MODULE 1  On October 21, he finally discovered the strait he

had been seeking. The Strait of Magellan, as it

HISTORY
became known, is located near the tip of South
 The branch of knowledge dealing with past America, separating Tierra del Fuego and the
events, a continuous, systematic narrative of past continental mainland.
events as relating to a particular peiople, county,  Only three ships entered the passage; one had
period, person, etc., usually written as a been wrecked and another deserted. It took 38
chronological account days to navigate the treacherous strait, and when
ocean was sighted at the other end Magellan
PRIMARY SOURCES wept with joy.
 May include diaries, letters, interviews, oral  He was the first European explorer to reach the
histories, photographs, newspaper articles, Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic. His fleet
government documents, poems, novels, paly and accomplished the westward crossing of the ocean
music in 99 days, crossing waters so strangely calm that
the ocean was named “Pacific,” from the Latin
SECONDARY SOURCES word pacificus, meaning “tranquil.”
 Secondary sources are generally scholarly books  By the end, the men were out of food and
and articles. A secondary source interprets and chewed the leather parts of their gear to keep
analyze primary sources themselves alive. On March 6, 1521, the
expedition landed at the island of Guam.
MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION CIRCUMNAVIGATES GLOBE  Ten days later, they dropped anchor at the
Philippine island of Cebu–they were only about
 One of Ferdinand Magellan’s five ships—
400 miles from the Spice Islands. Magellan met
the Victoria—arrives at Sanlúcar de Barrameda in
with the chief of Cebú, who after converting
Spain, thus completing the first circumnavigation
to Christianity persuaded the Europeans to assist
of the world. The Victoria was commanded by
him in conquering a rival tribe on the neighboring
Basque navigator Juan Sebastian de Elcano, who
island of Mactan. In subsequent fighting on April
took charge of the vessel after the murder of
27, Magellan was hit by a poisoned arrow and left
Magellan in the Philippines in April 1521.
to die by his retreating comrades.
 During a long, hard journey home, the people on
 After Magellan’s death, the survivors, in two
the ship suffered from starvation, scurvy, and
ships, sailed on to the Moluccas and loaded the
harassment by Portuguese ships. Only Elcano, 17
hulls with spice. One ship attempted,
other Europeans, and four Indians survived to
unsuccessfully, to return across the Pacific. The
reach Spain in September 1522.
other ship, the Victoria, continued west under the
 On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from
command of Juan Sebastian de Elcano. The vessel
Spain in an effort to find a western sea route to
sailed across the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape
the rich Spice Islands of Indonesia. In command of
of Good Hope, and arrived at the Spanish port
five ships and 270 men, Magellan sailed to West
of Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 6, 1522,
Africa and then to Brazil, where he searched the
becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the
South American coast for a strait that would take
globe. The Victoria then sailed up the
him to the Pacific.
Guadalquivir River, reaching Seville a few days
 He searched the Rio de la Plata, a large estuary
later.
south of Brazil, for a way through; failing, he
 Elcano was later appointed to lead a fleet of
continued south along the coast of Patagonia. At
seven ships on another voyage to Moluccas on
the end of March 1520, the expedition set up
behalf of Emperor Charles V. He died of scurvy en
winter quarters at Port St. Julian.
route.
 On Easter day at midnight, the Spanish captains
mutinied against their Portuguese captain, but
Magellan crushed the revolt, executing one of the
captains and leaving another ashore when his
ship left St. Julian in August
 MODULE 2
KATIPUNAN
 The failure of the reform movement was already
evident in 1892 when Rizal was arrested and
banished to Dapitan.
 Yet the more hopeful among the middle class still
hung on to the conviction that they could soften
THE KATIPUNAN OBJECTIVES
the heart of mother Spain into granting the
reforms demanded.
 It is for this reason that the reform movement
continued for four more years or until 1896 when
the masses, led by Andres Bonifacio, were forced
to take to the field against the Spaniards. Andres
Bonifacio, a man of scanty education but
nevertheless highly intelligent, founded
the Katipunan on the very night that the news of
Rizal's deportation to Dapitan leaked out.
 Unlike the members of the middle class, Bonifacio
and his plebeian associates did not dream of
mere reforms. They were interested in liberating
the country from the tyranny of the Spaniards,
and the only way, to their minds, to accomplish
their end was to prepare the people for an armed
conflict.
 Thus, the Katipunan was founded on a radical
platform, namely, to secure the independence
and freedom of the Philippines by force of arms.
THE FOUNDING OF KATIPUNAN
 The news of Rizal's deportation shocked and
surprised the people, for Rizal to them was the
symbol of freedom. That night of July 7, 1892,
Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata,
Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a few
others, met secretly at a house on Azcarraga (now
Claro M. Recto Avenue), near Elcano Street,
Tondo, and decided to form a new association
called Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan
nang manga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan for
short.
