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n elctncal

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eueL
m
r etc
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dt
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jor
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i
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t tu l
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it votag dveloptd
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tim
th
b uhind as
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PP V.1 1R
(or) V
or)R
t
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a
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duneud
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ron) thnugh
4. tsI
by
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that po puy
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ti
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dpends
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e
onduehr
Subtauu.or)

R A A
ohm.

veistivit
a thcanduetor(or Subta

it uptnds on h natu matuuial

Conduclily

Concluciaue(Unitmho)
Conduél
Restau a malnial also dapends on h
mpratl A.

hwu,
R, = istomeeat o'

R Reittomes at tc
Tempratwru rtuta
Coetrnt

+t
Ohm' laus

Stati
Laus that physiLal sat

i
Ohm'
it tumpratuntett. umaining thu smb, th
Cwut through a Conductod lyppo
diuet pr por
tiona t h poialittou
applid aeoe
iends.

R anstant,

R
knorov
slop R
V= IR Conatamt|
V
Ohms Laus Can nel b applitd urcu t
Consihun UnilatuulL
elumuni
Ohms law alao Can nat be applird turui
tontainingnon inuaelumunts

beiu and Parall

Ciruit
Svis Ciruit
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uaittprs tonnutd nd to end ,
Ao

that thy om only o pab orth

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nuu.Such
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n
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rmiutmu
feui'velnt t uruit
Rt RatRs
 OY
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3am
damu twwut lshroug th iruit.
allpa-ts thu
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voltaqu ual
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aos dittouat
povdt th irt.
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ou addittve.

tiruit
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ta Commovn
peitmd thr end jointd t
ameho ommom thu uislors
poit, a said e t
Con
neetd t
porallul Auch iritkuon aL as

paalluiruit. R
1 1 ww-
n ea DPalll
tu auivaluut
tiruit.
ww R2

tana tan
tameL caledatd ww. Rs

0,

R R uru'
anall
 for a paalluluruu
) Same awm alllhu brauehu.of thu tiruk
votag,
t) DiHout banthu
ttToal uruitwvud
CwAwts
have

i
hirfndivi'duul
hu Aum
w
9
urt.
individal

Kirchhoff%Lauss

. KirchhoftsCuvutLaw
KCL
Accor dn th Laus, thu algebraieSum o
elutnoC melinat a umetion (ora pein

(or)
Thu Bum m Com ming To ward

Omu Pint ua ttusUm butging

cwunt m 1=o
-ve thatpeit.
auway

n nco mmi ny +Ve

Cory
4
2.kichhojj'
Voltoge lau

CKVL)
Actording khchhojf'svoltage lau hu alpcbrau
Su of dumut ltasaound a elost Loep
Ys
R R
w-w
V,t
V Vs -Y4 0
V4 R
ont
Convenli +Ye voLta Rise
ve Ve ta Falor Drop

Cunnt vision
Rule
1
T

R
i
V

R,R
Nott Tirulin oy validor appliable
only fr
tr
two taucisat a
 Cscuit+ Keduction Tecmige

a Se-iesCombinortionofResislances

wwwM wwm
+V,
+&- V

InSeiesCombirationhe curenttooyhq
4he Ressancesenoin Same -eveY vol4geget
dvide
Fos ResiAos Ri FoResishoxR
V= R V
VR
Voltagedivision
ReR,t
Rz
Role.
Sie volHoge ccoLs Resistor
is propotttoal
AD 4he

hese foxe
,Rv
valueof Resistance

V
v of
This Rse is appKcoble dn nmbes
Ressentes Simuleens
b) PasallelCcmbinaton of Resiytaes.

wwM
www-
R2

Tn onmbivettonof Res'steshe volHage

anallel
RenoimSane fstall he Resistosand Cote qeA
divideinunse Popoton of he uleof Ressave

inResko R
V= R, V= P2

CUTen4 dvicion Rule

Re=RR+RzB
SieCossetFloimheResistoris
o he Resiytaevalne.
invtxl
PooRoioal

Mot-
and
e)
This uleisvalid
esshAmces at a ime.
onl8too
 of CsitElements
Classificadiom

a)Achue Elements

The 2lementy okicm ate Soe of enPI1Chd

aluotsSupply eneay to 4e nPhusoxk ase CaliPd
AcHue element. The SPpliedeney m be o
e solarcells,
Boteies, 8ehesatos estc

