CHAPTER I

Background of the Study

Averrhoa Bilimbi, or bilimbi, was widely called Kamias in the Philippines

and "cucumber tree" or "tree sorrel" in English. It was a fruit-bearing tree of the

genus Averrhoa, family Oxalidaceae. The 5-12m tall tree was native to Southeast

Asia and was once common in all local household backyards. It was a fruit -

bearing tree, and the small (4cm in length), green, acidic fruits have various uses.

One of them was its capacity to remove stains. Kamias was an ethanolic fruit that

contains oxalic acid (Lao, 2015). The content of oxalic acid in the Kamias extract

could scrape stain on the plate. Related studies about Kamias as stain remover

show that on its own, oxalic acid acts as a dishwashing that removed stain-

causing substances. Perhaps no other cleaning agent was as useful around the

home as oxalic acid: from improving the appearance of wood to removing stains.

Oxalate was an organic acid found in plants. Oxalic acid occurs in lots of

foods in small amounts and a few foods in large amounts. Kamias contains a high

percentage of Oxalic acid, so much that some companies use it as the main

ingredient in organic dishwashing liquid. Kamias as a stain remover was

inexpensive, great on plate and safer to use than other commercial dishwashing.

It was a gentle stain remover that eats the stain but leaves the base surfaces,

such as delicate grease intact. Studies showed that Kamias has properties that

can make rough skin turn back to its normal supple condition, so users can get

these benefits in one product. Using Kamias

1
(Averrhoa Bilimbi) as detergent's main ingredient, the researchers could

accomplish a product that has an ability to the extent of being eco-friendly and

effective in removing stains. Kamias fruit may seemed as an additive to food or

as bleach to the people. And they don't have an idea that this little green fruit

could be useful to them. Therefore, the researchers conducted the study

entitled "Effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi(Kamias) Extract as an Alternative

Ingredient for Dishwashing Liquid”.

Furthermore, by incorporating kamias into dishwashing liquid, we can

explore the possibility of reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals, which are

often present in commercial dishwashing products. This could lead to a safer and

more environmentally friendly alternative that minimizes potential health risks

associated with the use of harsh chemicals.

To evaluate the effectiveness of kamias as an additional ingredient, a

series of experiments will be conducted. These experiments will compare the

cleaning performance of dishwashing liquids with and without kamias, assessing

factors such as grease removal, stain elimination, and antibacterial activity. The

results obtained will be analyzed and compared to determine the potential

benefits of kamias in enhancing the overall performance of dishwashing liquids.

This research aims to explore the effectiveness of kamias as an additional

ingredient in dishwashing liquid formulations. By investigating its cleaning power,

anti-stain properties, and overall impact on dishwashing performance, we can

potentially contribute to the development of more sustainable and eco-friendly

household products.

2
 This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of kamias as an

additional ingredient in dishwashing liquid The study will focus on evaluating its

cleaning power, antibacterial properties, and its impact on the overall

performance of the dishwashing liquid. By conducting this research, we can

potentially uncover a more sustainable and eco-friendlier alternative to

conventional dishwashing liquids on the market.

3
Objectives:

A. General Objective

The general objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a

kamias as a dishwashing liquid.

B. Specific Objective

1. To make an alternative dishwashing liquid using kamias.

2. To make an alternative dishwashing liquid that can compete with the

commercially produced ones

Hypothesis:

There is a significant difference in the effectiveness of different brands as

to:

A. Elimination of food stains.

B. Removal of oil and grease.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to find out if the Averrhoa Bilimbi (Kamias) is an effective

dishwashing alternative food stains,grease and oil.

1. What properties of a dishwashing liquid are obtained?

a.Color

b.Bubbliness

4
 c,Fragrance

d.Texture

2.What proportion of dishwashing liquid is the most effective in removal of stains?

a.100:0%

b.70:0%

c.50:0%

3.What is the time duration for kamias to entirely remove the stains?

Significance of the Study

The study aims to share knowledge to people about using bilimbi as an

stain removal and this will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of it in

dishwashing liquids.

This study is beneficial to the following:

Household: This study will help to produce a dishwashing liquid that is

convenient, affordable and can be done during your past time. This will help to

lessen the burden in expenses in the house due to the availability of the

ingredients needed for the product.

Community: This study can help to spread the awareness of using bilimbi

as an antimicrobial agent and encourage communities to try to develop different

products using bilimbi.

5
 Consumers: This study may view by the consumers the kamias extract

dishwashing liquid as more environmentally friendly than commercial

dishwashing liquids that contain synthetic chemicals.

Future Researchers. The result of this research may be a basis of further

studies and can be used as related literature.

