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CAPITAL MARKETS UNION IN EUROPE
OXFORD EU FINANCIAL REGULATION SERIES
The Oxford EU Financial Regulation Series provides rigorous analysis of all aspects of EU
Financial Regulation and covers the regulation of banks, capital markets, insurance
undertakings, asset managers, payment institutions and financial infrastructures. The series
considers Brexit and third country relations.
Series Editors:
DANNY BUSCH
Professor of Financial Law and Director of the Institute for Financial Law, Radboud
University Nijmegen;
Visiting Professor at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano;
Visiting Professor at Università degli Studi di Genova;
Member of the Dutch Banking Disciplinary Committee (Tuchtcommissie Banken);
Member of the Appeal Committee of the Dutch Complaint Institute Financial Services
(Klachteninstituut voor de financiële dienstverlening or Kifid).
GUIDO FERRARINI
Emeritus Professor of Business Law, Università degli Studi di Genova;
Professor of Governance of Financial Institutions, Radboud University Nijmegen;
Founder and fellow of the European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI), Brussels;
Former member of the Board of Trustees, International Accounting Standards Committee
(IASC), London.
CAPITAL
MARKETS UNION
IN EUROPE
Edited by
DANNY BUSCH
EMILIOS AVGOULEAS
GUIDO FERRARINI
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s
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registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© The editors and several contributors 2018
Figure 11.1 © European Union 1998–2017
Figures 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4a, 18.4b, and Tables 18.1
and 18.2 © European Commission 2016
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2018
Impression: 1
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work.
PREFACE
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
4. A Single Listing Authority and Securities Regulator for the CMU and
the Future of ESMA: Costs, Benefits, and Legal Impediments
Emilios Avgouleas and Guido Ferrarini
I. Introduction
II. Nature and Reach of ESMA Powers
III. The Proposed EULA System
IV. A Possible CMU-SEC and Configuration of Powers
V. The Constitutionality of a Euro-SEC and EULA
VI. Conclusion
PART II BREXIT
21. Securitization in the Capital Markets Union: One Step Forward, Two
Steps Back
Gerard Kastelein
I. Introduction
II. How the Securitization Reform Fits in the Capital Markets Union
III. The Context: The European Securitization Market Pre and Post
Crisis
IV. The Legislative Proposal and Process
V. The Securitization Regulation
VI. The Regulation Amending the CRR
VII. Conclusion
Index
TABLE OF CASES
EUROPEAN UNION
United Kingdom v ECB (T-45/12) 8 May 2015 5.34
United Kingdom v ECB (T-93/13) 8 May 2015 5.34
AG2R (C-437/09) [2011] ECR I-00973 3 March 2011 17.60
Albany (C-67/96) [1999] ECR I-05751 21 September 1999 17.58
Aldo Bordessa (C-358/93 & C-416/93) [1995] ECR I-00361 26.14, 26.17
Alfredo Albore (C-423/98) [2000] ECR I-05965 26.17
Anneliese Lenz v Finanzlandesdirektion für Tirol (C-203/80) [2004] ECR I-07063 26.19
Brentjens (C-115/97 & C-117/97) [1999] ECR I-06025 21 September 1999 17.58, 17.60
C Baars v Inspecteur der Belastingen Particulieren/Ondernemingen Gorinchem (C-251/98)
[2000] ECR I-02787 26.18
Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura (CCIAA) di Cosenza v Grillo
Star Srl (C-443/09) (2012) 26.35
Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer v Finanzamt München für Körperschaften (C-
386/04) [2006] ECR I-08203 26.59
Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany [1986]
ECLI:EU:C:1986:463 2.06
Commission of the European Communities v French Republic (C-334/02) [2004] ECR I-
02229 26.21
Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands (C-282/04 & C-
283/04) [2006] ECR I-09141 26.17
Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Spain (C-487/08) [2010] ECR I-
04843 26.54
Commission of the European Communities v Portuguese Republic (C-367/98) [2002] ECR
I-04731 26.17
Commission of the European Communities v Portuguese Republic (C-493/09) [2011] ECR
I-09247 26.28
Degano Transporti (C-546/14) ECLI:EU:C:2016:206 25.72
Denkavit Internationaal BV and Denkavit France SARL v Ministre de l’Économie, des
Finances et de l’Industrie (C-170/05) [2006] ECR I-11949 26.43
Deutsche Shell GmbH v Finanzamt für Großunternehmen in Hamburg (C-293/06) [2008]
ECR I-01129 26.27
Deutsche Telekom AG v European Commission (C-280/08 P) 15.15
Drijvende Bokken (C-219/97) [1999] ECR I-06121 21 September 1999 17.58
Edilizia Industriale Siderurgica Sri (Edis) v Ministero delle Finanze (C-231/96) [1998]
ECR I-04951 26.49
Emerging Markets Series of DFA Investment Trust Co v Dyrektor Izby Skarbowej w
Bydgoszczy (C-90/12) 26.46
European Central Bank v United Kingdom (T-496/11) ECLI:EU:T:2015:133 (4 May
2015) 6.43
European Commission v Hellenic Republic (C-244/15) 26.71
European Commission v Republic of Austria (C-10/10) [2011] ECR I-05389 26.62, 26.69
Finanzamt für Körperschaften III in Berlin v Krankenheim Ruhesitz am Wannsee-
Seniorenheimstatt GmbH (C-157/07) [2008] ECR I-08061 26.27
Francovich and Bonifaci v Italian Republic (C-6/90 & C-9/90) [1991] ECR I-05357 19
November 1991 8.39
Guerrino Casati, Criminal proceedings against (203/80) [1981] ECR 1981-02595 26.11,
26.18
Hein Persche v Finanzamt Lüdenscheid (C-318/07) [2009] ECR I-00359 26.17, 26.33,
26.59, 26.69
Heirs of MEA van Hilten-van der Heijden v Inspecteur van de
Belastingdienst/Particulieren/Ondernemingen buitenland te Heerlen (C-513/03) [2006]
ECR I-01957 26.17
Itelcar—Automóveis de Aluguer Lda v Fazenda Pública (C-282/12) (2013) 26.18
Luisi and Carbone v Ministero del Tesoro (C-286/82 & C-26/83) [1984] ECR
00377 26.14–26.16
Mangold v Helm (C-144/04) [2005] I-09981 22 December 2005 17.54
Margaretha Bouanich v Skatteverket (C-265/04) [2006] ECR I-00923 26.19
Mark Kerckhaert and Bernadette Morres v Belgische Staat (C-513/04) [2006] ECR I-
10967 26.19
Marks & Spencer plc v David Halsey (Her Majesty’s Inspector of Taxes) (C-446/03)
[2005] ECR I-10837 26.25, 26.27
Meroni v High Authority (9/56 & 10/56) [1957/1958] ECR 133 3.77, 3.83, 3.106, 4.59,
4.60, 4.62, 4.67–4.69, 4.71, 6.72, 6.73, 6.81, 6.86
Palacios v Cortefiel Servicios (C-411/05) [2007] ECR I-08531 16 October 2007 17.54
Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) (120/78)
[1979] ECLI:EU:C:1979:42 2.06, 26.31
Sanz De Lera (C-163/94, C-165/94 & C-250/94) [1995] ECR I-04821 26.14
Société Générale (C-10/14, C-14/14 & C-17/14) 26.50, 26.53
Société Papillon v Ministère du Budget, des Comptes publics et de la Fonction publique
(C-418/07) [2008] ECR I-08947 26.27
Staatssecretaris van Financiën v BGM Verkooijen (C-35/98) [2000] ECR I-04071 26.16,
26.19
Test Claimants in the Thin Cap Group Litigation v Commissioners of Inland Revenue (C-
524/04) [2007] ECR I-02107 26.18
Timmel v Aviso Zeta AG (C-359/12) [2013] ECLI:EU:C:2014:325, Opinion of AG
Sharpston ECLI:EU:C:2013:783 11.09
United Kingdom v Council and Parliament (ESMA) (C-270/12) 22 January 2014 3.77,
4.05, 4.60, 4.64, 6.73, 6.81
United Kingdom v European Central Bank (T-496/11) 19 November 2011 3.50, 7.17
United Kingdom v Parliament and Council (C-66/04) [2005] ECR I-10553 4.64
GERMANY
Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08 (30 June 2009) 26.09
ITALY
Zopa Italia Trib. Amm Reg— TAR (Regional Administrative Tribunal) Roma, Lazio, 12
December 2009, No 12848, sez III, in Giur comm, (2011) 2, II, 422 10.25
NETHERLANDS
ECN case HR 6 September 2013, NJ 2014/67 17.65
UNITED KINGDOM
Apcoa Parking Holdings GmbH [2014] EWHC 1867 (Ch) 2014 WL 2530822 25.56
Cortefiel [2012] EWHC 4192 (Ch) 2012 WL 7160040 25.56
Derry v Peek (1889) LR 14 App Cas 337 (HL) 15.39
Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission [1995] 2 AC 500
(PC) 15.39
Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd [1997] AC
254 (HL) 15.20
UNITED STATES
Basic Inc v Levinson, 485 US 224 (1988) 13.72
Dr Miles Medical Co v John D Park & Sons Co, 220 US 373 (1911) 2.31
Ernst & Ernst v Hochfelder, 425 US 185 (1976) 13.71, 15.39
Escott v BarChris Constr. Corp., 283 F Supp 643, 696–97 (SDNY 1968) 13.83
Feit v Leasco Data Processing Equip. Corp., 332 F Supp 544 (EDNY 1971) 13.38, 13.72,
13.83
Prosper Marketplace, Inc, Re, Securities Act Release No. 8984, SEC LEXIS 279124
(November 2008) 10.29
Reves v Ernst & Young, 494 US 56 (1990) 10.29
SEC v WJ Howey Co., 328 US 293 (1946) 10.29
Software Toolworks, Inc. Sec. Litig., Re, 789 F Supp 1489, 1496–1500 (ND Cal 1992),
aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 38 F3d 1078 (9th Cir 1994), amended by 50 F.3d 615 (9th Cir
1995) 13.90
Standard Oil Co of New Jersey v United States, 221 US 1 (1911) 2.31
TSC Indus, Inc v Northway, Inc., 426 US 438 (1976) 13.72
United States v American Tobacco Co, 221 US 106 (1911) 2.31
Worldcom, Inc. Securities Litigation, Re, 346 F Supp 2nd 628 (SDNY 2004) 13.96
TABLE OF LEGISLATION
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
Canadian-European Free Trade Agreement (CETA) 2017 7.33
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR) 2000 17.68, 17.69
Art 17 17.68, 17.69
Art 51 17.69
EEC Treaty 1958
Art 67 26.11–26.19
Art 106 26.14
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950
Art 6 25.64
Protocol, 1 Art 1 17.66, 17.67, 17.69, 25.41, 25.47, 25.71, 25.72, 25.84
Single European Act 1986 [1987] OJ L169/1 2.06, 4.71, 8.36
Statute of the ESCB 2016 3.50
Art 22 3.50, 7.16
Art 40.3 3.50
Protocol 4 7.16
Treaty of Lisbon 2007 26.23, 4.60
Art 50 6.11, 6.31, 6.33, 6.67, 6.70, 7.06, 7.19, 7.22, 7.23, 7.27, 7.43
Treaty of Maastricht (TEU) 1992 8.31, 8.39, 26.02, 26.14
Ch 4, Title IV 26.14
Art 67 26.19
Art 73B 26.14
Treaty of Rome, EC Treaty 1957 2.03, 4.59, 8.31, 8.36, 17.54
Arts 101–106 17.58
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Consolidated Version of the Treaty on
the Functioning of the European Union [2012] OJ C326/01 (TFEU) 2.05, 2.10, 4.06,
4.09, 4.11, 4.64, 4.77, 7.16, 15.44, 26.06, 26.18
Art 49 26.47, 26.48
Art 52 2.06
Art 53 2.06
Art 58 2.06
Art 63 26.11–26.19, 26.22, 26.28, 26.47, 26.48, 26.50, 26.51, 26.70–26.72
Art 65 26.20, 26.22, 26.24, 26.29, 26.50, 26.51
Art 65(1)(a) 26.21
Art 65(1)(b) 26.22
Art 65(3) 26.22
Art 65(4) 26.23
Art 67 2.05
Art 113 26.03, 26.06
Art 114 2.10, 4.09, 4.60, 4.63, 4.67, 4.69, 4.71, 26.03
Art 115 26.03
Art 123 26.02
Art 125 26.02
Art 127(1) 7.16
Art 127(2) 3.50, 7.16
Art 129(3) 3.50
Art 157(2) 17.54
Art 218 7.34
Art 258 5.14
Art 263 4.60, 4.62
Art 265 4.62
Art 267 4.62
Art 277 4.60, 4.62
Art 288 15.44
Art 289 4.62
Art 289(3) 4.62
Art 290 4.60–4.62, 6.18
Art 291 4.60–4.62, 6.18
Art 292 5.18
Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making [2016] OJ
L123/1 1.14
EUROPEAN UNION
Regulations
1346/2000 Council Regulation on insolvency proceedings (Insolvency Regulation or EIR)
[2000] OJ L160/1 25.01
1606/2002 IAS Regulation [2002] OJ L243/1 11.23
809/2004 Council Regulation implementing Directive 2003/71 of the European Parliament
and of the Council as regards information contained in prospectuses as well as the
format, incorporation by reference and publication of such prospectuses and
dissemination of advertisements [2004] OJ L149/3 11.13, 14.23, 16.15
Art 24 16.15
Annex XXII 16.15
1060/2009 Regulation of 16 September 2009 on credit rating agencies (CRA Regulation)
[2009] OJ L302/1 4.13, 4.14, 4.16, 4.18, 22.19, 22.27
Art 2(1) 4.14
Art 8d 4.14
Art 14(1) 4.14
Arts 14–18 4.14
583/2010 Regulation of 1 July 2010 implementing Directive 2009/65 of the European
Parliament and of the Council as regards key investor information and conditions to be
met when providing key investor information or the prospectus in a durable medium
other than paper or by means of a website [2010] OJ L176/1 19.27
Arts 7–24 16.14
Arts 8–9 16.14
Art 10(2)(c) 19.81
Art 12(3) 19.81
Art 22 19.28
Art 23 19.28
Art 36(1) 19.62
Annex I 16.14
Annex II 19.81
1093/2010 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November
2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Banking Authority),
amending Decision 716/2009 and repealing Commission Decision 2009/78 (EBA
Regulation) [2010] OJ L331/12 3.08
Art 18(3) 5.46
Art 19(4) 5.46
Art 40(1)(a) 3.08
Art 40(1)(b) 3.08
Art 40(1)(c) 3.09
Art 40(1)(d) 3.09
Art 40(1)(e) 3.09
Art 40(1)(f) 3.09
Art 40(7) 3.09
Art 42(1) 3.14
1094/2010 EIOPA Regulation [2010] OJ L331/48 3.08
Art 40(1)(a) 3.08
Art 40(1)(b) 3.08
Art 40(1)(c) 3.09
Art 40(1)(d) 3.09
Art 40(1)(e) 3.09
Art 40(5) 3.09
Art 42(1) 3.14
1095/2010 Regulation establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Securities
and Markets Authority) (ESMA Regulation) [2010] OJ L331/84 3.04, 3.06, 3.08, 3.28,
3.37, 3.108, 4.05
1/2013 Regulation 2.38, 3.28, 3.108
Recital 2 4.05
Recital 4 4.05
Art 8 4.13
Art 9 4.05
Art 9(5) 4.60
Art 17 3.15, 19.83
Art 18 4.05
Art 40(1)(a) 3.08
Art 40(1)(b) 3.08
Art 40(1)(c) 3.09
Art 40(1)(d) 3.09
Art 40(1)(e) 3.09
Art 40(6) 3.09
Art 42(1) 3.14
182/2011 Comitology Regulation [2011] OJ L55/13 6.32, 6.86
513/2011 EU Regulation amending Regulation 1060/2009 22.27
236/2012 Regulation on short selling and certain aspects of credit default swaps
(SSR) 4.05, 4.74
Art 28 4.05, 4.60–4.63, 4.66, 4.76
449/2012 Regulation with regard to regulatory technical standards on information and
certification of CRAs 4.14
486/2012 Regulation 16.15
648/2012 Regulation of 4 July 2012 on OTC derivatives, central counterparties and trade
repositories (European Market Infrastructure Regulation) (EMIR) [2012] OJ
L201/1 3.04, 3.06, 3.28, 3.31, 3.32, 3.35–3.37, 3.39, 3.40, 3.42, 3.46, 3.57, 3.62, 3.77,
3.88, 3.91, 3.92, 3.96, 3.108, 4.13, 4.17, 4.18, 4.54, 5.39, 6.20, 6.38–6.44, 6.66, 6.71,