(b) Passi
ve Elements

Th
The elemebts hich etrdsipaeor Sstonethe

ehf8 axe lledpssie lemnt

-Resistor,andottox,Copecitoete.
a a ne Element
The element vose outfsase tinenj
disecty
proRhionalto he inptasecolldlineos
elemai

of-Sagefaitio
CinesEIPMentfottourgrwipe

CAaid)
Le
)
inpod

and if
oodCy

hen
amogenich)
 he ElAmend o addti
folloosPhtiple y
Pircde
4hem i iscalled follousy
Om hooJenitg
qnd id (sa linen
Supe Pesition elepn
Puse R, L,c e.
aphical

+2
22 L

Non lieoNElenet
The elAnemts which desn+ follo Pindple
of supespaátianis alledhonlinrElemant
C diode,Choke ee.
8pmicoll

3 Lwmped Elements
Jfchy PasameAP% Con be ASsompå o be Concen tatd
Cwmped)ot one pointjsseapaive of4es Pryical
Sizeand propeties,uoi
Wost affecting eectioal e
Prorrsies
O e Pacete, 4hen it is Co cs lonped reein.
Resitame, Jndsdance.aacilanre
BDistbu rd Elemfmts

he
oues the
Paemet Camno
Cemcenbated otone Roint
cisuit,
and
is led
e
i
be OssomPd to be
is distibord

DistobotPdrAmetr
al

)f
e

l
Resisaenceoe #ndulence
line.

ila Element
Ke volta9Pqhd
srespechive
hen he device s Colled Riatal
animistia

ie
CuTTe 3elations qeso
of 4e disecionof Cosvet ine
element
deuice.

ePstDprstyos behavioorof eltmentdoes noaf

depend on disechiomotloaf Crent

es Resisteme,ondscdance etc
ag hical

O thalGlemeMs
ThP lementtinhichvol}a
both he direciomor flos
ofCOTt
ase ColedoilataEleert
e
es Dode, transists
 Network Thorems

t duetial
ntwork
horem
Supuposilion

In a inta,bilatrualmutwork Conai nn moL

than ont n olupendunt vota and cw t

6
bramc ih
tansusy
atlungSimul

calculatd
h
algebricsum

tati
ng OnL
upons in a_poli
cula

n dividual
responit
indupmdunt sowu at
aum wwww,
AU thn imdupndut valtugu 46u short a
rui'ud Teplacud by thir
OY

m pedmu uwatamu
in intonal t
ARA ethindupmdut wwunt Su aL opm
ciruitu
tor) au uplaud thirinternal
Ampedams pr aMAtont .
Lt hwn
pst
a
th
Teplacd
r
dupndint votama
uit twm
Short
ouAuch
urt irut,
wwunt