Agriculturalists. Farmers can start creating their bio-based insecticides

using the product of basil for their crops and plants if the experimentation results

are beneficial.

Local Government Unit(LGU) Oas,Albay: Kamias trees were abundant

in the province and its was commonly found in household backyards.In this

study,the researchers could come up with a product that have its main ingredient

so accessible to the people and can be produced in just a simple and easy

way.The Local Government Unit could help to develop and promote the product

encourage the people to use kamias as a dishwashing main ingredients which

was more organic.In addition,the waste in kamias fruit would be reduce if the

people would make use of them in a resourceful manner.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the effectiveness of the kamias extract as a

dishwashing liquid for stain removal.The researchers conducted the study on

different kinds of stain which fall under the three types of stain which were the

Food stains,Oil and Grease.

6
 Definition of Terms

Extract

- a preparation containing the active ingredient of a substance in concentrated

form.

- to withdraw (something, such as a juice or constinuent element) by physical or

chemical process.

Oxalic Acid

- was an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and formula

HO2C- CO2H. It was also the simplest dicarboxylic acid.

-it is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water.

Oxalidaceae

- wood sorrel family, were a small group of five generation of herbaceous plants,

shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 570 species in the genus

oxalis.

-are distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, or small trees, usually with pinnate or

palmate (often trifoliolate) leaves (leaflets often folding at night), flowers bisexual,

actin0-morphic, pentamerous, the staments usually biseriate, with outer, basal

nectaries, the fruit of loculicidal capsule or berry.

7
Stain

-a mark made on a surface, etc., that was very hard or impossible to remove.

Stain Removal

-was the process of removing a mark or a stain left by one substance on a specific

surface of plate.

Plate

-usually round dish used for serving food.

Dishwashing

-cleaning and washing dishes and utensils

8
Conceptual Framework

In testing the aforementioned fruit extract to demostrate its cleaning

properties and other attributes that would soon prove to be effective as a stain

remover. The researchers seek to other their studies with data regarding the

Kamias extract plus the complimentary ingredients alongbthe route. The kamias

extract and complimentary ingredients would be put to the test on various stains

that were dispersed on plate by thr researchers. Researchers could properly

assess the cleaning abilities of the Kamias. The diagram below illustrated the

mentioned strategy.

INPUT 2:
OUTPUT 1:
COMPLEMENTARY
KAMIAS EXTRACT INGREDIENTS
KAMIAS JUICE,
SLES, SLS

OUTPUT:
A NEW ALTERNATIVE DISHWASHING
LIQUID FOR STAIN REMOVAL

PROCESS:
OBSERVATION ON THE EFFECT OF
KAMIAS AS A DISHWASHING LIQUID ON
STAINS

Figure 1.1: Conceptual Paradigm

9
 Get the extract of the Apply the efficacy.

Collect Kamias and kamias then boil 2 of the alternative

ready the others cups of water then dishwashing liquid

need such as Kamias put the dishwashing that is from the

Juice, Sodium Lauryl and mix it until extract of a kamias

Sulfate (SLS), and liquefies after that and the other

Sodium Lauryl Ether gently put the other ingredients.

Sulfate (SLES) and ingredients.

Water.

Feedback

Figure 1.2
Conceptual Paradigm

:
10
 REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Kamias, Averrhoa Bilimbi, L. (Oxalidaceae), was closely allied to the

Carambola but quite different in appearance, manner of fruiting, flavor and uses.

Bilimbi juices, because of its Oxalic acid content was useful for removing stains

from hands, grease from plate and also tarnish from brass. The discolorations

which were found in a material or surfaces are stains which were the problem to

face on.

According to (Lima,et. al Melo, & Santos Lima, n.d 2018). Kamias can

manifest the presence of oxalic acid through its sour taste. The purpose of this

study was to determine the effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi as an alternative

stain remover.

The present study has been aimed to investigate the eject of antimicrobial

activities of a Bilimbi extract at different maturity stages against some bacterial

isolates. (Seri and Nur, 2016). This essentially a tropical tree, less resistant to

cold than the carambola, growing best in rich and well-drained soil (but also

stands limestone and sand). The leaf was 3-6 cm long alternate, imparipinnate

and cluster at branches.The bilimbi fruit displayed an impressive nutrient profile.

In addition to the fundamental essential components namely carbohydrates,

fibers, proteins, these tangy fruits contain profuse amount of vitamin C, B

vitamins, calcium, iron, flavonoids, tannis and terpenes.

