Second Semester: 4th Quarter

LESSON 3:
HORMONES AND THE
COORDINATING
SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
AND PLANTS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
• Explain the characteristics and functions of Endocrine
system
• Compare and contrast the following processes in plants
and animals
 ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
The endocrine system
consists of glands that
Hierarchy serves as a guide. make hormones.
HORMONES
These are regulatory chemicals secreted by glands
that coordinate and control different functions of
the body by carrying messages through the blood
to the organs, skin, muscles and other tissues.
ENDOCRINE GLAND
These are organs that are specialized to secrete
hormones. There are two types of glands:

Endocrine
or Exocrine glands
Ductless glands
DUCTLESS GLANDS EXOCRINE
It release their secretions or
GLANDS
products directly into the It release their secretions or
blood stream. products through ducts.
Examples:
• Pituitary gland • Thymus gland Examples:
• Pineal gland • Adrenal glands • Mammary
• Thyroid gland • Pancreas • Tear
• Parathyroid • Ovary & Testes • Salivary glands
glands
ENDOCRINE
GLANDS &
THEIR
FUNCTIONS
PITUITARY GLAND
It is considered as the “master gland” because it
controls the release of other hormones.
It is divided into two portions:

Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary

Gland Gland
 ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
• Front lobe
It secretes the following
hormones:
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Growth hormone (GH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Prolactin
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
• Back lobe
It secretes the following
hormones:
• Oxytocin
• Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
 PINEAL GLAND
Melatonin
• Sleeping and
Breeding
 THYROID GLAND
Triiodothyronine (T3)
and Thyroxine (T4)
• Metabolism, growth and
development, body temperature
and heart rate

Calcitonin
• Lowers blood calcium level
 PARATHYROID
GLAND
Parathyroid hormone
(Parathormone)
• Raises blood
calcium level
 THYMUS GLAND

Thymosin
• Controls formation
of antibodies
 PANCREAS
Insulin by Beta Cells
• Controls blood glucose level; stimulates
fat, protein, glycogen synthesis

Glucagon by Alpha Cells

• Controls glycogen

Somatostatin by Delta Cells

• Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
 ADRENAL GLANDS
A. Adrenal Cortex
• Glucocorticoid’s cortisol
• Mineralocorticoids

B. Adrenal Medulla
• Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
/ Norepinephrine
(Noradrenaline)
 ADRENAL GLANDS
Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoid’s cortisol
• Increases blood sugar; helps the
body adapt to long-term stress

Mineralocorticoids
• Maintains the balance of sodium
and potassium ion excretion in
cells
 ADRENAL GLANDS
Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine (Adrenaline) /
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
• Initiates response to stress;
blood vessels constriction;
increases heart rate, blood
pressure, and metabolic rate
 OVARIES
Estrogen
• Stimulates the development of female
secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone
• Stimulates development of mammary glands;
completes preparation for pregnancy
 TESTES
Testosterone
• Stimulates the development of male
secondary sex characteristics;
regulates sperm and development
formation
PLANT
HORMONES &
THEIR
FUNCTIONS
 AUXIN
Master growth regulator

• Produced in the apical

regions of the plant
• Main hormone responsible
for cell elongation
• Root development
• Can also inhibit leaf
abscission (leaf falling)
 CYTOKININ
cell division hormone

• Produced in the apex of

root meristems and
immature fruits
• Promotes mitosis
• Bud formation
• Chloroplast development
• Delays aging
 ABSCISIC ACID
dormancy and stress hormone

• Produced by mature
fruits, leaves, root caps,
and seeds
• Inhibits the effect of
other hormones and the
growth of buds
• Regulates closing of the
stomata
 GIBBERELLIC ACID
growth hormone

• Produced in the root and shoot apices,

young leaves, and seeds
• Promotes stem elongation and enzyme
production in germinating seeds
 ETHYLENE
senescence hormone

• Produced by the root and

shoot apical meristems,
aging flowers, and fruits
• Promotes fruit ripening
and controls leaf and
flower abscission
• Suppresses stem and root
elongation
 BRASSINOSTEROIDS
steroid hormone

• Serve as steroid
hormones; their
effects include cell
division, elongation,
bonding, and
delayed senescence
 OLIGOSACCHARIDES
Fight-or-flight hormone

• Abundant in cell walls

of plants
• Affects the signal
defense responses of
plants
QUICK RECAP
1. Auxin Growth
2. Cytokinin Cell Division
3. Abscisic Acid (ABA) Stress
4. Gibberellic Acid (GAs) Elongation
5. Ethylene Ripening
6. Brassinosteroids Steroid/mimic
7. Oligosaccharides Signaling/Fight-or-flight
THANK YOU (: