Biochemistry

Che Minh Tung, Assoc. Prof. PhD

Department of Animal Production
Fac. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med
 Content

❖ Learn key terminologies commonly used in

Biochemistry

❖ Discussion: membrane transport, glycolysis,

metabolism of amino acids

❖ Do some exercises: reading & translation

 Key Terminologies
-Active site: vị trí kích hoạt (hoạt hóa)
The part of an enzyme to which the substrate binds
and at which the reaction takes place

-Substrate: cơ chất
Active site Subtrate
A reactant in an enzyme-
catalyzed reaction

-Catalysis: sự xúc tác

The process of increasing
the rate of chemical reactions
-Lipid bilayers: màng (lớp) lipid đôi (kép)
Aggregates of lipid molecules in which the polar head
groups are in contact with water and the hydrophobic
parts are not
Polar head
-Hydrophilic: ưa nước
Nonpolar
Tending to dissolve in water head

-Hydrophobic: kị nước
Tending not to dissolve in water

-Micelle: hạt mixen

An aggregate formed by amphipathic molecules
such that their polar ends are in contact with water
and their nonpolar portions are on the interior.
-Carrier protein: protein vận chuyển
A membrane protein to which a substance binds in
passive transport into the cell

-Active transport: vận chuyển tích cực (chủ động)

The energy-requiring process of moving substances into
a cell against a concentration gradient

-Facilitated diffusion: sự khuếch tán trợ lực (hỗ

trợ)
A process by which substances enter a cell by binding to a
carrier protein; this process does not require energy.
-Anabolism: sự đồng hóa
The synthesis of biomolecules from simpler compounds

-Catabolism: sự dị hóa
The breakdown of nutrients to provide energy

-Metabolism: sự trao đổi chất/biến dưỡng

The sum total of all biochemical reactions that take
place in an organism.

-Metabolic fuel: nhiên liệu biến dưỡng

Substances that are used by the body as sources of carbon
or oxidized to release free energy, which is used to support
anabolic processes and other cellular functions.
-ATP: phân tử mang năng lượng
Adenosine triphosphate, a universal energy carrier

-ATP synthase: enzyme tổng hợp ATP

The enzyme responsible for production of ATP in mitochondria
-Cascade: chuỗi phản ứng
A series of steps that take place in hormonal control of
metabolism, affecting a series of enzymes and amplifying
the effect of a small amount of hormone
-Coenzyme: đồng diếu tố
A non-protein substance that takes part in an enzymatic
reaction and is regenerated at the end of the reaction

-Antioxidant: chất chống ô-xi hóa

A strong reducing agent, which is easily oxidized and thus
prevents the oxidation of other substances.
-Cytosol: dịch bào tương
The portion of the cell that lies outside the nucleus and the
other membrane-enclosed organelles

-Cytoskeleton: bộ khung tế bào

A lattice of fine strands, consisting mostly of protein, that
pervades the cytosol

-Organelle: bào quan

A membrane-enclosed portion of a cell with a specific
function
-Cytochrome: sắc tố tế bào
Any one of a group of heme-containing proteins in the
electron transport chain
-Endocytosis: sự nhập bào
The process by which materials are brought into the cell
when portions of a cell membrane are pinched off into the cell.
-Amino acid: a-xít amin
Any of the fundamental building blocks of proteins;
molecules that contain an amino group & a carboxyl group

-Precursor: tiền chất, tiền tế bào

A substance, cell, or cellular
component from which another
substance, cell, or cellular
component is formed

-Chylomicron: vi thể nhũ trấp

A small fat globule composed of
protein and lipid (fat)
-Glycolysis: Sự đường phân
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to three-carbon compounds

-Gluconeogenesis: sự tân sinh đường

The pathway of synthesis of glucose from lactate
-Tricarboxylic acid cycle: chu trình tạo a-xít
chứa 3 nhóm carboxy, chu trình a-xít citric,
chu trình Krebs
-Transamination: sự chuyển nhóm amino
The transfer of amino groups from one molecule to another;
an important process in the anabolism and catabolism of
amino acids.
-Amphipathic: có tính ưa nước và kỵ nước
-Biochemical pathway: con đường sinh hóa, quá trình sinh hóa
-Buffer solution: dung dịch đệm
-Buffering capacity: độ đệm
-Burst of energy: sự gắng sức
-Carnivorous: ăn thịt
-Chromatography: sắc ký
-Deamidation: khử amit
-Deamination: khử amin
-Electronegativity: ái lực điện tử (electron)
-Electrophoresis: sự điện di
-End product: sản phẩm cuối cùng
-Equivalent: tương đương
-Feed: cung cấp
-Inhibitor: chất ức chế
-Intracellular: nội bào
-Lactation: sự tiết sữa
-Lipogenesis: sự hình thành chất béo
-Phosphorylation: sự photphat hóa
-Photosynthesis: sự quang hợp
-Transporter: chất vận chuyển
 Assignment

-Read the following paragraphs carefully

and translate them into Vietnamese using
your own words and the technical terms
that you have learnt.
 Reading
❖Membrane transport
The most important question about transport of
substances across biological membranes is whether the
process requires the cell to expend energy. In passive
transport, a substance moves from a region of higher
concentration to one of lower concentration. In other
words, the movement of the substance is in the same
direction as a concentration gradient, and the cell does
not expend energy.
 Reading
The process of passive transport can be
divided into two categories-simple diffusion and
facilitated diffusion. In active transport, a substance
moves from a region of lower concentration to one
of higher concentration (against a concentration
gradient), and this process requires the cell to
expend energy.
 Reading
❖Glycolysis
The first stage of glucose metabolism is called
glycolysis, and it was the first biochemical pathway
elucidated. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that, by
itself, yields only two molecules of ATP. The complete
aerobic oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and
water (involving glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and
oxidative phosphorylation) yields the energy equivalent
of 32 molecules of ATP.
 Reading
During strenuous physical activity, the body
aerobically metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins for fuel; however, more carbohydrates are used
as the intensity of physical activity increases. In sudden
bursts of energy, such as in a 400-meter dash, the body
uses carbohydrates faster than it can process them
aerobically.
 Reading
Glucose will be metabolized via glycolysis, with
pyruvate being the end product. This pyruvate will be
converted to lactic acid, which will eventually be exported
from muscle to the liver. Thus, the two ATPs from
anaerobic glycolysis will be an additional energy source
under these conditions. Under aerobic conditions, the main
purpose of glycolysis is to feed pyruvate into the citric acid
cycle, where further metabolic steps will give rise to
considerably more ATP.
 Reading
❖Metabolism of amino acids
Enzymes for the catabolism and synthesis of amino acids
are present in every tissue, but their levels of expression and
activities vary in some species to suit the metabolic needs or
functions of the tissue. Catabolism involves
deamination/deamidation reactions with the resulting carbon
skeleton reaminated to form non-essential amino acids or the
carbon skeleton can be channelled into the tricarboxylic acid
cycle where it is either oxidized, channelled towards
gluconeogenesis via pyruvate carboxylase, or from pyruvate
converted into acetate for fatty acid synthesis.
 Reading
The excess nitrogen (amino groups) is ultimately
transaminated to form alanine, aspartate, glutamine or
glutamate for entry into the ornithine cycle for urea or
arginine synthesis. Metabolism in ruminants is orchestrated
to conserve glucose, and so it is no surprise that amino acid
carbon contributes 12–35% to gluconeogenesis. In early
lactation when glucose demands for lactose synthesis are
high, and where glucose-precursor (propionate) supply is
low, the channelling of amino acid carbon towards
gluconeogenesis is probably vital.
 Reading
Fish species are unique in this respect because their
diets are generally high in protein and fatty acids, but low
in carbohydrates, particularly in carnivorous fish. Fish have
adapted to use amino acids as the main substrates for
gluconeogenesis and as the main oxidative fuel, especially
in migratory fish, which may go for long periods without
eating. Apart from dietary glucose and its immediate
precursors (e.g. propionate in ruminants), all new glucose
carbon derives from amino acid.