It was apparent in the study of Mokhtar and Aziz (2016) that the extract

derived from the young bilimbi fruit was more potent against pathogenic bacteria

11
when compared with that from the ripe of a bilimbi fruit. The latter authors further

suggested that the young fruit contains more bioactive compounds contributing

to the antibacterial features of the fruits. Owing to this, the difference in the

extends of antibacterial activity.

Kamias doesn't contain toxic chemicals that would harm the environment

(Madarang 2020). In an environment like ours today, people encounter great

number of situations, often in a fast-paced manner and they were unconsciously

exposed to numerous stain-causing factors that was occuring. (Syan Neilla F.

Domingo 2018). A bilimbi fruit extracts at all stages of ripening has some

inhibitory activities against selecter bacterial strains. However, extracts from

younger fruits effective against the bacteria. It was supported by Scripanidkulchai

et al. (2013), who reported that the content of oxalic acid in Averrhoa species can

become a potent source of antioxidant and antimicrobial against S. aureus.Karl

Weelhem Sleeche (1774). In 1785, the French scientist Claude Bertholette found

that chlorine was an excellent whitening agent in fabrics. The acidic properties of

kamias may help in breaking down and removing certain types of stains,

especially those caused by substances such as rust, ink, and food. However, it's

important to note that the effectiveness of kamias as stain remover may vary

depending on the type and severity of the stain, as well as the fabric or surface

being treated.

Oxalic acid was a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (COOH)2. It

occurs naturally in various plants, including spinach, rhubarb, and sorrel. It can

also be synthesized chemically. Here were some key points about oxalic acid:

12
 Properties: Oxalic acid was a white,crystalline solid that was highly solube

in water. It has sour taste and can be toxic if ingested in large quantities. The acid

was relatively stable at room temperature but can decompose when heated.

Uses in Cleaning: Oxalic acid has cleaning and bleaching properties,

making useful for various applications, It can remove rust and stains from plate

and other surfaces.

Generally, kamias has been reported to have a relatively high oxalic acid

content compared to other fruits. While there might be anecdotal evidence or

local practices that suggested kamias can be effective for stain removal, it is

advisable to rely on scientifically validated methods and products for reliable and

consistent results. If you're interested in exploring natural stain removers, it's

worth considering commercially available eco-friendly or enzyme-based

dishwashing that have been specifically formulated for effective stain removal.

Based on the research, the discovery of potential of kamias extract as a stain

remover would be a breakthrough, though it still needs a little scrubbing before

some stains disappeared.

Related Studies

Previous studies revealed the potential utilization of fruit extracts from

trees that were locally available. The researchers determined the cost of making

stain remover using kamias extracts, the ability of this fruit extracts as a stain

remover in terms of the degree of stain reduction and whitening for plate, and

ultimately the significance of its uses.

13
 This research study would give a way for an immediate solution and

response to the problems of stains. Indirectly, this study would provide a great

knowledge to some researchers or even companies that deal in molecular

biological studies to focus on the effectiveness of this plant as an effective stain

remover.

According to Alhassan and Ahmed (2018) several pharmacological studies

have demonstrated the ability of a bilimbi to act as an antimicrobial agent. The

study conducted by the American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research

(2018) a bilimbi methanolic fruit extract has antibacterial activity against some

bacteria and also has potent cytotoxic activity that require further studies,

possibly to the extent of isolating and identifying the responsible compounds.

Sultana et al. (2018) used Methanol as solvent and the antibacterial effect

was measured using disc diffusion test. They compared the susceptibility of the

microorganisms to the extracts of the plant with standard antibiotic kanamycin.

They found out that the fruit extract exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity

against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to

leaf extract. Chinju Merin Abraham (2019) used a bilimbi methanol, chloroform,

and petroleum ether fruit extract against selected panel of bacteria.

According to Zakaria et. al. the fruit extract of Averrhoa bilimbi was

effective against S. epidermis, B. cereus, and K. rhizophilia at concentration of

14
50 mg compared to its leaf counterpart. A bilimbi leaves were effective against K.

rhizophilia, S. epidermis, B. cereus at 100mg concentration.

The discovery of the ability of Kamias extracts as a stain remover,

according to the different studies will be a breakthrough and add to knowledge in

the field of molecular biology. The study concluded that Averrhoa Bilimbi is an

efficient alternative stain remover, though some stains still need a little scrubbing.

Research Gap
This research gap of this study only pay attention to whats in the

Kamias,they don’t look at the price and only a limited number of people study it.

15
 Notes

Apelbet,Retrieve from

http://epgp.inflibnet,ac.in/epgdata/upload/epgp_content/S000827HE/P00

1226/M01194/ET/146251733025et.pdf

Kumar, J., Ramlal, A., Mallick, D., & Mishra,V. (2021). An Overview of Some

Importance in Plant Protection for Commercial Acceptance. Plants.

