMS TYPESOFCH WHENTOUSE EXAMPLEOFUSECASES

ARTS
BarChart Comparequantitiesacros Comparesalesofdifferen
scategories tproducts

LineChart ShowsTrendsovertime Displaythegrowthofweb

sitetrafficoverayear

PieChart Highlightsproportionsan Illustratethebreakdown

dpercentages ofexpensesinabudget

ScatterPlot Representrelationshipbe Identifycorrelationsbet

tweenvariables weenmarketingspendan
dROI
Histogram Visualizethedistribution Showtheagedistribution
ofdata ofsurveyrespondents

RadarChart Comparemultiplecatego Evaluatetheperformanc

riesacrossdimensions eofaproductinvariousar
eas
Map Visualizegeospatialdata Displayregionalsalesperf
ormanceonamap

Heatmap Visualizedatadensityand Identifyinghotspotofcus

patternsespeciallyinlarg tomeractivityinashoppin
edataset gmall
BubbleChar Representthree- Comparerevenue,costa
t dimensionaldata ndprofitinthreedimensi
ons

DonutChart Emphasizespecificparts Showthedistributionof

withinawhole marketingexpenditures
STATISTICALINFERENCE
Statisticalinferenceisabranchofstatisticsthatinvolvesdrawingconclusionsormakingpredictions
aboutapopulationbasedonasampleofdatafromthatpopulation.Thegoalistogeneralizethefindi
ngsfromthesampletotheentirepopulation.Therearetwomaintypesofstatisticalinference:estim
ationandhypothesistesting.

KEYCONCEPTSOFSTATISTICALINFERENCE:
PopulationandSample:
Population:Theentiregroupofindividualsorelementsthattheresearcherisinterestedinstudying.
Sample:Asubsetofthepopulationselectedforthestudy.Statisticalinferenceinvolvesmakinginfer
encesaboutthepopulationbasedontheinformationobtainedfromthesample.

ParameterandStatistic:
Parameter:Anumericalsummaryofapopulationcharacteristic.Examplesincludethepopulation
mean,standarddeviation,orproportion.
Statistic:Anumericalsummaryofasamplecharacteristic.Examplesincludethesamplemean,sam
plestandarddeviation,orsampleproportion.

SignificanceLevel(α):
Theprobabilityofrejectingatruenullhypothesis.Commonchoicesinclude0.05or0.01.

P-value:
Ameasureoftheevidenceagainstanullhypothesis.Asmallerp-
valueindicatesstrongerevidenceagainstthenullhypothesis.
Example:Ifthep-
valueis0.03andthesignificancelevelis0.05,thereisevidencetorejectthenullhypothesis.

Themaintypesofstatisticalinferenceare:
 Estimation
 Hypothesistesting

ESTIMATION
Estimationinstatisticsinvolvestheprocessofmakinganeducatedguessorestimateaboutapopula
tionparameterbasedoninformationobtainedfromasampleofthatpopulation.Therearetwomai
ntypesofestimation:pointestimationandintervalestimation.

PointEstimation:Involvesprovidingasingle,bestguessforthevalueofapopulationparameterbas
edonthesampledata.Forexample,ifwewanttoestimatetheaverageheightofstudentinaschool,w
emighttakearandomsampleof100studentandcalculatethesamplemeanheight.Thissamplemea
nwouldbeourestimateofthepopulationmeanheight.
Forexample,youarearesearcherinterestedinestimatingtheaverageincomeofaparticularcity'sp
opulation.Itisimpracticaltosurveyeveryindividualinthecity,soyoudecidetotakearandomsampl
eof500individualsandcollecttheirincomedata.
Inthiscase,youcalculatethesamplemeanincomeanduseitasapointestimatefortheaverageinco
meoftheentirepopulation.
Supposethesamplemeanincomeis$50,000.Yourpointestimatefortheaverageincomeofthecity'
spopulationis$50,000.

IntervalEstimation:Providesarangeofvalues,calledaconfidenceinterval,withinwhichthetrueva
lueofthepopulationparameterislikelytofall.
Usingtheexampleabove;Supposeyoucalculatea95%confidenceintervalfortheaverageincomeb
asedonyoursampledata.Theintervalmightbe$48,000to$52,000.Thismeansyouare95%confide
ntthatthetrueaverageincomeofthecity'spopulationfallswithinthisrange.
Theinterpretationisthatifyouweretotakemanyrandomsamplesandcalculateconfidenceinterva
lsforeach,about95%ofthoseintervalswouldcontainthetrueaverageincomeofthepopulation.