6.78, 6.80, 7.02, 7.06, 7.07, 7.09, 7.14, 7.15, 7.17, 7.19–7.42, 7.50, 7.52, 7.53, 7.55–
7.57, 7.62, 8.68, 18.63, 24.02, 24.04, 24.07, 24.13, 24.15–24.26, 24.39, 24.46, 24.51,
24.52, 24.74–24.88, 25.21
Recital 73 7.56
Title IV 3.80
Title V 3.80, 7.56
Art 1 7.56
Art 1(4) 24.58
Art 2 7.53
Art 2(1) 3.31
Art 4 3.31, 7.07
Art 4(1) 24.46
Art 4(3) 24.79
Art 4(4) 24.79
Arts 4–6 24.05
Art 5 3.31
Art 5(1) 3.62
Art 9(3) 3.62
Art 9(4) 3.62
Art 11 7.09
Art 13(3) 7.24
Art 14 3.62, 5.27, 7.07, 24.16
Art 15 3.62, 7.44
Art 16 3.31, 3.80, 24.19
Art 16(2) 24.19
Art 17 3.62, 7.55
Art 17(2) 3.62
Art 17(4) 5.27
Art 18 3.54
Art 18(1) 3.62
Art 18(2) 3.42
Art 20(2) 3.62
Art 23 3.62
Art 24 3.62
Art 25 6.39, 6.41, 7.07, 7.23, 24.16
Art 25(1) 7.23
Art 25(2) 3.62, 7.24
Art 25(2)(a) 7.23
Art 25(2)(b) 3.62, 7.24
Art 25(2)(c) 7.24
Art 25(3) 7.24, 7.25
Art 25(4) 7.24
Art 25(5) 7.28
Art 25(6) 7.23
Art 25(7) 7.24
Arts 26–28 24.55
Arts 26–39 3.31
Art 28 24.21
Art 29(3) 3.62
Art 30 24.17
Art 37(1) 3.62
Art 38(1) 3.62
Art 38(5) 3.62
Art 39 24.74, 24.79
Art 39(8) 24.24
Arts 40–50 3.31
Art 41 24.19
Art 41(2) 7.50
Art 41(4) 7.50
Art 42 7.24, 24.19
Art 43 24.19
Art 44 24.19
Art 45 24.18
Art 45(4) 24.19
Art 47 24.24
Art 47(3) 24.07, 24.84
Art 48 24.78, 24.79
Art 48(3) 3.62
Art 48(5) 24.77
Art 48(6) 24.77
Art 48(7) 24.77, 24.79
Art 49 3.62
Art 51 3.62
Arts 51–54 7.54
Art 52 7.54
Art 53 7.54
Art 54 3.62, 7.55
Art 54(3) 3.62
Art 82 3.62
Art 85(1) 7.14
1/2013 Regulation 2.38
2013/36 Regulation of 26 June 2013 (CRD4) 24.23
152/2013 Commission Delegated Regulation of 19 December 2012 24.20
345/2013 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013 on
European Venture Capital Fund (EuVECA Regulation) [2013] OJ L115/1 9.31, 9.33–
9.37, 19.08, 19.17, 19.22, 19.48, 19.55
Art 2 9.34
Art 3(1)(d)(i) 9.34
Art 5 19.22
Art 6(1)(a) 9.34
Art 6(1)(b) 9.34
Art 13 19.17
Art 16(2) 19.48
Art 16(3) 19.47
346/2013 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013 on
European Social Entrepreneurship Fund (EuSEF Regulation) [2013] OJ L115/18 9.31,
9.33, 9.35–9.37, 19.08, 19.17, 19.22, 19.48, 19.55
Art 3(1)(d) 9.35
Art 6 19.22
Art 10 9.35, 9.36
Art 14 19.17
Art 16(3) 19.47
Art 17(2) 19.48
462/2013 Council Regulation of 21 May 2013 amending Regulation 1060/2009 on credit
rating agencies [2013] OJ L 146/1 4.13, 22.27
575/2013 Regulation of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and
investment firms and amending Regulation 648/2012 (Capital Requirements Regulation)
(CRR) [2013] OJ L176/1 1.12, 1.17, 5.12, 20.11–20.13, 20.16, 20.17, 20.20, 20.23,
20.30, 20.31, 20.34–20.36, 21.04, 21.14, 21.45, 21.66, 21.76, 22.19, 22.20, 24.23
Recital 44 20.12, 20.13
Art 4(1) 21.35
Art 107(3) 5.12
Art 112(p) 20.20
Art 129(1)(d) 21.64
Art 129(1)(d)(i) 21.64
Art 133 20.20
Art 133(2) 20.21
Art 147(8) 21.04
Art 229 21.64
Art 229(1) 21.64
Art 242(2)(c) 20.35
Art 242(12) 20.33
Art 243 20.33, 20.34, 20.37, 20.38, 20.47, 21.63
Art 243(1)(b) 21.63
Art 243(2)(c) 21.64
Art 243(2)(e) 21.65
Art 253(2) 21.04
Art 254 21.67
Art 254(2) 21.70
Art 254(3) 21.70
Art 258 20.36
Art 260 21.63
Art 262 21.04, 21.63
Art 264 21.63
Art 405 21.04, 21.47
Art 408 21.27, 21.55, 21.63
Art 431(4) 14.27
Art 501(1) 20.11
Art 501(2) 20.12
Art 501(4) 20.13
Art 501(5) 20.13
1024/2013 Regulation of 15 October 2013 conferring specific tasks on the European
Central Bank concerning policies relating to the prudential supervision of credit
institutions (SSM Regulation) [2013] OJ L287/63 4.50, 4.58, 5.49, 24.52
Art 4(3) 5.49
Art 6(5) 5.49
Art 14(3) 5.08
Art 15 24.17
Art 17 5.50
Art 23(2) 5.49
1291/2013 Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council of 11 December 2013
establishing Horizon 2020—the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation
(2014–2020) and repealing Decision 1982/2006 [2013] OJ L347/104 9.22
596/2014 Council Regulation on market abuse (Market Abuse Regulation) (MAR) [2014]
OJ L173/ 1 4.54, 11.13, 11.27, 12.24, 12.25, 12.50, 15.01, 15.10
Ch IV 15.03
Ch V 15.03
Art 3(25) 15.38
Art 7 12.50
Art 16(1) 12.25
Art 17(4) 15.29
Art 17(5) 15.29
Art 17(9) 12.26
Art 18(6) 12.26
Art 31(1) 15.36
600/2014 Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (MiFIR) [2014] OJ L173/84 3.17,
4.03, 4.17, 6.20, 6.21–6.38, 6.40, 6.42, 6.80, 6.84, 6.86, 7.02, 8.43–8.51, 8.68, 12.44,
12.53, 16.71, 16.73–16.75, 18.63, 24.04, 24.87
Recital 41 5.16, 6.26, 6.27, 6.31
Recital 44 6.26
Art 4(1)(b)(ii) 12.44
Art 6 3.23
Art 6(1) 3.22
Art 7 3.23
Art 10 3.23
Art 10(1) 3.22
Art 12 3.23
Art 13 3.23
Art 20 3.22, 3.23
Art 20(1) 3.22
Art 21 3.22, 3.23
Art 21(1) 3.22
Art 23 6.35, 6.36
Art 28 6.35, 6.40
Art 29 6.38
Art 33 6.40
Art 35(4) 7.54
Art 36(4) 7.54
Art 38 6.40
Arts 39–43 4.12
Art 40 19.33
Arts 40–41 16.73
Art 41(5) 6.29
Art 42 16.74, 19.33
Art 43 16.74
Art 46 5.13, 6.24, 6.25, 6.29, 6.30
Art 46(1) 6.28
Art 46(2) 6.24
Art 47 5.18, 6.25, 6.26
Art 47(3) 6.28
Art 47(4) 5.22, 6.27
Art 49(3) 6.27
Art 51 6.26
667/2014 Regulation of 13 March 2014 with regard to rules of procedure for penalties
imposed on trade repositories by the European Securities and Markets Authority
including rules on the right of defence and temporal provisions [2014] OJ L179/31 4.19
806/2014 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2014
establishing uniform rules and a uniform procedure for the resolution of credit
institutions and certain investment firms in the framework of a Single Resolution
Mechanism and a Single Resolution Fund and amending Regulation 1093/2010
(SRMR) 24.23, 24.30, 24.36, 24.37, 24.48, 24.49, 24.52
Art 12(6) 5.08
Art 15(1)(g) 25.72
909/2014 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on
improving securities settlement in the European Union and on central securities
depositories and amending Directives 98/26 and 2014/65 and Regulation 236/2012
(CSDR) 24.02, 24.04, 24.07, 24.21, 24.24, 24.54–24.66, 24.74–24.88
Recital 47 24.59
Art 3(1) jo. 76(2) 24.65
Art 5(1) 24.63
Art 5(1) jo. 2(1)(12) 24.63
Art 5(2) jo. 3(2) 24.63
Art 7(3) 24.64
Art 7(4)(a) 24.64
Art 7(4)(b) 24.64
Art 9 jo. 2(11) 24.62
Arts 11–12 24.62
Art 16 24.61
Art 17(5) 24.61
Art 18 24.61
Art 23(1) 24.60
Art 25 24.60
Art 25(9) 5.19
Arts 26–28 24.55
Art 30(5) 24.67
Art 38 24.74
Art 38(5) 24.74
Art 38(7) 24.24
Art 39 24.63
Art 40 24.62
Art 40(1) 24.72
Art 48(8) 24.63
Arts 50–52 24.59
Art 54 24.59
Art 69 24.60
Art 73 24.61
Art 76 24.55
Art 76(3) 24.63
1286/2014 Council Regulation on key information documents for packaged retail and
insurance-based investment products (PRIIPs) [2014] OJ L352/ 1 11.10, 11.32, 11.33,
16.18, 16.19, 16.21, 16.24–16.26, 16.73–16.75, 16.83, 16.84, 19.19, 19.21
Recital 15 16.19
Recital 18 16.20
Recital 32 11.32
Recital 35 16.18
Art 3(1) 16.18
Art 4(1) 16.18
Art 4(2) 16.18
Art 5 19.19, 19.72
Art 6(1) 16.18
Art 6(4) 16.18
Art 8(3)(b) 16.20
Art 8(3)(d)(i) 16.18
Art 8(3)(f) 16.18
Art 13 16.31, 19.19
Art 16 16.73
Art 17 16.74
Art 18 16.74
Art 32 19.27
Art 32(1) 16.18
