CFLM 1 Notes 1

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
College of Criminal Justice Education Character Formation 1 Nationalism and Patriotism
CHAPTER 1
Preliminaries
Learning Outcome:
1. Identify and discuss different types, elements, and characteristics of nationalism and
patriotism
2. Discuss the meaning of nationalism and patriotism
3. Differentiate
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Lesson Proper
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER
The term was derived from the Greek word “charassein,” referring to an engraving
instrument; originally used of a mark impressed upon a coin or the mark cut by it. Then it
was applied to a distinctive mark of the personality; and gradually, to the sum total of such
marks, each individual one is being called characteristics (Bartemeier, 2009). Basically,
character is defined as a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling
and reacting of a person that distinguish one individual from another. It is the trademark of
being a person.
Character as defined by the American Psychiatric Association, signifies the relatively fixed
or continuing group of an individual personality attributes of a person or the characteristic
pattern of behaviour of an individual. The social, emotional and intellectual manifestations
of a character are called personality, and character is roughly equivalent to personality.
WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?
Character formation as defined by Donald(2006), is the process by which the individual,

through interaction of biologically transmitted predispositions with the environment,
develops stable pattern of functioning, thinking and feeling. It is also known as, Character
Building. It is that deeply internalized patterns of values and attitudes and the consequent
actions that are often established in precognitive times of life through the natural and
normal educational patterns that are appropriate for young children. Nursing, weaning,
toilet training, birth of siblings and the early relationship to the parents (especially to the
mother) are some of the examples of character formation.
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION
1. Parental Influence
2. Home Environment
3. School Environment
4. Culture
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FILIPINO CHARACTER FORMATION

by: Sen. Leticia Ramos Shahani
1. Home environment
2. Social environment
3. Culture and language
4. History
5. Educational system
6. Religion
7. Economic environment
8. Political environment
9. Mass media
10. Leadership and role model
DETERMINING CHARACTER OR PERSONALITY TYPES
Five (5) Factors that Determine Character or Personality Traits.

1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Positive Character / Good Character / Positive Trait – These are attributes such
as integrity, honesty, courage, loyalty, fortitude, and other important virtues that promote
good behaviour and habits.
2. Negative Character / Negative Character Negative Trait – A person’s
predisposition to commit evil acts.
3. Neutral Character / Neutral Trait – Commonly used to describe a person who
doesn’t pick sides in disputes; neutral also pegs anything that refuses to be bold.
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Self-realized Character. A person with this type of character is ever enthusiastic for
he knows his potentialities and limitations.
2. Covetous Character. This refers to a jealous or acquisitive character.
3. Superstitious Character. In a way all are superstitious but when we’re over
superstitious then problem starts. It is not merely bad for the individual concerned
but also for those who come in contact with this unpredictable person, who may
change his tag any moment thus leaving everybody around in the lurch.
4. Egoistic / Overbearing / Bossy / Tall-Talker. The person who thinks that world
runs due to him and everything and everybody should respect him as such.
5. Anti-social Character. A person who neither cares for the norms set by the society
nor cares for the moral or ethical values is an anti-social character.
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6. Insincere Character. When a person does something good for us, we express our
sincere thanks and go extra mile in being sincere to that person in whatever way it is
possible for us.
7. Complacent Character. We all should have confidence on ourselves. It is good for

day to day functioning of our society.
THE SIX (6) PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER

(Source: Josephson Institute -charactercounts.org)
1. TRUSTWORTHINESS
This is the pillar of good character that is considered the most complicated of the six core
ethical values and concerns a variety of qualities like honesty, integrity, reliability and
loyalty.
a. Honesty
There is no more fundamental ethical value than honesty. Honesty is associated with
honor. Thus, a person of honesty is a person of honor and he is admired and trusted
because of his being straightforward.
THREE DIMENSIONS OF HONESTY
1. Truthfulness
2. Sincerity
3. Candor
4. Integrity
5. Reliability (Promise-Keeping)
CONSIDERATIONS TO MAINTAIN RELIABILITY
1. Avoid Bad-Faith Excuses

Interpret your promises fairly and honestly. Don’t try to rationalize non-compliance.
2. Avoid Unwise Commitments

Before making a promise consider carefully whether you are willing and likely to keep
it. Think about unknown or future events that could make it difficult, undesirable or
impossible. Sometimes, all we can promise is to do our best.
3. Avoid Unclear Commitments

Be sure that when you make a promise, the other person understands what you are
committing to do.
b) Loyalty
To be trusted one must be loyal to his or husband or wife, friends, employer , employee,
organization, citizen, and country.
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Our relationships with other people creates an expectation of allegiance, fidelity and
devotion. Hence, loyalty is a responsibility that each one should develop and maintain to
promote the interests of certain people, organizations or affiliations. This duty goes beyond
the normal obligation we all share to care for others.
2. RESPECT
The Golden Rule in Human Relation, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,”
perfectly illustrates “respect.” When respect is observed we would prevent and pre-empt
violence, humiliation, manipulation and exploitation. It reflects notions such as civility,
courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance and acceptance.
QUALITIES OF A RESPECTFUL PERSON

1. Ability to Listen
2. Treats Others With Consideration
3. Capable of Accepting Individual differences and Beliefs
3. RESPONSIBILITY
It is understood that life is full of choices, and everyone has its own judgement and
decisions to take in life. However, we are expected to be responsible for our actions and
behaviours as rational being. Being responsible means to take charge and be accountable
of the consequences of what we think and do.
QUALITIES OF A RESPONSIBLE PERSON
a) Sense of Accountability
An accountable person leads by example and doesn’t shift blame or claim credit for
the work of others. He considers the likely consequences of his behaviour and
associations. He recognizes the common complicity in the triumph of evil when
nothing is done to stop it.
b) Pursuit of Excellence
Responsible person shows diligence what he is doing, careful in his actions, prepared
and informed. They finish what they started, overcoming rather than surrendering to
obstacles. They avoid excuses such as, “That’s just the way I am,” or “It’s not my job,”
or “It was legal,” and always look for ways to do their work better.
c) Self-Restraint
Responsible people exercise self-control, restraining passions and appetites (such as
lust, hatred, gluttony, greed and fear) for the sake of longer-term vision and better
judgment. They delay gratification if necessary and never feel it’s necessary to “win at
any cost.” They realize they are as they choose to be, every day.
4. FAIRNESS
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This pillar of good character involves issues of equality, impartiality, proportionality,

openness and due process. It is unfair to handle similar matters inconsistently, and to
impose punishment that is not commensurate with the offense.
The basic concept seems simple, even intuitive, yet applying it in daily life can be
surprisingly difficult. Fairness is another tricky concept, probably more subject to
legitimate debate and interpretation than any other ethical value. Disagreeing parties tend
to maintain that there is only one fair position (their own, naturally). But essentially
fairness implies adherence to a balanced standard of justice without relevance to one’s own
feelings or inclinations.
5. CARING
Caring is the heart of ethics, and ethical decision-making. It is scarcely possible to be truly
ethical and yet unconcerned with the welfare of others. That is because ethics is ultimately
about good relations with other people.
6. CITIZENSHIP
This pillar of good character includes civic virtues and duties that prescribe how we ought
to behave as part of a community. The good citizen knows the laws and obeys them. He
volunteers and stays informed on the issues of the day, the better to execute his duties and
privileges as a member of a self-governing democratic society.
CHARACTER TRAITS
1. Alertness – Being aware of what is taking place around.

2. Attentiveness – Showing the worth of a person or task by giving undivided
concentration.
3. Availability – Making own schedule and priorities secondary to the wishes of those
being served.
4. Benevolence – Giving to others basic needs without the motivation for acquiring
personal rewards.
5. Boldness – Confidence that what is say or do is true, right, and just.
6. Cautiousness – Knowing how important right timing is in accomplishing right
actions.
7. Compassion – Investing whatever is necessary to heal the hurts of others.
8. Contentment – Realizing that true happiness does not depend on material
conditions.
9. Creativity – Approaching a need, a task, or an idea from a new perspective.
10. Decisiveness – The ability to recognize key factors and finalize difficult decisions.
11. Deference – Limiting freedom so not to offend the tastes of others.
12. Dependability – Fulfilling what is consented to do, even if it means unexpected
sacrifice.
13. Determination – Purposing to accomplish right goals at the right time, regardless of
the opposition.
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14. Diligence – Investing time and energy to complete each task assigned.
15. Discernment – Understanding the deeper reasons why things happen.
16. Discretion – Recognizing and avoiding words, actions, and attitudes that could
bring undesirable consequences.
17. Endurance – The inward strength to withstand stress and do the best.
18. Enthusiasm – Expressing joy in doing and accomplishing each tasks.
19. Faith – Confidence that actions rooted in good character will yield the best outcome,
even when it’s not personally observed.
20. Flexibility – Willingness to change plans or ideas according to the direction of the
authorities.
21. Forgiveness – Clearing the record of those who have wronged and not holding a
grudge.
22. Generosity – Carefully managing resources to be capable of freely giving to those in
need.
23. Gentleness – Showing consideration and personal concern for others.
24. Gratefulness – Letting others know by one’s words and actions how they have
benefited one’s life.
25. Honor – Respecting those in leadership because of the higher authorities they
represent.
26. Hospitality – Cheerfully sharing food, shelter, or conversation to benefit others.
27. Humility – Acknowledging that achievement results from the investment of others in
one’s life.
28. Initiative – Recognizing and doing what needs to be done before being asked to do
it.
29. Joyfulness – Maintaining a good attitude, even when faced with unpleasant
conditions.
30. Justice – Taking personal responsibility to uphold what is pure, right, and true.
31. Loyalty – Using difficult times to demonstrate commitment to those being served.
32. Meekness – Yielding personal rights and expectations with a desire to serve.
33. Obedience – Quickly and cheerfully carrying out the direction of the superior.
34. Orderliness – Arranging self and surroundings to achieve greater efficiency.
35. Patience – Accepting a difficult situation without giving a deadline to remove it.
36. Persuasiveness – Guiding vital truths around another’s mental roadblocks.
37. Punctuality – Showing esteem for others by doing the right thing at the right time.
38. Resourcefulness – Finding practical uses for that which other would overlook or
discard.
39. Responsibility – Knowing and doing what is expected.
40. Security-which cannot Structuring be destroyed one’s or taken life around away.
That
41. Self-Control – Rejecting wrong desires and doing what is right.
42. Sensitivity – Perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of others.
43. Sincerity – Eagerness to do what is right with transparent motives.
44. Thoroughness – Knowing what factors will diminish the effectiveness of one’s work
or words if neglected.
45. Thriftiness – Allowing oneself and others to spend only what is necessary.
46. Tolerance – Realizing that everyone is at varying levels of character development.
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47. Truthfulness – Earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts.

