112 Port Il: The Progressioe Era, 1895-1920 the solenm responsibilities our sacrod flag, in its deepest meaning. puts upon us. And so, Senators, ‘with reverent hearts, where dwells the fear of God, the American people move forward to the future of thelr hope and the doing of His work. Senators, adopt the resolution offered, that peace may quickly come and that we may bogn our saving, regenerating, and uplifting work. Adopt it, and this bloodshed vil cease when these deluded children of ‘nr islands leam that thiss the final word of the rep- resentatives of the American people in Congress assembled. Reject it, and the world, history, and the ‘American people will know where to forever fi the {vf renponstlity for the consequences that will surely follow such failure to do our manifest duty. How dare we delay when our soldiers’ blood fs flowing? ViewPoint 13B ‘America Should Not Rule the Philippines (1900) Joseph Henry Crooker (1850-1931) “The American Anti-Imperialist Leagne was found: ced in 1998 to protest the U.S. acquisition of Spanish colonies following the Spanish-Amertcan War. A ‘central area of concern was the Philippines, aforiner Spanish colony ten thousand miles from California saath a population of seven million people. La 1899 the newly annexed American colony became the site of a prolonged military struggle between American soldiers stationed there and nationalist rebels, which {intensified the domestic controversy over American imperial. The league pressed its case against col- ‘nizing the Philippines through meetings, speeches, and pamphlets. The following viewpoint is taken from a 1900 pamphlet written by Teague member Joseph Henry Crooker, a Unitarian clergyman and author of several books on religious issues. ‘What does Crooker see as most alarming about the American acquisition of the Philippines? How does he differentiate between continental and overseas expansion? Are Crookers views of the Filipina le, as expressed in this viewpoint, more or less repiced ta those of Albert) Beveridge nvew point 13A? paliical doctrine is now preached in our Inidst that i the most alarming evidence of oral decay that ever appeared in American ison. baleful sigufeance const, not spl in its moral hatefulness, but in the fact that its advo- vom foueph ear Cola, The Memo to Amer (Chiao Aer tigen tg, 190) cates are so numerous and so prominent, tis this A powerful nation, represeatative of civ flzation, has the right, for the general good of hhomanity, to buy, conquer subjugate, control, and gover feeble and backward races and peoples, with- Gut reference to their wishes or opinions. ‘This is preached from pulpits as the gospel of Christ, It I proclaimed in executive documents as “American statesmanship. Itis defended in legislative halls as the beginning of a more glorious chapter in human history Its boastfully declaimed from the platform as the first great act in the regeneration of mankind. It is published ‘in innumerable editorials, red with eres for blood and hot with hast for gold, as the call of God to the American people ‘Bt how came these men to know so clearly the rind of the Almighty? Was the cant of picty ever tie anol se? Wa slices eer move wantonly arrayed in the vestments of sanctity? Js this the modern chivalry of the strong tothe weak? Then let us surrender all our fair deals and admit that might alone makes right. Is this the duty of reat nations to small peoples? Then morality is a Saas gepel of ens? Then tus top diate the Golden Kule. Is his the crowning lesson of Amaia to the work? Thon let ws enone ou A Hateful Doctrine This doctrine is the maxim of bigotry, “The end justifies the means,” reshaped hy the ambition of Fels pliant enforced by tego of self {sh speculators, Its infinitely worse than the poliey Fae Gl ecesante, or hey had in vie thes vation of others, while the advocates ofthis seek the Subjagation of others. The colonial motive, now stir- ring among us, is not iove for others, The mask f too thin and too black to deceive even a savage Filipino. "A similar motive and policy piled the fagots (bun- dled sticks] about every burning martyr. It tumed fevery thumbscrew that tortured heretics. It laid on the lash that drew blood from the back of every sul fering save. This teaching unbars the bottomless pit and lets loose upon the world every demon that ever Yexed the human race. [tunchains every wild passion that has lingered in man’s blood since it upward from the bruto, Tt prepares the path Rich the despot wil reach his drone of fray and {tars him with instruments of oppression. ‘To banish this theory of human affairs from the new world Washington suffered at Valley Forge and Conte at Yorktown. To destroy the a vestige of this hateful policy, Grant conquered at Appomaitox. ‘his not Gue Americanism, ut the contraction of every principle for which we have contended