2015/1 Commission Delegated Regulation 22.27
2015/3 Commission Delegated Regulation 22.27
2015/35 Commission Delegated Regulation of 10 October 2014 supplementing Directive
2009/138 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the taking-up and pursuit of
the business of insurance and reinsurance (DR Solvency II) [2015] OJ L12 14.24,
14.29, 14.45, 14.49, 20.24, 20.25, 20.50, 20.52, 20.54–20.57
Art 1(49) 20.25
Art 1(55a) 20.50
Art 164a(1) 20.57
Art 164a(1)(b)(iii) 20.57
Art 164a(1)(f)(ii) 20.54, 20.57
Art 164b 20.57
Art 168 20.24, 20.57
Art 169 20.24, 20.57
Art 169(3) 20.52
Art 171 20.25
Art 180 20.57
Art 261(a) 20.57
2015/61 Commission Delegated Regulation of 10 October 2014 to supplement Regulation
575/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council with regard to liquidity coverage
requirement for credit institutions (LCR Delegated Regulation) [2015] OJ L11 20.23,
20.29, 20.31, 20.39, 20.46–20.48
Art 12(1)(c) 20.23
Art 13 20.29, 20.41–20.43
Art 13(2)(d) 20.42
Art 13(2)(g) 20.44
2015/760 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on
European long-term investment funds (ELTIFs) [2015] OJ L123 16.52, 19.08, 19.34,
19.49, 19.51, 19.52, 19.59, 19.61
Art 23 19.59
Art 23(2)(b) 19.59
Art 23(2)(d) 19.59
Art 26 19.49
Art 27 19.34
Art 28 19.22, 19.34, 19.61
Art 30 19.34
2015/848 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on
insolvency proceedings (Insolvency Regulation (recast)/EIR (recast)) [2015] OJ L141/
19 25.01, 25.25, 25.71
Recital 10 25.25
Recital 13 25.25
Art 1 25.25
Art 1(1) 25.27
Art 8 25.46
2016/301 Regulation of 30 November 2015 supplementing Directive 2003/71 with regard
to regulatory technical standards for approval and publication of the prospectus and
dissemination of advertisements and amending Commission Regulation 809/2004 [2016]
OJ L58/13
Arts 2–5 19.73
2016/467 Commission Delegated Regulation of 30 September 2015 amending Commission
Delegated Regulation 2015/35 concerning the calculation of regulatory capital
requirements for several categories of assets held by insurance and reinsurance
undertakings (DR Infrastructure Assets) [2016] OJ L85 20.50
Recital 4 20.50
2016/1799 Commission Implementing Regulation of 7 October 2016 laying down
implementing technical standards with regard to the mapping of credit assessments of
external credit assessment institutions for credit risk in accordance with Article 136(1)
and 136(3) of Regulation 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council
[2016] OJ L275 20.21
2016/1800 Commission Implementing Regulation of 11 October 2016 laying down
implementing technical standards with regard to the allocation of credit assessments of
external credit assessment institutions to an objective scale of credit quality steps in
accordance with Directive 2009/138 of the European Parliament and of the Council
[2016] OJ L273, Annex 20.21
2017/565 Commission Regulation of 25 April 2016 supplementing Directive 2014/65 as
regards organisational requirements and operating conditions for investment firms and
defined terms for the purposes of that Directive (DR) [2017] OJ L87/65 12.08–12.10,
12.14, 12.15, 12.17–12.19, 12.21, 12.22
Recital 16 19.60
Recital 17 19.60
Recital 73 16.31
Recital 111 12.10
Recital 112 12.15
Recital 113 12.19
Recital 114 12.21, 12.22
Art 9 19.61
Art 48(3) 16.31
Art 50 16.37, 19.66
Art 50(4) 16.38
Art 50(5) 16.38
Art 50(8) 16.38
Art 52 16.35
Art 53 16.35
Art 77 14.01
Art 77(2) 12.09
Arts 77–79 14.30
Art 78(1) 12.11
Art 78(1)(1) 12.10
Art 78(1)(2) 12.10
Art 78(2)(a) 12.14
Art 78(2)(b) 12.14
Art 78(2)(c) 12.19
Art 78(2)(d) 12.17, 12.18
Art 78(2)(e) 12.18
Art 78(2)(f) 12.19
Art 78(2)(g) 12.21, 12.22, 12.30
Art 78(2)(h) 12.20, 12.23, 12.26
Art 78(2)(i) 12.20, 12.23
Art 79(1) 12.10
Art 510 16.38
2017/653 Commission Delegated Regulation of 8 March 2017 (PRIIPs Delegated
Regulation) [2017] OJ L100/1
Art 5 19.81
Art 13 19.81
Art 15(3) 19.21
Annex VI, para 6(a) 19.81
para 26 19.81
2017/1129 Council Regulation on the prospectus to be published when securities are
offered to the public or admitted to trading (Prospectus Regulation)[2017] OJ
L168/12 10.30, 10.45, 11.01, 11.02, 11.04, 11.12, 11.16–11.20, 11.24, 11.27, 11.28,
11.32–11.34, 11.36–11.45, 11.47, 12.09, 12.19, 12.30, 13.01, 13.98, 13.100, 13.102,
14.33–14.44, 15.01, 16.03, 16.15, 16.83, 19.18, 19.26
Recital 7 11.02
Recital 13 11.16
Recital 32 16.15
Art 1(3) 11.01, 11.15, 14.40
Art 1(4) 14.39
Art 1(4)(a) 12.17
Art 1(4)(c) 11.18
Art 1(5)(a) 11.19
Art 1(5)(b) 11.19
Art 2 11.20
Art 2(1)(f) 14.40
Art 2(1)(w) 11.25
Art 3(2) 11.01, 14.40, 14.42
Art 3(2)(a) 11.16
Art 3(2)(b) 12.17
Art 4 14.42
Art 7 11.21, 11.26, 14.40
Art 7(3) 11.32, 16.15
Art 7(5) 11.33
Art 7(6) 11.33
Art 7(7) 11.33, 11.34, 16.15
Art 7(8) 11.33
Art 7(10) 11.34
Art 7(11) 11.33
Art 9 11.28
Art 9(2) 11.28
Art 9(11) 11.28
Art 9(12) 11.30
Art 10 11.28
Art 11(2) 11.32
Art 14 11.24
Art 14(1) 11.25
Art 14(2) 11.27
Art 14(3) 11.27
Art 15 11.20, 14.40, 15.08
Art 15(1) 11.20
Art 15(1)(b) 11.21, 14.40
Art 15(1)(c) 11.21
Art 15(1)(d) 11.21
Art 15(2) 11.21
Art 15(3) 11.21
Art 16 11.34
Art 20(6) 11.29
Art 20(12) 12.19
Art 21(1) 11.37
Art 21(2)–(4) 11.37
Art 21(6) 11.38
Art 25 11.16
Art 29 11.03
Arts 29–37 15.03
Art 46 11.01
Art 49 11.01, 19.18
Annex V 14.14.40
2017/1131 Regulation of 14 June 2017 on money market funds (MMF Regulation) [2017]
OJ L169/8 19.08
Recital 12 19.08
Directives
1960 First Directive of 12 July 1960 for the implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty
(First Capital Directive) [1960] OJ 43 2.05
1963/21 Second Council Directive of 18 December 1962 adding to and amending the First
Directive for the implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty [1963] OJ 9 2.05
77/780 First Council Directive of 12 December 1977 on the coordination of the laws,
regulations and administrative provisions relating to the taking up and pursuit of the
business of credit institution
Art 3 5.14
77/799 Council Directive on direct taxation 26.32, 26.33
Art 1(1) 26.32
79/279 Directive of 5 March 1979 coordinating the conditions for the admission of
securities to official stock exchange listing [1979] OJ L66/21 4.23
80/390 Council Directive coordinating the requirements for the drawing up, scrutiny and
distribution of the listing particulars to be published for the admission of securities to
official stock-exchange listing (Listing Particulars Directive) [1980] OJ L100/1 15.01,
16.07
85/611 UCITS Directive 16.49, 16.52
Art 27 16.07
Art 28 16.07
88/361 Council Directive of 24 June 1988 for the implementation of Article 67 of the
Treaty 26.13, 26.14, 26.16
Art 1 26.14
Art 1(1) 26.13
Art 4 26.22
1989/646 Second Council Directive of 15 December 1989 on the coordination of laws,
regulations and administrative provisions relating to the taking up and pursuit of the
business of credit institutions and amending Directive 77/780 (Second Banking
Directive) 2.08, 5.14