48. Virtue – The moral excellence evident in one’s life as consistently doing what is
right.
49. Wisdom -Seeing and responding to life situations from a perspective that transcends
current circumstances.
CHAPTER 2
FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS
Learning Outcome:
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;
1. Recognize and compare positive and negative Filipino traits.
2. Identify and appreciate Filipino values orientation.
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Lesson Proper
The Philippines is a meeting point for cultures from all over Asia and the Pacific because it
has been a crossroads between east and west and the merging of cultures reflects the
country’s culture and its people. It comes from various ethno-linguistic groups that are
native to the islands or migrants from various Asia Pacific regions, Filipinos are the people
who are naturally born to or recognized with the Philippine country.
China, the United States, and Spain mainly influence the modern Filipino identity. Though
Filipinos are racially similar to Malays but in terms of culture they are more like the
Spaniards. Thus, it could be claimed that Filipinos are the most hot-bloodied and brave
citizens in the tropical Asian cultures. Like other countries, the Philippines has its opposing
values and labels, it is believed by the Filipinos that the country have the best values in the
world. Though it has experienced colonization by several countries, but the core values it
has gained from the Filipino ancestors remained intact and are still honoured today like the
bayanihan or spirit of kinship and camaraderie implanted by Malay ancestors and close
family ties inherited by the Chinese ascendants.
THE MOST WELL – KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO
POSITIVE TRAITS
1. Hospitality
Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity

and friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals alike.
Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:

a) When a person visits a friend’s house, the host greets him or her with a very warm
welcome. The host will immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal
or a snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the
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house with an empty stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great time
visiting them.
b) People offer their guest room to visitors if they’re going to spend the night.
c) Meals offered to guests are very special. A host always finds a way to prepare great
tasting food that her visitor wants to eat.
2. Respect
This is often observed-not just by younger people-but also by people of all ages. In the
Philippines, respect for one’s elders is a tradition.
a. Po and Opo – These words are spoken by the
Filipinos when talking to elders, or in order to show respect to persons in authority. These
Filipino words mean “yes,” when answering or talking to the elders.
b. Pagmamano – Another way of showing respect to the elders when greeting them.
This is done by putting their elders’ hands on their foreheads
c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers.
3. Strong Family Ties and Religions
Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the
generations. Families go to church and pray together because their religion is important
and creates a strong bond, marking God as the center of their lives. Filipinos believe in
only one God and majority of the population are Catholics.
4. Generosity and Helpfulness
Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-known for being generous. They share
what they have to the people around them even when they only have little.
5. Strong Work Ethics
Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking people. They are always
willing to work almost the whole day to provide the needs of their families. Filipino farmers
though earning so little but they work harder with not much compensation.
6. Loving and Caring
Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity, Filipinos are found to be the
sweetest and most loving people in the world.
NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS

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1. Fatalism (“Bahala Na” or “Come What May” Attitude)
When Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they have this attitude of leaving it
up to God to sort things out. An attitude of leaving “What Goes Around Comes Around.”
Filipinos have a tendency to surrender the future to luck. They have that strong confidence
that everything will work out in his interest without doing anything.
2. Mańana Habit (Procrastination)
True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in accomplishing things or
making transactions. When not interested or not in the mood, they wait or reserve until
tomorrow or the next day to finish what they are doing or meeting their transactions.
3. Crab Mentality
This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each other down to clear the
way for their own gain.
4. Hypocrisy
This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to others’ failure to live with the moral
standards of the society are inevitable. In the Philippines morality is highly valued, most of
us try to live up to the standards set by the traditional society. However, as no one is
perfect, many of us are not actually able to sustain these standards.
5. Ningas Cogon
Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing something. Nevertheless, after a few
hours or days, that excitement to do or accomplish something is lost we and become too
lazy to finish what were have started.
6. Tardiness (Filipino time)
Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called “Filipino time” but not exactly referring to
the Philippine Standard time, but then again we use it to refer to the “tardiness” of the
persons that we are waiting or who keeps on coming late to the set time schedule of events.
7. Gossiping
Filipinos are fond of talking about others’ business. It is not true that only women are into
gossiping. Even men can also be nosy on other people’s lives. Secrets are brought out;
failures and flaws are emphasized; and relationships are destroyed.
8. Blaming
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Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to
take the blame, we lack humility to accept our failures, and instead we point at others. This
shows how irresponsible we are on our actions. This attitude destroys team work, and
reliability becomes an issue.
9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)
Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of others. This could be an
outcome of having too many problems that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus
on their own needs first before others.
10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions
Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding of the purpose of laws and ordinances have
inability to observe and follow them. Consequently, crime victimization and accident rate in
the Philippines are constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant and lifestyle
development is relaxed.
11. Attention Taker
Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting attention is natural for them.
Nevertheless, it is a different thing to be an “epal” or “kapalmuks simply, being an attention
grabber.
12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive
Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being too proud which usually
results to being oversensitive. If we think highly of ourselves, then We have the tendency to
put a wall around us and that a signboard on our forehead saying, “I must be respected.”
13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)
One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty is because of overspending. Since
most people want to live an elite lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond
their means.
14. Passivity (lack of leadership)
Filipinos’ lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country does not progress.
We keep on complaining against the government and other societal issues. However, we do
not do anything about them.
15. Other Negative Traits
Some Filipino women give birth at an early age 16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don’t
mind their own business. Some have many bad habits, like drinking, smoking, etc. Some
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poor teenagers engage in prostitution. There are many broken families. A lot of bad words
to choose from which Filipinos just can’t avoid saving those. Most Filipinos tend to be with
friends most of the time than to be with their parents.
FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING FILIPINO VALUES
(Excerpted from the Philippines Australia Business Council)
1. Personalism
Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is firmly believed that harmonious personal

relationship is the key to successful endeavours. Amicable settlement of dispute is the
primary means of restoring broken relationships and face-to-face open forum is considered
once conflict is recognized in an organization or the community.
2. Familialism
Filipinos are family-oriented. Development programs and projects in the community are
concentrated on the family. Decision on matters is centered on the welfare and best interest
of the family rather than on the betterment and interest of some individuals. The mistakes
committed by a family member affects the credibility and of the immediate members of the
family and relatives.
3. Particularism
Displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be good or bad is blamed against the family.
It is based on the principle that home is the cradle of human personality and character that
is, the product of goodness is always good and those who are moulded in wickedness, will
always show-off badness. Individuals strive to promote their own and their family’s
interests over community interests.
On the other hand, knowing how to entertain people (marunong umasikaso ng kapwa) is
important.
Conformity to proper codes of conduct reaps the rewards of cooperation and assistance;
non-conformity is punished by withdrawal of support.
FILIPINO VALUES ORIENTATION
Values Orientation – Is the approach that may influence work or social relationships by
persons relating to objects, events and ideas.
THREE MAIN OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATION
1. Pakikiramay
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It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way to help, without being asked, i.e .,
unsolicited help.
2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)
Regardless whether someone’s views are agreeable or not, Filipinos are capable of getting
along with it. Camaraderie, trust, confidence, and loyalty are enhanced and developed by
this Filipino value.
3. Bayanihan
As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to render services and generous
enough to extend help without compensation. – Somebody can request help in time of need
from those to whom it is extended.
4. Galang (Respect)
Filipinos are basically oriented to revere to the opinions of elders, peers, or those in
authority, during important discussions during social encounters. Verbal clash orany sign
of extreme familiarity in public meetings is a sign of disrespect to elders or persons in
authority.
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CHAPTER 3
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
Learning Outcome:
1. Differentiate nationalism from patriotism and recall their concepts and types.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an ideology and movement by promoting the interests of a particular

nation, particular with the aim of acquiring and the nation's sovereignty over its country of
(Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each should regulate itself, free from outside that a
nation is a natural and ideal political basis, that the nation is the only legitimate source of
authority (Finlayson, 2014).
It also aims to build and maintain a national identity, based on shared social such as
culture, language, religion, politics and in a distinctive shared history, and to promote
unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012). Nationalism seeks to preserve and encourage a nation's
culture, and cultural revivals have been connected nationalist movements. It also fosters
pride in domestic accomplishments and is strongly associated with patriotism
(Triandafyllidou, 1998). Nationalism is often paired with other ideologies, for instance
conservatism or socialism (Finlayson2014).
Types of Nationalism
Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological

lines. These self-definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism,
although these categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements
combine to differing degrees some or all of these components.
1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)
The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It
also involves the concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a
shared language.
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The nation's membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its
status as the ethnic group's homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially
domestic group and as a group to promote its family and social life.
In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory,

theorist Anthony D. Smith utilizes the word 'ethnic nationalism' for nonWestern notions of
nationalism.
The word "ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who

support an explicit ideology along these lines; the more generic word is "ethnic nationalism"
and is used by nationalists who hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or
unsystematic manner.
The pejorative type of both is "ethnocentric nationalism" or "tribal nationalism,"

although “tribal nationalism” may have a non-pejorative significance when debating
African, Native American or other nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.
2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)
The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens 'active involvement and the
extent to which it reflects the "will of the individuals." Civic nationalism lies within the
traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a
type of nationalism.
Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative

democracy in nations such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national
values.
State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic

nationalism. It means that the country is a community of those who contribute to the
state's maintenance and strength, and that there is the person to contribute to that
objective.
The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state's

maintenance and strength, and where the person exists expressly in the society to
contribute to that objective. This often results in fascism - generally characterized by
authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is a political ideology.
3. Expansionist Nationalism
A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith
in expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late
19th century as European powers indulged in the ' Scramble for Africa 'in the name of
domestic glory, but was most closely linked with militarist governments in the 20th
century, including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Balkan
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nations of Albania (Great Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater Croatia),
Hungary.
Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination; some

countries are believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others.
Therefore, expansionist nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries
at the cost of its neighbours.
4. Romantic Nationalism
It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of

ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression
of the nation's natural. It is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets
the romantic ideal.
It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A

historical ethnic culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic
nationalism; folklore evolved as a romantic nationalist notion.
5. Cultural Nationalism
The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese
nationalism is an instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many national
minorities. Membership in the nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.
However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any
person, particularly if the person can obtain his or her abilities at an early point of his or
her own lives. (Conversi, 2008). Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-
civil or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).
6. Third World Nationalism
Nationalist feeling are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and
maintain a domestic identity.
7.Liberal Nationalism
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a

non-xenophobia form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance,
equality and individual rights can exist (Tamir, 1993, Kymlicka, 1995, Miller, 1995). It is
asserted that in order to lead meaningful, independent life, people need a national identity
and those liberal democracies need domestic identity to work correctly.
Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that
people need a domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life (Kymlicka, 1995) and
that liberal democratic politics need domestic identity to work correctly (David, 1995,
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Arash, 2002). Ernest Renan, author of "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?" and John Stuart Mill are
often thought to be early liberal nationalists.
8. Religious Nationalism
Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be

seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond
between the nation's people. This connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion's
politicization and religion's converse effects on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen
that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity; a common bond between
the nation's people. The support of a national identity, comparable to a shared ethnicity,
language or culture, is another political element of religion. More ideological is the impact
of religion on politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts inspire political
activism and action; for instance, legislation are enacted to encourage stricter religious
adherence.
9.Pan-Nationalism
Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated

ethnic and cultural communities (such as Turkish peoples.
10.Diaspora Nationalism
Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this

type of nationalism, there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the
Jews in the United States and elsewhere, etc.
11.Stateless Nationalism
On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural
minority within a nation-state aims independence.
12.National Conservatism
A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that

focuses more on domestic interests than conventional conservatism, while not being
unduly nationalist or pursuing a far right agenda.
13. Revolutionary Nationalism
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Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic group

united by a shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. It was
first ascribed and strongly promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary
syndicalism. In France and Italy at the start of the 20 th century, this intellectual synthesis
of “radical nationalism and dissident society” was created.
14. Left-Wing Nationalism
Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to

any political movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable example
include the 26 July Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in
1959 to oust the American-backed Fulgencio Batista, Ireland’s Sinn Fein, Israel’s Labor
Zionism and the African National Congress.
PATRIOTISM
Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a

country and an alliance with other people who share the same impression. This attachment
can be a mixture of many distinct emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political or
historical elements, related to one's own country. It is a predominant virtue linked to a
nation's love, with greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is patriotic will be
willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He'll never live alone egotistically. For example,
for the sake of his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other
reason than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one's nation. In
essence, patriotism is a sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or
political community or just country love.
The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from
Latin (6th century) patriota via Middle French, meaning "countryman, finally from Greek
(patriotes), meaning 'from the same nation' (patris), meaning "fatherland" (Liddell & Scott,
2013). The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.
By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be reinforced. This is the reverse of

the church-state separation requested by the Enlightenment intellectuals who saw
patriotism and religion as analogous and opposing forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke
Elshtain both asserted that it is hard to discern the distinction between patriotism and
faith and depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does the label.
Kinds of Patriotism
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1. Patriotism of Duty
This includes fidelity to one's nation through material acts. This is military service
patriotism and other selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied
and its ideals take praiseworthy particular actions.
2. Patriotism of Affection
This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one's internal desire for his country's well-
being. The patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not
necessarily result in it; one can truly apathetic one can love theoretically about his country
and a yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically fulfill a patriotic duty and yet feel
apathetic about the country’s welfare.
3. Patriotism of Manners
This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism during the of manners is
to place one’s hand over the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by
anyone without actually needing affection or duty patriotism. While the above types of
patriotism show at least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the patriotism of
manners establishes mostly a set of protocols.
Types of Patriotism
1.Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain

patriotic values, such as respect for the flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions
of personal patriotism include enlisting in the army, public service, and participation in the
political process through voting or other forms of activism.
2.Official Patriotism - Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and
ceremonial content. It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy
from being the expression of the common good of the political community.
National monuments, and veterans days and commemoration ceremonies are typical
examples. Often official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for
handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of allegiance.
Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing
the national anthem, saying a pledge, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic
bumper sticker on one's vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the
state.
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3.Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the

war effort.
4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state,
but the patriot does not see it as inferior.
Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities. Typically,
patriotic intensity is higher when the state is under external threat.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM
While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous,
distinct connotations were assumed. While both are people's feelings of affection for their
nation, the values on which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based
on the country's positive values- like liberty, justice, and equality. The patriot thinks that
both their country's state system and individuals are inherently good and working together
to achieve a better quality of life.
On the other hand, nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one's nation is
superior to all others. It also holds a connotation of other countries ' distrust or
disapproval, leading to the premise that other states are competitors. While patriots do not
degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do, sometimes to the point of calling for
the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar opposite of globalism by its
protectionist beliefs.
Historically, both positive and negative have been the impacts of nationalism. While it
has motivated movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist movement that formed
contemporary Israel, it was also a main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party
andthe Holocaust (Longley, 2019).
According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what it does, and
the nationalist is proud of his nation whatever it does; the and first the approach generates
sense of accountability and the second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war.
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CHAPTER IV
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Learning Outcome:
1. Recall and appreciate the birth of Filipino Nationalism
2. Demonstrate ways of showing Filipino Nationalism
3. Create a diagram showing the development of Filipino Nationalism
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Lesson Proper
"Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly

the past, so that we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and
in intimate communion with their thoughts, their deeds and their noble lives."
Claro M. Recto Jr.
Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines in the 1800s with an upsurge of

patriotic feelings and nationalistic ideals resulting from more than two decades of Spanish
rule. This served as the backbone of, and continues to this day, the first nationalist
revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896 (Joaqs, 1990). These nationalistic
feelings have resulted to a comprehensive campaign in the Philippines for political, social
and economic liberty.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as "barangays" in
the years before the 11th century, a name originating from Malayan ships called
"balangays." Datus, rajahs or sultans governed these tiny political units (Halili, 2004). In
1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established
the first European colonies in Cebu, European colonization started in earnest.
Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian
monks and further strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel
competing Portuguese colonizers and lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of
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the archipelago. The Spanish occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo in 1571 and
founded Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies (Kurlansky, 1999). This Spanish
colonization united the archipelago of the Philippines into one political unit.
The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism
Originally, the word "Filipino" referred to the Philippines "Spanish criollos." The
Spanish leaders described the natives as Indians during their 333-year rule over the
Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as insulars,
criollos, or creoles, were also called "Filipinos" during the colonial era as well. Spanish-
born Spaniards or Philippine-based continental Spaniards were referred to as Peninsulars.
Those of blended heritage have been called Mestizos. Despite being considered inferior by
the Peninsulars, the Creoles had enjoyed numerous roles of state and church, and
composed most of the bureaucracy of government. The feeling of domestic awareness
originated from the Creoles, who now consider themselves "Filipino." Three significant
factors, economy, education, and parish secularization brought it to its emergence.
These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism's birth. The Philippines ' opening to
global or world trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of Europe's liberal
thoughts were just a few instances of how the Philippines became a stable nation. "The first
manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a reform or
propaganda movement carried out both in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of
"propagandizing" the circumstances of the Philippines in the hopes that the social, political
and financial life of the Philippines would be changed by peaceful means (History of the
Philippine Revolution", 2015).
OTHER CONCEPTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people with the
Filipino nation and domestic community, the Philippines as our country and homeland. It
goes beyond our family, clan, tribe, village, city, province, religion, local culture and
religion. First and foremost, it is being pro-Filipino; believing that we belong to one body,
mind, soul, and spirit. It's a pride to be a Filipino; self-respect as a Filipino; pride in our
national cultural heritage and manner of life, with their constraints being realized. It
involves pride in our heroes, pride in our flags, national anthem and other symbols of our
nationhood; national pride and dignity inspired by the willingness to serve our nation alone
and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it, if necessary, with our own lives.
It is a tool of change and reform ; it aims our moral and spiritual regeneration, our
liberation from ignorance, bigotry (intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of
themselves), parochialism (narrowmindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher
ranking individuals gave land and protection and worked and fought for them in
exchange); olonial mentality (the internalized attitude of people's racial or cultural
inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery and distorted elitism ( an elite's
advocacy or presence as a dominant component in a scheme or community). In other
words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful national identity send and a high-minded intent.
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FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON INDIGENOUS VALUES

a. Pagsasarili (self - reliance)
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa - Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation),
g. Pagkakapantay - Pantay (equality and equity).
DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM
Filipinos had already shown their own way of nationalism in the Spanish-colonial
period. Some fought with their pens and tongues, while others used their arms and
weapons authority. Everyone had their one way of showing our country their love and
respect. Some even died and were able to get back our country's freedom that we enjoy
nowadays.
But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos demonstrate their feeling of nationalism
nowadays? You could read some thoughts in this portion about how some Filipinos show
our nation their nationalism.
To show our sense of Filipino nationalism, everyone must: WORK - ACT -