Retrieved from htps://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061185

Munson,D,M,(1991),Retrieve from https//www.lsre.k-

state.edu/historicpublications/pubs/c638.pdf

16
 CHAPTER II

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presentation the methodology and procedures used by the

researcher in order to achieve the goals of the study. It contains the research

design, sampling techniques,formulation and validation of the instruments used,

procedures and statistical treatment of the data.

Research Design

The researchers employed the qualitative method and used

experinmental design. The researcher methodology outline the steps and

procedures involved in investigating thr feasibility of using Averrhoa Bilimbi

(Kamias) as an Alternative ingredient of Dishwashing liquid in the production of

dishwashing for stain removal. Kamias, a tropical fruit rich in citric acid and

antioxidants, has potential to exhibit cleaning properties that may make it an

effective substitute for conventional stain removers. This study aimed to explore

the effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi-based dishwashing liquid in removing

common stains and assess its overall performance. By following the steps,

researchers could evaluate the stain removal efficacy of the Kamias-based

dishwashing liquid formulation compared to commercial dishwashing liquid.

Research Instrumentation

The researcher used survey questionnaires for the gathered while

creating dishwashing and that would be answered by the respondents. The

primary aim of the question is to determine if the Averrhoa Bilimbi(Kamias) was

17
effective to use as an alternative ingredient for dishwashing liquid for stain

removal.

COLLECTION

The researchers collected 3 kilograms of kamias(Averrhoa Bilimbi) that

were divided into three(3): 3 kilograms for proportion 1(100:0%), 3 kilograms for

2 (70:30%), and 3 kilograms for proportion 3(50:50).

PREPARATION

The kamias fruit washed thrice and the stems were removed to ensure

complete elimination of any present. Subsequently, the Kamias fruit was put in a

basin.

18
EXTRACTION

The researchers used white cloth to strained the Kamias extract and the

residue of the kamias fruit.

19
Research Materials

1.Collection of Averrhoa bilimbi(Kamias)

1.1 Reasearcher collected a three (3) kilo of Averrhoa bilimbi (kamias) located in

their neighboorhood of one of the researchers. (Figure 1)

1.2. The Kamias fruit washed thrice and the stems were removed to

ensured complete elimination of any dirt present. Subsequently, the Kamias

fruit was put in a basin. (Figure 2)

2. Extraction

2.1. The researchers used white cloth to strained the Kamias extract and the

residue of the kamias fruit.

3. Procedure

2.2. The researchers prepare the breaker, then put the fruit extract

(Kamias) in it, measuring 600 ml. After that, they prepared the needed

ingredients such as; Purified water, 250 ML salt (Sodium Carbonate),

SLES

(Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate), Foam booster, Colorant Degreaser,

Preservatives, Gel Surfactant, Scent (Apple Green Scent) Thickener

Antibacterial.

2.3. In a separate basin, mix the Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Lauryl

Suphate and stir it until it viscous.

2.4. After getting the juice from the kamias juice in the pot and wait for it to boil

so that ready to mix with other ingredients

2.5 Put all the ingredients in the bucket one by one and after adding

20
everything, mix well until it thickens and when it thickens add the kamias

juice that has the right amount based on the amount to be made that is

dishwashing liquid.

2.6 Researchers discuss if the texture, scent and colour of the mixture is

already satisfied to them it’s time the product to use and test. Lastly, transfer

the mixture to another container to make it look more presentable.

Researcher make and design a label of the product to make it look attractive

and presentable.

Dishwashing Procedure:

First, the researchers put the collected Kamias in a basin, and washed

three times (3x). Then, the researchers removed the upper stem of the Kamias.

Second, the researcher prepared Mortar and Pestle and put the Kamias in it,

crash it until the extract comes out. After that, the rsearchers strained it using a

clean cloth to separate the Kamias fruit from its extract and remove the

remaining residues. Next, the researchers prepare the Beaker, then put the fruit

extract (Kamias) in it, measuring 250 ml. After that, they prepared the needed

ingredients such as; SALT (Sodium Carbonate), SLES (Sodium Lauryl Ether

Sulphate), FOAM BOOSTER, LAB (Linear Alkylbenzene), PRESERVATIVE,

COLORANT (Optical Brightening Agent), SCENT (Floral Scent) and ANTIBAC.

Next After getting the juice from the kamias juice in the pot and wait for it to

boil so that ready to mix with other ingredients. In a separate basin, mix the

Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate and stir it until it thickens.