1993/13 Unfair Contract Terms Directive 16.47
1993/22 Council Directive of 10 May 1993 on investment services in the securities field
(Investment Services Directive) (ISD) [1993] OJ L141/27 2.08, 16.33
Art 11 16.33, 16.37
Annex, Section C 16.39
1998/26 Directive of 19 May 1998 on settlement finality in payment and securities
settlement systems (SFD) [1998] OJ L166/45 24.62, 25.01, 25.21
1998/59 Directive 25.21
2000/48 Consumer Credit Directive
Art 5 16.26
Annex II 16.26
2000/78 Equal Treatment Directive 17.55
2001/23 Directive 25.21
2001/24 Directive on the reorganization and winding up of credit institutions [2001] OJ
L125/15 25.01
2001/34 Directive on the admission of securities to official stock exchange listing and on
information to be published on those securities (Listing Directive) [2001] OJ
L184/1 4.01, 4.23–4.35
Recital 2 4.24
Ch I 4.24
Ch II 4.24
2001/96 Directive 26.32
2001/107 UCITS III Directive [2002] OJ L41/20 16.14
Recital 15 16.14
2002/14 Directive 25.21
2002/47 Directive on financial collateral arrangements [2002] OJ L168/43 25.01, 25.21
2002/65 Directive concerning the distance marketing of consumer financial services [2002]
OJ L271/16 19.78
Art 2(1)(b) 19.78
Art 6(2)(a) 19.78
2001 Winding Up Directive, Art 9 24.50
2002/92 Insurance Mediation Directive 16.43
Arts 12–13 16.43
2003/71 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 on
the prospectus to be published when securities are offered to the public or admitted to
trading (Prospectus Directive) [2003] OJ L345/64 4.01, 4.23, 4.36–4.41, 5.17, 6.73,
9.27, 10.30, 10.45, 11.01–11.47, 12.09, 13.01, 13.98, 13.100, 13.102, 14.23, 14.32–
14.39, 15.01, 16.07, 16.15, 16.31, 19.18, 19.26, 19.28, 19.59, 21.51, 22.19
Recital 21 16.15
Art 1(2)(h) 11.14, 14.35, 14.40
Art 2(1)(f) 14.01
Art 2(1)(q) 19.75
Art 2(1)(t) 11.10
Art 2(m)(ii) 19.89
Art 3 19.18
Art 3(2)(a) 14.36, 19.18
Art 3(2)(b) 14.36
Art 3(2)(d) 14.36
Art 3(2)(e) 11.15, 14.40
Art 4(2)(a) 11.19
Art 5(1) 16.07
Art 5(2) 16.15
Art 7 15.01
Art 7(2)(e) 14.37
Art 13(5) 5.56
Art 14 16.31
Art 14(7) 16.31
Art 16 19.21
Art 16(2) 11.09
Art 17 5.56
Art 20 5.17
2004/25 Directive of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids, Art 6(3) 5.56
2004/39 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on
markets in financial instruments amending Council Directives 85/611 and 93/6 and
Directive 2000/12 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council
Directive 93/22 (MiFID) [2007] OJ L145/1 4.03, 4.23–4.35, 6.21, 8.41, 10.30, 10.39,
10.41–10.45, 10.51–10.56, 10.59, 10.63, 10.65, 16.33, 16.35–16.37, 16.39–16.43, 16.45,
16.61, 16.65, 19.33, 19.61, 19.64, 19.76, 24.04, 24.61, 24.86–24.88
Recital 3 16.35
Art 3 10.42, 10.44, 10.54
Art 4(1)(4) 10.53, 16.35
Art 4(1)(5) 10.53
Art 4(1)–(18) 16.39
Art 4(1)–(19) 16.39
Art 4(1)(24) 24.63
Art 10(1) 16.36
Art 11(1) 16.36
Art 19(3) 16.37
Art 23(1) 10.64
Art 29 10.41
Art 33(1) 12.11
Art 40(5) 4.28
Annex I.A 16.35, 16.39
Annex I.B 16.39
Annex I.C 16.39
2004/109 Directive on transparency requirements in relation to information about issuers
whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market (Transparency Directive)
[2004] OJ L390/38 4.23, 4.38, 4.40–4.41, 11.23, 11.27, 11.30, 12.21, 12.22, 12.30,
15.01
Recital 6 4.41
Recital 12 4.41
Ch VIA 15.03
Ch VIB 15.03
Art 1 4.41
Art 4 4.40
Art 5 4.40
Art 6 4.40
Art 7 4.41, 15.01
Art 8 23.39
Art 9 4.40
Art 10(g) 23.42
Art 12 23.39
Art 19 4.41
2005/29 Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 16.47, 16.84
2006/73 Commission Directive of 10 August 2006 implementing Directive 2004/39 of the
European Parliament and of the Council as regards organisational requirements and
operating conditions for investment firms and defined terms for the purposes of that
Directive [2006] OJ L24126 16.33, 16.38
Recital 39 16.36
Recital 52 16.38
Recital 54 16.38
Art 4 19.80
Art 26 16.36
Arts 30–34 16.37
Art 34(1) 16.38
Art 34(2) 16.38
Art 52 16.35
2006/112 VAT Directive 25.72
Art 2 25.72
Art 250 25.72
Art 273 25.72
2007/73 Directive, Art 26 19.64
2008/7 Council Directive on indirect taxes and raising of capital
Art 5(1)(c) 26.34, 26.35
Art 6(1)(e) 26.34
2008/48 Consumer Credit Directive 16.46
Art 5 16.84
Art 8 16.46
Annex II 16.84
2008/94 Directive 25.21
2009/38 Directive 25.21
2009/65 Directive of 13 July 2009 on the coordination of laws, regulations and
administrative provisions relating to undertakings for collective investment in
transferable securities (UCITS IV) [2009] OJ L302/32 16.07, 16.13, 16.14, 16.49,
16.52, 16.81, 19.04, 19.06, 19.08, 19.23, 19.26, 19.28–19.31, 19.33, 19.35, 19.36, 19.49,
19.55, 19.92, 22.19
Recital 59 16.14
Art 1(3) 19.10
Art 13 5.24
Art 14 19.33
Art 16 19.78
Art 19(1) 19.36
Art 19(2) 19.36
Art 19(3) 19.36, 19.37
Art 20(4) 19.57
Art 21 19.36
Art 68 16.07, 19.26
Art 69 19.26
Art 78 16.14, 19.27
Art 80 19.27
Art 80(2) 16.31
Art 82(1) 19.72
Art 91 19.78
Art 91(2) 19.30
Art 91(3) 19.31, 19.56
Art 92 19.31, 19.49, 19.82
Art 93 19.29
Art 93(2) 19.31
Art 93(7) 19.29
Art 94(3) 19.31
2009/138 Directive of 17 December 2009 on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of
insurance and reinsurance (Solvency II) [2009] OJ L335 20.17, 20.19, 20.30, 21.43,
21.45, 21.76, 22.19, 25.01
Art 132 20.18
2010/43 Directive implementing Directive 2009/65 [2010] OJ L176/42, Art 22 19.33
2010/73 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010
amending Directives 2003/71 on the prospectus to be published when securities are
offered to the public or admitted to trading and 2004/109 on the harmonisation of
transparency requirements in relation to information about issuers whose securities are
admitted to trading on a regulated market [2010] OJ L327/1 11.01, 11.05, 14.35, 14.37,
16.15
Art 1(2) 11.10
2010/78 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010
amending Directives 98/26, 2002/87, 2003/6, 2003/41, 2003/71, 2004/39, 2004/109,
2005/60, 2006/48, 2006/49 and 2009/65 in respect of the powers of the European
Supervisory Authority (European Banking Authority), the European Supervisory
Authority (European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority) and the European
Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority) [2010] OJ
L331/120 11.05
2011/61 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on
Alternative Investment Fund Managers and amending Directives 2003/41 and 2009/65
and Regulations 1060/2009 and 1095/2010 (AIFMD) 6.73, 6.83, 9.29, 9.30, 9.36, 9.37,
16.52, 16.53, 16.81, 19.05, 19.07–19.09, 19.16–19.18, 19.21, 19.23, 19.24, 19.30, 19.33,
19.35, 19.38, 19.39, 19.45, 19.55, 19.59, 19.88, 21.43, 21.45, 22.19
Recital 6 16.52
Recital 10 16.52
Recital 92 16.52
Recital 94 16.52
Art 1 16.52
Art 2(1) 16.52
Art 2(2) 16.52
Art 2(2)(b) 19.10
Art 2(3) 16.53
Art 3 16.53, 19.07
Art 4(1)(a) 19.05
Art 4(1)(x) 19.55
Art 6 19.08
Art 6(2) 19.05, 19.23
Art 6(3) 19.23
Art 6(4) 19.11
Art 22(2)(d) 19.21
Art 23 19.18, 19.20, 19.24, 19.45, 19.59
Art 23(1) 19.17, 19.21
Art 23(3) 19.24
Art 31(3) 19.23
Art 31(5) 19.45
Art 31(6) 19.25
Arts 31–33 9.29
Art 32 19.46
Art 32(4) 19.23, 19.48
Art 32(7) 19.57
Art 32(8) 19.45
Art 32(9) 19.25
Art 35 5.19
Art 37 5.17
Art 43 19.25
Annex I, para 1 19.23
para 2 19.23
Annex III 19.24
Annex IV 19.24, 19.46
2012/30 Second Company Law Directive 25.49
Art 19(1) 25.49
Art 29 25.49
Art 33 25.49
Art 34 25.49
Art 35 25.49
Art 40(1)(b) 25.49
Art 41(1) 25.49
Art 42 25.49
2013/34 Council Directive on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial
statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings [2013] OJ L182/19 11.23
Art 3 11.23
2013/36 Directive of 26 June 2013 on access to the activity of credit institutions and the
prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms, amending Directive
2002/87 and repealing Directives 2006/48 and 2006/49 (Capital Requirements Directive
IV) (CRD IV) [2013] OJ L176/338 1.17, 5.08, 5.11, 5.12, 5.14, 10.28, 10.60, 21.63
Recital 23 5.11
Art 9(1) 10.26, 14.48
Art 9(2) 14.24, 14.48
Art 17 5.09
Art 35 5.09, 5.14
Art 47 5.11, 5.15
Art 47(3) 5.10
Art 79 21.63
Art 94(1)(g) 5.07
2013/50 Directive [2013] OJ L294/ 13 4.23, 11.23, 15.01, 23.39
2014/17 Mortgage Credit Directive 16.46
Art 14(2) 16.26, 16.84
Art 18 16.46
Annex II 16.26, 16.84
2014/49 Deposit Guarantee Directive
Art 2(1)(c) 16.18
Art 2(1)(3) 16.18
2014/51 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014
amending Directives 2003/ 71 and 2009/138 and Regulations 1060/ 2009, 1094/2010
and 1095/2010 in respect of the powers of the European Supervisory Authority
(European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority) and the European
Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority) [2014] OJ
L153 20.17
2014/57 Directive on criminal sanctions for market abuse (Market Abuse Directive) (MAD
II) [2014] OJ L173/179 4.03, 4.05, 11.13
2014/59 Directive of 15 May 2014 on establishing a framework for the recovery and
resolution of credit institutions and investment firms (Bank Recovery and Resolution
Directive (BRRD) [2014] OJ L173/90 5.08, 24.23, 24.30, 24.32, 24.35–24.40, 24.42–
24.45, 24.48–24.50, 24.52
Art 34(1)(g) 25.72
Art 45(8) 5.08
2014/65 Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) [2014] OJ
L173/349 3.17, 3.20–3.25, 4.03, 4.05, 4.17, 4.22, 4.54, 6.20–6.37, 6.42, 6.86, 7.02,
8.05, 8.43–8.51, 8.63–8.68, 10.44, 10.51, 10.52, 10.60, 10.61, 10.63, 10.64, 11.10,
11.20, 12.02–12.06, 12.09, 12.10, 12.13, 12.20, 12.21, 12.25, 12.27–12.29, 12.31, 12.33,
12.36, 12.53, 14.01, 14.30, 14.38, 16.29, 16.31, 16.33–16.38, 16.42–16.45, 16.59, 16.73,
16.79, 16.83, 16.84, 18.63, 19.32–19.34, 19.61, 19.62, 19.64, 19.76, 19.85, 19.86, 24.04
Recital 70 16.33
Recital 71 8.43
Recital 74 19.65
Recital 109 6.22
Recital 132 12.29, 12.30
Recital 133 12.05
Recital 134 12.06, 12.28
Recital 135 12.07, 12.10
Art 1(4) 16.42
Art 4(1)(4) 16.27, 16.35, 19.61
Art 4(1)(5) 16.27, 19.33
Art 4(1)(8) 10.58, 16.27
Art 4(1)(12) 11.25, 12.06
Art 4(1)(13) 11.10, 11.20, 12.09, 14.01
Art 4(1)(29) 10.64
Art 4(1)(43) 16.18, 16.42
Art 4(1)(52) 3.22
Art 4(1)(53) 3.23
Art 4(1)(54) 3.24
Art 4(1)(57) 6.22
Art 9(3) 8.43
Art 16 19.33, 19.78
Art 16(3) 8.43, 8.48, 16.59
Art 16(11) 19.80
Art 16(12) 12.52
Art 18(2) 12.16
Art 24 19.33, 19.78
Art 24(1) 16.30, 16.44
Art 24(2) 8.43, 16.59
Art 24(3) 16.31
Art 24(4) 16.31, 16.35, 16.37
Art 24(4)(c) 19.66
Art 24(7)(b) 16.32, 16.36, 19.65
Art 24(8) 16.32, 16.36, 19.65
Art 24(9) 16.32, 16.36, 19.64, 19.65
Art 24(11) 16.37
Art 24(12) 19.80
Arts 24–25 16.30
Art 25 6.36
Art 25(2) 16.31
Art 25(3) 16.31
Art 25(4) 6.35, 16.32
Art 25(4)(a) 6.36
Art 25(4)(a)(iv) 19.62
Art 25(6) 16.31
Art 27 16.32
Art 29(1) 10.64
Art 29(2) 10.64
Art 30 19.62
Art 31(1) 12.25
Art 33 12.06, 14.30
Art 33(3) 14.38
Art 33(3)(3) 12.25
Art 33(3)(a) 12.07
Art 33(3)(b) 12.14
Art 33(3)(b)–(g) 12.13
Art 33(3)(c) 12.17, 12.30
Art 33(3)(d) 12.21
Art 33(3)(e) 12.25
Art 33(3)(g) 12.25
Art 33(4) 12.13
Art 33(5)(a) 12.06
Art 33(6) 12.11
Art 33(8) 12.08
Art 39 6.28
Art 39(1) 6.22
Art 39(2) 6.22
Arts 39–43 6.22
Art 41(2) 6.22
Art 42 6.23
Art 59(1) 3.20
Art 59(2) 3.20
Art 59(4) 3.20
Art 60(1) 3.21
Art 63 3.20
2014/91 UCITS V 16.49
2015/2036 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015
on payment services in the internal market (PSD 2) OJ L337/35 10.60, 10.65
Art 18 10.28
2016/97 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 January 2016 on
insurance distribution (Insurance Distribution Directive) (IDD) [2016] OJ
L26/19 16.29, 16.42–16.43, 16.45, 16.59, 16.79, 16.83, 16.84
Art 20(8) 16.26, 16.84
Art 20(9) 16.26, 16.84
Art 25 16.59
Art 29(2) 19.64
2016/2031 Commission Delegated Directive of 7 April 2016 supplementing Directive
2014/65 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to safeguarding of
financial instruments and funds belonging to clients, product governance obligations and
the rules applicable to the provision or reception of fees, commissions or any monetary
or non-monetary benefits [2016] OJ L87/500
Recitals 15–20 8.43
Ch III 8.43
Art 9(9) 8.48
Art 10(2)(3) 12.52
2017/593 Commission Delegated Directive [2017] OJ L87/500 19.68
Art 11(2) 19.66
Art 12 19.65
Art 13(3) 19.66
2017/828 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2017
amending Directive 2007/36 as regards the encouragement of long-term shareholder
engagement (revised SRD) [2017] OJ L132 23.01, 23.02, 23.06, 23.07, 23.35–23.54
Recitals 4–7 23.40
Art 3a 23.40
Art 3g(a) 23.43
Art 3g(b) 23.43
Art 3h(1) 23.50
Art 3h(2) 23.43, 23.50
Decisions
2014/755 Commission Implementing Decision (30 October 2014) 6.42, 6.83
2016/377 Commission Implementing Decision of 15 March 2016, on the equivalence of
the regulatory framework of the United States for central counterparties that are
authorised and supervised by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to the
requirements of Regulation 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the
Council 5.19
Recommendations
77/534 Recommendation [1977] OJ L212/37 16.33
2003/361 Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 20.11
2004/384 Commission Recommendation [2004] OJ L199/30 16.14
2009/784 Recommendation of 19 October 2009 on withholding tax relief
procedures 26.55, 26.74, 26.75
2013/396 Commission Recommendation [2013] OJ L201/60 15.44
Commission Recommendation of 12 March 2014 on a new approach to business failure
and insolvency C (2014) 1500 final 25.05, 25.06, 25.19
NATIONAL LAW
Austria
Alternative Financing law of 14 August 2015 No 114 (Alternativfinanzierungsgesetz)
(AltFG) 10.30
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desiderandolo, lo avrebbe cercato? — E pure questo era necessario
e doveroso: necessario per la sua pace e per il suo avvenire;
doveroso verso la giovinetta, che poteva illudersi su le sue intenzioni
e soffrire immeritatamente per la sua debolezza.