PARTICIPATE RESPECT - STAND PROUD - LOVE.
Let us work on our own. Act today, and participate in the government. Respect
everyone including other’s raise. Stand proud for who you are. Love everyone as how you
expect they would love you back.
1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity
Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history
and value of this flag are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage our
fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem and even our different
symbols. They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of
the Philippines.
2. Be Productive
Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but instead make yourself
productive and helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming the
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government for any adverse things our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt
political position holders. But they're not all. The only issue here is that we rely too much
on our government then blame them afterwards. We should learn to stand on our own feet
and be productive and helpful not only for ourselves, but also for everyone.
3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country
We must be aware and updated on the significant issues happening in the country.
Extend help to the needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters like typhoons,
flooding, and the like.
Naturally, all of us use media in our daily life. We could already demonstrate our
nationalism to our nation by using this media. Some of our fellow Filipinos used the
authority of the press to extend their assistance to others in the past calamities that hit our
nation. They published some data about how other individuals might be able to assist
disaster-affected individuals.
4. Stand Proud For Every Achievement
Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They are proud to be the
Philippines and to be brought to the nation for the awards. For their accomplishments they
unite every Filipino. We can be proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Football Team
of Azkals, the Basketball Team of Gilas Pilipinas and many more.
5. Patronize and Support Our Own Products
The Philippines has rich resources goods and products. The manpower services we
provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we ourselves
patronize our own products characterize our creativity, resourcefulness, and industry.
In spite of Filipino migration all over the globe, nationalism is also self-evident.
Millions Filipinos now support goods and products made by the Philippines. Everything is
feasible of a world economy based on by free trade, market economy, and open capital
markets. The Philippine products live up to the standard of quality in all modesty.
6. Preserve the Filipino Cuture
Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are our identity. Be
proud and preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep them for
the future generation.
Migrant Filipino who have practically grown most of their life overseas almost always
return to the Philippines to explore our lovely beaches and the feature attractions a nation
with 7,1017 islands offers. Filipinos maintain a periodic TFC (The Filipino Channel)
subscription to get in contact with every Filipino, forget about homesickness while
overseas, and instil the Filipino values that we see on their television.
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7.Respect Everyone And Value Our Traditions
Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will acknowledge a Filipino individual
everywhere you go because he or she has always been respectful of the elders and others,
using the common but certainly classic "ho," "oho," "po" and "opo". Even in modern times,
many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. Although Filipinos
overseas have held themselves as the peak of their interest in the prism of their domestic
uniqueness with a passionate approach to political, social and economic liberty. Filipinos
may have plurality in terms of divided islands, language, religion, and ethnicity, but they
share a common country love and vision for a better Philippines.
8. Speak Out Our Own Language
Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is our
unique means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an
important tool to achieve further unity and national development.
9. Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country
There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence.
Some fought using their pens and tongues, while some used the power of their arms and
weapons. Each had their own way of showing their love and respect to our country. In
today’s generation, let us value and treasured our heroes sacrifices and devotion for our
country.
10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen
The essence of life for most Filipinos is to create their family and nation a part of
their enduring engagement. They may even express their dedication to unpopular choices
born to the advantage of the majority. We are strongly committed to our obligations.
Filipinos create an all-out effort to work and make private sacrifices around the clock over
the weekend hard work. These values, combined with an abundant reservoir of patience,
have been inculcated by our beloved parents to our youthful minds.
Bravery of Filipino workers abroad is an ideal evidence of human sacrifice for family
love and nation love. Being away from home and dealing with the problems of life in a
nation you knew no one and risking yourself into many foreboding dangers are exemplary,
particularly when serving a well-formulated task of supporting our family’s necessities back
home by sending remittances that, in turn, would help increase the economy of the nation
and make it more financially stable through monetary asset.
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM

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Symbols are very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if these
symbols are related to a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of
the Philippines are:
1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the
provinces of the country.
2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the
original provinces in the Philippines.
3. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) – The Philippine National Anthem.
4. Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) – The national flower of the Philippines; symbolizing

purity and simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.
5. Narra ( Pterocarpus) – The national three of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it
is strong, sturdy, and durable- a common rainforest tree.
6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)- The Philippine national bird. It is

acknowledged to be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the
country and there is extreme punishment for any harm done to them.
7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal – The National Hero of the Philippines.
8. Carinosa or Tinikling – The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by

this dance.
9. Carabao (water buffalo)- The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness

and hard work due to its use on many farms in the country.
10. Bangus (milk fish) – The Philippines’ national fish. It symbolizes versality, because of
the many ways in which it can be cooked.
11. Mango – The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the
world.
12. Barong – The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men – (untucked shirt of
thin fabric displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women:
Baro’t Saya (skirt and blouse with no collar.
13. “Bayan Ko” and “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” are the Philippine national songs.
14. Arnis – The Philippine national sport (stick fighting).
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia) – The Philippine national plant. This plant is often
used as hat, umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino’s resourcefulness.
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16. Nipa Hut – The Philippine national house; typically a small bamboo house with a
thatched roof.
IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce
On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing different
economic policies 1834 - 1873. This is the period of the development of agriculture in the
country because foreigners shared their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855 in
Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860 in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.
Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was stimulated that made the
lives of the Filipinos prosperous. Modern farming techniques were introduced and the
means of transportation and communication were that boost financial advancement, boost
tobacco, sugar and abaca manufacturing.
How Some Filipino Become Illustrados?
The middle class or the "Illustrados" were the educated Filipinos who, by writing
essays, articles, novels or publication in news journal called "La Solidaridad," campaigned
for reform in the colony in a peaceful way. They were made up of the "principalia” or those
belonging to the Spanish or Chinese mestizos indigenous to Filipino or upper class. Their
families were "inquilinos" who leased property to the friars. Agricultural production evolved
during Philippine's opening to world trade, which led them to become rich. Theywereable to
improve their social status and send their children to European schools. They later
clamored for reforms and equality, and their children became propaganda movement
members.
Influx of Liberal Ideas
Suez Canal's opening shortened the distance between the Philippines and Spain. This
paved the way for liberalism to enter the nation. Europe brought liberal concepts such as
equality, freedom and brotherhood and the establishment of the Spanish Republic; more
Spaniards came to our nation and imparted liberal thoughts to the Philippines. They
carried liberal books and magazines with them. Not only in Manila, but also in the
provinces that occupied positions in municipal government, the amount of Spaniards is
increasing. With only a concern to improve material wealth and gain social prestige by
gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep the Filipinos tightly
protected.
Secularization Movement
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The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the
effects of Europe's spreading of liberal ideas.
There Are Two Types of Priests:
1. Regular Priest or Friar Curates - They belong to specific religious orders like
Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests
could be regular priests.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests-These priests were not religious orders and were
under the archbishop's oversight.
1565
Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are the
Augustinian, Recollects, Dominican, and Franciscan.
Council of Trent
It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates to deacons and
priests who are not monastics or members of a religious institute. But few secular priests
are accessible because some of them have been sent to America.
Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergys and the racial
and national conflict with the Friars.
19th Century - Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests.
Gov. General Carlos Maria dela Torre y Nava Cerrada - He was the one who boost and
inspired the Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain
Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)
A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and oppressive

ruler; replaced Gov. Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and a
sword in the other. He decide to restor old order and repealed the exemption of the
Filipino's from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in 1580) and tribute (tax) that the
Cavite workers had been enjoying.
January 20, 1872
Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who
took control of the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against Spaniards. Gov. Izquierdo
sent troops forthwith to quench the rebellion.
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The ring leaders were murdered and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the
GOMBURZA as the Rebellion's mastermind.
Francisco Zaldua- A Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA
February 17, 1872 - The day of execution of the 3 priestsatLuneta (Bagumbayan)
GOMBURZA - Refers to the three martyrs:
Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavitewho held the most senior
position of the three as Archbishop's Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and
accepted the death penalty calmly as though it were hispenance for being pro-Filipinos.
Father Jose Burgos , was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish
priest of the Manila Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor
General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at the time and was active and outspoken in
advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote to defend the seculars and was known
to weep like a child.
Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish
priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any
arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a
Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.
Issues On The Three Priests
Fr. Gomez - Participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already
more than 80 years old.
Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.
Fr. Zamora - Victim of mistaken identity a since Josethe warrant of arrest was addressed
Spanish to Government certain at Zamora, a known critic of that time.
GomBurZa Execution
The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the death of secular priests in the
19th century. The Spaniards wanted the secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose
Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora- were executed in February 17, 1872 by Garrote
after being implicated as master minds in Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the three priests
the crowd paid respect when they removed their hats and knelt down. The bells rang all
over the City upon the order of Archbishop Melito Martinez.
Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron

collar is used to strangle or break a convicted person's neck. It is said to be the form of
execution performed to the three priests.
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The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution
It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the Philippine history because

the three priests were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation.
Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement
Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad,

was founded in 19th century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru
reforms or changes implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and
Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law who laid the foundation of the movement in Madrid.
Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of
pen and tongue; literally means the propagation of a given opinion.
Propagandists or Reformists
These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape persecution in 1872. They
didn't have the intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle and revolution
rather they campaign for reform or change by way of writing . They advocated reform by
writing books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were popularly known as Illustrados
(Intellectual) in Spain, England and France.
The Goals of Propaganda Movement
1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain
2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish

government)
3.Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly.
Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement
The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement:
1.Emergence of Middle Class
2.The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
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4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos
THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY_
1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among the
Propagandists. His pen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known and
acclaimed as the "Father of Philippine Nationalism" due to his intellectual and idealistic
support for Philippine Independence. For him Spanish colonial system itself should be
blamed for the unfortunate state of the Filipinos and the colony.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3, he
learned his alphabet, at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled" Sa Aking mga Kabata"(To
My Fellow children) a poem that talks about love for one's language. At the age of 9, he was
sent to private tutor Don Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from
Mercado to Rizal because Mercado was closely identified to Fr. Burgos who was executed by
Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he graduated Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He
enrolled in University of Sto. Tomas, took up medicine while taking up agrimensura
(surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal's poem A la juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) won the
first prize in literacy contest sponsored by Licero Literario Artisticio.
The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after the judge learned that it was
written by Filipino. In 1882, he sailed for Spain without the knowledge of his parents and
finished medicine in Universidad Central de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De Cien
Anos (The Philippine Century Hence) his written essay, where he showed how the ancient
civilization of Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards. Sa Mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (The
Young women of Malolos) He commended the 20 women of Malolos who bravely disobeyed
their parish priest by establishing a night school where they could learn the Spanish
language.
He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about social reality in the
Philippines in 19th century. On February 1888, he was forced to leave Manila, he went to
Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US and England causing him to learned numerous language. On
July 3, 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo Manila, to foster cooperation among
Filipinos, to help each other in times of needs, to promote education and agriculture. In
1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life as an exiled in Dapitan. He became a teacher to little
boys, he built artesian well for more effective irrigation system, and he served as a doctor,
and met Josephine Bracken. He was requested to go to Cuba to serve as military doctor,
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but he was arrested for allegedly being connected with revolution which broke out in the
Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned at Fort Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal
association. On December 30,1896, he was executed in Bagumbayan (Luneta). His last
poem given to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid inside the cocinilla de alcohol (cooking
lamp).
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform Movement.
Born on August 30, 1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his grandmother's
surname based on Gov. General Narciso Claverias decree in 1849- "Filipinos should adopt
a Spanish Surname."
He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts
at Colegio de San Jose. He took up law at University of Sto. Tomas but unable to finish it
because he was suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also
imprisoned for 30 days for this offense. He married his second cousin Marciana del Pilar
where they have 7 children but only 2 survived, Sofia and Anita. He was passionate in his
campaign against frailocracy. He delivered speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in
cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and the injustices his family experienced
from them.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Journalist who mastered the use of satire (the use of
humor, irony, contemporary people's exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize
people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other
topical issues). He was the co-founder of the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines
"Diariong Tagalog" where he published his nationalistic article including the Tagalog
translation of Jose Rizal's "El Amor Patrio." His other writings were:
a. Caingat Cayo - He defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal.
b. Dasalan at Toksohan - Collection of revised Catholic Prayers where he exposed the true
nature of the friars.
c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas ( Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina ( The Frailocracy in the Philippines)
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of Deodato Arellano, a propagandist and
first president of the Katipunan. He organized the 1st political group in the Philippines
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known as the "Junta de propaganda." His pseudonyms are, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat,
V. Garcia and Plaridel.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents encourages him to become a
priest. However, Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left the seminary and enrolled in
the School Medicine in University of Sto. Tomas but due to financial difficulties he wasn't
able to finish his medical degree and forced to go back in Iloilo. The poor people of Iloilo
consulted him for medical problems. He started the campaign for freedom in 1874 by
writing "Fray Botod" (La hija de fraile) means "Big - Bellied Friar". In his work revealed the
gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars as represented by Fray Botod.
He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880, and then he went to Valencia
Spain and continues his medical degree but later shifted to journalism in Madrid. Graciano
was a former staff of LOS DOS MUNDO - News organ in Iloilo and was acclaimed as the
"Prince of the Filipino Orators" and the great orator of the Reform Movement. His pen name
was Diego Laura and he founded the La Solidaridad (Solidarity) which becomes the
mouthpiece of the Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote articles campaigning for reforms in the
Philippines. He became a member of the freemasonry and founded masonic lodge for
Filipinos in 1889.
For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy or monastic supremacy was the root
cause of impoverishment of the Filipinos under Spanish colonialism. He has a habit of
eating sardines straight from the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear it the next
day without being laundry.
OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS
DR. PEDRO PATERNO
A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled "Ninay," the 1st Filipino Novel that shows
the Filipino's developed culture.
ANTONIO LUNA
Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the actual
life in the Philippines. La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe defects of the educational system
for women. His pen name was Taga-ilog.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
Known to be "Supremo of Katipunan" was one of the founders of Katipunan. He