Gradually put the Kamias extract to the mixture and stir it continuously until you

21
get the desired thickness of the mixture. When you were satisfied by its

thickness, put the remaining ingredients one by one but don't stop the stirring

process. lf you were already satisfied with the texture, scent and color of your

mixture, then your product was ready to use. Lastly, transfer the mixture to

another container to make it look more presentable. You can also make your

own label of your product.

Research Locale

The research study was conducted at Oas Polytechnic School Oas,Albay

on January until May 2024.

22
 CHAPTER III

EFFECTIVENESS OF AVERRHOA BILIMBI (KAMIAS) EXTRACT AS AN

ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENTS FOR DISHWASHING LIQUID

This chapter presented the result, the analysis of data gathered from the

questionnaires distributed to the researcher group.

The data presented in Table 1.1 depicted the opinions of members of the

researchers on the attribute of Bubbliness, with a proportion of 100:0%. Among

the researchers, one (1) individual rated Bubbliness as Very Good, one(1) as

Good, and four (4) as Fair. Regarding Fragrance, data from a sample of 6

researchers indicated that one (1) individuals rated it as Very Good, three (3) as

Good, and two (2) as Fair. In terms of Texture of the extracted Kamias, the table

showed that one (1) rated it as Excellent, four (4) as Good, and one (1) as Fair.

With Color, one (1) researcher rated as Excellent, one (1) rated as Very Good,

and four (4) as Good. Finally, for the attribute of Ability to remove stains, the data

showed that one (1) researcher rated it as Excellent, two (2) as Very Good, and

three (3) rated as Good. With the use of formula for weighted mean and after

series of computation, they arrived at a result of 1 General Weighted Mean.

The leader will give a questioner to his members to the researchers group

to test what data they gathered while making dishwashing liquid and to give

insights and comments about each of the properties of dishwashing liquid. The

proportion 1 (100:0%), which was the pure Kamias extract, received a mere

"Good" rating for Bubbliness from the chosen representative because it created

23
minimal bubble. The respondent claimed that ingredients like Sodium Lauryl

Ether Sulphate (SLES) may be added to make it bubbly. The respondent also

observed that the Kamias extract was easy to be dissolve in water and greenish-

yellow in color, depending on its ripeness. The researchers claimed that the

Kamias fruit has distinctive sweet and sour aroma, so as its extract. The

researchers concluded that Kamias extract did have some ability as a stain

remover, although its effectiveness varied depending on the type of stain. The

complete eradication of the stains were achieved in a duration of twenty four (24)

second and it depending on the stains. In an article published in the International

Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, kamias was listed as one of the

natural ingredients that can be used in Plates to improve their stain removal

properties. A study titled "Effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi(Kamias) as an Main

Ingredient for Dishwashing liquid " by Patricia R. Martinez found that kamias

extract was an effective stain remover and can be used as an alternative to

commercially available for stain removers. A Review on Their Phytochemistry and

Pharmacological Properties" by Erika Fille Legarde-Valenzuela, et al., which

discussed the pharmacological properties of kamias and its potential uses as an

ingredient in Dishwashing. "Kamias (Averrhoa Bilimbi) Fruit Extract As An

Alternative Dishwashing liquid" by Elsa E. Mendoza, Lyceum of the Philippines

University-Manila - This study investigated the potential use of Kamias fruit

extract as an alternative organic bleach. The results showed that Kamias fruit

extract can be used as effective and eco-friendly Dishwashing.

24
TABLE 1.1: The Properties of the Dishwashing liquid in Proportion no.1

(100.0%)

Properties of 5 4 3 2 1 Total Weighte

liquid excellen d Mean

Very Good Fair Poor
detergent t
Good

1.Bubbliness

0 1 1 4 0 6 0.6

2.Fragrance

0 1 3 2 0 6 0.545

3.Texture

1 0 4 1 0 6 0.461

4.Color

1 1 4 0 0 6 0.4

5. Ability to

remove stains
1 2 3 0 0 6 0.375

General Weighted Mean

25
 The data presented in Table 1.2 depicted the opinions of six (6)

researchers on the attribute of Bubbliness, with proportion of 70:30%. Among the

participants, five (5) individuals rated Bubbliness as Excellent , one (1) rated as

Very Good. Regarding Fragrance , the data from a sample of twenty (6)

researchers indicated that two (2) individuals rated it as Excellent, three(3) as

Very Good, one (1) as Good. In terms of Texture of the Dishwashing liquid, the

table showed that one (1) researchers rated it as Excellent, four (4) as Very Good,

one (1) as Good. In terms of Color, one (1) researchers rated it as Excellent, three