and opun
A0

sheuld

ghould b kupt a Thy an

 nd
xapl1. th Cuvunt thregh thu 6.S
position ovemn.
N
up
w-
3.
w9
6 (F)60v
120v

SI"
Sp I

R6
shont

cisak
119
6x9 54
arui
ing 60v

120
velag ouLCL
3 -
6
,FTt

3t 15

R 3.6 3

N, Ree, 3tR
He, 3+3.6 (20v 6 11 9= R
6.6
1 120 18 A.
=18.18
66

Uana

1 1x
Ruli,
Cwint'Pivision
. = X o.9091 A

-
8-1818
15

Stup Shor
rai
Ey 20 V seunc,
voullagt
3
W-
W- 60v

R. 311
6
6v
 R 36 8 292
36 9

Re 2t 9 = IL
UL
a1 Rulu
Cuumt Divi'sin

3
3+6

50 605.4545 A
+2
Meu

1 5.4545 3
3t6
1.818j 4

Thuort Curumt threuh 6 TeAa tam

lo.9091 8181
9.091 A
89
valu cwvut
weusm 4 resùtor ui 4 3A
Supupositim
thore

|
stp Tahung 6V voiauCL,t 0Pen a'rwl
Cwwt SuneL
8
M
2
6v
0.5
Stup

8
ahung 3A CwUumt
UALnq
SowiL
CwwLd Divistm u
4 Short ufuutuny

12 3x8 24 2 Amp
)3A 4+8 2

tuo,Cuut hreugh 4 reistu

05t2
9.5 A. A
7 PraliuAuans on.Superposili thovm
2 4
W 8
nd Cwvut threi
8n 2A wtor

W find hrough 2 reta

JOv )3 2ix UAn Supen posihon thorem.

Agal4
5
w- find. 1 uvirgspupositin
Lov
thuortm
 5
2. Thevenin'sThuore

i
mDAL dependut
one o
AAny ineaxutworkConiaineng
dmd or indptmolut votag o Cuut COm

a euivaluntnutoork tainirg
con
be uplatud by
votagu 3un iy tanu.

WRt A

Given RL
Ntork
or
Voo

Thvenin'Eq:CirH
wu,
Vm Thevenin's Vetag

Rth Thuvenin' Eer Ressstamee

V
Rh+RL

thevinin's
Thuo em
-
oD Cadu For Solving Network

stp Designalu 2 ujatorRL au Jbad..

siup 1 For Caleulalion LThvenn'y:

Vo ta)
for th valui
Calelirg Vtw Amove lsad

istr
i.t.
R and th ve ltagu acnoA
tlelati
 thaluuunal hich wiu be VV.
Caleulalion Rt
i'ndupandmt
Fer nding Rh vodtag suwu
uplaidla
e hir
shtircuit nter
nal AAtau amd dndspndnt

Hplad uruito
Cuuunt

ta h
iutame.Thum
thur internal
cirit
fom
open

Calculat qi
Joad
valut
wwhal
Sup

Caleulati t
Doaw
valu
thiymn' 'A

Vh
L t.e
ciruttand

thRL

Ex:ind cuwvut thueugh

2 4
w-
4 nestor

6v
W-

4 2V

s R 4s
Remeve ar
rais Le 4 S2 ristor.
2
w
Locad

w-
4
Cv 12v= 61
6V 12v
l:-1 Amp
 4

V 41+12
Vrh 12 v
Vn4 -1)
+2

Vtn 8v

Rh Short rit thdlu Vs Lta ety4 Remave RL

2
w 2114
2x
6
4 /s
Nou, e ckt-
thvenin's

M-
8v n T AL4
24 24 154A
6
.Maximum Pouou Tamae Tuoremw
9

Jn on acive nttwork,

ppu wilbe
th mayimum
dlivvud t oad
.
ameunt
utan
hn oad suis
taML s eual t uveund
Ntanu(Rm) °r
nutwork
orton'sRui

peuou.
t lR») th

Prootomayimum pwl transsuhortmw

Toeolaim h
tondituon for mai
Ja ivim twork s replaud b
u powtrtrana
thevemin's

enuivalnt suit.
R Load Raistamu
RL Aad

Poube

P
Duivouds

R
th dnad i
 Rh1R)

for max. Pouden

muat be zvd ie

d VRLR].

2
Rmt R) x Vih Rx2(Pm* PL) D

RttR)xVh Van 2RmtRL)-0

RntR 2RL
RthRL
7h tu Conditontor mAy peutrrang

Now, Marimum Poer

Vm Rth PL rma.
pouwt

RthR
 0.
Vt
2 Rh

PowtY dulivwud t Load

Pma RL
V Rm
(Ran)
fmax V
4B+h

n
Proudw for Sovi anutwork usng Maximum

rams horem

Step 1. Cadulate th thvin's h

v6ttageVth

otep 2 Calaulat t thvmin's Rh

ruistanuuRan

Dra hvmin'euivalut
ntuwork

SLp 4 R R ivs marumum pouex trantu

Aoad

May Poo,Pmay hRt

Van