wrote poem, letters, essays and dialogue while his writing are:
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 Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of loving

motherland.
 Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
 Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an era of

darkness under the Spaniards
 He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only refer to particular
ethnic group but to all inhabitants who lived near bodies of water (tags-ilog).
Everybody should be rightfully called Tagalog.
His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a Decalogue to serve as guide

for Katipuneros "Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan" but later adopted the
"Kartilla ng Katipunan" of Emilio Jacinto.
EMILIO JACINTO
Regarded as the "Brain of the Katipunan." Born on Dec. 15, 1875 in Trozo, Manila.
He took up Bachelor of Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took up law from
University of Sto. Tomas but he was not able to finish it because of revolution. He joined
Katipunan in 1894 under the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla ng Katipunan that served
as moral and ethical guide for Katipuneros. His other works are Liwanag at Dilim and La
Patria.
He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He

assigned to rescue Rizal while waiting the ship going to Cuba but Rizal refused to be
rescued. He fought with cazaderos or spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna,
where he was wounded on the knee. He died due to malaria on April 6, 1899 in Sta Cruz
Laguna.
THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN
The reform movement's failure paves the way for a movement that advocates armed
struggle to achieve liberty.
KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or

Katipunan).
This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about Rizal's exile to Dapitan.
Deodato Arellano was the first President of Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by
Andres Bonifacio. The KKK members were divided when it increased more than one
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hundred Katipon, Kawal, Bayani. Each category has its own password and members
undergo blood compact.
Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used triangle method to recruit
members, where every member should recruit two new members who would only know
each other after passing the initiation rites.
CHAPTER V
FILIPINO CORE VALUES
Learning Objectives
1. Recognize and relate Filipino values, its structures, models, philosophical
foundations and elements.
BASIC CONCEPT OF VALUES
Core values are a person's or organization's fundamental beliefs. These guiding

principles dictate conduct and can assist individuals to know the distinction between right
and wrong. It also assists organizations by establishing an unwavering guide to determine
if they are on the correct track and fulfil their objectives. Values are essential because they
assist us to grow. They assist us build the future that we want to experience.
Hundreds of choices are made every day by every person and every organization. The
choices we make reflect our values and beliefs and are always aimed at a particular
purpose. That aim is our person or collective (organizational) needs to be satisfied. When
we make choices using our values, we create a conscious decision to concentrate on what
matters to us. They create inner cohesion within a group when values are shared.
FILIPINO VALUES SYSTEM
Race strains and cultural components such as Aeta have derived Filipino values.
Indonesians, Malayan, Hindu and Chinese who created our moral scruples core. Cultural
individuality combined with Spain-derived cultural components. The U.S. and the
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contemporary planetary society ( Panopio and Rolda. 2000 ). You can find Filipinos in
almost every part of the globe. We rejoice at the sight of other co-Filipinos when we're in a
foreign nation as if there's something that connects us. Sometimes, if we don't know a
person's nationality, but he or she looks like a Filipino, we often ask, "Filipino ka ba?" And
we are happy when he or she answered "yes." However, if someone fails to satisfy our
expectations in the manner they answer questions or in the manner they act, we say in
frustration, "kapwa Filipino pa naman”.
Landa Jocano, a famous sociologist says that "there are no negative Filipino values,
only the wrong use of values". Values slowly alter, but it depends on how powerful families
are to preserve, promote and pass on our cultural values from one generation to the next.
Here in the Philippines, values are really of importance and should be respected. As
we grow older, our parents shaped us different values. From the time we are born.
Pagkalinga, pag-aaruga, at pakialam (Care) were given by them. This value shapes our real
Filipino culture, showing that we are conscious of others.
The Filipino value system relates to the set of values or the value system that has
historically been held by a majority of Filipinos in their life. This system of Philippine values
involves the distinctive combination of coherant ideologies, moral codes, ethical procedures,
cultural etiquette and private values promoted by the Philippine society. However, as with
any culture, the values held sacred by any person may vary on the grounds of religion,
education, and other variables.
As a general description, Filipinos' separate value system is mainly rooted in private

alliance systems, particularly those based on kinship, duty, friendship, religion (Especially
Christianity) and business interactions.
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF FILIPINO VALUES
For the most part, Filipino values are focused on preserving social harmony, mainly
driven by a group's willingness to be accepted. The primary sanction against diverging from
these values are "Hiya" ideas, approximately translated as "a sense of shame," and "Amor
proper" or "self-esteem." Social approval, group recognition, and group membership are
significant issues. Caring for what others believe, say or do is a powerful influence on
Filipinos ' social behaviour.
The Filipino philosophy is basically' non-dualistic,' according to anthropologist

Leonardo Mercado. He concludes, based on his linguistic analysis of Filipino value terms
such as "loob" (Cebuano buot), that Filipinos desire harmony, not only in interpersonal
relationships, but also with nature and religion, while remaining non-dichotomous. The
Filipino wants to harmonize the object and the subject while keeping both as distinct at the
same time.
MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES
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1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model
A "legal and formal" model is defined as the international model. Filipinos from
Western cultures, particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans, inherited the foreign
model. An example of foreign or exogenous impact is the bureaucracy displayed in the
Philippine government.
2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model
Described as a "traditional and non-formal" model or guide, the indigenous model is

deeply integrated in the Filipinos ' subconscious.
STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS OF FILIPINO VALUES
The Filipino value system is known to possess significant key components based on
research, surveys, observations, anecdotes and other literatures developed by scholars and
researchers in relation to Filipino social values or core values, together with the Filipino
character or identity of a person or individual known as the Filipino.
One may notice how Hiya (ownership/ dignity), Pakikisama (companionship/esteem),

and Utang Na Loob (gratitude/ solidarity) are simply Surface Values readily seen and
appreciated by many Filipinos. These three values are deemed branches of a single origin
Filipino Personality's real core value - Kapwa.
It implies' totality,' referring to society, or not doing stuff alone. Ibang Tao (other
people) and Hindi Ibang Tao(not other people) are two types of Kapwa. The Surface Values
spin off the Core Value through Pakikiramdam's Pivotal Aspect or mutual internal
perception ("feeling for someone else").
Other notable elements or motivations are optimism about the future, pessimism
about current circumstances and activities, concern and concern for other individuals, the
presence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, spiritual nature,
respect for oneself and others, respect for the female members of society, fear of God, and
abhorrence of cheating and other acts.
The values of the Filipinos specifically uphold the following elements: family unit
solidarity, security of the Philippine economy, orientation towards small-groups,
personalism, the concepts of "loob" or "kalooban" (meaning "what's inside the self," the
"inner self" or the "actual personal feelings on the self"), existence and maintenance of
smooth interpersonal relationships, and the sense of the self.
In a broader image, these values are categorized into particular clusters or

"macrosclusters".
1. Cluster of Relationships
2. Social Cluster
3. Cluster of Livelihoods
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4. Cluster of Inwardness
5. Cluster of Optimism
THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES
Based on Dr. Ramirez's study "The Filipino Worldview and Values" and her
perspectives as a phenomenological sociologist from centuries of practice, here are the Five
Core Filipino Values based on a Filipino's Basic Aspirations.
Mapagpasalamat
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to "Pamumuhay" (Life) and "Pananalig sa