Ma se la nonna o l’abitudine o la sorte lo avessero ricondotto presso
di lei? Se si fosse trovato un’altra volta solo con lei in uno di quei
momenti di tristezza e d’abbandono, in cui non si risponde dei proprii
atti e delle proprie parole? Se la catena fosse ribadita un giorno,
inaspettatamente, con una frase, con un gesto, in sèguito a un
movimento repentino e concorde delle due anime già pronte a
fondersi? Ciò non era fuori della possibilità: il cammino degli uomini
non è quasi mai segnato dai grandi fatti, preparati di lunga mano e
pazientemente voluti; ma dai piccoli episodii imprevisti, dalle
circostanze sempre mutevoli, dalle risoluzioni subitanee e
inconsiderate, che impongon poi serie responsabilità e provocano,
come dirette conseguenze, gli avvenimenti più gravi e decisivi della
vita!
In tal caso, egli da un momento all’altro si sarebbe trovato di fronte a
un fatto compiuto, all’irreparabile, all’oscuro problema dell’amor
casto, della passione corrisposta e insodisfatta, al bivio spinoso della
conquista estrema o dell’estrema rinuncia!
Lentamente, trascinato dall’ardore dell’imaginazione, egli si diede a
esaminare questa possibilità, come già si fosse avverata; a
sviscerare con sottile analisi il problema, per ricercarne tra le varie
soluzioni quella che sola avrebbe salvato insieme il suo Ideale e la
tranquillità della sua coscienza. Pensava: «Io potrei sempre fuggirla,
anche più tardi, anche quando fosse sopravvenuto un accordo
esplicito tra noi: la partenza dalla villa mi separerebbe
necessariamente da lei, e il tempo e la lontananza sanerebbero poi
ogni ferita. Ma, secondando in questo modo gli eventi, non
commetterei un’azione obliqua e sleale? Non mi farei complice d’un
inganno consapevolmente, volontariamente, colpevolmente?»
Aurelio si rammentò di quell’Altro, del primo adoratore di Flavia, il
quale aveva agito precisamente così ed egli aveva con tanta
severità giudicato; ed ebbe un moto di rivolta morale contro sè
stesso, contro il suo pensiero che s’era per un istante compiaciuto
nella certezza d’una comoda liberazione. «Ah, no, no! Io questo non
farò mai! Non mi sottrarrò mai per paura o per calcolo alle
responsabilità assunte! Io sono diverso, sostanzialmente diverso da
codesta gente borghese, che pecca per debolezza e si rinfranca per
viltà. Altro sangue scorre nelle mie vene; e altra legge presiede alla
mia condotta. Se un giorno per disgrazia dovessi trovarmi legato a
Flavia da una promessa, da una semplice confessione d’amore,
saprei senza dubbio sopportarne con dignità qualunque
conseguenza... Ma qual conseguenza? «Flavia era zitella, in quella
età nella quale tutte le speranze e tutte le forze della donna tendono
a toglierla dalla casa paterna per creare una casa propria, per
ottenere da un nuovo stato l’indipendenza di sè stessa e la direzione
d’una famiglia. Ogni intesa sentimentale con lei presupponeva
dunque una conclusione unica e necessaria; egli, confidandole il suo
amore, si sarebbe moralmente obbligato a darle il suo nome, a
chiamarla compagna della sua vita, a consacrarle intero il suo
avvenire; egli, salvo casi imprevedibili, avrebbe dovuto sposarla!
«Sposarla?!» egli esclamò stupefatto dal suono stesso della parola,
levandosi d’un tratto a sedere. Ed ebbe una specie di sussulto intimo
istintivo, simile a quello che si prova talvolta quando, camminando
distratti per le vie, ci sembra d’udire improvvisamente il rullo
minaccioso d’un carro dietro le spalle e ci si avvede poi, rivolgendoci
spauriti, che il carro passa senza nostro pericolo dall’opposto lato
della strada. Aurelio sorrise sùbito del suo stupore ingiustificato e del
suo atto repentino: la sola enunciazione della cosa gli parve così
enorme e quasi così assurda che assunse, nel suo spirito calmo e
sereno, aspetto ridicolo.
«Che cosa buffa, la vita!» egli si disse, sogghignando e scotendo il
capo: «Sposarla?! In verità, basterebbe quest’unica prospettiva a
tenermi recluso nella mia camera per un anno intero!»
Il suo pensiero, abituato alle gravi meditazioni, parve sdegnare
l’argomento che non era a bastanza serio e positivo; si distrasse per
qualche istante nella contemplazione delle cose remote, del lento
declinare dei colli dalla parte d’Arona, dove il lago sembrava
allargarsi infinitamente come un mare morto. Il vento cessava: le
barche calavano le vele a una a una, malinconicamente, e
prendevan da lontano l’apparenza d’insetti bizzarri che
camminassero a passi faticosi sul piano delle acque. Il piroscafo,
ingrandito dalla vicinanza, entrava fischiando nella baja di Laveno.
Di nuovo però, dopo la percezione della pace circostante, Aurelio,
(proprio come chi abbia temuto un pericolo anche imaginario), fu
tratto a mano a mano, senza volerlo, a costruire compiutamente
quella vaga possibilità e a considerarla con riflessione, quasi fosse
già sul punto d’effettuarsi. — Chi era dunque costei? Egli la
conosceva da poco tempo e poco la conosceva: era per lui
un’estranea, un’ignota piombata d’improvviso nella sua esistenza
per impadronirsi d’una parte del suo essere, per contendergli la
libertà del suo tempo, forse per troncare il filo del suo destino. Nelle
ore che aveva vissute con lei, ella gli era bene apparsa sotto le
forme esteriori più lusinghevoli, ma nulla gli aveva rivelato dell’anima
sua, de’ suoi gusti, de’ suoi istinti, de’ suoi desiderii, della sua intima
essenza. Era ella buona? era sincera? era pura? Non celava forse,
sotto la dolcezza del sembiante e l’innocenza degli sguardi, la
vergogna o la smania insodisfatta d’un fallo, la maligna curiosità
della donna indifferente o la terribile leggerezza della donna vana,
desiosa di lusso, di piaceri, di licenza? Aveva veramente amato
quell’Altro? Cedeva ora di nuovo alla passione, o la fingeva per
giuoco e per vanità? Era dunque capace d’amare, di sacrificarsi, di
comprendere e d’offrirsi? — Egli non sapeva nulla, nulla! E quel
lembo stesso del suo passato, che gli aveva voluto scoprire, lasciava
l’adito a mille supposizioni diverse, non rendeva se non più oscuro e
inquietante il mistero della sua bellezza.
E la sua famiglia? Era essa degna d’imparentarsi con lui? I Boris
erano d’infima origine: insòrti solo da pochi anni dal torbido gregge
degli umili, essi erano giunti rapidamente all’agiatezza e forse omai
all’opulenza per le vie tortuose della speculazione e dell’intrigo. Il
padre Boris, che portava il titolo d’ingegnere senza esercitarne la
professione, era notissimo in Milano come amministratore d’alcune
grandi famiglie e come iniziatore di parecchie imprese più o meno
fortunate. Coinvolto nei più gravi disastri finanziarii, che avevano
scosso negli ultimi tempi la metropoli lombarda, egli n’era sempre
uscito senz’onta e senza danno, acquistando anzi, a traverso le
stesse disavventure della sua instancabile avidità, reputazione e
stima sempre maggiori. Ora al sommo della possanza, egli ambiva a
divenire un uomo pubblico, a conquistare un posto autorevole, a
insediarsi comodamente al Comune tra i degni rappresentanti del
Popolo che lavora e che soffre. Attivo, astuto, intraprendente, egli
poteva dirsi il tipo perfetto della nuova classe dominatrice, che sa
sfruttare con esperta mano il giovine albero della libertà; egli era
veramente l’incarnazione della odierna borghesia trionfante, sorretta
da un egoismo feroce, capace di qualunque simulazione,
prosternata fino a terra d’innanzi all’altare dell’Oro.
