Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Simpkin - Description of The NCRP 147 Shielding Model Using XRAYBARR Software
Simpkin - Description of The NCRP 147 Shielding Model Using XRAYBARR Software
Yes
No
2
st 1
(Underlies the other two methods) The kerma in the occupied area may have p y contributions from
primary radiation scatter radiation leakage radiation
Secondary radiation
primary
st 1
The models for primary, scatter, and leakage in NCRP-147 are extensions to whats in NCRP49 (1976):
x-ray tubes operating over ranges of potentials y p g g p (workload distribution) new model for image receptor attenuation new model for leakage
st 1
These primary scatter and leakage primary, scatter, radiations may be from multiple x-ray sources (or tube positions) So, simply add up all the contributions to the kerma, K f k K, from all these sources in the ll h i h occupied area behind a barrier of thickness x, K ( x) = ( K P ( x) + K S ( x) + K L ( x) )
tubes kVp
st 1
Then iteratively find a barrier thickness x that decreases that kerma to P/T, the design goal modified by the occupancy factor
P K ( x) = ( K P ( x) + K S ( x) + K L ( x) ) = T tubes kVp See http://www.geocities.com/djsimpkin/ for shareware program XRAYBARR to do this
8
st 1
XRAYBARR was written by me in the mid 1990s to perform shielding calculations with these new models as we developed NCRP 147. NCRP-147. The shielding data and examples in NCRP-147 p are based on the output of XRAYBARR. Note: Some of the examples in NCRP-147 p y arent duplicated by XRAYBARR because NCRP-147 takes shortcuts in the tabulated xpre values. XRAYBARR is right!
9
In primary beam, p know kerma per workload at 1 m, KW(kVp) , for 3 p phase units (data of Archer et al. 1994)
10
KW (kVp) U W (kVp) K P ( 0) = 2 dP
U is the use factor for this barrier
11
Even without the patient, primary radiation is still significantly attenuated b f i ifi tl tt t d before reaching barrier hi b i
15
xpre x
xtot = x + xpre
Assume primary beam attenuation in image receptor is due to a pseudo-barrier whose equivalent thickness xpre gives same transmission as that seen for actual image receptors.
16
1E+0
8 6 4 2
1E-1
B = 4.7E-6 kVp
2.181
Transmiss sion
1E-2
8 6 4 2
No patient & grid & cassette & cassette support structures & radiographic table: g p 4.917 Type of Radiographic Table B = 9.36E-13 kVp
(data of Dixon 1994)
GE RTE Table GE Advantx Table Siemens Multix-T Table Picker Clinix-T Table
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150
1E-3
8 6 4 2
1E-4 1E 4
kVp
17
1E+3
Values of x
p pre
(Grid+cassette+support)
Gypsum
1E 2 1E+2
Plate Glass
Concrete
xpre (mm m)
1E+1
Steel
1E+0
Lead
1E 1 1E-1
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
18
kVp
(See Dixon & Simpkin Health Phys 74;181189;1998 for a more complete list.)
19
Scatter Radiation
patient i
21
KS 1m 1m 1m
KP
1 cm2 area primary beam at 1 m
KS +6 = a1 10 KP
22
23
Scatter Radiation
Same theory as old NCRP-49
scatter fraction data of Kelley & Trout reevaluated by Simpkin & Dixon (Health Phys 1998) pri beam area F ( 2) measured at pri distance dF ib (cm d i di conveniently taken as image receptor area @ SID explicitly show kVp dependence and sum over li itl h kV d d d workload distribution to yield shielded scatter kerma
Leakage Radiation
Radiation originating from xray tube focal spot but not emanating from the tube portal
patient i
25
Leakage radiation
Intensity can t exceed L = 100 mR/hr at 1 m cant when tube is operated at its leakage technique factors
maximum potential for continuous operation kVpmax (typically 135 150 kVp or 50 kVp for 135-150 kVp, mammography) Imax is t e maximum continuous tube current s the a u co t uous cu e t possible at kVpmax . Note that this is usually a low mA, not typical of clinical radiography.
26
Leakage radiation
These leakage technique factors specify how thick the shielding in the tube housing should be NCRP49 suggested leakage technique gg g q factors of 3.3 mA at 150 kVp, 4 mA at 125 p p y kVp, 5 mA at 100 kVp; remain fairly typical today
27
Leakage radiation
NCRP-147 calculations (and shielding methods NCRP 147 2 and 3) use
3 3 mA at 150 kVp 3.3 worst case leakage rates (Subsequently weve found that assuming 4 mA at (Subsequently, we ve 125 kVp leakage technique factors specifies barriers that are 10-20% thicker than in the report) p ) However, actual leakage rates are 0-30% of the maximum leakage so we dont see a problem g p
28
1m
1931 mGy/hr
1931 mGy/hr
30
1E-2
1E-3
1E-4
1E-5 1E 5
Leakage dose as function of kVp transmitted through x-ray tube ous g o 3 b co pa ed housing of 2.32 mm Pb compared to that at 150 kVp
Leakage technique factors: 150 kVp, 3.3 mA for 100 mR/hr
1E-6
1E-7
1E-8
kVp
33
34
B, the transmission of the radiation , generated by this workload distribution for primary or secondary barriers (cf App B & C)
35
37
38
41
B=0.0047
x=1.2 mm Pb
42
43
Presumes that the kinds of exposures made amongst the various x-ray tubes/positions follow those observed by the AAPM TG-9 survey y y
45
46
Chest Bucky wall primary Che Buck est ky wall second dary
Secondary Barrier
48
Assume
75% of patients imaged as if in radiographic room p g g p 25% of patients imaged by fluoroscopy tube
49
Pd B( x) = 1 N T UK
so the barrier thickness requirement must scale as: NT
Pd
2
51
Look up the required barrier thickness on the graph appropriate for that workload distribution, barrier, and barrier material
52
There are 12
2 NT/Pd
graphs
53
54
2 NT/Pd
56
Secondary Barriers
Floor Chest Bucky secondary wall Secondary Wall Ceiling patient on table chest tube (72" SID) patient on table patient on table
57
Conclusions
NCRP-147 utilizes 3 shielding models
Model No 1: Extension of the methods of NCRP-49 No. NCRP 49
With kVp dependence With new models for primary and leakage R i computer program to implement fully Requires t t i l t f ll