Diyos at Kapwa" (God and People Faith). Filipinos understand how life can be enjoyed. We
have plenty of vacations, celebrations, occasions, and meetings. Filipinos are cheerful and
sociable, of course. Even in depressing circumstances, we wear smiles on our faces. That's
because we're always looking at life's bright side.
We always have a positive outlook because, even in the smallest things, we always
find things to be grateful for. We would always say "Salamat sa Diyos" (Thank God)
whenever excellent things occur because Filipinos would attribute the blessings of life to
the Higher Being from whenever religion. We also recognize other people's excellent acts
towards us and do our utmost to return the favor.
Matatag
Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural disasters, have adjusted and

learned to be powerful in moments of need and in difficult circumstances that life throws at
us. This power is derived from our love for our family and our belief in the greater being.
This is based on Filipino's "Kaayusan" (Order) aspiration.
In reality, the popular phrase of the Philippines is "Ayos Na." When we are able to
overcome problems, we say "Ayos Na." We Filipinos are longing for "Kaayusan," and we will
endure all and be powerful in the midst of hardships and challenges until we overcome the
barriers.
Masigasig
We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of something. We're doing it

for our loved ones and relatives. This is based on the "Kasaganaan" (Abundance) and
"Ginhawa" (Relief) aspiration of Filipinos. Not for himself, but for his family, a Filipino
aspires to abundance. Masaganang Bagong Taon (Bountiful New Year) is the Filipino
translation for Happy New Year because we match happiness and celebration with
abundance.
"Ginhawa" in Bisaya implies breath. And the soft breath flow is the soft life flow we
call "Ginhawa." "Ginhawa" is the feeling of well-being ina Filipino, according to lay
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theologian Dr. Jose de Mesa. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would bean instance of
enduring being away from home to offer their families a healthy life - abundance and relief
from hardships.
Mapagmalasakit
It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors and others that
naturally sympathetic Filipinos. This compassion allows us to assist others without in
exchange asking for anything. This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to "Loob at
Damdamin" and "Kapwa" (Other People). "Loob" is the seat of the dignity of the Philippines.
Filipino's personality is expressed in his "kalooban." Filipinos tune in the "kalooban" of
each other by checking the situation of each other and talking about the life of each other.
Filipinos use "kapwa" to refer not only to a stranger, but to a relative, a neighbor next
door, a distant relative, or a friend because of our family culture. Our characteristic of
"Mapagmalasakit" makes it simple for us to promote the spirit of Bayanihan-to unite and
assist one another during calamities and to celebrate together on unique occasions.
Magalang
The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are separate methods of regard
for Filipino people. We say these phrases and use this gesture to demonstrate our respect
and love to elderly. The Filipinos' respect is not just limited to the elderly but also to other
people's properties, emotions, and ideas. We are polite people. Our language is also
respectful because it has no sex bias. For example, the phrases "kapatid" (brother/ sister)
or asawa (husband/wife) or "biyenan" (fatherin-law/mother-in-law) or "anak"
(son/daughter) do not show gender differences. These words are certainly sexfriendly
Filipino uniquely. Our respect for other people is an integral part of our culture and our
language. This is based on our "Lakas ng Loob" or "Kagandahang Loob" aspiration.
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CORE VALUES
Being a noble profession the police service demands from its members specialized
understanding and abilities, as well as great standard of ethics and morality.
The members of the Philippine National Police must therefore conform to and
internalize the key principles of:
 Love of God.
 Respect for authority.
 Respect for women
 Respect for sanctity of marriage. Stewardship over material things
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 Responsible dominion
 Truthfulness
The Police service in the Philippines is expressed in the acronym SERVICE. The acronym
SERVICE stands for:
SERVANT HOOD
As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the nation and individuals,
Police value a supportive and professional role serves and protects its clientele and
community with honesty, utmost devotion and commitment above private concern.
EXCELLENCE
Police are committed in doing and making things occur effectively and efficiently in
all of their efforts as they strive to accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with
tangible outcomes and far beyond their best.
RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY
Police carry out and execute their responsibilities and tasks as their moral duty is to
serve the public with due diligence and always bearing in mind that they are accountable
and duty bound to promote the public interest.
VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Police always maintain their fellow human beings' dignity whenever they cater their
needs and are delicate and cautious in serving and protecting them with compassion and
utmost regard for their human rights.
INTEGRITY
Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the fulfillment of their

obligation to live an honest, upright and dignified life according to the highest ethical and
moral norms where their advocacy, values and convictions are compatible with their words
and actions.
COURAGE
From their moral strength police draw their collective and individual power of
approach to always accept difficult duties, and they are courageous enough to speak out
against temptation, anomalies, corruption and exploitation and stand firm.
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EMPOWERMENT
Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture volunteerism and
operate in harmony with their clientele by training individuals for a better and safer society
in the process.
CHAPTER VI
RELATED PHILIPPINE LAWS THAT PROMOTES NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to; 1. RE
1. Recognize different laws that promotes nationalism and patriotism in PU
the Philippines. BL
2. Discuss Gender and Development and its related laws. IC
ACT NO. 10086 – An act strengthening people’s nationalism through Philippines

history by changing the nomenclature of the National Historical Institute into the
National Historical Commission of the Philippines, strengthening its powers and
functions, and for other purposes; also known as the Philippine Cultural heritage act
of 2010.
2. REPUBLIC ACT 8044 – also known as the Youth in National-Building act; an act
creating the national Youth Commission, establishing a National Comprehensive and
Coordinated Program on Youth Development, Appropriating funds therefore, and for
other purposes.
3. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 – an act to include in the curricula of all public and
private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works and writings of
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Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,

authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.
4. THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
5. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10390 – an act amending republic act no. 7306, entitled “an act
providing for the establishment of the people’s television network, incorporated,
defining its powers and functions, providing for its sources of funding and for other
purposes; also known as “An Act Revitalizing the People’s Television Network,
Incorporated”.
6. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9512 – approved last December 12, 2008; also known as an act
to promote environmental awareness through environmental education and for other
purposes or the National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008.
It is an act to promote environmental awareness through Environmental Education

(EE) and covers the integration of the EE in the school curricula at all levels, be it in public
or private, including day care, preschool, non-formal, technical, vocational, indigenous
learning, and out-of-school youth courses or programs.
Section 6 of the Act ways that the DepEd, CHED, TESDA, DENR, DOST, and other
relevant agencies, in consultation with experts on the environment and the academe, shall
lead in the implementation of public education and awareness programs on environmental
protection and conservation through collaborative interagency and multi-sectoral effort at
all levels. It also declares November as the Environmental Awareness Month in the
Philippines.
Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and Development as the

development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering,
equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of
self-determination and actualization of human potentials.
Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the socially constructed basis
on differences between men and women and emphasizes the need to challenge existing
gender roles and relations.
GAD was developed in the 1980’s as an alternative to the Women in Development

(WID) approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women,
but with the way in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and expectations to both
women and men. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and
women work together, presenting results in neutral terms of economics and efficiency.
The World Bank was one of the first international organization to recognize the need
for Women in Development, appointing a WID Adviser in 1977. In 1984, the bank
mandated that its programs considered women’s issues. In 1994 the bank issued a policy
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paper on gender and Development, reflecting current thinking on the subject. This policy
aims to address policy and institutional constraints that maintain disparities between the
genders and thus limit the effectiveness of development programs.
Gender and development (GAD) is concerned with women and her specific roles,
responsibilities and expectations in the society. It also analyzes the nature of women’s
contribution within the context of work done both inside and outside the household and
reflects the public/private dichotomy that undervalues the work done by women in the
home. (http://www.sbma.com/gender-and-development-program ).
GAD focuses on the principle that development is for all. Everyone in society, female
or male, have the right to equal opportunities to achieve a full and satisfying life.
It does not define the following:

1. Not a war of the sexes
2. Not anti-male
3. Both women and men are victims although women more than men.
4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender equality
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED LAWS AND ISSUANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Philippine Plan for Gender and development, 1995-2025

National Plan that addresses provides and pursues full equality and development for
men and women. Approved and adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos are Executive
No. 273, on September 8, 1995, it is the successor of the Philippine development Plan for
Women, 1989-1992 adopted by executive No. 384 of February 17, 1989.
Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women)

Approved on August 14, 2009, which mandates for non-discriminatory and pro-
gender equality and equity measures to enable women’s participation in the formulation,
implementation and evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional, and local
development.
Memorandum Circular No. 2011-01 dated October 21, 2011

Addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices,
bureaus, State Universities and Colleges (SUC’s), Government-Owned and Controlled
Corporations (GOCC’s) and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and
procedures for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the Gender and
Development (GAD) Focal Point System (GFPS).
Republic Act 7877 – Anti-Sexual Harassment act of 1995)

It is an “Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful in the Employment, Education,
and for other purposes” was approved on February 14, 1995 and became effective on
March 5, 1995.
Republic Act 9262 – Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004.
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It protects the family and its members particularly women and children from violence
and threats to their personal safety and security”.
Republic Act 7192 – women in Development and National Building Act.

The act provides guidance and measures that will mobilize and enhance participation
of women in the development process in ways equal to that of men.
Memorandum circular No. 48 series of 2013

Directing all concerned government agencies to adopt the gender Equality guidelines
in the development of their respective Media Policies and Implementing programs in order
to promote gender mainstreaming.
Republic Act 10354

The responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 or the PH Law. It is
a law in the Philippines, which guarantees universal access to methods on contraception,
fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.
1987 Constitution (Article II Sec. 14)

The State recognizes the role of women in nation building and shall promote the
FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY before the law of women and men.
SEX AND GENDER: HOW DO THEY DIFFER?

“an extremely important part of an individual’s identity and one that begins at least at birth,
is gender”.
-Dr. Kenneth Cushner, 2012.
It is more that just knowing that you are male or female. Identification of sex is
usually clearly internalized by the age of 3 but begins around the age of 18 months.
Gender refers to the specific set of characteristics that identifies the social behavior
of women and men and the relationship between them. Gender alludes not simply to
women or men but the relationship between them and the way it is socially constructed.
Since gender biases exist and these biases prevent people from attaining their full
potentials, development is impeded.
SEX GENDER
Categorized as male or female Masculinity and femininity
Biological Socially, culturally and historically
determined
Fixed at birth Learned through socialization
Does not change across time and Varies over time and space
space
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Equally valued Unequally valued (masculinity as the

norm)
Gender identity/gender role includes knowledge of a large set of rules and

expectations for what boys and girls should wear, how they should speak and act, and their
‘place’ in the overall structure of the society.
It can be affected by :
1. RACE – each of the major divisions of humankind having distinct physical
characteristics.
2. ETHNICITY – the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common
national or cultural tradition.
3. SICIAL CLASS – a division of a society based on social and economic status; upper
class, new money, middle class, working class, working poor, and poverty level.
4. RELIGION – a particular system of faith and worship.
5. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION – a demarcated area of the earth.
COMMON MYTHS ABOUT GENDER

1. If a father does the household work, he is considered as “under the saya”.
2. Men are better leaders and administrators that women.
3. It is the women’s fault if she is being harassed sexually when she is wearing skimpy
clothing.
4. It is not proper for a girl to say “I love you” first to a boy.
5. The mother should be the only one responsible for child-rearing and parenting.
TERMS RELATED TO GENDER

1. Socialization – is the process by which social norms, roles and expectations are
learned and internalized.
2. Gender Socialization – is the process by which norms and expectations in relation
to gender are learned by women and men.
3. Gender Stereotype – a form of prejudgment, bias or limitation given to roles and
expectations of males and females. These may effect the gender equality and
inequality in the society.
4. Gender Equality – gives men and women the entitlement to lall aspects of human
development.
5. Gender Inequality – refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based
on their gender.
GENDER STEREOTYPE INVOLVES THE DIFFERENTIATIONS

Attributed by a given culture to women and men, in the following aspects:
1. Social Roles
2. Capacities
3. Traits and Characteristics
1. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN SOCIAL ROLES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
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Provides financially for the family Takes care of the house and children
Works as managers, construction Works as a nurse, teacher, secretary
builders or engineers
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers
2. GENDER STEREOTYE IN CAPACITIES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
MEN WOMEN
Good in math and science Good in arts and less intellectual
pursuits
Physically strong Physically weaker and fragile
Firm decision making Wishy – washy or fickle minded in
decision making
3. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MEN AND

WOMEN
MEN WOMEN
Active Passive
Aloof Loving
Aggressive Peaceful
Independent Dependent
brave Fearful
AREAS OR CHANNEL OF SOCIALIZATION

According to Dr. Ralph G. Perrino (2000), family, school, peers, mass media, public
opinion, and religion play a major role in the socialization and, ultimately, the education
process. Each of us proceeds through life in a manner that we often believe in under our
immediate control and influence. It seems logical that the actions we take and the impact of
those actions is based upon a series of logical, rational, decision selected and filtered by
choice, not chance.
Although this seems a reasonable manner in which to assess one’s lot in life, it is far
from the reality, particularly in the areas of education. One of the most dramatic impacts
on a child’s education is that of the socialization process.
1. Family
2. Church
3. Mass media
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4. School
5. Peers
A. FAMILY
In the context of human society, a family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people
related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity (by marriage or other
relationship), or co-residence (relatives and servants). It is also known as the basic
for raising children. In most societies, the family is the principal institution for the
socialization of children. (family.lovetoknow.com)
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY

1. Immediate family – may include spouses, parents, brothers, sisters, sons, and
daughters.
2. Extended family – may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews,
nieces, and siblings-in-law. Sometimes these are also considered members of the
immediate family, depending on a individual’s specific relationship with them.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY STRUCTURES

1. Matrifocal Family – this kind of family occurs commonly where women have the
resources to rear their children by themselves or where men are more mobile that
women; opposite of patrifocal family.
2. Patriarchal Family – is a family in which the father is considered head of household;
this is true regardless of which parent is the primary breadwinner (in a household
with a working mom and stay-at-home dad; also known as father-centered family
or father dominated family; opposite of matriarchal family.
3. Conjugal Family/Nuclear family/ Single Family – a tradition form of family that
includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age.
4. Avuncular Family – a family composed of a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and
her children.
5. Childless Family – is sometimes the “forgotten family” as it does not meet the
traditional standard set by society. Childless families consist of a husband and wife
living and working together. Many childless families take on the responsibility of pet
ownership or have extensive contact with their nieces and nephews as a substitute
for having their own children.
6. Extended Family – family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including
grandparents, aunts, uncle, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one
household.
7. Family of Choice/Chosen Family – is common within the LGBT community, both in
academic literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in an
individual’s life that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system.
8. Blended Family or Stepfamily – describes families with mixed parents; one or both
parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.
9. Monogamous Family – in this case, an individual has only one (official) partner
during their lifetime into the new family.
10. Polygamous Family – a family composed of a marriage that includes more
than two partners (polygamous).
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a. Polygamy – a man is married to more than one wife at a time which is common
in some parts of Middle East and Africa and its often associated with Islam;
b. Polyandry – when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time;
traditionally practiced in areas of the Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in
Nepal, in parts of China and in parts of northern India.
c. Fraternal Polyandry – where two or more brothers are married to the same wife.
d. Polyamory – if a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives; group or
conjoint marriage.
PROCESSES INVOLVES IN GENDER SOCIALIZATION IN THE FAMILY (Ruth Hartley)

1. Manipulations – means that people handle girls and boys differently as infants.
a. Mothers tend to use more physical stimulation on male infants and more
verbal stimulation on female infants.
b. Boy babies are tossed in the air.
c. Girl babies get more delicate handling.
2. Canalization – means that people direct children’s attention to gender-
appropriate object.
a. Choice of toys, boys are given toy cars and machines;
b. Gils are given dolls and tea sets;
c. Toys teach children what their prescribed roles in life will be.
3. Verbal Appellation – telling children what they are and what is expected of them.
a. Brave boy, pretty girl
b. Boys don’t cry, girls don’t hit playmates
4. Activity exposure – familiarizing children to their gender-appropriate tasks
a. Girls help their mother with housework
b. Boys are encouraged to play outside the house.
B. CHURCH/RELIGION
It is a collection of cultural system, beliefs systems, and worldviews that relate
humanity to spirituality and moral values. The practice of a religion may also include
rituals, sermons, commendations or veneration of a deity, gods or goddesses, sacrifices,
matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service, or other
aspects of human culture.
Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably today as they have during the last
two millennia. This is especially true with regards to marriage and ministry.
EFFECTS OF RELIGION
1. Regular attendance at religious services is linked to healthy, stable family life, strong
marriage, and well-behaved children.
2. Religious worship also leads to a reduction in the incidence of domestic abuse, crime,
substance abuse, and addiction.
3. In addition, religious practice can increase physical and mental health, longevity, and
education attainment.
C. MASS MEDIA
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These are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large
audience by mass communications. It has an immense impact on young minds. With
the advent of the internet, television now has a partner in the role of visual stimulant of
young minds. The culture portrayed by the mass media emphasizes glamour, sexual
satisfaction and promiscuity, comedic vulgarity, violence, and immediate gratification of
needs.
The organizations that control these technologies, such as television stations or
publishing companies, are also known as the mass media.
EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN SOCIALIZATION

1. Media’s sexualization of young female celebrities
2. Video games that promote violence and negative stereotype
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote negative stereotypes and violence
4. Sex stereotypes in kid’s TV program
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASS MEDIA

1. Broadcast Media – such as radio, recorded music, film and television transmit their
information electronically.
2. Print Media – use a physical object such as a newspaper, book, pamphlet or comics,
to distribute their information.
3. Outdoor Media – is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, signs or
placards placed inside and outside of commercial buildings, sport stadiums, shops
and buses. Other outdoor media include flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes),
blimps, and skywriting
4. Public Speaking and Event Organizing – can also be considered as forms of mass
media.
5. Digital Media – comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet
media provides many mass media services, such as email, websites, blogs, and
internet-based radio and television.
D. SCHOOL
It is an institution for educating children, any institution at which instructions is
given in a particular discipline, a group of people. It is an artificial institution set up for
the purpose of socialization and cultural transmission. The school can be regarded as a
formally constituted community as opposed to mutual communities.
HOW THE SCHOOL PERFORMS THE FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION?

1. Through the curriculum, the school in a formal way provides the child with:
a. Knowledge of basic intellectual skills such as reading, writing, verbal expressions,
quantitative and other cognitive abilities,
b. Education teaches languages and allows people to communicate with each other
according to positions in society.
c. Cultural achievements of one’s society.
d. Opportunities to acquire social and vocational abilities which are necessary in
order to make one a social, useful and economically productive member of the
society.
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e. Gender roles as perceived as suitable roles by the society.
2. Educational systems socialize students to become members of society, to play

meaningful roles in the complex network of independent positions.
3. Education helps in shaping values and attitudes to the needs of the contemporary
society.
4. Education widens the mental horizon of pupils and teaches them new ways of looking
at themselves and their society.
5. Education offers young people opportunities for intellectual, emotional, and social
growth. Thus, education can be influential in promoting new values and stimulating
adaption of changing conditions.
6. Informally and especially through social clubs, the school enables the child to learn a
number of other social roles and skills which are also important for his/her overall
development as a member of society.
a. Education teaches the laws, traditions and norms of the community, the rights
that individual will enjoy and the responsibilities that they will undertake.
b. Education teaches how one is to behave toward his/her play-mates and adults.
c. Education teaches how to share things and ideas.
d. Education teaches how to complete responsibly
e. Schooling teaches how to cooperate
f. Schooling instils the community’s pattern of respect; thus to relate to others well
and obey rules.
g. Schooling enables one to internalize the culture of one’s society.
h. Education leads toward tolerant and humanitarian attitudes. For example, college
graduates are expected to be more tolerant that (high school graduates in their
attitudes toward ethnic and social groups).
E. PEER GROUPS
These groups both social group and primary groups of people who have similar interest
(homophily), age, backgrounds, or social status. The members of this group are likely to
influence the person’s beliefs and behavior. Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct
patterns of behavior.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER MGROUPS

1. Serve as a source of information
2. Teach gender roles
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood
4. Reach unity and collective behavior in life
5. Identify formation- is a developmental process where a person acquires a sense of
self.
NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES (Disadvantages) OF PEER GROUPS INFLUENCE
1. Peer pressure – often used to describe instances where and individual feels indirectly
pressured into changing his/her behavior to match that of his/her peers. Taking up
smoking and underage drinking are two of the best-known examples.
2. Future problems
3. Risk behaviors
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4. Aggression and pro-social behavior

5. Sexual promiscuity
CHAPTER VII
CITIZENSHIP
Learning Objectives
3. Demonstrate the Filipino duties and obligations as a citizen.
Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which

membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and
duty of protection on the part of the State.
Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is the member of a democratic

community who enjoy full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and
outside the territory of the State.
CITIZENSHIP AND CITIZEN DISTINGUISHED FROM NATIONALITY AND NATIONAL
From the point of view of international law, "citizenship" and "citizen" do not exactly mean
the same as "nationality "and "national." The national of a State include not only its
citizens who enjoy full civil and political privileges but also all others who are not its
citizens, but because they owe allegiance to it, are not regarded as aliens. While all citizens
are nationals of a State, not all nationals are citizens of a state.
MEANING OF SUBJECT AND ALIEN
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A citizen is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political
rights. In Monarchial State, He is often called Subject.
An alien is a citizen of a country who is residing in orpassingthrough another

country. He is a popularly called "foreigner." He is not given the full rights to citizenship but
is entitled to receive protection as to his person or property.
GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
1. Involuntary method - by birth, because of blood relationship or place of birth.
2. Voluntary Method - by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of

the inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to
another as a result of a conquest or treaty.
WHAT ARE THE MODES IN ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?
1. Filipino By Birth / Natural Born Filipino
a. Jus Soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a person's nationality at birth
is determined by the place of birth (e.g. the territory of a given state)
b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle that, at birth, an individual
acquires the nationality of his/her natural parent/s. The Philippine adheres to this
principle.
2. Filipino By Naturalization / Naturalized Citizen - which is the judicial act of adopting

a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen. It implies the
renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of entrance into a similar relation towards
a new body.
CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO CITIZENS

(Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution)
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
IDEALS POLICY ON NATURALIZATION
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The policy on naturalization should be guided by our own national interest. Perhaps
the ideal is that only those who have come to love the country, who have integrated
themselves into the citizenry and who can contribute to the development of the nation
should be conferred citizenship by naturalization.
Naturalization is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of the
state and clothing him with the rights and privilege of citizenship. It implies the
renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of entrance to a similar relation towards a
new body politic.
NATURE OF NATURALIZATION
An alien does not have a natural, inherent or vested fight to be admitted to

citizenship in a state. Citizenship is a matter of grace, favor or privilege which a sovereign
government may confer on, or withhold from, an alien or grant to him under such
conditions as it sees fit without the support of any reason whatsoever.
Citizenship in our republic be it ever most powerful nation if the world, can take such
citizenship for granted or assume it as a matter of right. In view of the above principles, the
rule is that in case of doubt concerning the grant of citizenship, such doubt be resolved in
favor of the state and against the applicant for naturalization.
THREE WAYS OF ACQUIRING BY NATURALIZATION
1. By judgment of the court
The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must apply for naturalization
with the proper Regional Trial Court / Court of First Instance. The Revise Naturalization
Act is the present naturalization law. Such law shall also continue in force pursuant to the
transitory provision of the Constitution (Art. XVIII, Sec.3.);
2. By direct act of Congress
In this case our law - making body simply enacts an act directly conferring
citizenship to a foreigner.
3. By administrative proceeding
Under R.A. No.9139, known as the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000,"aliens

born and residing in the Philippines may be granted Philippine citizenship by
administrative proceedings before a special committee on naturalization. The petition for
citizenship shall be filled with the committee which has the power to approve, deny or reject
application as provided in the
law.
52 | P a g e
WHO MAY QUALIFY AS PHILIPPINE CITIZEN BY NATURALIZATION UNDER THE

REVISED NATURALIZATION ACT?
Under Section 2, CA 573 or the Revised Naturalization Law the applicant must possess the
following qualifications:
1. He must not be less than twenty-one years of age on the day of the hearing of the
petition;
2. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than ten
years;
3. He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying the
Philippine Constitution, and must have conducted himself in a proper and
irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in the Philippines in
his relation with the constituted government as well as with the community in which
he is living;
4. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five thousand pesos,
Philippine currency, or must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful
occupation;
5. He must be able to speak or write English or Spanish or anyone of the principal

languages;
6. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age in any of the public or private
schools recognized by the Bureau of Public Schools of the Philippines where
Philippine history, government and civics are taught or prescribed as part of the
school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in the Philippines
required of him prior to the hearing of the petition for naturalization as Philippine
citizen;
WHO ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO APPLY FOR NATURALIZATION OF THE REVISED

NATURALIZATION LAW?
Under Section of 4 of the Revised Naturalization Law, the following persons cannot
qualify for Philippine citizenship:
1. Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group

of persons who uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments;
2. Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault,

or assassination for the success and predominance of their ideas; Polygamists or
believers in the practice of polygamy;
53 | P a g e
3. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
4. Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases;
5. Persons who during the period of their stay in the Philippines, have not mingled
socially with the Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and
embrace the customs, traditions, and ideals of the Filipinos;
6. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the Philippines is at war.
7. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United States, whose laws do
not grant Filipinos the right to become naturalized citizens or subject thereof;
LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any of the following ways:
1. Voluntary
a. By Naturalization in a foreign country
b. By express renunciation of citizenship (expatriation)
c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and law of foreign

country
d. By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign

country
The voluntary loss or renunciation of one's nationality is called EXPATRIATION.
2.Involuntary
a. By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by the court
b. By having been declared by competent authority a deserter of the Philippine armed

forces in times of war.
WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?
1. By naturalization
2. By repatriation - affected by merely taking the necessary oath of allegiance to the
Republic of the Philippines and registering the same in the proper civil registry.
3. By direct act of congress
RETENTION AND ACQUISITION OFCITIZENSHIP

54 | P a g e
Under R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the “Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition
Act of 2003” which was approved in August 29, 2003, natural born citizens of the
Philippines who have lost their Philippine Citizenship by reason of naturalization as citizens
of a foreign country are deemed to have reacquired Philippine citizenship upon taking an
oath of allegiance to the Philippine Republic.
OATH OF ALLEGIANCE
“I (Name) , solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of
the Republic of the Philippines and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly
constituted authorities of the Philippines; and I hereby declare that I recognize and accept
the supreme authority of the Philippines and will maintain true faith and allegiance
thereto; and that I impose this obligation upon myself without mental reservation or
purpose of evasion.”
The natural-born citizens of the Philippines who, after the effectivity of the Act,
become citizens of a foreign country shall retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking the
aforesaid oath.
DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
The unmarried child, whether legitimate, illegitimate or adopted, below 18

years of age, of those who reacquire Philippine citizenship upon effectivity of the Act shall
be deemed citizens of the Philippines.
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES
Those who shall retain or re - acquire Philippine citizenship under the Act shall enjoy
full civil and political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities
under existing laws of the Philippines and the following conditions:
1. Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must meet the requirement
under Section 1, Article V of the Philippine Constitution, RA 9189 otherwise known as “The
Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 and other existing laws.
2. Those seeking elective public office in the Philippines shall meet the qualification
for holding such public office as required by the Constitution and existing laws and, at the
time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy, make a personal and sworn renunciation of
any and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to administer oath;
55 | P a g e
3.Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and swear to an oath of
allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and its duly constituted authorities prior to
their assumption of office. They must renounce their oath of allegiance to the foreign
country where they took that oath;
4. Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall apply with the
proper authority for a license or permit to engaged in such practice; and
5. The right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office in the Philippines
cannot be extended to, those who:
a. Are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the country of which they
are naturalized citizens; and/or
b. Are in active service as commissioned or non - commissioned officers in the armed

forces of the country of which they are naturalized
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE OF A CITIZEN TO AN ALIEN?

1. Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien does not automatically
lose his or her citizenship, even if his or her nationality was granted by his or her
husband's or wife's country.
2. Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the law to have renounced
their citizenship such as taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign country.
3. If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her husband's citizenship, she
will possess two citizenships, Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.
WHAT IS AN ALLEGIANCE?
Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5 prohibits more

particularly naturalized Filipinos from practicing what is called “dual allegiance” declaring
it inimical to national interests. Note that what Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship
but dual allegiance of citizens.
Dual citizenship, refer to the possession of two citizenships by an individual, that of

his original citizenship and that of the country where he became a naturalized citizen. It
arises because our laws cannot control laws of other states on citizenship but dual
allegiance can be a matter of personal choice or decision.
56 | P a g e
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE CITIZENS?
1. To be loyal to the republic.

Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the republic and love and devotion to the
country. The citizen must be proud of his country, its customs, traditions, language, and
institutions. He must share in its glories and feel sad in its misfortunes. It is the “home of
our people, the seat of our affections and the source of our happiness and well-being.”
2. To defend the State.

Men may differ and do differ on religious beliefs and creeds, government policies, the
wisdom and validity of laws, even the correctness or judicial decisions and decrees, but in
field of love of country, national unity, and patriotism, they can hardly afford to differ for
these are matters in which they are mutually and vitally interested, for to them they mean
national existence or survival as a nation or national extinction.
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.

The development and welfare of the state should be the concern of every citizen for he
will be the first to enjoy the benefits thereof. Anything that affects him, individually and
personally. He is affected by its ills and disorder, growth and stability.
4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.

It is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for our nation. Laws are enacted in
accordance with it for the good of all. It is therefore the duty of every citizen to defend and
respect the constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them, the
government would collapse, and this would mean lawlessness and the disintegration of the
social order. The constitution contains provisions designed to insure that is the accord.
5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities.

The larger interest of the group and the nation that he must serve necessarily
involve his own. And he would be recreant to the claims of that interest if he did not
actively concern himself with the affairs of his government. It is not enough for example
that a citizen should take care that in his daily life he does not violate any of the
multitudinous rules.
6.To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the rights of others.
Society is composed of men, each with interest of his own .In the course of life, the
interest of man conflict with those of many others. Amidst the continuous clash on interest,
the ruling social philosophy should be that, in the ultimate social order, the welfare of every
man depends upon the welfare of all.
7. To engage in gainful work.

Employment is not the obligation solely of the state. Every citizen should consider it
his own responsibility and should strive to become a useful an productive member of
57 | P a g e
society to assure not only himself but, perhaps, more important, his family a life worthy of
human dignity.
8. To register and vote.

Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty which every qualified citizen must perform. It
is through suffrage that the will of the people is expressed. The quality of public official of
the government, depend, direct or indirectly, upon the voters.
58 | P a g e

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UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

College of Criminal Justice Education Character Formation 1 Nationalism and Patriotism

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER

WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?

Character formation as defined by Donald(2006), is the process by which the individual,

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FILIPINO CHARACTER FORMATION

DETERMINING CHARACTER OR PERSONALITY TYPES

Five (5) Factors that Determine Character or Personality Traits.

GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS

7. Complacent Character. We all should have confidence on ourselves. It is good for

THE SIX (6) PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER

THREE DIMENSIONS OF HONESTY

CONSIDERATIONS TO MAINTAIN RELIABILITY

1. Avoid Bad-Faith Excuses

2. Avoid Unwise Commitments

3. Avoid Unclear Commitments

QUALITIES OF A RESPECTFUL PERSON

QUALITIES OF A RESPONSIBLE PERSON

This pillar of good character involves issues of equality, impartiality, proportionality,

1. Alertness – Being aware of what is taking place around.

47. Truthfulness – Earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts.

THE MOST WELL – KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO

Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity

Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:

a. Po and Opo – These words are spoken by the

c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers.

3. Strong Family Ties and Religions

4. Generosity and Helpfulness

5. Strong Work Ethics

6. Loving and Caring

NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS

1. Fatalism (“Bahala Na” or “Come What May” Attitude)

2. Mańana Habit (Procrastination)

6. Tardiness (Filipino time)

9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)

10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions

11. Attention Taker

12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive

13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)

14. Passivity (lack of leadership)

15. Other Negative Traits

FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is firmly believed that harmonious personal

FILIPINO VALUES ORIENTATION

THREE MAIN OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATION

2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

Nationalism is an ideology and movement by promoting the interests of a particular

Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological

1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)

In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory,

The word "ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who

The pejorative type of both is "ethnocentric nationalism" or "tribal nationalism,"

2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)

Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative

State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic

The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state's

Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination; some

It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of

It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A

6. Third World Nationalism

Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a