(3) as Very Good, one (1) as Good, one (1) as Fair. Finally for the attribute of

Ability to remove stains , the data showed that four (4) researchers rated it as

Excellent, one (1) as Very Good, and one (1) as Good. With the use of formula

for weighted mean and after series of computations, they arrived at a result of 3.9

with a Good observation. Similar to Proportion 1 (100:0%), the researchers

conducted a random selection of researchers representative in order to give

insights and observations in regards to Proportion 2 (70:30%). The bubbliness of

a liquid detergent could depend on the specific surfactants used and their

concentration. According to Elena Borbo, more bubbles can indicate that the

detergent was working effectively to lift from plates. The respondent also added

that the dishwashing liquid possesses a floral fragrance and exhibited a Green

hue, attributed to the addition of scent and coloring agents. It could be inferred

that the utilization of Proportion No. 2 (70:30%) demonstrated efficacy and has

achieved favorable ratings with regards to its capability to remove stains. The

26
complete eradication of the stains was achieved in a duration of seventeen (17)

second,and it depending on the stain.

The data presented in Table 1.2 depicted the opinions of six (6)

researchers on the attribute of Bubbliness, with proportion of 70:30%. Among the

participants, five (5) individuals rated Bubbliness as Excellent , one (1) rated as

Very Good. Regarding Fragrance , the data from a sample of six (6) researchers

indicated that two (2) individuals rated it as Excellent, three(3) as Very Good, one

(1) as Good. In terms of Texture of the Dishwashing liquid, the table showed that

one (1) researchers rated it as Excellent, four (4) as Very Good, one (1) as Good.

In terms of Color, one (1) researchers rated it as Excellent, three (3) as Very

Good, one (1) as Good, one (1) as Fair. Finally for the attribute of Ability to remove

stains , the data showed that four (4) researchers rated it as Excellent, one (1) as

Very Good, and one (1) as Good. With the use of formula for weighted mean and

after series of computations, they arrived at a result of 3.9 with a Good

observation. Similar to Proportion 1 (100:0%), the researchers conducted a

random selection of researchers representative in order to give insights and

observations in regards to Proportion 2 (70:30%). The bubbliness of a liquid

detergent could depend on the specific surfactants used and their concentration.

According to Elena Borbo, more bubbles can indicate that the detergent was

working effectively to lift from plates. The respondent also added that the

dishwashing liquid possesses a floral fragrance and exhibited a Green hue,

attributed to the addition of scent and coloring agents. It could be inferred that the

utilization of Proportion No. 2 (70:30%) demonstrated efficacy and has achieved

27
favorable ratings with regards to its capability to remove stains. The complete

eradication of the stains was achieved in a duration of seventeen (17) second,and

it depending on the stain.

28
Table 1.2: The Properties of the Dishwashing liquid in Proportion no.2

(70:30%)

Properties of 5 4 3 2 1 Total Weighted

liquid excellent Mean

Very Good Fair Poor
detergent
Good

1.Bubbliness

5 1 0 0 0 6 0.230

2.Fragrance

2 3 1 0 0 6 0.315

3.Texture

1 4 1 0 0 6 0.33

4.Color

1 3 1 1 0 6 0.4

5. Ability to

remove stains
4 1 1 0 0 6 0.285

General Weighted Mean 0.4

29
 In terms of stain removal abilities, there were notable distinctions between

Proportion 1 (100:0%), Proportion 2 (70:30%), and Proportion 3 (50:50%).

Proportion 1 (100:0%) which was comprised solely of pure Kamias extract and

contains oxalic acid was particularly effective at reducing stains such as stains

,ketchup and Oil.

On the other hand, Proportion 2 (70:30%) and Proportion 3 (50:50%),

which consists of a combination of Kamias extract and other components found

in a dishwashing liquid. It demonstrated efficacy in stain removal. The

combination of various components in dishwashing liquid and Kamias natural

cleaning agent, Oxalic acid, have proven effective in removing stains from the

plates. With growing concerns over environmental impact, potential impact on

aquatic life, potential for allergies and skin irritation, availability and accessibility,

many individuals have turned to natural and homemade cleaning products,

including dishwashing liquid. One popular ingredient for making dishwashing was

Kamias extract, which is known for its natural cleaning properties. However,

commercial liquid dishwashing also continue to be widely used.