 The men gathered around a flickering table lamp,
performed the ancient blood compact, and signed
their membership papers with their own blood. It
was agreed to win more members to the society
by means of the triangle method in which an
original member would take in two new members
who did not know each other, but knew only the
original member who took them in.
 Thus, original member A, for instance, would take
in new members B and C. Both B and C knew A,
but B and C did not know each other. Also agreed
upon during the meeting was the payment of an
entrance fee of one real fuerte(twenty-five
centavos) and a monthly due of a media
real (about twelve centavos).
 Under the leadership of Bonifacio,
the Katipunan laid down three fundamental
objectives or aims: political, moral and civic. The
political objectives consisted in working for the
separation of the Philippines from Spain.
 The moral objective revolved about around the
teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals,
and attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism,
and weakness of character. The civic aim revolved
around the principle of self-help and the defense
of the poor and the oppressed.
 All members were urged to come to the aid of the
sick comrades and their families, and in case of
death the society itself was to pay for the funeral
expenses. For the purpose of economy however,
the society saw to it that the funeral was of the
simplest kind, avoiding unnecessary expenses so
common under the rule of the friars.
 The Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK was a revolutionary
society that espoused independence and freedom
for the Philippines through force of arms.
 Its main objective was separation of the
Philippines from Spain, and at the same time, the
development of the Filipinos as citizens of their
own nation once independence was achieved.
The latter was done through the written works by
Bonifacio and fellow katipunero, Emilio Jacinto,
who wrote a number of poems and essays for the
society members.
 The recruitment process of the Katipunan
followed the Masonic initiation rites while its
structure was said to be based on Rizal’s aborted
reformist organization, the La Liga Filipina. The
new members of the society were indoctrinated
with the Katipunan rules and its teachings that
emphasized the value of the love of one’s county
and fellow Filipinos.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
 Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
 November 30, 1893 – May 10, 1897
 a Filipino revolutionary leader and the president
of the Tagalog Republic
 He is often called "The Father of the Philippine
Revolution”
 He was one of the founders and
later Supremo (Supreme Leader) of the Kataas-
taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan or more commonly known as the
"Katipunan", a movement which sought the
independence of the Philippines from Spanish
colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution
 He was also one of the Filipino historical figures to
be recommended as a national hero of the
Philippines
 In 1892 Bonifacio was one of the founding
members of José Rizal's La Liga Filipina, an
organization which called for political reforms
in Spain's colonial government of the Philippines.
 However, La Liga disbanded after only one
meeting as Rizal was arrested and deported
to Dapitan in Mindanao. Bonifacio, Apolinario
Mabini and others revived La Liga in Rizal's
absence and Bonifacio was active at organizing
local chapters in Manila. He would become the
chief propagandist of the revived Liga.
 La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial
support to the Propaganda Movement of
Filipino reformists in Spain.
EMILIO JACINTO
 Born on December 15, 1875 in the district of
Trozo in Tondo, Manila
 Son of Mariano Jacinto, a bookkeeper, and Josefa
Dizon
 Living a life of poverty, Jacinto still managed to get
a good education. He finished his elementary
education in a private school then took up his
secondary education at the Colegio de San Juan
de Letran.
 He later studied law at the University of Santo
Tomas where he developed a love of reading and
improved his skills in Spanish. Unfortunately, he
had to stop his studies when the Philippine
Revolution began in 1896.
 He joined Katipunan in 1894 at age 18 with the
symbolic name Pingkian.
 With his enthusiasm and ideas, he became a
guiding light to the members of the society. He
wrote the Kartilya as well as the oath of the
Katipuneros: he also edited the Katipunan
newspaper, Kalayaan, and the author of several
literary writing with the pen-name “Dimas Ilaw.”
 Jacinto served the Katipunan in different
capacities such as secretary, fiscal, editor, and
later was appointed General by Bonifacio and also
served as an adviser to the Supremo.
 After the death of Bonifacio in 1897, Jacinto
continued to fight against the Spaniards even
after the truce following the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
 He was wounded and captured in Magdalena,
Laguna. He was quickly released after convincing
the Spaniards that he was a spy in their service
when he showed a military pass issued to a man
that he killed several months ago. Jacinto quickly
went into hiding in Manila in which he sent a
letter to Apolinario Mabini in Malolos, Bulacan
stating his plan to continue his law studies at
University of the Philippines.
 But this plan discontinued when he had to go
back to Laguna to lead his fellow patriots in the
war against the new enemy, the Americans.
Jacinto established his headquarters in the town
of Majayjay where he unfortunately contracted
malaria. He died on April 6, 1899.
 In his study of the Katipunan history and its
documents, Jim Richardson said that “the Kartilya
is the best known of all Katipunan texts” and that
it is “the only document of any length of any set
on print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896
that is known to be still extant.”
 The Kartilya was printed as a small pamphlet that
was distributed to the members of the Katipunan.
Its term was derived from the Spanish cartilla
which was the primer used for grade schools
during the Spanish period. And like the cartillas,
this document served as the primary lessons for
the members of the Katipunan.