and in which we have gloried for over a century. This isi } | | | | | not the upward way of evilization, but the backward descent to barbarism, I this be Duty let us recite no more the Master’ [Jesus] exeed of love, If this be Destiny, let us pro- claim no more the rights of men, If this be Patriotism, let us sing no more “America.” We must rewrite the “Star Spangled Banner” and make its theme the praise of conquest and colonization, We must erase the motto, “E Pluribus Unum,” and inscribe instead. “One nation in authority over many people.” We must tear up the Declaration of Independence and put in its place “A Summary of the Duties of Colonists to “Their Master” Bat this is political athetsm. Something more than the welfare of distant plesisat sake, We coodenn hs teaching wal py, hot simply to secure justice for the brown man, but 6 insure justice and freedom for ourselves. The motive of our protest is more than friendship for him: itis devotion to principles of liberty that are the necessary conditions of universal hnman progress, The feelin ‘of sympathy and justice ought to rule us in these rela- ‘Hons. But every advocate of our present national pol- fy outrages these sentiments whenever he makes his defense. His words ring false. And yet, the heart of the matter lies far decpex The true glory of America | is imperiled. Tho happiness of our descendants is assailed. The mission of Ameria as the representa- tive and guardian of Liberty isin question. The per- petuity of free institutions hangs in the balance. Our National Shame We cannot worship this golden calf and go un- scoured. We cannot violate the principles of or fovermmont and enjoy the blessing of those prin los. We cannot deny freedom acres the ocetn and Frain fat home, This Nation emnot endure with wr ofits people citizens and par colonists The Wa ase a elory it als at once over freemen trv subjets, We eannot long rule osher men and erp oot wn Her In the igh and holy mune of humanity, we ae trampling upen the sights of men Bue Nena, The mask nj tum totitternes esl fad onrehesn chains Most of al, we lnnent the stain that has comet cur fag, not irom the soldier earying , but fom the policy that has compelled him to carry iin an unjust cause. On exeetve bands fal, not only the Blood of the hunted islander, but the Blood of the Aerican murdered by the ambition that sent him fivade distant lands, What we mest deplore he steht a ain have ne of ured rahi in the worlds great work of roan erancipa- tion, What we most bitterly mourn is that wo, by our sellsh dreams of mere commer, have pled Ststacles mountain high in he way of progress ‘Whats tostsurpesing and most lasing isthe American Empire: Debate over the Philippines 113, fact that lange numbers of our people still call this national ambition for conquest and domision a form of exalted patriotism, But we are surely under the spel ofa malig influence. A false Americanism has captivated our reason and corrupted our conscience. May ths hypnotic thang, induced bythe litering but deceptive bauble of imperialism, speedily pass tway, and may these fellow etzens become ain true Americans, free to labor for the liberty of all men, and intent on helping the lowly ofall lands to independenes. “This Nation cannot endure with part of its people citizens and part colonists.” Its time that all American citizens should look mare carefully into the conditions and tendencies which ‘consitute whut may well be called, “The Menace to America,” Lat me discuss bielly certain phases of what sites ominously before vs as the Philippine problem Tes» prflem ef wae impor tance, and Jett has not been treated as fly 8 ts feat magnitude and inherent difficulties deserve Gre of the alarming indications of the hour ist popular unwillingness to admit tat these new pol EGS present any serious problem, The seme tobe no general recognition that anything strange or dan- {gerous is happening Those who mse a cry of warn- Ing are denounced as pessimists, thoso who enter criticism are branded as traitors. We are told in a Jumty manner to have faith inthe Ametican people i nd ede” nals the wl he demagngue easy. Ths inifierence to political discussion ie the syrnptom of the paralysis of rue pitts Slaughter and Destruction The following is one phase of the popular argi- rent in justification of our oriental aggressions: The obligations af humanity domandod that we take pos session ofthe Philippine Islands in order to prevent the anarchy which would certainly have followed had we taken any other course than that which we di. ‘But would a hte native-grown anarchy have been as bad as the slaughter and destruction which we have intruded? Let us remember that we ourselves have already killed and wounded thousands of the ‘inhabitants, We have arrayed tribe against tribe; we have desolated homes and burned villages, agricul- fuze and commerce have been prostrated; and final Jy, we have created hatrod of ourselves in tho breasts ‘of millions of people to remain for years to plague us114 _Part Il: The Progressive Eva, 1895-1920 and them, It is not likely that i left to themselves anything half so serious woukd have occurred. It is perfectly clear that some other attitude towards those Islands besides that of domination, which this Nation most unfortunately took, would have pro vented these results ‘And we are not yet atthe ond. Recurring outbreaks against us as intruders, by people desirous of inde- pendence, will undoubtedly produce more distress and disorder in the next ten years (if our present pol- icy is maintained) than would have resulted from native incapacity. Moreover, there are no facts in ev dence that warrant the assertion that anarchy would hhave followed had we leit them more to themselves. ‘This is wholly an unfounded assumption, It would certainly have been well to have waited and given them a chance before interfering, That we did not ‘wait, that we did not give them a chance, is proof pos- itive that our national pelicy was not shaped by con siderations of humanity or @ reasonable desire to ben efit them, but by a spit of selfish aggrandizement. Whose Financial Gain? oe cocoon ope st pe so arred away by wild Peter ee ern erence ere these Islands. It is bad one ae vatriotism: upon the altar of Mammon; but itis clear that inthis eee eee ge rere ea ie ‘The sama conse cur Nation wl nga by the cnlary adler tu Pape ‘rl be atleast 100000000, This the taxpger ene earner erg a a sepeee 8 oe pear eee cae a ya ey rae ee Seer hemp, sugar, tobaceo and Inmber, ‘The proposition is a plain one. These Islands will cost us, the common people, a hundred million dol- lars a year. The profits from them, possibly an equal erie eet eee eee ie tery sleek speculative scheme for transferring vast sums of money from the people at large to the bank Seconnts oa er monopetns Can ay one en thing very helpful to the common taxpayer in such a polis? This a serious problem for consideration, it Addition to the competition of American labor with heap fate workmen oe teint ros "Te question presse Can sachs ple work anything but hua her ote average Ameen Citzen® For one Ido at cre to oy th bate tone every ne fdas cock ty a tle oF eee eed those distant islanders, unnecessary burdens to our ‘own people, and a still larger store for speculators to Ihe used in cormupting American polities! What Is “Expansion?” A passionate demand for expansion has taken pos- sessbn ofthe American ingiation It conned, ‘We must come out of our litle comer and take our place on the worldstage ofthe nations. But what has been the real expansion of our Nation for over a century? It has been two-fold. (1) The extension of our frog institutions westward across the continent to the Pacific coast: (2) the pow- erful influence of our sepublican principles through- ‘out the world, Our politcal ideals have modified the sentiments of great nations; our people have flowed ‘over contiguous territories and planted there the same civ, social, religious and educational institu- tions that they possessed in their Eastern home. All this bas been @ normal and natural growth of true Americanism. The policy that now popularly bears the name “expansion ie sonething rial different; and tis in no sense the expansion of America. Our people have been sadly deceived by something far worse than. an optical illusion—a deceptive phrase has lured them into danger and toward despotism, To buy 10,000,000 distant islanders is the expansion of Jefferson Davis, not the expansion of Abraham Lin- coln, To tax far-off colonists without their consent is the expansion of the policy of [British king] George TL, not the expansion of the patriotism of George Washington. To rule without representation subject peoples isnot the expansion of Americanism, but the triumph of imperialism The poliey advocated isthe suppression of Ameri- can principles, the surrender of our sublime ideals, and the end of our henoficent ministry of liberty among the nations. Just because I want to see Amer- ia expand I condeinn the policy as unpatriotic. Let us not deceive ourselves: the expansion of military rule and sordid commercialism is not the expansion of our real strength or true glory. Let us not mistake the renunciation of American ideals for the expan- sion of American institutions Flag and Constitutio ‘Wherever the flag goes, there the constitution must 20. Wherever the flag waves, there the whole of the lag must be present. Wherever the constitution is extended, there the entire constitution must rule. If any one does not wish to accept these consequences, then lt the lag be brought back tothe spot where it ‘can represent true Americanism, and Americanism in its entirety. What shall our banner be tothe Pilipino? A symbol of his own liberty or the hated emblem of a foreign oppressor? Shall i lst over him in Manila assamere subject and say to him when he lands in San pFrancisco that he is an alien? Then that flag will the abject of the worlds derision! IF it does not symbolize American institutions in heir fulness wherever it floats, then our starry ban ex becomes fise to America and oppressive to ‘who may fear its authority, but do not share its 2m. Disgrace andl harm will wot come from tak g the flag down, but rather from keeping it where se all that our statesmen, prophets and soldiers ut into it. The only way to keep “Old Glory” {hom becoming a falschood isto give all under ithe erty that it represents. Nowhere rust i remain simply to represent a power to be dreaded, but Jeveryhere i must syobolize rights and privieges shared by all ‘Among the many bad things bound up with this ‘wafortimate business none is worse than the degra- F dation of America, sure to follow in more ways than ‘ane, ifwe persist in the course that we are now fol: lowing. No stronger or sadder proof of the unwise ad harmful character ofthis policy is needed than fhe fact that ts defenders ar eso quo part ‘company with sober argument and truthful state- ‘Sent aid rush into virlont abuse and deceptive sophistries. Who would have believed two years ago that any sane man would have appealed to Washing- ‘on in support ofa policy so abhorrent to the Father of his Country? What ignoble unveracity in isting sword int the approval of foreign conquest! Whe would have thought it possible that scholars and statesmen would so soon become mere jugglers with words, pretending that our previous territorial nsion furnishes analogy and warrant for acolo Sia stem far arose he owen, eatered pon by ‘warfare and maintained by Congress without const- tutional safeguards! ‘These facts shew how virulent a json is at Work upon the national mind. We have ere already a perversion of patriotism and a loss of political sagacity and veracity It's bad enough to hear men exclaim: “There is ‘money in it and that is suilicent”—buta national ven- ture that leads men to scoff at the Declaration of Tnde- idence, to ridicule the constitution as outyrovm, to ce the wisdom of the fathers as foolishness, and to declare that American glory dates from Manila bby: Is there not something ominous in such talk? Ifa brief experience in the expansion of America that scoffs at American principles produes such ess, is it not time to sound the alarm? Ifthe defense ofa pol fey compels men to take such positions, there is some- ‘Ping intel dangeroos in tha pot or Fuither Reading ih Braman, Abort} Beco American National. Chie ‘ Unvorsy of hago Pr TL ony F Graf ed, American Inpro ond the Pipi Social Issues ofthe Progressive Era 115 Insurrction. Boston Lite, Bro, 1968, Richard H. Miler Arsericn Imporilir n 1806 The Ques! for National Fujin. New York: Wie. 1970, ‘Stuart Creighton Mile, “Bonecolnt Asiniaion” The Amerian (Congues of she Piippines 1599-1003, New Haven, C1. Yale ‘nwersty Pres, 188 ‘Thomas G. Pateron, ed, Americm Inperilom end Ant pe Filion. New York: Crowel 1973, James C. Thomas Je, Peter W, Stank, and Jon Cass Per ‘Seetinendal Inpersie New York Harpe & Bow, 1981 a= Social Issues of the Progressive Era Viewrornt 144 American Women Should Have the Right to Vote (1909) Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910) Julia Ward Howe, a noted writer, lectures, and soil reformer. 8 perhap hest Ino as the wuthor ‘of “The Battle Hymn of the Republi,” written dur- ing the Civil War, In. 1869 she helped found the ‘American Woman Suifiage Association, an organiza tion that worked to gain the vote for women in indi vidual states. She also was the first president of the New England Woman Suflrage Asioctation. In the following’ viewpoint, taken ffom a 1909 article in Outlook magazine, she deseribes the positive results cof woman suffrage in Colorado and other places, and angues forthe right to vote forall American women. Does Howe exhibit racial prejudice in her com: rents on black suffrage? What examples of the pos- itive impact of woman suflrage on society does she stress? Does Howe argue that woman suffrage would case radical changes in American society? en the striping David, having xashly indertaken to- encounter the Philistine ant [Goliath], found himself obliged to choose a weapon for the unegqal fight, he dismissed the cosy ariament offered him i the king, and ‘went back to the simple stone and sling with which he was familia. Even in like manner will 1, pledged just now to make a plain statement of the claims of ‘wotnan to sufrage, trust myself to state the case asit appeared to me when, after a delay of some years, I finally gave it my adhesion [assent] Having a quick and rather preponderating sense of rom la Ward How, The Ca fr Woman Sage tk Ap