The researchers' personally-made dishwashing liquid and commercial

dishwashing differs in the aspects mentioned. Personally-made liquid

dishwashing using natural ingredients and minimal packaging were generally

more environment-friendly than commercial dishwashing that often contain

synthetic chemicals and are packaged in plastic bottles that contribute to landfill

waste. In addition, a personally-made dishwashing has the potential to support

local and sustainable agriculture practices if ingredients like Kamias extract were

30
sourced from local farmers or home gardens. Commercial dishwashing, on the

other hand, may rely on large-scale and unsustainable methods of production

and sourcing of ingredients. In terms of their potential impact on aquatic life,

commercial dishwashing often contain chemicals that were harmful to aquatic

life, leading to water pollution and damage to aquatic ecosystems. A personally-

made dishwashing using natural ingredients like Kamias extract may be less

harmful to aquatic life, making it a more environment-friendly option. Another

difference of personally-made dishwashing in a commercial dishwashing liquid

was their potential for allergies and skin irritations. Commercial dishwashing may

contained harsh chemicals and fragrances that can cause skin irritation or allergic

reactions in certain individuals.

A personally-made dishwashing using natural ingredients may be less

likely to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions, making it a better option for

those with sensitive skin. Personally made dishwashing liquid and commercial

dishwashing also differs in terms of availability and accessibility. Commercial

dishwashing were widely available in supermarkets and stores, making it

accessible for consumers. In contrast, a personally made dishwashing with

Kamias extract as ingredient may require more effort to source the ingredients,

making it less accessible for some individuals.

31
Table 1.3: The Properties of the Dishwashing liquid in Proportion no.3

(50:50%)

Properties of 5 4 3 2 1 Total Weighted

liquid excellent Mean

Very Good Fair Poor
detergent
Good

1.Bubbliness

5 1 0 0 0 6 0.26

2.Fragrance

4 4 1 0 0 6 0.3

3.Texture

2 3 1 0 0 6 0.31

4.Color

1 4 1 0 0 6 0.3

5. Ability to

remove stains
6 0 0 0 0 6 0.16

General Weighted Mean 0.31

32
Table 2: AVAILABLE TO REMOVE STAIN

Available to 5 4 3 2 1 Total Weighted

remove stain Mean

Excellence Very Good Fair Poor

Good

Proportion 1

(100:0%) 1 2 3 0 0 6 0.37

Proportion 2

(70:30%) 1 4 1 0 0 6 0.3

Proportion 3

(50:50%) 1 5 0 0 0 6 0.26

In terms of stain removal abilities, there were notable distinctions between

Proportion 1 (100:0%), Proportion 2 (70:30%), and Proportion 3 (50:50%).

Proportion 1 (100:0%) which was comprised solely of pure Kamias extract and

contains oxalic acid was particularly effective at reducing stains such as food

stains ketchup, tallow and oil. On the other hand, Proportion 2 (70:30%) and

Proportion 3 (50:50%), which consists of a combination of Kamias extract and

other components found in a dishwashing liquid. It demonstrated efficacy in stain

removal.

33
 The combination of various components in dishwashing liquid and Kamias

natural cleaning agent, oxalic acid, have proven effective in removing stains from

the plate. With growing concerns over environmental impact, potential impact on

aquatic life, potential for allergies and skin irritation, availability and accessibility,

many individuals have turned to natural and homemade cleaning products,

including dishwashing liquid. One popular ingredient for making dishwashing was

Kamias extract, which is known for its natural cleaning properties. However,

commercial dishwashing liquid also continue to be widely used.

The researchers' personally-made dishwashing liquid and a commercial

dishwashing differs in the aspects mentioned. Personally-made liquid detergents

using natural ingredients and minimal packaging were generally more

environment-friendly than commercial dishwashing that often contain synthetic

chemicals and are packaged in plastic bottles that contribute to landfill waste. In

addition, a personally-made dishwashing has the potential to support local and

sustainable agriculture practices if ingredients like Kamias extract were sourced

from local farmers or home gardens. Commercial dishwashing, on the other

hand, may rely on large-scale and unsustainable methods of production and

sourcing of ingredients. In terms of their potential impact on aquatic life,

commercial dishwashing often contain chemicals that were harmful to aquatic

life, leading to water pollution and damage to aquatic ecosystems.

A personally-made dishwashing liquid using natural ingredients like

Kamias extract may be less harmful to aquatic life, making it a more environment-

friendly option. Another difference of personally-made dishwashing liquid in a

34
commercial dishwashing was their potential for allergies and skin irritations.

Commercial dishwashing may contained harsh chemicals and fragrances that

can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in certain individuals.

A personally-made dishwashing using natural ingredients may be less

likely to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions, making it a better option for

those with sensitive skin. Personally-made dishwashing liquid and commercial

dishwashing also differs in terms of availability and accessibility. Commercial

dishwashing were widely available in supermarkets and stores, making it

accessible for consumers. In contrast, a personally made dishwashing with

Kamias extract as ingredient may require more effort to source the ingredients

and create the formula, making it less accessible for some individuals.