Per un uomo simile, il matrimonio dell’unica figliuola con un nobile
d’illustri origini, sarebbe stato certo il coronamento d’un gran sogno,
il trionfo più insigne di sua vita. Con ogni probabilità, in quel giorno,
avrebbe in fine aperto i forzieri gelosi, dov’era andato accumulando il
frutto della sua perspicacia, e dai lastrici, pazientemente battuti
anche negli anni della fortuna, si sarebbe compiaciuto di veder
trascorrere in cocchio per le vie popolose la contessa sua figlia,
rifulgente di beltà e d’orgoglio. — Ma poteva egli, Aurelio Imberido,
accettare un contratto di quel genere? Poteva vendere il suo nome
alla vacua ambizione d’un plebeo arricchito? Ed era certo che Flavia
lo avrebbe sposato per lui e non per la vanità, comune a tutte le
femmine, di divenire la moglie d’un nobile?
Aurelio pensò alla rovina economica e sociale di tante magnifiche
schiatte, private nell’ultimo secolo d’ogni potestà, scomparse
lentamente nelle tenebre per lasciare il posto ai nuovi venuti; pensò
alla sua stessa famiglia, già un poco corrotta nel sangue, piombata
nell’indigenza, forse vicina a scomparire per sempre con lui dalla
faccia della terra. E per un istante l’idea d’un figliuolo, d’un erede,
d’un continuatore occupò tutta la sua mente; fece tacere in lui ogni
scrupolo morale, ogni timore, ogni objezione dell’amor proprio. Non
aveva egli un dovere da adempiere verso i suoi maggiori, che gli
avevan trasmesso un nome glorioso e un’impronta profonda di
superiorità? Non era egli in obbligo di conservare quel nome e
quell’impronta alle generazioni venture? E perchè dunque non
avrebbe seguito l’esempio di tanti suoi pari, i quali, spogliati dei loro
averi e delle loro attribuzioni, s’erano risollevati, accettando
un’alleanza di sangue con quegli stessi che li avevano sopraffatti?
«Ah, no, no!» egli gridò d’un tratto, in una ribellione di tutta la sua
coscienza. Quei suoi pari egli aveva sempre disapprovati; li aveva
anche condannati ne’ suoi scritti come i più acerrimi nemici della
tradizione aristocratica; poichè, portando un nome superbo, lo
avevano esautorato e avvilito, mercanteggiandolo, cedendolo su la
piazza al maggiore offerente. I figli di costoro, se pure potevan
chiamarsi per forma i legittimi discendenti di stirpi illustri, avevan
però nelle loro vene un sangue spurio, eran bastardi creati da un
connubio ineguale, espulsi da un alvo plebeo, cresciuti in un
ambiente corrotto. La nobiltà non aveva più alcuna ragion d’essere,
se non cercava di mantenersi immune dal contagio borghese, se
non sapeva conservarsi estranea e indifferente al trionfo fittizio dei
finanzieri e dei bottegai. Questi eran riusciti a usurparne le
ricchezze? la nobiltà, per riconquistarle innanzi tempo, non doveva,
no, cedere ad essi il più sicuro de’ suoi privilegi: quello del nome e
del sangue.
Così l’Imberido aveva crudamente asserito in uno degli ultimi articoli
pubblicati su la Rivista, che tante discussioni e tante critiche aveva
sollevate tra i suoi stessi ammiratori. Ora, che valore avrebbero poi
avuto la sua parola e il suo apostolato, quand’egli avesse in tal guisa
trasgredito alle sue massime sociali? E con che severità l’atto
contradittorio sarebbe stato giudicato, non solo dagli avversarii, ma
dai medesimi suoi amici? Certo, tutto il suo piano sarebbe d’un colpo
crollato sotto il peso della diffidenza e del ridicolo, e le macerie
avrebbero sepolto per sempre il suo decoro e la sua ambizione.
Sarebbe in sèguito bastata la ricchezza a compensarlo di tanta
perdita? E avrebbe egli potuto sopportare un’esistenza da parassita
gaudente nella casa d’un estraneo? Ahimè, egli non avrebbe durato
un mese in una condizione simile: con il suo orgoglio e con la sua
ombrosità, in ogni sguardo della moglie o del suocero avrebbe letto
un tacito rinfacciamento, un’affermazione di padronanza su di lui,
un’intenzione di sindacato su le sue azioni, assolutamente
intollerabili. Egli, per sottrarsi alla tortura umiliante dei sospetti e dei
rimproveri, sarebbe andato ben presto alla ricerca d’un guadagno,
d’una qualunque occupazione proficua, del più umile degli impieghi.
E così la sua vita si sarebbe consumata inutilmente in opere ingrate
e ingloriose, al contatto di gente diversa da lui, tra i rimpianti
implacabili d’un bel sogno volontariamente distrutto.
«No!» egli esclamò, concludendo quel sèguito serrato di
considerazioni. «Io non mi credo degno d’una tal sorte! Io non mi
voglio trovare nella necessità morale di sacrificarmi! Suprema jattura
sarebbe per me s’io sposassi Flavia: io debbo dunque fin d’ora
evitarla, fuggirla, dimenticarla.»
La sua mente era stanca; la luce intensa del pomeriggio, che
s’insinuava a poco a poco tra i fusti sottili, aveva appesantite le sue
palpebre. Il giovine chiuse gli occhi, s’abbandonò con un moto lento,
supino su l’erba, sostenendosi il capo con le due mani intrecciate
dietro l’occipite.
Una gran calma si faceva dentro di lui: il suo pensiero, affaticato dal
lungo dibattito, ottuso dalla canicola, parve distendersi mollemente,
come il suo corpo, in un’inerzia sonnolenta. Qualche imagine vaga e
indistinta si rifletté per un attimo su lo sfondo rossastro delle
palpebre abbassate, si modificò, si trasformò, disparve. D’un tratto il
sembiante di Flavia, sorridente e con gli sguardi luminosi, si disegnò
ben chiaro nello spazio fantastico, e diede una sùbita accelerazione
ai palpiti del cuore. Alcune parole risonarono disperse nel silenzio
del suo cervello, come proferite all’orecchio di lui da una ben nota
voce femminea: «Ho amato e non amerò più.....» Poi, sùbito: «È
vero: gli assomiglia negli occhi, nella bocca, specialmente quando
parla e ride...» In fine: «L’avevo mal giudicato. Ella in vece è un
uomo di cuore, di molto cuore.....»
Egli si scosse con un movimento brusco di tutto il corpo, aperse gli
occhi, li fissò, abbacinati e come ciechi, d’innanzi a sè, sul
paesaggio inondato dal sole.
Il più piccolo romore non rompeva il sonno della natura: non un
soffio di vento, non un murmure d’acque, non una voce, non un
latrato, non un’eco di lavoro lontano.
Istintivamente, offesi dal chiarore, i suoi sguardi s’abbassarono
verso il suolo: a pochi passi da lui, su una zolla nuda tra i ciuffi arsi
dell’erbe, giaceva riverso il corpo esanime d’una grossa lucertola
con il capo schiacciato. La minuscola spoglia, abbandonata dal
destino in quel luogo deserto, attrasse l’attenzione del giovine. Egli
pensò, osservandola, alla fragilità di tutti gli organismi viventi,
all’inutilità d’ogni esistenza, al potere formidabile della Morte, che
nessuno risparmia, che ogni essere indifferentemente colpisce.
Contava egli nell’armonia dell’universo più di quella semplice
creatura inconscia, che il piede d’un fanciullo era bastato ad
arrestare d’un tratto nel suo cammino e a distruggere? Aveva egli
una sorte diversa dalla sua?
Una profonda mestizia l’invase. Egli sentì il tempo fluire
irreparabilmente, le cose disperdersi nella vanità dello spazio, le
ambizioni e i desiderii perire. Egli sentì che la vita è triste, e che oltre
la vita son tristi anche le speranze.
E una voce ammonitrice gli disse:
«Guardati dalla Chimera! Il tuo sogno è fastidioso, è stupido, è vano.
Affrèttati, giovine, a godere quello che la realità ti offre, prima che le
tenebre ti circondino.»
E la stessa voce sùbito dopo soggiunse:
«È vero che la vita è breve, e i suoi piaceri son caduchi e velenosi.
Perché dunque vivere di realità e non d’illusioni? Un giorno tutto sarà
nulla: che importerà allora se tu avrai goduto o avrai solamente
sognato?»
VIII.
Una festa.