HYPOTHESISTESTING
Hypothesistestingisastatisticalmethodusedtomakeinferencesaboutapopulationparameterba
sedonasampleofdata.Theprocessinvolvessettinguphypotheses,collectingandanalyzingdata,a
nddrawingconclusionsaboutthepopulationbasedontheevidenceobtainedfromthesample.The
twomainhypothesesarethenullhypothesis(H0)andthealternativehypothesis(Ha).
NullHypothesis(H0):
Thenullhypothesisisastatementthatthereisnosignificantdifferenceoreffect.Itrepresentsthedef
aultassumptionorthestatusquo.
Example:H0:Theaveragescoresoftwogroupsareequal.
AlternativeHypothesis(Ha):
Thealternativehypothesisisastatementthatthereisasignificantdifferenceoreffect.Itrepresentst
heresearcher'sclaimorthedesiredchange.
Example:Ha:Theaveragescoresoftwogroupsarenotequal.

NAVIGATINGCHALLENGESINSTATISTICSSYSTEMS
Arobuststatisticssystemisfundamentalforevidence-baseddecision-
makinginvariousdomains.Itempowersresearchers,analysts,anddecision-
makerswiththetoolstouncoverpatterns,relationships,andtrendswithindata,ultimatelycontrib
utingtoinformedandeffectivedecision-
makingprocesses.However,statisticssystemsfacemanychallengesandopportunitiesinthe21stc
entury.Inthisdiscussion,wedelveintothechallengesfacedbystatisticssystemsandexploreproffe
redsolutiontoovercomethem.Someofthesechallengesinclude;
 DataQualityIssues:
Poordataquality,includinginaccuracies,incompleteness,andinconsistencies,cansignificantlyim
pactthereliabilityofstatisticalanalyses.
Solution:Implementrigorousdatavalidationandcleaningprotocols.
 SamplingBias:
Ifthesampleusedinastatisticalanalysisisnotrepresentativeoftheentirepopulation,itcanintrodu
cebiaswhichmayleadtoinaccurateconclusionsandaffectthegeneralizabilityoftheresults.
Solution:Userandomsamplingtechniquesandensurediverserepresentationinsamples.
 ComplexityofAnalysis:
Theintricatenatureofstatisticalanalysesmayleadtomisinterpretationorerrors.
Solution:Providecomprehensivetrainingforanalysts.Encouragecollaborationandpeerreview.le
verageuser-friendlystatisticalsoftware.
 DynamicStatisticalLandscape:
Thefieldofstatisticsisdynamic,withcontinuousadvancementsandnewmethodologies.Keepingu
pwiththelatestdevelopmentsandincorporatingthemintoexistingsystemscanbeachallengeforo
rganizations.
Solution:Continuouslearningandadaptationtoemergingtrendsinstatisticalmethodologiesareal
socrucialformaintainingtherelevanceandreliabilityofstatisticssystems.
 CommunicationChallenges:
Difficultyincommunicatingstatisticalfindingstonon-experts.
Solution:Investindatavisualizationtools.Providetrainingoneffectivecommunication.Usecleara
ndsimplelanguageinreports.

Toaddresstheseissues,statisticssystemsshouldadoptbestpracticesandprinciplesthatsuittheirn
ationalcontextandneeds.
Statisticssystemsshouldalsoseektocollaborateandinnovatewithotherstakeholders,suchasinte
rnationalorganizations,academia,civilsociety,andtheprivatesector,toenhancetheircapacityan
drelevance.

APPLICATIONS,ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES/
LIMITATIONSOFSTATISTICSSYSTEMS.
 Statisticalsystem,asweallknowismade-
upofthecollectionofpeople,procedure,dataandequipmentforthedatacollectionandprocessing
.Thestatisticalsystemisappliedineveryfieldandindustry.Let'scheckoutsomeofthosefield
BUSINESS:
Withthegenuinegrowingsizeandincreasing.Competition.Theproblemofthebusinessent
erpriseisbecomingcomplexandtheyareusingmorestatistics.
Indecisionmaking,asuccessfulbusinessmanmustbequickandmustknowwhatcustomerswantan
dprovideintheirtaste.
Statisticalsystemshelpbusinessmenandownersmakeaccuratesurveyinsitingorlocatingt
heirbusinessandalsotoplanproduction,marketing,advertisement,deliveryandsales.
Abranchofthestatisticalsystemisusedtoidentifymarkettrends,patternsandmeasuresandisused
toidentifyevaluatingmarketprograms.Inmostcommunitiesinstatisticalmodelsusedareregressi
on,multivariatechisquareteststatistics,BayesianmodelsandTimeserieswhichisveryimportanti
nestimatingthefuturedemands.
Beforeabusinessmancanplanaccordinglyforthefutureinordertoavoidunsoldstocksorin
adequateproductiontomeetthedemands,thefirststephewouldagreewithmeconsistsofgatheri
nginformationwhichusuallydealswiththestatisticalsystemfromcollected,observedandorganiz
eddataatsuccessiveintervalsoftime.
Timeseriesoftheinferentialstatisticshelpsbusinessownersinyearlyproduction,monthly
sales,weeklyoutputandannualprofits.SomestatisticalsoftwarepackagesareSPSS,Python,
MANAGEMENTANDADMINISTRATION.
Governmentasabodyinstitutionusestatisticalsystemtocollectdataandmakedecision.Mostfede
ralandprovincialbudgetthatdesigneduponstatisticaldatabecauseit'sthemostaccuratedataavai
lablewhenestimatingthetime,expectedexpendituresandrevenue.Theofficialstatisticsofanatio
nisthetotalityofstatisticsproducedbyapublicstatisticalagencythecountry,whichincludesprizes
andinstitutionalsector,industrialproductionservices,whichcomprisesoftheeconomicstatistical
systemandthesocialstatisticalsystemencompassingdemography,housing,employment,socials
ecurityetc.Thestatisticalsystemofthegovernmentcomprisesofthenationalstatisticalagencies.
WhichistheNBC,theINEC,theFRSC,NPCNandthejusticeundercriminalsystemsuchastheNPF,the
CrimeObservatoryetc.
EDUCATION:
Thereisanextensiveapplicationofstatisticsineducationfromthebasictotertiarylevels,fro
mtheprocessofapplicationtoenrollmenttoregistrationinaneducationalsectorisdonethroughth
estatisticalsystem.Takeforexample,assessmentofstudents.
StatisticalSystemhelpsinformulatingneweducationalpolicies,coursesandfacilities.
NATURALRESOURCES:
Statisticalmethodsorsystemshasvalidapplicationinnaturalsciences.Inphysics,chemistr
y,medicine,pharmacy,andforinstance,thedoctorhastorelyheavilyonactualdataofthebodytem
perature,pulserate,bloodpressureindiagnosingthecorrectdiseaseandprofferingaccuratetreat
mentwithwell-
proportioneddosageonmedicationallthesemethodsandalltheseprocessesrelyonthemedicalst
atisticalsystemwhichbeginsfromdiagnosingtheelementtoprovidingsolutionstothem.
Also,amethodofinferentialstatisticcalledtesthypothesismadeitpossibleforpharmacists
todrawvalidconclusionabouttheeffectofaparticulardrug.Thattheyaretouseincuringadisease,f
orinstanceasampleofaffectedpersontotestingthesuccessorfailure(probability).Thehypothesis
testingprovidesthejustificationthereforeforaclinicaltrial
ADVANTAGES
 Statisticalsystemprovidesusefulinformationformakingsounddecisionsbasedonevidenc
eandfactspresentedinadefinedform.
 TheycanbeanalyzedrelativelyquicklyandeasilyusingstatisticalSoftwaretools.
 Theycanhelptoensureresearchquestions,solveproblems,evaluatepoliciesandimprove
qualityandefficiencyinseveralfieldsofstudy.
 Statisticalsystemhelpsinprediction,comparisonandforecasting.
DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS
 Informationgottenfromstatisticalsystemcanbe.Misusedonmisinterpretedbypersonsw
hodonotunderstandtheunderlyingconceptsandmethods.
 Statisticsdealswithquantitativedata.Statisticalsystemdoesnotcompriseofdatawhichca
nnotbemeasuredinquantitativeterms.Forexample,averageheight,income,agearequan
titativeaspectsofdatabutstatisticalsystemcannotstudyqualityqualitativedatasuchasint
elligence,honesty,integrity,property,etc.Statisticalsystemdoesnotcapturethediversity
ofdataandthephenomenatheyrepresentMostaspectsofproblemareaffectedbyfactors
whichareincapableofstatisticalanalysis,Forexample,philosophy,religion,culture,etc

Conclusion
Inthispresentation,wehaveexploredhowstatisticssystemscanhelpuscollect,organize,analyze,int
erpret,andpresentdatainameaningfulway.Wehaveseenhowstatisticssystemscanrevealpatterns,tr
ends,relationships,ordifferencesinthedata,andhowtheycanprovidevaluableinsightsandevidence
fordecisionmaking,problemsolving,orscientificdiscovery.Ihopeyouhavelearnedsomethingnew
andusefulfromthispresentation,andIencourageyoutoapplythestatisticssystemsthatwehavediscu
ssedtoyourowndataandproblems.AsthefamousstatisticianJohnTukeyoncesaid,“Thebestthingab
outbeingastatisticianisthatyougettoplayineveryone’sbackyard.”Thankyouforyourattentionand
participation.