35
 CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Kamias, also known as Averrhoa Bilimbi, Is a tropical fruit native to

Southeast Asia. It was widely used in various culinary preparations, but it also

possesses several medicinal and practical applications. One of the potential uses

of Kamias was as a main ingredient for stain removal.

The effectiveness of Kamias as a stain remover was attributed to its acidic

nature. Kamias contains natural acids, including Oxalic acid, citric acid and

ascorbic acid, which could help break down and dissolve stains. These acids

have strong cleaning properties that can effectively remove different types of

stains, Such as those caused by grease.

The researchers discovered that it was important to note that while Kamias

can be effective for certain types of stains, its effectiveness may vary depending

on the specific stain being treated. Some stains may require multiple applications

or additional treatments to achieve complete removal. It's also worth mentioning

that Kamias, like any other cleaning agent, should be used with caution. The

acidic nature of Kamias may cause discoloration or damage to certain delicate

surfaces of plate. Therefore., it was advisable to test Kamias solution on a small,

inconspicuous area before applying it to the entire stained area.

In conclusion, Kamias can be an effective natural stain remover due to its

acidic properties. However, its efficacy may depend on the type of stain and fabric

36
being treated. It is always recommended to exercise caution and perform a spot

test before applying it to larger areas to avoid any potential damage.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The qualities of the Kamias Dishwashing liquid is to obtained were as

follows based on the research team's results. The Fragrance comes first. Since

Kamias has no distinctive or well-known scent, the researchers added a floral

scent to the liquid detergent to make it more palatable to consumers. The sensory

experience that comes with doing laundry must include scent. The Bubbliness

was next. The surfactant that the researchers utilized enabled Kamias

Dishwashing liquid to already form foam in modest quantities. The Texture comes

next. In terms of thickness, Kamias Dishwashing liquid offers good consistency.

Surfactant was used in the two proportions of 70:30% and 50:50% to improve the

texture. Finally, the Color. Because it mimics both the color of Kamias and the

color of a Dishwashing liquid was green hue can catch respondents attention.

Because it played a significant role in appealing to consumer's eyes, the color of

the dishwashing liquid must be taken into consideration. In terms of stain

removal, it took between twenty six and twenty seven second to completely

eliminate the stains in Proportion No. 1 (100:0%). It simply takes four to 19

second to erase the stains in Proportion No. 2 (70:30%). Lastly, it took three to

eleven second to eliminate stains on the third proportion (50:50%). The kind of

stain being remove and the type of plate being washed are two variables that

determine how long the stain removal process takes.

The research findings indicates that the proportion 3 (50:50%) is the most

37
effective in removing various types of stains due to its efficacy across all

proportions. This conclusion was drawn from a comparison of the data collect

from three (3) different proportions and the (50:50%) yielded the highest weighted

mean, indicating that this proportion was the most effective. After conducting the

research study entitled Effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi (Kamias) as an

Alternative ingredient of Dishwashing liquid for Stain Removal, the researchers

proven that Kamias was indeed effective ingredient in removal of stains.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings of this study, Kamias demonstrated promising result

as a natural Dishwashing liquid for stain removal. The acidic properties of kamias

were effective in removing different types of stain. The result showed that kamias

exhibited the highest removal efficiency for stains. This findings suggest that

kamias could be an ingredient of Dishwashing liquid for stain removal. However,

it was important to note that the Effectiveness of Kamias as a Dishwashing liquid

for stain removal could depend on various factors such as the type of stain

applied, the application of kamias , the amount of time left for soaking, and the

type of plate to be used. Overall, the result of this study support Kamias as an

effective ingredient of natural and eco-friendly liquid detergent for stain removal.

It's effectiveness, along with it's potential for sustainability, makes it a viable

option for household committed to using green products.

38
RECOMMENDATION

After conducting the research study, the researchers suggested several

recommendations for the future researchers who are interested in conducting this

study.

First, it was recommended by the researchers to conduct a thorough

review of the existing literature on the topic to identify gaps in current knowledge

and determined the best research approach to take. Second, it was

recommended to perform experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of Kamias

extract in removing specific types of stains under various conditions, such as

different levels and water temperatures.

Next recommendation was to investigate the possible side effects or

drawbacks of using Kamias extract as an ingredient in Dishwashing liquid

including its impact on the environment and potential allergic reactions. Another

recommendation was to compare the effectiveness of Kamias extract to other

natural ingredients or commercial stain removers to determine its

competitiveness in the market. Additionaly, it was recommended by the

researchers to use or apply the Dishwashing liquid on plates and observe if the

stains will be removed as well.

39
I. DOCUMENTATION

PROPORTION 1: (100:0%)

BEFORE

AFTER

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